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Adnane M, de Almeida AM, Chapwanya A. Unveiling the power of proteomics in advancing tropical animal health and production. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:182. [PMID: 38825622 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Proteomics, the large-scale study of proteins in biological systems has emerged as a pivotal tool in the field of animal and veterinary sciences, mainly for investigating local and rustic breeds. Proteomics provides valuable insights into biological processes underlying animal growth, reproduction, health, and disease. In this review, we highlight the key proteomics technologies, methodologies, and their applications in domestic animals, particularly in the tropical context. We also discuss advances in proteomics research, including integration of multi-omics data, single-cell proteomics, and proteogenomics, all of which are promising for improving animal health, adaptation, welfare, and productivity. However, proteomics research in domestic animals faces challenges, such as sample preparation variation, data quality control, privacy and ethical considerations relating to animal welfare. We also provide recommendations for overcoming these challenges, emphasizing the importance of following best practices in sample preparation, data quality control, and ethical compliance. We therefore aim for this review to harness the full potential of proteomics in advancing our understanding of animal biology and ultimately improve animal health and productivity in local breeds of diverse animal species in a tropical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Adnane
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, 14000, Algeria.
| | - André M de Almeida
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, 00265, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Lolli L, Bonanno D, Lopez E, Di Salvo V. Night-to-night variability of objective sleep outcomes in youth Middle Eastern football players. Sleep Med 2024; 117:193-200. [PMID: 38564918 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe components of night-to-night variation in objective measures of sleep. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis of consecutive and chronologically ordered actigraphy-based measurements for time in bed (min), time asleep (min), and wake-after-sleep onset (min). This investigation examined 575 individual night-based measures available for a sub-sample of fifty-two, male youth Middle Eastern football players tracked over a 14-day surveillance period (chronological age range: 12.1 to 16 years). Distinct multivariable-adjusted generalized additive models included each objective sleep outcome measure as dependent variable and disaggregated components of variation for night measurement-by-sleep period interaction, week part (weekday or weekend), and study participant random effects from within-subject night-to-night sleep variation. RESULTS The within-subject standard deviation (SD) of ±98 min (95% confidence interval [CI], 92 to 104 min) for time in bed, ±87 min (95%CI, 82 to 93 min) for time asleep, and ±23 min (95%CI, 22 to 25 min) for wake-after-sleep-onset overwhelmed other sources of variability and accounted for ∼44% to 53% of the overall night-to-night variation. The night measurement-by-fragmented sleep period interaction SD was ±83 min (95%CI, 44 to 156 min) for time in bed, ±67 min (95%CI, 34 to 131 min) for time asleep, and ±15 min (95%CI, 7 to 32 min) for wake-after-sleep-onset that accounted for ∼22% to 32% of each sleep outcome measure overall variability. CONCLUSIONS Substantial random night-to-night within-subject variability poses additional challenges for strategies aiming to mitigate problems of insufficient and inconsistent sleep that are detrimental to school learning and youth athlete development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lolli
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar; Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Daniele Bonanno
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emmanuel Lopez
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Aspire Academy, Football Performance & Science Department, Doha, Qatar; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
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3
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Muscher-Banse AS, Daenicke R, Dänicke S, Breves G. Postnatal development of salivary phosphate, sodium and potassium secretion in calves. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1294899. [PMID: 38169624 PMCID: PMC10758427 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1294899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition of young lambs and calves from a non-ruminating to a ruminating animal include substantial, developmental changes to alter saliva production. Due to the simultaneous development of the forestomach system, the salivary glands must transfer more and more substances such as bicarbonate and phosphate (Pi), but also sodium (Na), into saliva in order to create and to maintain optimal environmental conditions for microbial metabolism. The objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of different dietary energy levels on the ability of the salivary glands to concentrate minerals in young ruminants in more detail during the first 7 weeks of life. Blood and saliva samples were collected from twelve female calves of the German Holstein breed fed different levels of milk replacer. Plasma and saliva samples were collected over 7 weeks postpartum and Na, Pi and potassium (K) concentrations were measured. Salivary Na and Pi concentrations (p < 0.001) increased as a function of time and were not affected by varying energy intake, while K concentration (p < 0.001) decreased over the developmental period and was also not affected by energy intake. This suggests that the ability to specifically concentrate minerals such as Na and Pi in saliva follows a genetic program in the salivary glands rather than being influenced by dietary factors such as energy intake in young ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Daenicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Qian X, Ko A, Li H, Liao C. Saliva sampling strategies affecting the salivary glucose measurement. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4598-4605. [PMID: 37655760 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Characterized by sustained elevated blood glucose levels, diabetes mellitus has become one of the largest global public health concerns by imposing a heavy global burden on socio-economic development. To date, regular blood glucose level check by performing a finger-prick test has been a routine strategy to monitor diabetes. However, the intrusive nature of finger blood prick tests makes it challenging for individuals to maintain consistent testing routines. Recently, salivary glucose measurement (SGM) has increasingly become a non-invasive alternative to traditional blood glucose testing for diabetes. Despite that, further research is needed to standardize the collection methods and address the issues of variability to ensure accurate and reliable SGM. To resolve possible remaining issues in SGM, we here thoroughly explored saliva sampling strategies that could impact the measurement results. Additionally, the effects of supplements taken, mouth washing, gum chewing, and smoking were collectively analyzed, followed by a continuous SGM over a long period, forming the stepping stone for the practical transitional development of SGM in non-invasive diabetes monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Qian
- Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Renaissance Bio, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Anthony Ko
- Renaissance Bio, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caizhi Liao
