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Keen R, Chen JT, Slopen N, Sandel M, Copeland WE, Tiemeier H. The biological embedding of social adversity: How adolescent housing insecurity impacts inflammation over time. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:1008-1015. [PMID: 38714268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Adolescent housing insecurity is a dynamic form of social adversity that impacts child health outcomes worldwide. However, the means by which adolescent housing insecurity may become biologically embedded to influence health outcomes over the life course remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to utilize life course perspectives and advanced causal inference methods to evaluate the potential for inflammation to contribute to the biological embedding of adolescent housing insecurity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using prospective data from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, we investigated the relationship between adolescent housing insecurity and whole-blood spot samples assayed for C-reactive protein (CRP). Adolescent housing insecurity was created based on annual measures of frequent residential moves, reduced standard of living, forced separation from the home, and foster care. Annual measures of CRP ranged from 0.001 mg/L to 13.6 mg/L (median = 0.427 mg/L) and were log10 transformed to account for positively skewed values. We used g-estimation of structural nested mean models to estimate a series of conditional average causal effects of adolescent housing insecurity on CRP levels from ages 11 to 16 years and interpreted the results within life course frameworks of accumulation, recency, and sensitive periods. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Of the 1,334 participants, 427 [44.3 %] were female. Based on the conditional average causal effect, one exposure to adolescent housing insecurity from ages 11 to 16 years led to a 6.4 % (95 % CI = 0.69 - 12.4) increase in later CRP levels. Exposure at 14 years of age led to a 27.9 % increase in CRP levels at age 15 (95 % CI = 6.5 - 53.5). Recent exposures to adolescent housing insecurity (<3 years) suggested stronger associations with CRP levels than distant exposures (>3 years), but limited statistical power prevented causal conclusions regarding recency effects at the risk of a Type II Error. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight inflammation-as indicated by increased CRP levels-as one potential mechanism for the biological embedding of adolescent housing insecurity. The results also suggest that adolescent housing insecurity-particularly recent, repeated, and mid-adolescent exposures-may increase the risk of poor health outcomes and should be considered a key intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Keen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Jarvis T Chen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Megan Sandel
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry
| | - William E Copeland
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Boston Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology.
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Gordon REF, Kosty D, Khurana A. The mediating role of child delay of gratification in the link between early and prolonged poverty exposure and adolescent allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 163:106990. [PMID: 38412742 PMCID: PMC10954378 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Early and prolonged exposure to poverty disrupts biological processes associated with the body's stress response system, leading to long-term negative health outcomes, including obesity, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Allostatic load (AL), a composite measure of chronic stress on the body, is a robust predictor of subsequent health outcomes. However, developmental research examining the associations of early poverty exposure with AL in adolescence, as well as the underlying mechanisms of influence is limited. Early poverty exposure also impedes healthy development of child self-regulation, which may increase risk for high AL in adolescence, but this mechanistic pathway has not yet been tested. We used data from the national Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) to examine the longitudinal associations between prolonged poverty exposure in early childhood (0-3 years) and AL in adolescence (age 15). We also tested the mediating role of child delay of gratification, a behavioral measure of self-regulation (at age 54 months), in the potential association between early poverty exposure and adolescent AL. Accounting for model covariates (i.e., child biological sex and race-ethnicity) and individual differences in child delay of gratification, early and prolonged poverty exposure was significantly associated with higher AL at age 15. The indirect effect through child delay of gratification was not significant, but the individual pathways of the indirect effect were significant, and the overall direct association of early poverty exposure with adolescent AL was significant. Our findings show that prolonged exposure to poverty in early childhood (0-3 years) can have significant negative associations with both child delay of gratification (at 54 months) and AL (at age 15). Given that the detrimental impacts of poverty exposure can be detected at an early age, targeted prevention efforts (e.g., anti-poverty programs such as cash assistance programs) may be able to offset some of the risks of early poverty exposure on self-regulation and AL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E F Gordon
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Derek Kosty
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Atika Khurana
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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3
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Duh-Leong C, Perrin EM, Heerman WJ, Schildcrout JS, Wallace S, Mendelsohn AL, Lee DC, Flower KB, Sanders LM, Rothman RL, Delamater AM, Gross RS, Wood C, Yin HS. Prenatal Risks to Healthy Food Access and High Birthweight Outcomes. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:613-618. [PMID: 37659601 PMCID: PMC10904668 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infants with high birthweight have increased risk for adverse outcomes at birth and across childhood. Prenatal risks to healthy food access may increase odds of high birthweight. We tested whether having a poor neighborhood food environment and/or food insecurity had associations with high birthweight. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional baseline data in Greenlight Plus, an obesity prevention trial across six US cities (n = 787), which included newborns with a gestational age greater than 34 weeks and a birthweight greater than 2500 g. We assessed neighborhood food environment using the Place-Based Survey and food insecurity using the US Household Food Security Module. We performed logistic regression analyses to assess the individual and additive effects of risk factors on high birthweight. We adjusted for potential confounders: infant sex, race, ethnicity, gestational age, birthing parent age, education, income, and study site. RESULTS Thirty-four percent of birthing parents reported poor neighborhood food environment and/or food insecurity. Compared to those without food insecurity, food insecure families had greater odds of delivering an infant with high birthweight (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 1.96, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01, 3.82) after adjusting for poor neighborhood food environment, which was not associated with high birthweight (aOR 1.35, 95% CI: 0.78, 2.34). Each additional risk to healthy food access was associated with a 56% (95% CI: 4%-132%) increase in high birthweight odds. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal risks to healthy food access may increase high infant birthweight odds. Future studies designed to measure neighborhood factors should examine infant birthweight outcomes in the context of prenatal social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Duh-Leong
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine (C Duh-Leong, RS Gross, and HS Yin), Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY.