- Renaissance Bio, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Keskin M, Rintamarttunen J, Gülçiçek E, Räisänen IT, Gupta S, Tervahartiala T, Pätilä T, Sorsa T. A Comparative Analysis of Treatment-Related Changes in the Diagnostic Biomarker Active Metalloproteinase-8 Levels in Patients with Periodontitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050903. [PMID: 36900047 PMCID: PMC10001139 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed the potential diagnostic utility of aMMP-8, an active form of MMP-8, in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. While non-invasive point-of-care (PoC) chairside aMMP-8 tests have shown promise in this regard, there is a dearth of literature on the evaluation of treatment response using these tests. The present study aimed to investigate treatment-related changes in aMMP-8 levels in individuals with Stage III/IV-Grade C periodontitis compared to a healthy control group, using a quantitative chairside PoC aMMP-8 test, and to determine its correlation with clinical parameters. METHODS The study included 27 adult patients (13 smoker, 14 non-smoker) with stage III/IV-grade C periodontitis and 25 healthy adult subjects. Clinical periodontal measurements, real-time PoC aMMP-8, IFMA aMMP-8, and Western immunoblot analyses were performed before and 1 month after anti-infective scaling and root planing periodontal treatment. Time 0 measurements were taken from the healthy control group to test the consistency of the diagnostic test. RESULTS Both PoC aMMP-8 and IFMA aMMP-8 tests showed a statistically significant decrease in aMMP-8 levels and improvement in periodontal clinical parameters following treatment (p < 0.05). The PoC aMMP-8 test had high diagnostic sensitivity (85.2%) and specificity (100.0%) for periodontitis and was not affected by smoking (p > 0.05). Treatment also reduced MMP-8 immunoreactivity and activation as demonstrated by Western immunoblot analysis. CONCLUSION The PoC aMMP-8 test shows promise as a useful tool for the real-time diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutlu Keskin
- Oral and Dental Health Department, Altınbaş University, Istanbul 34140, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-5365246000
| | - Juulia Rintamarttunen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emre Gülçiçek
- Fulya Oral and Dental Health Clinic, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Ismo T. Räisänen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Pätilä
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital University, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sattgast LH, Branscum AJ, Jimenez VA, Newman N, Grant KA, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Between-subject and within-subject variability in measures of biochemical markers of bone turnover in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101126. [PMID: 34541261 PMCID: PMC8436065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of optimal bone mass during early adulthood is determined by the balance between bone formation and resorption. The utility of minimally invasive biomarkers for monitoring bone turnover balance in maturing non-human primates has received limited attention. This study evaluated the biological variation of osteocalcin (a marker of bone formation), carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX, a marker of bone resorption), and the ratio of osteocalcin to CTX (reflecting bone turnover balance), in 136 rhesus and cynomolgus macaques aged 3.8-11.6 years. In a subsample of the animals (n = 28), blood samples were collected at monthly intervals over 4 months. Between-subject analysis revealed that there were no sex or species differences for CTX. Osteocalcin and the ratio of osteocalcin to CTX were higher in males than in females, and in rhesus macaques than in cynomolgus macaques. There were no changes in osteocalcin, CTX, or the ratio of osteocalcin to CTX across 4 months for any of the groups. In contrast, there was considerable within-subject variation in osteocalcin and CTX concentrations. However, differences in values exhibited no discernible pattern, suggesting that within-subject variation can be reduced by averaging repeat measurements. In summary, the data provide reference values for male and female rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and support the utility of osteocalcin and CTX as biomarkers to monitor bone turnover at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara H Sattgast
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Vanessa A Jimenez
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Ricci S, Rivera-Chacon R, Petri RM, Sener-Aydemir A, Sharma S, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q, Castillo-Lopez E. Supplementation With Phytogenic Compounds Modulates Salivation and Salivary Physico-Chemical Composition in Cattle Fed a High-Concentrate Diet. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645529. [PMID: 34149443 PMCID: PMC8209472 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva facilitates feed ingestion, nutrient circulation, and represents an important pH buffer for ruminants, especially for cattle fed high-concentrate diets that promote rumen acidification. This experiment evaluated the short-term effects of nine phytogenic compounds on salivation, saliva physico-chemical composition as well as ingested feed boli characteristics in cattle. A total of nine ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used. Each compound was tested in four of these cows as part of a high-concentrate meal (2.5 kg of total mixed ration in dry matter basis for 4 h) in low or high dose, and was compared to a control meal without compound. Saliva was sampled orally (unstimulated saliva) for physico-chemical composition analysis. Composition of the ingested saliva (stimulated saliva), salivation and feed boli characteristics were assessed from ingesta collected at the cardia during the first 30 min of the meal. Analysis of unstimulated saliva showed that supplementation with capsaicin and thyme oil increased buffer capacity, while supplementation with thymol, L-menthol and gentian root decreased saliva pH. In addition, supplementing angelica root decreased saliva osmolality. Regression analysis on unstimulated saliva showed negative associations between mucins and bicarbonate as well as with phosphate when garlic oil, thyme oil or angelica root was supplemented. Analysis of stimulated saliva demonstrated that supplementation with garlic oil increased phosphate concentration, thyme oil tended to increase osmolality, capsaicin and thymol increased buffer capacity, and ginger increased phosphate content. Furthermore, salivation rate increased with ginger and thymol, and tended to increase with garlic oil, capsaicin, L-menthol and mint oil. Feed ensalivation increased with capsaicin. A positive association was found between feed bolus size and salivation rate when any of the phytogenic compounds was supplemented. Overall, our results demonstrate positive short-term effects of several phytogenic compounds on unstimulated and stimulated saliva physico-chemical properties, salivation or feed boli characteristics. Thus, the phytogenic compounds enhancing salivary physico-chemical composition have the potential to contribute to maintain or improve ruminal health in cattle fed concentrate-rich rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ricci
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renee M. Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suchitra Sharma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