| | - Eliana M Perrin
- Johns Hopkins University (EM Perrin), Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Schools of Medicine and Nursing, Baltimore, Md
| | - William J Heerman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (WJ Heerman and S Wallace), Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Jonathan S Schildcrout
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (JS Schildcrout), Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Shelby Wallace
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (WJ Heerman and S Wallace), Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Alan L Mendelsohn
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine (AL Mendelsohn), Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY
| | - David C Lee
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine (DC Lee), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kori B Flower
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (KB Flower), Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lee M Sanders
- Stanford University School of Medicine (LM Sanders), Division of General Pediatrics, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Russell L Rothman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (RL Rothman), Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Alan M Delamater
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (AM Delamater), Department of Pediatrics, Miami, Fla
| | - Rachel S Gross
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine (C Duh-Leong, RS Gross, and HS Yin), Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY
| | - Charles Wood
- Duke University School of Medicine (C Wood), Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Durham, NC
| | - Hsiang Shonna Yin
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine (C Duh-Leong, RS Gross, and HS Yin), Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY
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4
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Kuckertz M, Lind T, Lau AS, Motamedi M, Wright B, Le K, Brookman-Frazee L. Outside the Clinic Door: How Neighborhood Sociodemographic Disadvantage is Associated with Community Therapist Secondary Traumatic Stress and Emotional Exhaustion. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH 2024; 9:15-32. [PMID: 38435098 PMCID: PMC10906964 DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2024.2310512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Therapists serving families with high rates of trauma exposure in community mental health clinics face the potential risk of experiencing secondary traumatic stress and emotional exhaustion, both of which pose barriers for the implementation and sustainment of evidence-based practices. Previous research documents negative effects of living in socioeconomic disadvantaged neighborhoods on child development but has not examined the effects of working in these neighborhoods on therapist well-being. The current study merges publicly available data, administrative claims data on mental health services, and therapy survey data to 1) identify associations between neighborhood sociodemographic disadvantage and two community therapist well-being constructs, specifically secondary traumatic stress and emotional exhaustion; and 2) examine potential clinic- and therapist-level explanatory factors in the associations between neighborhood sociodemographic disadvantage and therapist well-being. A cumulative risk index approach was applied to calculate neighborhood sociodemographic disadvantage. Greater neighborhood sociodemographic disadvantage was significantly associated with higher levels of therapist secondary traumatic stress (B=.09, p<.05) but not emotional exhaustion. Because therapists in higher risk neighborhoods face higher secondary traumatic stress levels, additional research is needed to better understand how these therapists can be best supported; thus, supporting families receiving treatment and implementation of evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kuckertz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe,
AZ
| | - Teresa Lind
- Department of Child and Family Development, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center (CASRC), San
Diego, CA
| | - Anna S. Lau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mojdeh Motamedi
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center (CASRC), San
Diego, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Blanche Wright
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA
| | - Kenny Le
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL
| | - Lauren Brookman-Frazee
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center (CASRC), San
Diego, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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5
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Schuler BR, Gardenhire RA, Jones SD, Spilsbury JC, Moore SM, Borawski EA. Exploring the Association Between Trauma, Instability, and Youth Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes Over Three Years. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:301-311. [PMID: 37843478 PMCID: PMC10873057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood adversity plays a fundamental role in predicting youth cardiometabolic health. Our understanding of how adverse experiences in childhood should best be conceptualized remains elusive, based on one-dimensional measures of adversity. The present study fills a major gap in existing research by examining two distinct forms of threat and instability-related exposures that may impact cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in adolescence. METHODS We explore two specific subtypes of adversity: trauma (e.g., badly hurt, victim of crime, loss of close person) and instability (e.g., moving, change of schools, change in household structure) as differential influences that can accumulate to impact early childhood onset of CMR (body mass index, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, insulin sensitivity). Secondary data were drawn from a randomized control behavioral trial of youth recruited during sixth grade from urban Cleveland (Ohio) schools beginning in 2012-2014 (n = 360) and followed for 3 years. Participants reported on 12 adverse experiences, six trauma- and six instability-specific. Multiple regression assessed effects of prospective and accumulative indices of trauma and instability with 3-year trajectories of eight objective CMR markers. RESULTS Instability was associated with increased body mass index, decreased high-density lipoprotein, and increased C-reactive protein slopes. Trauma was associated with trends in triglyceride levels but not with any other CMR outcomes. DISCUSSION Experiences with instability distinctly impacted adolescent CMR. Future research is needed to examine factors that can enhance stability for families in marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Schuler
- School of Social Work, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Sarah D Jones
- Borra College of Health Sciences Nutrition, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois
| | - James C Spilsbury
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shirley M Moore
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elaine A Borawski
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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6
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Dang Y, Duan X, Rong P, Yan M, Zhao Y, Mi B, Zhou J, Chen Y, Wang D, Pei L. Life-course social disparities in body mass index trajectories across adulthood: cohort study evidence from China health and nutrition survey. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1955. [PMID: 37814213 PMCID: PMC10563291 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social disparities in obesity may originate in early life or in adulthood, and the associations of socioeconomic position (SEP) with obesity could alter over time. It is unclear how lifetime-specific and life-course SEP influence adult obesity development in China. METHODS Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), three SEP-related indicators, including the father's occupational position and the participant's education and occupational position, were obtained. The life-course socioeconomic changes and a cumulative SEP score were established to represent the life-course SEP of the participants in the study. The growth mixture modeling was used to identify BMI trajectories in adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression was adopted to assess the associations between SEP and adult BMI trajectories. RESULTS A total of 3,138 participants were included in the study. A positive correlation was found between the paternal occupational position, the participants' occupational position, education, and obesity in males, whereas an inverse correlation was observed among females. Males who experienced social upward mobility or remained stable high SEP during the follow-up had 2.31 and 2.52-fold risks of progressive obesity compared to those with a stable-low SEP. Among females, stable high SEP in both childhood and adulthood was associated with lower risks of progressive obesity (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43-0.94). Higher risks of obesity were associated with the life-course cumulative SEP score among males, while the opposite relationship was observed among females. CONCLUSIONS The associations between life-course SEP and BMI development trajectories differed significantly by gender. Special emphasis should be placed on males experiencing upward and stable high socioeconomic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Duan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Peixi Rong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Mingxin Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Baibing Mi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospitical of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Duolao Wang
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Leilei Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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7
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De France K, Stack DM, Serbin LA. Associations between early poverty exposure and adolescent well-being: The role of childhood negative emotionality. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1808-1820. [PMID: 36039975 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Using a longitudinal design (Wave 1 n = 164, Mage = 3.57 years, 54% female, predominantly White and French-speaking), the current study sought to answer two questions: 1) does poverty influence children's negative emotionality through heightened family-level, poverty-related stress? and 2) is negative emotionality, in turn, predictive of adolescent internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, cognitive abilities, and physical health? Results confirmed an indirect pathway from family poverty to child emotionality through poverty-related stress. In addition, negative emotionality was associated with adolescent internalizing symptoms, attention difficulties, and physical health, but not externalizing symptoms, even when controlling for early poverty exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalee De France
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dale M Stack
- Psychology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa A Serbin
- Psychology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Doom JR, Young ES, Farrell AK, Roisman GI, Simpson JA. Behavioral, cognitive, and socioemotional pathways from early childhood adversity to BMI: Evidence from two prospective, longitudinal studies. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:749-765. [PMID: 35545317 PMCID: PMC9652481 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with higher adult weight, but few investigations prospectively test mechanisms accounting for this association. Using two socioeconomically high-risk prospective longitudinal investigations, the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (MLSRA; N = 267; 45.3% female) and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS; n = 2,587; 48.5% female), pathways between childhood adversity and later body mass index (BMI) were tested using impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and overeating as mediators. Childhood adversity from 0 to 5 years included four types of adversities: greater unpredictability, threat/abuse, deprivation/neglect, and low socioeconomic status. Parents reported on child impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and overeating. Height and weight were self-reported and measured at 32 and 37 years in MLSRA and at 15 years in FFCWS. FFCWS results indicated that threat, deprivation, and low socioeconomic status predicted greater impulsivity and emotion dysregulation at 5 years, which in turn predicted greater overeating at 9 years and higher BMI z-score at 15 years. Early unpredictability in FFCWS predicted higher BMI through greater impulsivity but not emotion dysregulation at age 5. MLSRA regression results replicated the threat/abuse → emotion dysregulation → overeating → higher BMI pathway. These findings suggest that different dimensions of early adversity may follow both similar and unique pathways to predict BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalee R. Doom
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ethan S. Young
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Glenn I. Roisman
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffry A. Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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McKay AJ, Jones MT, Gallo S. Differences in Cardiometabolic Biomarkers between Elementary School-Age Latinx Children with Obesity versus Healthy Weight. South Med J 2023; 116:188-194. [PMID: 36724534 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low-income Latinx youth are disproportionately affected by obesity, which results in an increased risk of cardiometabolic abnormalities. Biomarker tracking may be useful for the early identification of obesity comorbidities in young Latinx children. Hence, we aimed to compare cardiometabolic biomarkers between age- and sex-matched pairs of elementary school-aged Latinx children with obesity versus healthy weight. METHODS This case-control study compared cardiometabolic biomarkers between 13 pairs of age- and sex-matched elementary school-age (median 6.5 years) Latinx children with obesity (body mass index for age ≥ 95th percentile) as compared with their healthy weight (between the 5th and 85th percentiles) counterparts. Anthropometric measures and a fasted venous blood sample were taken for the analysis of lipids, glycemic, inflammatory, endocrine, and hepatic markers. Group differences were tested by the Mann-Whitney U or χ2 test. RESULTS Cases had higher insulin (P = 0.003), hemoglobin A1c (P = 0.002), triglycerides (P = 0.023), and C-reactive protein (P < 0.001) and lower high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.002). Hepatic markers were similar, with alanine aminotransferase elevated among both groups. CONCLUSIONS The aforementioned biomarkers may be more sensitive to higher adiposity risk in this young Latinx population; however, elevated hepatic markers may indicate an ethnic/genetic predisposition to abnormal liver function. Research should be replicated in a larger group to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J McKay
- the School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - Sina Gallo
- the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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10
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Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on 'binge-like' sucrose intake in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110625. [PMID: 36055562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating episodes are persistent and are essential features of numerous eating disorders (EDs). Susceptibility to EDs is largely presumed to be associated with early life stress. In fact, converging evidence from preclinical animal studies have implicated stress as a driver of binge eating. Still, literature examination indicates that vulnerability to EDs may depend on factors such as severity, time, and the type of stressor. Therefore, we aimed at exploring the link between chronic psychosocial stress and 'binge-like' sucrose intake in adolescent mice. To this aim, intruders' experimental mice were exposed to the chronic subordinate colony (CSC) housing, in the presence of a resident aggressive mouse for 2 weeks. At the end of the stress period, mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior then assessed for 'binge-like' intake of sucrose using a long-term drinking in the dark (DID) method that successfully replicates binge eating in humans. As expected, and compared to single housed colony controls (SHC), CSC exposure elicited an anxiogenic-like response in the open field (OF) and elevated-plus maze (EPM) tests and reduced weight gain. Most importantly, we report here for the first time, that mice exposed to chronic psychosocial stress displayed a 'binge-like' consumption of sucrose. However, neither quinine (bitter) nor saccharin (sweet) intakes were affected by CSC exposure. Finally, using Pearson's correlation, results showed a strong correlation between anxiety-like behavior parameters and sucrose intake. Overall these findings support the validity of our chronic psychosocial stress to model binge EDs and establish the long-term consequences of stress on 'binge-like' eating in male mice. These data suggest that chronic psychosocial stress is a risk factor for developing anxiety-associated EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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11
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Phu T, Doom JR. Associations between cumulative risk, childhood sleep duration, and body mass index across childhood. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:529. [PMID: 36068546 PMCID: PMC9447344 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although associations between cumulative risk, sleep, and overweight/obesity have been demonstrated, few studies have examined relationships between these constructs longitudinally across childhood. This study investigated how cumulative risk and sleep duration are related to current and later child overweight/obesity in families across the United States sampled for high sociodemographic risk. Methods We conducted secondary analyses on 3690 families with recorded child height and weight within the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study. A cumulative risk composite (using nine variables indicating household/environmental, family, and sociodemographic risk) was calculated for each participant from ages 3-9 years. Path analyses were used to investigate associations between cumulative risk, parent-reported child sleep duration, and z-scored child body mass index (BMI) percentile at ages 3 through 9. Results Higher cumulative risk experienced at age 5 was associated with shorter sleep duration at year 9, b = − 0.35, p = .01, 95% CI [− 0.57, − 0.11]. At 5 years, longer sleep duration was associated with lower BMI, b = − 0.03, p = .03, 95% CI [− 0.06, − 0.01]. Higher cumulative risk at 9 years, b = − 0.34, p = .02, 95% CI [− 0.57, − 0.10], was concurrently associated with shorter sleep duration. Findings additionally differed by child sex, such that only male children showed an association between sleep duration and BMI. Conclusions Results partially supported hypothesized associations between child sleep duration, cumulative risk, and BMI emerging across childhood within a large, primarily low socioeconomic status sample. Findings suggest that reducing cumulative risk for families experiencing low income may support longer child sleep duration. Additionally, child sleep duration and BMI are concurrently related in early childhood for male children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-022-03587-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Phu
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race St, Denver, CO, 80210, USA.
| | - Jenalee R Doom
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race St, Denver, CO, 80210, USA
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12
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Crandall AK, McKay NJ, Khan AM, Lantyer MC, Temple JL. The effect of acute and chronic scarcity on acute stress: A dyadic developmental examination. Physiol Behav 2022; 246:113684. [PMID: 34929257 PMCID: PMC8821326 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food insecurity, obesity, and psychological stress are interrelated constructs which are thought to be connected through increased energy intake, but the underlying mechanisms for these relationships remain unclear. The current study used experimental methods to investigate how financial losses may influence acute stress in the context of food insecurity for both parents and offspring. This study also sought to examine the effect of acute stress related to financial losses on the reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) and delay discounting (DD). METHODS One hundred and six families stratified by both offspring age (53 children aged 7-10, 53 adolescents aged 15-17) and household financial resources, visited our laboratory for three separate appointments. Each appointment included the experimental manipulation of financial gains and losses, saliva samples for cortisol assay, continuous heart rate monitoring, self-rated tension, and computer-based DD and RRVfood tasks. Participants also completed surveys to report perceived life stress level and food insecurity status. RESULTS Among all participants, financial losses were related to decreased heart rates and increased self-rated tension. Among parents reporting food insecurity, acute financial losses resulted in an increase in cortisol levels. Changes in cortisol, heart rate, and tension were not related to RRVfood or DD. CONCLUSION Food insecure parents are sensitive to financial losses and respond with an increase in cortisol. However, we found no evidence for a relationship between cortisol and RRVfood or DD. This sensitivity to financial losses did not extend to children or adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Crandall
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214.
| | - Naomi J McKay
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY 14222
| | - Ali M Khan
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Maria Catharina Lantyer
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
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13
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Goncalves Soares A, Zimmerman A, Zammit S, Karl A, Halligan SL, Fraser A. Abuse in Childhood and Cardiometabolic Health in Early Adulthood: Evidence From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021701. [PMID: 34873916 PMCID: PMC9075220 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Although childhood abuse has been consistently associated with cardiovascular disease in later adulthood, its associations with cardiometabolic health in younger adults are poorly understood. We assessed associations between childhood physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and cardiometabolic outcomes at 18 and 25 years. Methods and Results We used data on 3223 participants of the ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children). Exposure to childhood abuse was self-reported retrospectively at 22 years. We used linear regression to assess the associations between childhood abuse and cardiometabolic outcomes at 18 and 25 years. At 18 years, physical (β 1.35 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.66-2.05), sexual (β 0.57 kg/m2; 95% CI 0.04-1.11), and psychological (β 0.47 kg/m2; 95% CI 0.01-0.92) abuse were associated with higher body mass index. Physical abuse was also associated with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β -0.07 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.01) and higher C-reactive protein (31%; 95% CI, 1%-69%), and sexual abuse was associated with higher heart rate (β 1.92 bpm; 95% CI 0.26-3.58). At age 25, all 3 types of abuse were additionally associated with higher insulin, and sexual abuse was associated with lower cholesterol (-0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.01). The age at which abuse occurred (<11or 11-17 years) had little influence on the associations, and when sex differences were evident, associations were stronger in men. Conclusions Childhood abuse is associated with negative cardiometabolic outcomes even by young adulthood. Further follow-up will determine whether associations strengthen across the life course and whether sex differences persist, which is essential for targeting effective screening programs and early interventions in those who suffered abuse in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Goncalves Soares