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Hillaert A, Liu DJX, Daminet S, Broeckx BJG, Stock E, Paepe D, Hesta M, Vanderperren K. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine shows a relatively consistent long-term concentration in healthy dogs with a significant effect of increased body fat percentage. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247049. [PMID: 33596230 PMCID: PMC7888620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a promising renal marker that correlates well with the glomerular filtration rate and could allow earlier detection of impaired renal function. The main objectives of this study were to assess the long-term variability of SDMA in healthy dogs and examine the influence of an increased body fat percentage on the level of SDMA. Sixteen lean Beagles were randomly assigned to the control group or weight-change group in age- and gender-matched pairs. The energy intake of the control group (n = 8) was strictly regulated to maintain an ideal body weight for 83 weeks, while the weight-change group (n = 8) was fed to induce weight gain (week 0–47), to maintain stable excessive body weight (week 47–56) and to lose weight (week 56–83), consecutively. At 8 specified time points, the body condition score, body composition, glomerular filtration rate, serum concentration of SDMA and creatinine were analyzed. In the control group, the within-subject coefficient of variation, between-subject coefficient of variation, reference change value (type I error = 5%) and index of individuality were 0.16, 0.22, 0.43 and 0.73, respectively. The control group and weight-change group did not differ significantly in SDMA concentration. SDMA showed a significant negative association (coefficient = -0.07) with body fat percentage (p<0.01) in the weight-change group and a significant positive association (coefficient = 7.79) with serum creatinine (p<0.01) in the entire study population. In conclusion, SDMA concentration has high long-term stability in healthy adult dogs. For the evaluation of SDMA concentrations, subject-specific reference values are preferred over a population-based reference value seen their higher sensitivity. Moreover, an increased body fat percentage does seem to affect the serum SDMA concentration of otherwise healthy dogs, but its clinical relevance has to be clarified in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hillaert
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Daisy J. X. Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart J. G. Broeckx
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Emmelie Stock
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Rabelo MDS, Gomes GH, Foz AM, Stadler AF, Cutler CW, Susin C, Romito GA. Short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on local and systemic cytokine levels: Role of hyperglycemia. Cytokine 2020; 138:155360. [PMID: 33221157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on oral and systemic inflammatory mediators in subjects with periodontitis and hyperglycemia remains largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this clinical study was to compare the short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum, saliva and GCF inflammatory markers levels in GP subjects with or without hyperglycemia. METHODS Sixty subjects divided into four groups of equal size were selected to participate: type 2 diabetics with generalized periodontitis (T2DM + GP), pre-diabetics with GP (PD + GP), normoglycemic subjects with GP (NG + GP), and healthy controls. GCF, serum, and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and 30 days after scaling and root planning (SRP) and the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), IL-8, IL-6, IL-2, IL-5, IL-4, IL-10, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined by ultrasensitive multiplex assay. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. RESULTS SRP yielded significant improvement of all periodontal parameters for all GP groups (p < 0.01). A significant reduction in GCF levels of several cytokines were observed; however, only IL-1B and IFN-γ were consistently reduced post-treatment across all GP groups. Salivary levels of IL-1β were significantly reduced in all GP groups following treatment. No significant differences were observed for serum levels after SRP. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal treatment reduced local inflammatory markers, specifically IL-1B and IFN-γ, irrespective of the diabetes status. Periodontal treatment had no significant effect on serum levels of the inflammatory markers evaluated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Sousa Rabelo
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - Giovane Hisse Gomes
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Moura Foz
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Finger Stadler
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, USA
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Alexandre Romito
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Salivary Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 and Its Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Different Periodontal Treatment Needs. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Pay JB, Shaw AM. Towards salivary C-reactive protein as a viable biomarker of systemic inflammation. Clin Biochem 2019; 68:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Mahmood Z, Enocsson H, Bäck M, Chung RWS, Lundberg AK, Jonasson L. Salivary and plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and myeloperoxidase at rest and after acute physical exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207166. [PMID: 30726210 PMCID: PMC6364871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade systemic inflammation is a predictor of recurrent cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Plasma proteins such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) have been shown to reflect basal as well as stress-induced inflammation in CAD. Measurements of MMP-9 and MPO in saliva might pose several advantages. Therefore, we investigated whether salivary levels of MMP-9 and MPO corresponded to plasma levels in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), both at rest and after acute physical exercise. METHODS A bicycle ergometer test was used as a model for stress-induced inflammation. Twenty-three CAD patients performed the test on two occasions 3-6 months apart. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected before, directly after and 30 min after exercise while plasma was collected before and after 30 min. MMP-9 and MPO in saliva and plasma were determined by Luminex. RESULTS MMP-9 and MPO levels were 2- to 4-fold higher in saliva than in plasma. Amongst the saliva samples, and also to a great extent amongst the plasma samples, the levels of both types of protein showed strong intercorrelations between the levels at rest and after exercise during the two visits. However, there were no (or weak) correlations between salivary and plasma MMP-9 and none between salivary and plasma MPO. CONCLUSION We conclude that salivary diagnostics cannot be used to assess systemic levels of MMP-9 and MPO in CAD patients, neither at rest nor after acute physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeid Mahmood
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University,Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helena Enocsson
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Bäck
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rosanna W. S. Chung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University,Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Lundberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University,Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University,Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Sonnweber R, Araya-Ajoy YG, Behringer V, Deschner T, Tkaczynski P, Fedurek P, Preis A, Samuni L, Zommers Z, Gomes C, Zuberbühler K, Wittig RM, Crockford C. Circadian Rhythms of Urinary Cortisol Levels Vary Between Individuals in Wild Male Chimpanzees: A Reaction Norm Approach. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Ghallab NA. Diagnostic potential and future directions of biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of periodontal diseases: Review of the current evidence. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Campbell C, Kinane DF, McDevitt J, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Miller CS. Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:419-427. [PMID: 27549083 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti-inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS This investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals. RESULTS Significantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S-T wave elevated patients with MI. CONCLUSIONS These initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D F Kinane