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Annie Zimmerman
- Health Service & Population Research King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Stan Zammit
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom.,Centre for Academic Mental Health Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Anke Karl
- Mood Disorders Centre University of Exeter Exeter United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Halligan
- Department of Psychology University of Bath Bath United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Abigail Fraser
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol Bristol United Kingdom
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14
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Li Y, Rosenthal SR. Food insecurity and obesity among US young adults: the moderating role of biological sex and the mediating role of diet healthfulness. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:5058-5065. [PMID: 33183390 PMCID: PMC11082795 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between food insecurity (FI) and obesity, measured by BMI and waist circumference (WC), among young adults and test the moderating role of biological sex and the mediating role of diet healthfulness (DH). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. PARTICIPANTS The sample included 4667 young adults aged 18-35 years. RESULTS Given the interaction terms between sex and FI, biological sex was a moderator between both FI and WC (P = 0·031) and FI and BMI (P = 0·007) among young adults. FI was associated with a 1·16 kg/m2 higher BMI (95 % CI 0·27, 2·05) and a 2·09 cm larger WC (95 % CI 0·05, 4·14) among young female adults, while FI was associated with a 0·26 kg/m2 higher BMI (95 % CI -0·65, 1·16) and a 0·78 cm larger WC (95 % CI -1·13, 2·89) among young male adults. DH mediated the relationships between both FI and BMI (indirect effect β = 0·14; 95 % CI 0·05, 0·23) and FI and WC (indirect effect β = 0·31; 95 % CI 0·10, 0·51) among females. Females with FI had poorer DH and thus had higher BMI and larger WC. CONCLUSIONS Young female adults with FI were more likely to experience overall and abdominal obesity compared with their male counterparts. Results also suggest that females with FI had poorer DH and thus had increased risk of both abdominal and overall obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI02903, USA
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI02903, USA
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI, USA
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15
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Andrade JL, Hong YR, Lee AM, Miller DR, Williams C, Thompson LA, Bright MA, Cardel MI. Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk among Hispanic American Adolescents. J Pediatr 2021; 237:267-275.e1. [PMID: 34147498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and cardiometabolic risk among Hispanic adolescents. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted at an academic research center in Gainesville, Florida. Participants were locally recruited, and data were collected from June 2016 to July 2018. Participants (n = 133, 60.2% female) were healthy adolescents aged 15-21 years who self-identified as Hispanic, were born in the US, and had a body mass index (BMI) between ≥18.5 and ≤40 kg/m2. Primary outcomes were BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and resting blood pressure. Associations between ACEs and cardiometabolic measures were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models, which controlled for sex, age, parental education, and food insecurity. Results were sex-stratified to assess potential variations. RESULTS Reporting ≥4 ACEs (28.6%) was significantly associated with a greater BMI (P = .004), body fat percentage (P = .02), and diastolic blood pressure (P = .05) compared with reporting <4 ACEs. Female participants reporting ≥4 ACEs were significantly more likely to have a greater BMI (P = .04) and body fat percentage (P = .03) whereas male participants reporting ≥4 ACEs were significantly more likely to have a greater BMI (P = .04), systolic blood pressure (P = .03), and diastolic blood pressure (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Hispanic adolescent participants who experienced ≥4 ACEs were more likely to have elevated risk markers of obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Further research is needed to elucidate the physiological mechanisms driving these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Andrade
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Young-Rock Hong
- Department of Health Services Research, Management, and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Alexandra M Lee
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Darci R Miller
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Charlette Williams
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Lindsay A Thompson
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Melissa A Bright
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michelle I Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; WW International, Inc, New York, NY.
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16
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Curtis MG, Oshri A, Bryant CM, Bermudez M, Kogan SM. Contextual Adversity and Rural Black Men's Masculinity Ideology During Emerging Adulthood. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2021; 22:217-226. [PMID: 34335107 DOI: 10.1037/men0000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence documents the importance of individual differences in masculinity ideology for men's biological, social, and psychological wellbeing. Studies investigating the developmental antecedents of masculinity ideology and how it changes during specific developmental phases, however, are scarce. The present study examined the influence of childhood adversity and socioeconomic instability on Black men's masculinity ideology during emerging adulthood. Specifically, we investigated changes in two types of masculinity ideology: (a) respect-based, which is associated with prosocial outcomes such as hard work, education, and fidelity, and (b) reputation-based, which is related to antisocial outcomes such as sexual prowess, toughness, and authority-defying behavior. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with three waves of data from 504 Black American men aged 19 to 22 at baseline living in resource-poor communities in the rural South. Results indicated that childhood adversity was associated with elevated socioeconomic instability during emerging adulthood. Childhood adversity and socioeconomic instability were associated with decreases in respect-based masculinity and increases in reputation-based masculinity. Indirect effects were detected whereby childhood adversity was associated with respect-based and reputation-based masculinity indirectly via socioeconomic instability. Taken together, these results suggest that childhood adversity and socioeconomic instability forecast changes in the types of masculinity ideology rural Black men endorse during the emerging adulthood transition.
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17
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McClain AC, Evans GW, Dickin KL. Maternal Stress Moderates the Relationship of Food Insufficiency with Body Mass Index Trajectories from Childhood to Early Adulthood among U.S. Rural Youth. Child Obes 2021; 17:263-271. [PMID: 33769835 PMCID: PMC8147486 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2020.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Findings on the relationships between household food insufficiency (HFI), maternal stress, and youth body mass index (BMI) are mixed, possibly due to cross-sectional study designs and measurement issues. Furthermore, little is known about how childhood exposure to HFI and maternal stress influences BMI into young adulthood among rural youth. We aimed to determine the independent and moderating relationships of HFI and maternal perceived stress on youth BMI trajectories from age 9 to 24 years. Methods: We used longitudinal data from rural New York youth (n = 341). At youth age 9 years, parents reported HFI using a reliable one-item measure, and mothers responded to the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; range: 0-40). BMI was calculated (kg/m2) from objective measures of height and weight at 9, 13, 17, and 24 years. Multivariate random-intercept trajectory models estimated the relationships of HFI and PSS on BMI trajectories (p < 0.05 for main effects, p < 0.10 for interactions). Results: At age 9 years, 16.4% experienced HFI and mean (standard deviation) BMI and PSS were 18.4 (3.6) kg/m2 and 7.7 (2.9), respectively. HFI and PSS were not associated with BMI trajectories (p = 0.18, p = 0.64, respectively), but their interaction was significant (p < 0.01). Each one-unit increase in PSS was associated with 0.6 (0.2) kg/m2 higher mean change in BMI trajectories for youth in food-insufficient, compared with food-sufficient, households. Conclusions: Higher levels of maternal stress in food-insufficient households may lead to greater increases in BMI from childhood to young adulthood. Public health interventions should simultaneously address parental stress and quality food access among low-income rural households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. McClain
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Amanda C. McClain, PhD, MS, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, ENS 313, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Gary W. Evans
- Department of Design + Environmental Analysis, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Caleyachetty R, Stafford M, Cooper R, Anderson EL, Howe LD, Cosco TD, Kuh D, Hardy R. Exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors and adult body mass index trajectories from ages 20 to 64 years. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:385-390. [PMID: 33462607 PMCID: PMC8599879 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While childhood social risk factors appear to be associated with adult obesity, it is unclear whether exposure to multiple childhood social risk factors is associated with accelerated weight gain during adulthood. METHODS We used the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a British population-based birth cohort study of participants born in 1946, height and weight were measured by nurses at ages 36, 43, 53 and 60-64 and self-reported at 20 and 26 years. The 9 childhood socioeconomic risk factors and 8 binary childhood psychosocial risk factors were measured, with 13 prospectively measured at age 4 years (or at 7 or 11 years if missing) and 3 were recalled when participants were age 43. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the association between the number of childhood social risk factors and changes in body mass index (BMI) with age. RESULTS Increasing exposure to a higher number of childhood socioeconomic risk factors was associated with higher mean BMI across adulthood for both sexes and with a faster increase in BMI from 20 to 64 years, among women but not men. Associations remained after adjustment for adult social class. There was no evidence of an association between exposure to childhood psychosocial risk factors and mean BMI in either sex at any age. CONCLUSIONS Strategies for the prevention and management of weight gain across adulthood may need to tailor interventions in consideration of past exposure to multiple socioeconomic disadvantages experienced during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Caleyachetty
- Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
- Correspondence: Rishi Caleyachetty, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1865 743660, e-mail:
| | - Mai Stafford
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
- The Health Foundation, London, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma L Anderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Theodore D Cosco
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Education, London, UK
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19
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Pbert L, Trivedi M, Druker S, Bram J, Olendzki B, Crawford S, Frisard C, Andersen V, Waring ME, Clements K, Schneider K, Geller AC. Supporting families of children with overweight and obesity to live healthy lifestyles: Design and rationale for the Fitline cluster randomized controlled pediatric practice-based trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2021; 104:106348. [PMID: 33706002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a third of preadolescent children with overweight or obesity. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends pediatric providers help families make changes in eating and activity to improve body mass index (BMI). However, implementation is challenging given limited time and referral sources, and family burden to access in-person weight management programs. PURPOSE To describe the design of a National Heart Blood and Lung Institute sponsored cluster randomized controlled pediatric-based trial evaluating the effectiveness of the Fitline pediatric practice-based referral program to reduce BMI and improve diet and physical activity in children with overweight or obesity. Comparison will be made between brief provider intervention plus referral to (1) eight weekly nutritionist-delivered coaching calls with workbook to help families make AAP-recommended lifestyle changes (Fitline-Coaching), vs. (2) the same workbook in eight mailings without coaching (Fitline-Workbook). METHODS Twenty practices are pair-matched and randomized to one of the two conditions; 494 parents and their children ages 8-12 with a BMI of ≥85th percentile are being recruited. The primary outcome is child BMI; secondary outcomes are child's diet and physical activity at baseline and 6- and 12-months post-baseline. Cost-effectiveness of the two interventions also will be examined. CONCLUSION This is the first randomized controlled trial to examine use of a centrally located telephonic coaching service to support families of children with overweight and obesity in making AAP-recommended lifestyle changes. If effective, the Fitline program will provide an innovative model for widespread dissemination, setting new standards for weight management care in pediatric practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION The ClinicalTrials.gov registration number is NCT03143660.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Pbert
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
| | - Michelle Trivedi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Susan Druker
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Bram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Olendzki
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sybil Crawford
- Graduate School of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Christine Frisard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Victoria Andersen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Molly E Waring
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Karen Clements
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Kristin Schneider
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alan C Geller
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Martoccio TL, Senehi N, Brophy-Herb HE, Miller AL, Contreras DA, Horodynski MA, Peterson KE, Lumeng JC. Temperament, socioeconomic adversity, and perinatal risk as related to preschoolers' BMI. Health Psychol 2020; 40:135-144. [PMID: 33315417 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disparities in childhood obesity necessitate identification of risk-protective and risk- augmenting factors for young children experiencing socioeconomic adversity born with perinatal risk. Temperamental reactivity is a biological marker of susceptibility to environmental characteristics. This study tested whether temperamental reactivity moderated the relation between socioeconomic risk and children's body mass index (BMI). METHOD This study examined 100 Head Start preschoolers (Mage = 4.07 years, SD = 0.56) with perinatal risk, defined as preterm birth (PT, <37 weeks gestation) or low birth weight (LBW, <2500g). Anthropometric measurements were collected from children and parents. Parents completed questionnaires on family level demographics and household food insecurity to create a cumulative socioeconomic risk variable. Parents also completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire to assess preschoolers' temperamental reactivity. RESULTS Results supported a differential susceptibility hypothesis such that preschoolers' temperamental reactivity significantly moderated the relation between socioeconomic risk and child BMI z-score (BMIz). Higher BMIz was observed in highly reactive children exposed to higher socioeconomic risk. Alternatively, lower exposure to socioeconomic risk was related to lower BMIz for highly reactive children. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that highly reactive PT/LBW preschoolers are differentially susceptible to early socioeconomic adversity in a for better or for worse manner regarding BMIz. Thus, consideration of temperament as a marker of biological sensitivity to context may be necessary to inform obesity prevention for PT/LBW preschoolers from low-income families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Martoccio
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland College Park
| | - Neda Senehi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Holly E Brophy-Herb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health
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21
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Proffitt Leyva RP, Mengelkoch S, Gassen J, Ellis BJ, Russell EM, Hill SE. Low socioeconomic status and eating in the absence of hunger in children aged 3–14. Appetite 2020; 154:104755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Bridging Prenatal and Pediatric Care: A Proposed Simple Yet Novel Approach to Preventing Family Violence. J Pediatr 2020; 224:133-136. [PMID: 32389718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Darling KE, Ranzenhofer LM, Hadley W, Villalta D, Kasper V, Jelalian E. Negative childhood experiences and disordered eating in adolescents in a weight management program: The role of depressive symptoms. Eat Behav 2020; 38:101402. [PMID: 32485589 PMCID: PMC7534901 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress negatively impacts adolescent weight status and eating behaviors. Previous research investigating this association has focused on traumatic events in childhood, but little is known about the impact of commonly experienced stressful life events and weight-related outcome. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between negative life events and weight-related outcomes (i.e., weight status, disordered eating behaviors, insulin sensitivity) in a sample of treatment-seeking adolescents with overweight and obesity. A further aim of the study was to examine the potential mediating role of depression. METHOD Adolescents (N = 170; M age = 14.8; 62% female) presenting to an interdisciplinary weight management program completed measures related to negative life events, disordered eating patterns, and depressive symptoms prior to initiating treatment. Weight status and insulin sensitivity (using fasting glucose and fasting insulin) were objectively measured. RESULTS Stressful experiences during childhood were significantly related to weight status, F = 2.78, p < .05, and disordered eating, F = 5.51, p < .001, in regression analyses. Stressful life events were not related to insulin sensitivity. Depressive symptoms mediated the association between stressful experiences and disordered eating (b = 0.001, [CI = 0.0002, 0.0011]). Depressive symptoms did not mediate this association for weight status or insulin sensitivity. DISCUSSION Findings from the present study suggest that relatively common stressful events may be associated with development of disordered eating patterns in adolescents with overweight or obesity presenting to treatment. Providers working in weight management settings should consider assessing a range of potentially stressful life events and their potential weight-related implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Darling
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University & Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, United States of America,Corresponding author at: Weight Control & Diabetes Research Center, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America. (K.E. Darling)
| | - Lisa M. Ranzenhofer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center & New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America
| | - Wendy Hadley
- Counseling and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Douglas Villalta
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University & Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, United States of America
| | - Vania Kasper
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, United States of America
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University & Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, United States of America
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Economic hardship and child intake of foods high in saturated fats and added sugars: the mediating role of parenting stress among high-risk families. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:2781-2792. [PMID: 32713394 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Economic hardship (EH) may link to poorer child diet, however whether this association is due to resource limitations or effects on family functioning is unknown. This study examines whether parenting stress mediates the association between EH and child consumption of foods high in saturated fats and added sugars (SFAS). DESIGN Data were collected from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. EH was assessed using eight items collected when children were between 1-9 years old. Mothers reported parenting stress and frequency of child consumption of high SFAS foods when children were 9 years old. Latent growth curve modelling (LGCM) and structural equation modelling tested direct associations between the starting level/rate of change in EH and high SFAS food consumption, and parenting stress as a mediator of the association. SETTING Twenty US cities. PARTICIPANTS Mothers/children (n 3846) followed birth through age 9 years, oversampled 'high-risk', unmarried mothers. RESULTS LGCM indicated a curvilinear trend in EH from ages 1-9, with steeper increases from ages 3-9 years. EH did not directly predict the frequency of high SFAS foods. Average EH at 3 and 5 years and change in EH from ages 1-9 predicted higher parenting stress, which in turn predicted more frequent consumption of high SFAS foods. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest it may be important to consider parenting stress in early prevention efforts given potential lasting effects of early life EH on child consumption of high SFAS foods. Future research should explore how supports and resources may buffer effects of EH-related stress on parents and children.
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Iruka IU. High-Quality Child Care as an Effective Antipoverty Strategy: Emerging Evidence From Canada. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-0483. [PMID: 32527750 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iheoma U Iruka
- HighScope Educational Research Foundation, Ypsilanti, Michigan
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26
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Reid BM, Doom JR, Argote RB, Correa-Burrows P, Lozoff B, Blanco E, Gahagan S. Pathways to inflammation in adolescence through early adversity, childhood depressive symptoms, and body mass index: A prospective longitudinal study of Chilean infants. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 86:4-13. [PMID: 31185272 PMCID: PMC6899213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early adversity, depression, and obesity are associated with increases in low-grade inflammation. However, there are few prospective and longitudinal studies to elucidate how these associations unfold in children. The present study used latent growth curve models to examine pathways between family adversity in infancy, depressive symptoms in childhood, body mass index (BMI) in childhood, and inflammation in adolescence (age = 16-18). The study is an adolescent follow-up of infants from working-class communities around Santiago, Chile, who participated in a preventive trial of iron supplementation at 6 months of age. Anthropometrics, stressful life events, maternal depression, socioeconomic status, and developmental assessments were measured at 12 months, 5 years, 10 years, and adolescence. In adolescence, participants provided blood samples for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assessment. Greater exposure to early adversity in the form of interpersonal conflict stress in infancy indirectly associated with increased hsCRP through its association to increased intercept and slope of childhood BMI. Depressive symptoms at any time were not directly or indirectly associated with increased hsCRP. These findings contribute to our understanding of how early family adversity and its associations with obesity and depressive symptoms across childhood are linked to low-grade, chronic inflammation in adolescence. The model identified as best capturing the data supported the pivotal role of childhood BMI in explaining how early-life adversity is associated with inflammation in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie M. Reid
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Corresponding author. (B.M. Reid)
| | - Jenalee R. Doom
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | | | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Estela Blanco
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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Leifheit KM, Schwartz GL, Pollack CE, Black MM, Edin KJ, Althoff KN, Jennings JM. Eviction in early childhood and neighborhood poverty, food security, and obesity in later childhood and adolescence: Evidence from a longitudinal birth cohort. SSM Popul Health 2020; 11:100575. [PMID: 32322657 PMCID: PMC7171520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eviction affects a substantial share of U.S. children, but its effects on child health are largely unknown. Our objectives were to examine how eviction relates to 1) children's health and sociodemographic characteristics at birth, 2) neighborhood poverty and food security at age 5, and 3) obesity in later childhood and adolescence. We analyzed data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal cohort of children born in 20 large U.S. cities. Children who lived in rental housing with known eviction histories and measured outcomes were included. We compared maternal and infant health and sociodemographic characteristics at the time of the child's birth. We then characterized the associations between eviction and neighborhood poverty and food security at age 5 and obesity at ages 5, 9, and 15 using log binomial regression with inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights. Of the 2556 children included in objective 1, 164 (6%) experienced eviction before age 5. Children who experienced eviction had lower household income and maternal education and were more likely to be born to mothers who were unmarried, smoked during pregnancy, and had mental health problems. Evicted and non-evicted children were equally likely to experience high neighborhood poverty at age 5 (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.03, 95% CI 0.82, 1.29) but had an increased prevalence of low food security (PR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.46, 3.19). Obesity prevalence did not differ at age 5 (PR = 1.01; 95% CI 0.58, 1.75), 9 (PR = 1.08; 95% CI 0.715, 1.55); or 15 (PR = 1.05; 95% CI 0.51, 2.18). In conclusion, children who went on to experience eviction showed signs of poor health and socioeconomic disadvantage already at birth. Eviction in early childhood was not associated with children's likelihood of neighborhood poverty, suggesting that eviction may not qualitatively change children's neighborhood conditions in this disadvantaged sample. Though we saw evidence supporting an association with low child food security at age 5, we did not find eviction to be associated with obesity in later childhood and adolescence. Children who experience eviction have health and socioeconomic disadvantages at birth. Eviction was not associated with neighborhood poverty or childhood obesity. Evicted children (vs. not) had over twice the prevalence of food insecurity at age 5. Interventions to prevent eviction can protect children from hunger and adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Leifheit
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Child and Community Health Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room W6604, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Gabriel L. Schwartz
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Craig E. Pollack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Maureen M. Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 737 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Edin
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Keri N. Althoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jacky M. Jennings
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Center for Child and Community Health Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5200 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Francis LA, Rollins BY, Bryce CI, Granger DA. Biobehavioral Dysregulation and its Association with Obesity and Severe Obesity Trajectories from 2 to 15 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:830-839. [PMID: 32202074 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify obesity trajectories from childhood to adolescence (2-15 years of age) and investigate differences in behavioral, eating, and adrenocortical regulation by trajectory membership. METHODS A total of 1,077 households from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were included. Anthropometrics were measured 11 times between ages 15 months and 15 years. Behavioral self-regulation was assessed at ages 3 and 4 years. Disordered eating behaviors and awakening cortisol were assessed at age 15 years. RESULTS Latent growth curve modeling identified four BMI trajectories: two nonoverweight trajectories based on average BMI at the 40th and 70th percentiles and overweight/obesity and severe obesity trajectories. Youth in the severe obesity trajectory exhibited lower behavioral self-regulation in early childhood and lower awakening cortisol at age 15 years compared with youth in the nonoverweight trajectories. Youth in the overweight/obesity and severe obesity trajectories showed higher levels of disordered eating behaviors at age 15 years. CONCLUSIONS Obesity trajectories were associated with biobehavioral markers of dysregulation in early childhood and adolescence. Dysregulation across biobehavioral domains was particularly apparent among youth who developed severe obesity. Further work is needed to better understand resilience factors that distinguish youth who develop obesity and severe obesity from those who do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Francis
- Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandi Y Rollins
- Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crystal I Bryce
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Psychological Science, Pediatrics, and Public Health, Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Nursing, Public Health, and Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Petimar J, Rifas-Shiman SL, Hivert MF, Fleisch AF, Tiemeier H, Oken E. [Not Available]. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12592. [PMID: 31689001 PMCID: PMC7012732 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in mid-childhood and change in HCC from mid-childhood to early adolescence (ΔHCC) with early adolescent adiposity and cardiometabolic biomarker measures. METHODS: In Project Viva, a pre-birth cohort of mothers and children, we measured HCC in 599 white children in mid-childhood and in 426 of these participants in early adolescence. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations of mid-childhood HCC and ΔHCC with BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score, waist circumference, waist-height ratio, dual X-ray absorptiometry total and trunk fat mass, a metabolic risk z-score, adiponectin, HOMA-IR, high-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, leptin, and systolic blood pressure. RESULTS: Over a mean (SD) follow-up of 5.2 (0.8) years, we did not find associations of mid-childhood HCC with BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score (β=0.00 per 1-interquartile range of HCC, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.08, 0.07), waist circumference (β=−0.04cm, 95% CI: −0.83, 0.74), metabolic risk z-score (β=0.04, 95% CI: −0.03, 0.11), or other cardiometabolic measures except for an increase in log-transformed HOMA-IR (β=0.10, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.17). ΔHCC was not associated with any outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: We found that mid-childhood HCC was not associated with early adolescent adiposity or cardiometabolic biomarkers except for a slight increase in HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Petimar