- College of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J McDevitt
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Christodoulides
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P N Floriano
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Johnson N, Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Danaher RJ, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Miller CS. Rapid assessment of salivary MMP-8 and periodontal disease using lateral flow immunoassay. Oral Dis 2016; 22:681-7. [PMID: 27273425 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel point-of-care immunoflow device (POCID) for detecting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 concentrations in oral fluids in comparison with a gold standard laboratory-based immunoassay. METHODS Oral rinse fluid and whole expectorated saliva samples were collected from 41 participants clinically classified as periodontally healthy or diseased. Samples were analyzed for MMP-8 by Luminex immunoassay and POCID. Photographed POCID results were assessed by optical scan and visually by two examiners. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and receiver-operating characteristics. RESULTS MMP-8 was readily detected by the POCID, and concentrations correlated well with Luminex for both saliva and rinse fluids (r = 0.57-0.93). Thresholds that distinguished periodontitis from health were delineated from both the optical scans and visual reads of the POCID (sensitivity: 0.7-0.9, specificity: 0.5-0.7; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Performance of this POCID for detecting MMP-8 in oral rinse fluid or saliva was excellent. These findings help demonstrate the utility of salivary biomarkers for distinguishing periodontal disease from health using a rapid point-of-care approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Johnson
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - J L Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Kryscio
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Danaher
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D Dawson
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Al-Sabbagh
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Belstrøm D, Holmstrup P, Bardow A, Kokaras A, Fiehn NE, Paster BJ. Temporal Stability of the Salivary Microbiota in Oral Health. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147472. [PMID: 26799067 PMCID: PMC4723053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Saliva is a biological fluid suitable for biomarker analysis, and differences in the salivary microbiota in oral health and disease have been reported. For such comparative analyses, time of sampling is critical since the bacterial composition may vary throughout the day, i.e., diurnal variation. The purpose of this study is to compare the salivary microbiome over time to determine the optimal time for sampling. Design Stimulated saliva samples were collected from 5 orally healthy individuals in 4 h intervals for 24 h, and collection was repeated 7 days later (number of samples per person, n = 12, total number of samples, n = 60). Salivary microbiota was analyzed using the Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS), and statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Benjamini-Hochberg’s correction for multiple comparisons, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correspondence analysis. Results From a total of 60 saliva samples, 477 probe targets were collectively identified with a mean number of probes per sample of 207 (range: 153–307). Little or no variation in microbial profiles within subjects was observed over time. Conclusions Although there was considerable variation between subjects, microbial profiles within subjects were stable throughout a 24 hour period and after 1 week. Since there is little or no evidence of diurnal variation of the salivary microbiome, time of sampling of saliva is not critical for perturbation or other microbial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Belstrøm
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology, and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology, and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Bardow
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexis Kokaras
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nils-Erik Fiehn
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bruce J. Paster
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection & Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Nagarajan R, Miller CS, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Ebersole JL. Patient-Specific Variations in Biomarkers across Gingivitis and Periodontitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136792. [PMID: 26407063 PMCID: PMC4583448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the use of saliva, as an emerging diagnostic fluid in conjunction with classification techniques to discern biological heterogeneity in clinically labelled gingivitis and periodontitis subjects (80 subjects; 40/group) A battery of classification techniques were investigated as traditional single classifier systems as well as within a novel selective voting ensemble classification approach (SVA) framework. Unlike traditional single classifiers, SVA is shown to reveal patient-specific variations within disease groups, which may be important for identifying proclivity to disease progression or disease stability. Salivary expression profiles of IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, and MIP-1α from 80 patients were analyzed using four classification algorithms (LDA: Linear Discriminant Analysis [LDA], Quadratic Discriminant Analysis [QDA], Naïve Bayes Classifier [NBC] and Support Vector Machines [SVM]) as traditional single classifiers and within the SVA framework (SVA-LDA, SVA-QDA, SVA-NB and SVA-SVM). Our findings demonstrate that performance measures (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy) of traditional classification as single classifier were comparable to that of the SVA counterparts using clinical labels of the samples as ground truth. However, unlike traditional single classifier approaches, the normalized ensemble vote-counts from SVA revealed varying proclivity of the subjects for each of the disease groups. More importantly, the SVA identified a subset of gingivitis and periodontitis samples that demonstrated a biological proclivity commensurate with the other clinical group. This subset was confirmed across SVA-LDA, SVA-QDA, SVA-NB and SVA-SVM. Heatmap visualization of their ensemble sets revealed lack of consensus between these subsets and the rest of the samples within the respective disease groups indicating the unique nature of the patients in these subsets. While the source of variation is not known, the results presented clearly elucidate the need for novel approaches that accommodate inherent heterogeneity and personalized variations within disease groups in diagnostic characterization. The proposed approach falls within the scope of P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory) with the ability to identify unique patient profiles that may predict specific disease trajectories and targeted disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Craig S. Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Oral Health Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ebersole JL, Nagarajan R, Akers D, Miller CS. Targeted salivary biomarkers for discrimination of periodontal health and disease(s). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:62. [PMID: 26347856 PMCID: PMC4541326 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Generally, clinical parameters are used in dental practice for periodontal disease, yet several drawbacks exist with the clinical standards for addressing the needs of the public at large in determining the current status/progression of the disease, and requiring a significant amount of damage before these parameters can document disease. Therefore, a quick, easy and reliable method of assessing and monitoring periodontal disease should provide important diagnostic information that improves and speeds treatment decisions and moves the field closer to individualized point-of-care diagnostics. OBJECTIVE This report provides results for a saliva-based diagnostic approach for periodontal health and disease based upon the abundance of salivary analytes coincident with disease, and the significant progress already made in the identification of discriminatory salivary biomarkers of periodontitis. METHODS We evaluated biomarkers representing various phases of periodontitis initiation and progression (IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, MIP-1α) in whole saliva from 209 subjects categorized with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis. RESULTS Evaluation of the salivary analytes demonstrated utility for individual biomarkers to differentiate periodontitis from health. Inclusion of gingivitis patients into the analyses provided a more robust basis to estimate the value of each of these analytes. Various clinical and statistical approaches showed that pairs or panels of the analytes were able to increase the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of disease. CONCLUSIONS Salivary concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, MMP-8, MIP-1α alone and in combination are able to distinguish health from gingivitis and periodontitis. The data clearly demonstrated a heterogeneity in response profiles of these analytes that supports the need for refinement of the standard clinical classifications if we are to move toward precision/personalized dentistry for the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Radhakrishnan Nagarajan
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David Akers
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Division of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine and Oral Radiology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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20
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Idris A, Ghazali NB, Koh D. Interleukin 1β-A Potential Salivary Biomarker for Cancer Progression? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:25-9. [PMID: 26244033 PMCID: PMC4498652 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s25375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cancer and inflammation is a complex but intimate one. Decades of work has shown to us that cancer progression is influenced by a multitude of factors, including genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. We often overlook that cancer progression is also a pathological consequence of a dysregulated inflammatory control in the body. A current emerging topic in cancer research is the role of inflammasomes in carcinogenesis. The inflammasome is a multicomplex protein platform that when activated results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β. There is increasing evidence suggesting that IL-1β plays a pivotal role in cancer progression. This short review proposes the possibility of using IL-1β as a potential cancer progression biomarker and discusses the use of saliva as a model biological fluid for measuring physiological IL-1β levels in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Idris
- Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Nur B Ghazali
- Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
| | - David Koh
- Jalan Tungku Link Gadong, PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam
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21
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Soto-Méndez MJ, Romero-Abal ME, Aguilera CM, Rico MC, Solomons NW, Schümann K, Gil A. Associations among Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Circulating, Plasmatic, Salivary and Intraluminal Anatomical Compartments in Apparently Healthy Preschool Children from the Western Highlands of Guatemala. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129158. [PMID: 26075910 PMCID: PMC4468091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Undernutrition and inflammation are related in many ways; for instance, non-hygienic environments are associated with both poor growth and immunostimulation in children. Objective To describe any existing interaction among different inflammation biomarkers measured in the distinct anatomical compartments of whole blood, feces, plasma and saliva. Methods In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, samples of whole blood, feces, plasma and saliva were collected on the 8th and last week of observation among 87 attendees (42 girls and 45 boys) of 3 daycare centers offering a common 40-day rotating menu in Guatemala’s Western Highlands. Analyses included white blood cell count (WBC), fecal calprotectin, and plasmatic and salivary cytokines including IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α. Associations were assessed using Spearman rank-order and goodness-of-fit correlations, as indicated, followed by backwards-elimination multiple regression analyses to determine predictor variables for IL-10 in both anatomical compartments. Results Of a total of 66 cross-tabulations in the Spearman hemi-matrix, 22 (33%) were significantly associated. All 10 paired associations among the salivary cytokines had a significant r value, whereas 7 of 10 possible associations among plasma cytokines were significant. Associations across anatomical compartments, however, were rarely significant. IL-10 in both biological fluids were higher than corresponding reference values. When a multiple regression model was run in order to determine independent predictors for IL-10 in each anatomical compartment separately, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α emerged as predictors in plasma (r2 = 0.514) and IL-1B, IL-8 and TNF-α remained as independent predictors in saliva (r2 = 0.762). Significant cross-interactions were seen with WBC, but not with fecal calprotectin. Conclusion Interactions ranged from robust within the same anatomical compartment to limited to nil across distinct anatomical compartments. The prominence of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in both plasma and saliva is consistent with its counter-regulatory role facing a broad front of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in the same compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Soto-Méndez
- Center for the Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism–CeSSIAM- Guatemala City, Guatemala
- * E-mail:
| | - María Eugenia Romero-Abal
- Center for the Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism–CeSSIAM- Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Concepción María Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noel W. Solomons
- Center for the Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging, and Metabolism–CeSSIAM- Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Klaus Schümann
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, ZIEL, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Taylor JJ. Protein biomarkers of periodontitis in saliva. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2014; 2014:593151. [PMID: 24944840 PMCID: PMC4040190 DOI: 10.1155/2014/593151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the tissues that surround and support the teeth and is initiated by inappropriate and excessive immune responses to bacteria in subgingival dental plaque leading to loss of the integrity of the periodontium, compromised tooth function, and eventually tooth loss. Periodontitis is an economically important disease as it is time-consuming and expensive to treat. Periodontitis has a worldwide prevalence of 5-15% and the prevalence of severe disease in western populations has increased in recent decades. Furthermore, periodontitis is more common in smokers, in obesity, in people with diabetes, and in heart disease patients although the pathogenic processes underpinning these links are, as yet, poorly understood. Diagnosis and monitoring of periodontitis rely on traditional clinical examinations which are inadequate to predict patient susceptibility, disease activity, and response to treatment. Studies of the immunopathogenesis of periodontitis and analysis of mediators in saliva have allowed the identification of many potentially useful biomarkers. Convenient measurement of these biomarkers using chairside analytical devices could form the basis for diagnostic tests which will aid the clinician and the patient in periodontitis management; this review will summarise this field and will identify the experimental, technical, and clinical issues that remain to be addressed before such tests can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Taylor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine & Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