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA
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30
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Mooyaart JE, Liefbroer AC, Billari FC. Becoming obese in young adulthood: the role of career-family pathways in the transition to adulthood for men and women. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1511. [PMID: 31718621 PMCID: PMC6852731 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the transition to adulthood many young adults become obese for the first time in their lives, yet relatively little research has examined why people in this life phase become obese. This study examines what career and family life-course pathways during the transition to adulthood are related to developing obesity in young adulthood. METHODS We use data from the NLSY97, a U.S. nationally representative panel survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics between 1997 to 2013 (N = 4688), and apply multichannel sequence analysis in order to identify clusters of typical career-family pathways during the transition to adulthood (age 17 to 27), and subsequently investigate whether these pathways are associated with becoming obese at the end of young adulthood (age 28), using logistic regression. We control for obesity at age 17 and family background factors (race, parental education, parental income, and family structure). To take into account the fact that the transition to adulthood has a different meaning for men and for women, we also interact career-family clusters with gender. RESULTS For women, pathways characterized by college education, early home leaving, and postponement of family formation decrease the probability of becoming obese. For men, pathways characterized by early marriage increase the probability of becoming obese. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of gender differences in how career and family pathways are related to becoming obese in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarl E. Mooyaart
- Department of Sociology, McGill University, Peterson Hall Building 3460 McTavish Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0E6 Canada
| | - Aart C. Liefbroer
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, Lange Houtstraat 19, 2511 CV The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG) / University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francesco C. Billari
- Department of Social and Political Sciences and Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policies, Bocconi University, Via Röntgen 1, 20136 Milan, MI Italy
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Gardner R, Feely A, Layte R, Williams J, McGavock J. Adverse childhood experiences are associated with an increased risk of obesity in early adolescence: a population-based prospective cohort study. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:522-528. [PMID: 31086283 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether adverse childhood experiences were associated with weight gain and obesity risk in adolescence. METHODS We analyzed data from 6942 adolescents followed between 9 and 13 years of age in the Growing Up in Ireland cohort study. The main exposures were 14 adverse childhood experiences, 4 of which were included in the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) study. The primary outcome was incident overweight and obesity at 13 years. Secondary outcomes included prevalent overweight/obesity and weight gain. RESULTS More than 75% of the youth experienced an adverse experience and 17% experienced an ACE-specific experience before 9 years. At 13 years, 48% were female and 31.4% were overweight or obese. After adjusting for confounding, exposure to any adverse experience was associated with prevalent overweight/obesity (aOR: 1.56; 1.19-2.05) and incident overweight/obesity (adjusted IRR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.37-3.39), while exposure to an ACE-specific exposure was associated weight gain (BMI Z score change = 0.202; 95% CI: 0.100-0.303). A significant interaction between income and adverse childhood experiences was observed for both incident overweight/obesity and weight gain (BMI Z change: -0.046; 95% CI: -0.092 to 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Adverse childhood experiences and low income interact and independently predict obesity risk in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Gardner
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Allison Feely
- Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Richard Layte
- Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Williams
- Economic and Social Research Institute of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan McGavock
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Hails KA, Shaw DS. Associations Between Boys' Early Childhood Exposure to Family and Neighborhood Poverty and Body Mass Index in Early Adolescence. J Pediatr Psychol 2019; 44:1009-1018. [PMID: 31233133 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test relations between exposure to poverty, in the forms of family income and neighborhood deprivation, during three developmental stages, and children's body mass index (BMI) in early adolescence. METHODS Data came from a longitudinal sample of racially diverse, urban, low-income boys. Interactions between family income to needs and census-derived neighborhood deprivation at three developmental stages-early childhood (18 and 24 months), preschool-to-school entry (3.5 and 6 years), and school-age (8 and 10 years)-were tested in relation to BMI at age 11. RESULTS There was a significant interaction whereby higher income predicted lower BMI only in the context of low levels of neighborhood deprivation in early childhood. In high-deprivation neighborhoods, higher income was associated with risk for overweight/obesity in early adolescence. This pattern was found to be specific to income and neighborhood deprivation measured in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS Findings have implications for policy relevant to obesity prevention. More research on associations between early exposure to poverty and later risk for obesity on low-income samples is warranted, as the relationship is likely complex and influenced by many different factors, including the family and neighborhood food environments and child health behaviors.
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Albaladejo R, Villanueva R, Astasio P, Ortega P, Santos J, Regidor E. Sports facilities, socio-economic context and overweight among the childhood population in two southern European cities: a cross sectional study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:307. [PMID: 31481041 PMCID: PMC6721281 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate relationship between socio-economic environment and overweight in Madrid and Barcelona, adjusting for possible confounding factors. METHODS We obtained three indicators which reflected socio-economic context, namely, unemployment rate, percentage of population with tertiary education, and percentage with a second home. The design is a cross sectional study. The association with overweight was estimated using odds ratios by multilevel logistic regression. The statistical analysis, data synthesis, or model creation was performed from the 2017. In all, 707 children from 21 districts of Madrid and 474 children from 10 districts of Barcelona were analysed. RESULTS In Madrid, standardised ORs for personal and family characteristics were 1.17, 1.53 and 1.57 by reference to unemployment rate and percentages of population with a university education and second home. After adjustment, only the OR obtained with unemployment rate decreased, specifically by 58%. In Barcelona, the following ORs were obtained: 1.80 with unemployment rate; 1.80 with population having a university education; and 1.86 with population having a second home. After being standardised, these ORs decreased by 14% in the case of unemployment rate, 10% in the case of population with a university education, and 9% in the case of population with a second home. CONCLUSIONS Overweight displayed a risk gradient in Madrid and Barcelona alike. This risk of overweight is not accounted for by physical inactivity and could, in part, be due to the availability of sports facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Albaladejo
- Departmento de Salud Pública y Materno-infantil. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Villanueva
- Departmento de Salud Pública y Materno-infantil. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Astasio
- Departmento de Salud Pública y Materno-infantil. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Ortega
- Departmento de Salud Pública y Materno-infantil. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Santos
- Departmento de Salud Pública y Materno-infantil. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Regidor
- Departmento de Salud Pública y Materno-infantil. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Physical Activity among Spanish Undergraduate Students: A Descriptive Correlational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152770. [PMID: 31382503 PMCID: PMC6696045 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the recommended levels of physical activity (PA) is associated with better health. Despite this, most undergraduate students report low levels of PA. This study aimed to assess the achievement of recommended PA levels in a wide sample of undergraduate students from Madrid (N = 2960). Overall PA and leisure-time PA (LTPA) were measured with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Descriptive analyses and logistic regression were performed. It was revealed that 22.4% and 55.6% of overall PA and LTPA, respectively, did not achieve World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. When PA was measured as overall PA, the achievement of the recommended level was positively predicted by male sex; a Body Mass Index (BMI) indicative of normal weight or being overweight; spending less time sitting or reclining; work; and studying health science, social sciences, engineering, or architecture (all p < 0.001; r2 = 0.075). Using LTPA, the positive predictors of achieving recommended PA levels were male sex, having a BMI indicative of normal weight or being overweight, work, studying at a public university, and studying health science (r2 = 0.048). These findings suggest that universities should implement strategies to promote PA.