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Moore HD, Ivey RG, Voytovich UJ, Lin C, Stirewalt DL, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Paulovich AG. The human salivary proteome is radiation responsive. Radiat Res 2014; 181:521-30. [PMID: 24720749 DOI: 10.1667/rr13586.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the event of a nuclear incident in a heavily populated area, the surge in demand for medical evaluation will likely overwhelm our emergency care system, compromising our ability to care for victims with life-threatening injuries or exposures. Therefore, there exists a need for a rapidly deployable biological assay for radiation exposure that can be performed in the field by individuals with little to no medical training. Saliva is an attractive biofluid for this purpose, due to the relative ease of its collection and the wide array of biomolecules it contains. To determine whether the human salivary proteome is responsive to ionizing radiation exposure, we characterized the abundances of salivary proteins in humans before and after total body irradiation. Using an assay panel targeting 90 analytes (growth factors, chemokines and cytokines), we identified proteins that were significantly radiation responsive in human saliva. The responses of three proteins (monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1, interleukin 8 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1) were confirmed using independent immunoassay platforms and then verified and further characterized in 130 saliva samples from a completely independent set of 38 patients undergoing total body irradiation. The results demonstrate the potential for detecting radiation exposure based on analysis of human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Moore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024
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Burckhardt BB, Tins J, Laeer S. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of aliskiren in saliva and its application to a clinical trial with healthy volunteers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:118-26. [PMID: 24739274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although serum and plasma are the biological fluids of choice for pharmacokinetic determination of drugs in adults, it is desirable to elucidate noninvasive methods which can be used for investigations in vulnerable groups such as children. If the drug properties grant sufficient penetration of the drug from blood into saliva, the latter is a useful matrix for noninvasive investigations. Concerning the known physicochemical properties, the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren is one of the substances of which saliva concentrations could substitute blood concentrations for pharmacokinetic investigations in children. Therefore, a reliable bioanalytical method was successfully developed and validated according to the criteria of current international bioanalytical guidelines to enable the comparison of blood and saliva concentrations of aliskiren. After purification of the fluid by solid-phase extraction the chromatographic separation was conducted by using Xselect™ C18 CSH columns. Applying a mobile phase gradient of acidified methanol and acidified water at a flow rate of 0.4ml/min the column effluent was monitored during a total run time of 7.5min by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Running in positive mode the following transitions were investigated: 552.2-436.2m/z for aliskiren and 425.3-351.2m/z for benazepril (internal standard). Calibration curves were constructed in the range of 0.586-1200ng/ml and were analyzed utilizing 1/x(2) weighted linear regression. Intra-run and inter-run precision were 3.8-8.1% and 3.4-8.9%. The method provides selectivity, linearity and accuracy. The validated method was then applied to determine aliskiren concentrations in saliva and blood of three healthy volunteers after oral administration of 300mg aliskiren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern B Burckhardt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jutta Tins
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Laeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Germany
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Benito MJ, González-García MJ, Tesón M, García N, Fernández I, Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Intra- and inter-day variation of cytokines and chemokines in tears of healthy subjects. Exp Eye Res 2014; 120:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Cheng YSL, Rees T, Wright J. A review of research on salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:3. [PMID: 24564868 PMCID: PMC3945802 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using saliva for disease diagnostics and health surveillance is a promising approach as collecting saliva is relatively easy and non-invasive. Over the past two decades, using salivary biomarkers specifically for early cancer detection has attracted much research interest, especially for cancers occurring in the oral cavity and oropharynx, for which the five-year survival rate (62%) is still one of the lowest among all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the standard method for detection is through a comprehensive clinical examination by oral healthcare professionals. Despite the fact that the oral cavity is easily accessible, most OSCCs are not diagnosed until an advanced stage, which is believed to be the major reason for the low survival rate, and points to the urgent need for clinical diagnostic aids for early detection of OSCC. Thus, much research effort has been dedicated to investigating potential salivary biomarkers for OSCC, and more than 100 such biomarkers have been reported in the literature. However, some important issues and challenges have emerged that require solutions and further research in order to find reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers for clinical use. This review article provides an up-to-date list of potential OSCC salivary biomarkers reported as of the fall of 2013, and discusses those emerging issues. By raising the awareness of these issues on the part of both researchers and clinicians, it is hoped that reliable, specific and sensitive salivary biomarkers may be found soon-and not only biomarkers for early OSCC detection but also for detecting other types of cancers or even for monitoring non-cancerous disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shing Lisa Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Texas A&M University-Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave,, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Syndergaard B, Al-Sabbagh M, Kryscio RJ, Xi J, Ding X, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers associated with gingivitis and response to therapy. J Periodontol 2014; 85:e295-303. [PMID: 24502627 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers are potentially important for determining the presence, risk, and progression of periodontal disease. However, clinical translation of biomarker technology from lab to chairside requires studies that identify biomarkers associated with the transitional phase between health and periodontal disease (i.e., gingivitis). METHODS Eighty participants (40 with gingivitis, 40 healthy) provided saliva at baseline and 7 to 30 days later. An additional sample was collected from gingivitis participants 10 to 30 days after dental prophylaxis. Clinical parameters of gingival disease were recorded at baseline and the final visit. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured. RESULTS Clinical features of health and gingivitis were stable at both baseline visits. Participants with gingivitis demonstrated significantly higher bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) (P ≤0.002) and a significant drop in BOP, PI, and GI post-treatment (P ≤0.001). Concentrations of MIP-1α and PGE2 were significantly higher (2.8 times) in the gingivitis group than the healthy group (P ≤0.02). After dental prophylaxis, mean biomarker concentrations did not decrease significantly from baseline in the gingivitis group, although concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-8 approached healthy levels, whereas MIP-1α and PGE2 concentrations remained significantly higher than in the healthy group (P ≤0.04). Odds ratio analyses showed that PGE2 concentrations, alone and in combination with MIP-1α, readily discriminated gingivitis from health. CONCLUSIONS Salivary PGE2 and MIP-1α discriminate gingivitis from health, and patients with gingivitis who return to clinical health continue to produce inflammatory mediators for weeks after dental prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Syndergaard
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Lisa Cheng YS, Jordan L, Gorugantula LM, Schneiderman E, Chen HS, Rees T. Salivary interleukin-6 and -8 in patients with oral cancer and patients with chronic oral inflammatory diseases. J Periodontol 2013; 85:956-65. [PMID: 24147842 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has indicated that salivary interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 are potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, their levels have been found to be significantly elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) or oral lichen planus (OLP). The data also showed wide variations in levels among the different studies, and no standardization procedure was ever performed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine whether CP or OLP confounds the use of IL-6 or IL-8 for OSCC detection. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from five groups: OSCC before treatment (n = 18); CP (n = 21); disease-active OLP (n = 21); disease-inactive OLP (n = 20); and healthy controls (n = 21). IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) were compared, using total salivary protein-standardized levels to validate the data. The Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05) followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U (post hoc) tests with Bonferroni adjustments (α = 0.00625) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Salivary IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in patients with CP (P <0.001), disease-active OLP (P = 0.001), disease-inactive OLP (P <0.001), and healthy controls (P <0.001). Salivary IL-8 levels were significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in patients with CP (P <0.001), but only marginally significantly higher than in healthy controls (P = 0.014). Statistical results of standardized IL-6 and IL-8 levels were consistent with the non-standardized levels in all pairs except one. CONCLUSION Salivary IL-6 may be a useful biomarker in the detection of OSCC, unconfounded by CP or OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shing Lisa Cheng
- Diagnostic Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX
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Ebersole JL, Dawson DR, Morford LA, Peyyala R, Miller CS, Gonzaléz OA. Periodontal disease immunology: 'double indemnity' in protecting the host. Periodontol 2000 2013; 62:163-202. [PMID: 23574466 PMCID: PMC4131201 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last two to three decades our understanding of the immunobiology of periodontal disease has increased exponentially, both with respect to the microbial agents triggering the disease process and the molecular mechanisms of the host engagement maintaining homeostasis or leading to collateral tissue damage. These foundational scientific findings have laid the groundwork for translating cell phenotype, receptor engagement, intracellular signaling pathways and effector functions into a 'picture' of the periodontium as the host responds to the 'danger signals' of the microbial ecology to maintain homeostasis or succumb to a disease process. These findings implicate the chronicity of the local response in attempting to manage the microbial challenge, creating a 'Double Indemnity' in some patients that does not 'insure' health for the periodontium. As importantly, in reflecting the title of this volume of Periodontology 2000, this review attempts to inform the community of how the science of periodontal immunology gestated, how continual probing of the biology of the disease has led to an evolution in our knowledge base and how more recent studies in the postgenomic era are revolutionizing our understanding of disease initiation, progression and resolution. Thus, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host-bacteria interactions that result in the clinical presentation and outcomes of destructive periodontitis. The science has embarked from observations of variations in responses related to disease expression with a focus for utilization of the responses in diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes, to current investigations using cutting-edge fundamental biological processes to attempt to model the initiation and progression of soft- and hard-tissue destruction of the periodontium. As importantly, the next era in the immunobiology of periodontal disease will need to engage more sophisticated experimental designs for clinical studies to enable robust translation of basic biologic processes that are in action early in the transition from health to disease, those which stimulate microenvironmental changes that select for a more pathogenic microbial ecology and those that represent a rebalancing of the complex host responses and a resolution of inflammatory tissue destruction.
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Ebersole JL, Schuster JL, Stevens J, Dawson D, Kryscio RJ, Lin Y, Thomas MV, Miller CS. Patterns of salivary analytes provide diagnostic capacity for distinguishing chronic adult periodontitis from health. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:271-9. [PMID: 22926406 PMCID: PMC3788639 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salivary biomarker discovery requires identification of analytes with high discriminatory capacity to distinguish disease from health, including day-to-day variations that occur in analyte levels. In this study, seven biomarkers associated with inflammatory and tissue destructive processes of periodontal disease were investigated. In a prospective cohort study design, analyte expression levels were determined in unstimulated whole saliva samples collected on multiple occasions from 30 healthy adults (i.e., orally and systemically) and 50 chronic adult periodontitis patients. Salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-8, and albumin were significantly elevated (5.4 to 12.6X) and levels of IFNα were consistently lower (8.7X) in periodontitis patients compared with the daily variation observed in healthy adults. ROC analyses of IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP-8 yielded areas under the curves of 0.963-0.984 for discriminating periodontitis from health. These results demonstrate that levels of salivary bioanalytes of patients who have periodontitis are uniquely different from normal levels found in healthy subjects, and a panel consisting of IL-1β, MMP-8 and IL-6 shows particular diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA.
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Kim JK, Zhou H, Nabili V, Wang MB, Abemayor E, Wong DTW. Utility of multiple sampling in reducing variation of salivary interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β mRNA levels in healthy adults. Head Neck 2012; 35:968-73. [PMID: 22807130 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary mRNA biomarkers can exhibit significant variation over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern and magnitude of variation of salivary mRNA biomarkers and to explore the effect of performing replicate assays and multiple sampling on the dispersion of salivary biomarkers. METHODS Salivary interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNAs, developed as biomarkers for oral cancer detection, were selected and measured from 15 healthy subjects at 4 different time points on the same day. RESULTS Salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA levels fluctuated randomly over time without predictable rhythm and showed higher within-subject biological variation than analytical variation. The dispersion of salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNAs was more effectively reduced by taking multiple saliva sample measurements than by performing replicative assays. CONCLUSION Taking multiple saliva samples can effectively reduce variation of salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA levels in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, South Korea
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Lamy E, Mau M. Saliva proteomics as an emerging, non-invasive tool to study livestock physiology, nutrition and diseases. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4251-8. [PMID: 22583933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an extraordinary fluid in terms of research and diagnostic possibilities. Its composition in electrolytes, hormones and especially its proteome contains information about feeding status, nutritional requirements and adaptations to diet and environment, and also about health status of animals. It is easy to collect on a non-invasive and routine basis without any need for special training. Therefore, the analysis of salivary proteomes is going to emerge into a field of high interest with the future goal to maintain and improve livestock productivity and welfare. Moreover, the comprehensive analysis and identification of salivary proteins and peptides in whole and glandular saliva is a necessary pre-requisite to identify animal disease biomarkers and a powerful tool to better understand animal physiology. This review focuses on the different approaches used to study the salivary proteomes of farm animals, in respect to the physiology of nutrition and food perception in relation to food choices. The potential of animal saliva as a source of disease biomarkers will also be pointed out. Special emphasis is laid on the 'ruminating triad' - cattle, goat and sheep - as well as swine as major species of animal production in Western and Southern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lamy
- ICAAM - Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Evora, Portugal
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Sexton WM, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Dawson DR, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease in response to treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:434-41. [PMID: 21480939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of periodontitis were assessed longitudinally to determine response to therapy. METHODS A 6-month case-controlled study of adults with chronic periodontitis was performed, with 33 participants receiving oral hygiene instructions (OHI) alone and 35 with scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with OHI. Saliva samples collected at week 0, 16 and 28 were analysed for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α. Clinical measures of periodontal disease were recorded at each visit. RESULTS All parameters of periodontal health improved significantly in both groups by week 16 (p<0.0001) with the SRP group demonstrating greater benefit at week 16 and 28. Baseline OPG and TNF-α levels changed significantly at both follow-up visits (p<0.03), regardless of treatment group. IL-1β and MMP-8 levels decreased significantly from baseline (p<0.04) in the SRP group only. OPG, MMP-8, and MIP-1α were significantly reduced in responders compared with non-responders (p=0.04, 0.01, 0.05, respectively). In receiver-operating characteristic analyses, MMP-8 produced the highest area under the curve (0.7; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Salivary levels of IL-1β, MMP-8, OPG, and MIP-1α reflected disease severity and response to therapy suggesting their potential utility for monitoring periodontal disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Sexton
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
Salivary diagnostics is a dynamic and emerging field utilizing nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics to aid in the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. In this article the author critically reviews the latest advances using oral biomarkers for disease detection. The use of oral fluids is broadening perspectives in clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, and decision making for patient care. Important elements determining the future possibilities and challenges in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malamud
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Miller CS, Foley JD, Bailey AL, Campell CL, Humphries RL, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Simmons G, Bhagwandin B, Jacobson JW, Redding SW, Ebersole JL, McDevitt JT. Current developments in salivary diagnostics. Biomark Med 2010; 4:171-89. [PMID: 20387312 PMCID: PMC2857781 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary diagnostics is an emerging field that has progressed through several important developments in the past decade, including the publication of the human salivary proteome and the infusion of federal funds to integrate nanotechnologies and microfluidic engineering concepts into developing compact point-of-care devices for rapid analysis of this secretion. In this article, we discuss some of these developments and their relevance to the prognosis, diagnosis and management of periodontitis, as an oral target, and cardiovascular disease, as a systemic example for the potential of these biodiagnostics. Our findings suggest that several biomarkers are associated with distinct biological stages of these diseases and demonstrate promise as practical biomarkers in identifying and managing periodontal disease, and acute myocardial infarction. The majority of these studies have progressed through biomarker discovery, with the identified molecules requiring more robust clinical studies to enable substantive validation for disease diagnosis. It is predicted that with continued advances in this field the use of a combination of biomarkers in multiplex panels is likely to yield accurate screening tools for these diagnoses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Miller
- Oral Medicine Section, MN 324, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA Tel.: +1 859 323 5598
| | - Joseph D Foley
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alison L Bailey
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charles L Campell
- Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Lexington Veterans Administration Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Glennon Simmons
- Bioengineering & Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Spencer W Redding
- Department of Dental Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Oral Medicine Section, MN 324, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0297, USA Tel.: +1 859 323 5598
| | - John T McDevitt
- Bioengineering & Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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