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Vargas T, Zou DS, Conley RE, Mittal VA. Assessing Developmental Environmental Risk Factor Exposure in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Individuals: Preliminary Results Using the Individual and Structural Exposure to Stress in Psychosis-Risk States Scale. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070994. [PMID: 31323940 PMCID: PMC6678455 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to cumulative environmental risk factors across development has been linked to a host of adverse health/functional outcomes. This perspective incorporating information regarding exposure at differing developmental periods is lacking in research surrounding individuals at Clinical High Risk (CHR) for developing a psychotic disorder. METHODS CHR individuals (n = 35) and healthy volunteers (n = 28) completed structured clinical interviews as well as our group's newly developed Individual and Structural Exposure to Stress in Psychosis-risk-states (ISESP) interview. Lifetime cumulative scores were calculated, and severity of stress was reported for multiple developmental periods/ages. Group differences were tested, and associations with current symptom domains were examined. RESULTS Significant group differences were not observed for lifetime cumulative events, though CHR trended toward endorsing more events and greater stress severity. For stress severity across development, there were trending group differences for the 11-13 age range, and significant group differences for the 14-18 age range; notably, comparisons for earlier time points did not approach statistical significance. Associations between negative symptoms and cumulative severity of exposure were observed. DISCUSSION Results suggest exploring exposure to cumulative environmental risk factors/stressors and stress severity across developmental periods is generally informative and possibly specifically so for predictive models and diathesis-stress psychosis risk conceptualizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Denise S Zou
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rachel E Conley
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Reducing growth and developmental problems in children: Development of an innovative postnatal risk assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217261. [PMID: 31166964 PMCID: PMC6550373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, awareness of the relevance of both medical and non-medical risk factors influencing growth and development of children has been increasing. The aim of our study was to develop an innovative postnatal risk assessment to be used by the Preventive Child Healthcare (PCHC) to identify at an early stage children at risk for growth (catch-up growth, overweight and obesity) and developmental problems (such as motor, cognitive, psychosocial and language/ speech problems). Methods We used the first four steps of the Intervention Mapping process. Step 1: Review of the literature and focus group discussions. Step 2: Identification of program objectives on how to develop and implement a risk assessment in PCHC daily practice. Step 3: Application of the ASE model to initiate behavioral change in the target group. Step 4: Development of the postnatal R4U and a program plan for the implementation in PCHC organizations. Results Subsequently in 2015, the 41 item postnatal R4U (the postnatal Rotterdam Reproduction Risk Reduction checklist) was developed according to steps one until four of the Intervention Mapping process and was implemented in four PCHC organizations. Conclusions It was feasible to design and implement a postnatal risk assessment identifying both medical and non-medical risks for growth and developmental problems, using the Intervention Mapping process.
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Doom JR, Reid BM, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Infant Psychosocial Environment Predicts Adolescent Cardiometabolic Risk: A Prospective Study. J Pediatr 2019; 209:85-91.e1. [PMID: 30876752 PMCID: PMC6535359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively assess whether the infant psychosocial environment was associated with cardiometabolic risk as early as adolescence. STUDY DESIGN Participants were recruited in Santiago, Chile, and have been followed from infancy. Inclusion criteria included healthy infants with birth weight ≥3 kg and a stable caregiver. The psychosocial environment, including depressive symptoms, stressful life events, poor support for child development, father absence, and socioeconomic status, was reported by mothers at 6-12 months. Body mass index (BMI) z score was assessed at 5 and 10 years. BMI z score, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fat mass and body fat percentage, fasting glucose, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homeostatic model of insulin resistance were tested in adolescence. RESULTS Adolescents ranged from 16 to 18 years of age (n = 588; 48.1% female). A poorer infant psychosocial environment was associated with BMI z score at 10 years (β = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.00-0.19) and in adolescence (β = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.06-0.24) but not at 5 years. A poorer infant psychosocial environment was associated with higher blood pressure (β = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.05-0.24), greater anthropometric risk (β = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.03-0.22), greater biomarker (triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, total cholesterol) risk (β = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.22), and a higher likelihood of metabolic syndrome in adolescence (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.06-2.12). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that a poorer infant psychosocial environment was associated with greater adolescent cardiometabolic risk. The results support screening for infants' psychosocial environments and further research into causality, mechanisms, prevention, and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalee R. Doom
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth & Development,University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Brie M. Reid
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Child Development
| | - Estela Blanco
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics,Doctoral Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, Universidad de Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth & Development,University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth & Development,University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics
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Prochaska JD, Kim H, Buschmann RN, Jupiter D, Croisant S, Linder SH, Sexton K. The utility of a system dynamics approach for understanding cumulative health risk from exposure to environmental hazards. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:462-469. [PMID: 30844571 PMCID: PMC6755670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential of system dynamics modeling to advance our understanding of cumulative risk in the service of optimal health is discussed. The focus is on exploring system dynamics modeling as a systems science methodology that can provide a framework for examining the complexity of real-world social and environmental exposures among populations-particularly those exposed to multiple disparate sources of risk. The discussion also examines how system dynamics modeling can engage a diverse body of key stakeholders throughout the modeling process, promoting the collective assessment of assumptions and systematic gathering of critical data. Though not a panacea, system dynamics modeling provides a promising methodology to complement traditional research methods in understanding cumulative health effects from exposure to multiple environmental and social stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Prochaska
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Route 1153, Galveston, TX 77555-1153, USA; Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Management, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Robert N Buschmann
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Route 1153, Galveston, TX 77555-1153, USA
| | - Daniel Jupiter
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Route 1153, Galveston, TX 77555-1153, USA; Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon Croisant
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Route 1153, Galveston, TX 77555-1153, USA; Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen H Linder
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken Sexton
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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East P, Delker E, Blanco E, Burrows R, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Home and Family Environment Related to Development of Obesity: A 21-Year Longitudinal Study. Child Obes 2019; 15:156-166. [PMID: 30676769 PMCID: PMC6442262 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life conditions are important for the development of obesity. We hypothesized that home and family characteristics reflective of less supportive environments during childhood will be associated with higher adult BMI and faster BMI growth between ages 5 and 21 years. We also examined the timing and acceleration of BMI increase by adult weight status (normal weight, overweight, obese, and extremely obese) to discern how BMI increase differs across group and across time. METHODS BMI was assessed in 1000 Chilean youth (52% female) at ages 5, 10, 15, and 21 years. Latent growth curve analysis modeled BMI trajectories from 5 to 21 years. Observer and maternal ratings assessed children's home and family environments and parenting at 1 and 10 years. RESULTS The four weight groups differed in acceleration of BMI increase starting at age 5, with bigger children getting bigger faster. Higher 21-year BMI related to family stress, father absence, maternal depression, frequent child confinement (in playpen), an unclean home environment at 1 year, and low provision for active stimulation and few stimulating experiences at 10 years. Accelerated BMI increase related to lower learning stimulation in the home at 1 year and less parental warmth and acceptance at child age 10. CONCLUSIONS Home and family characteristics that reflect an absence of support for children's development were associated with overweight/obesity in young adulthood and accelerated BMI growth. Findings identify several home and family characteristics that can serve as preventive or intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia East
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Address correspondence to: Patricia East, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0927, La Jolla, CA 92093-0927
| | - Erin Delker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Estela Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center of Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center of Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Liu R, Shelton RC, Eldred-Skemp N, Goldsmith J, Suglia SF. Early Exposure to Cumulative Social Risk and Trajectories of Body Mass Index in Childhood. Child Obes 2019; 15:48-55. [PMID: 30362818 PMCID: PMC6338568 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood social risk has been associated with increased risk of childhood obesity. However, little is known about early exposure of cumulative social risk on BMI percentile (BMIp) trajectories in early childhood. METHODS Public data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were analyzed (N = 3809). Maternal reports of experiences of multiple social risk factors were obtained at age 1 and 3 assessments of children. Two cumulative social risk scores were calculated by summing social factors assessed at age 1 and at age 3. Child BMIp was assessed at ages 3, 5, and 9. Linear mixed models were used to examine the effect of cumulative social risk on sex-specific BMIp trajectories. RESULTS Compared with girls experiencing low social risk at either age 1 or 3, girls experiencing high social risk (≥ 2 factors) at age 1 or 3 only had higher initial BMIp at age 3 [β0 = 5.70 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.15-1.26) and 1.37 (95% CI: -2.25 to 4.99), respectively] and had nonsignificantly greater BMIp growth rate [β1 = 0.39 (95% CI: -0.86 to 1.63) and 0.32 (95% CI: -0.86 to 1.63)]. Girls experiencing high social risk at both ages had nonsignificantly but consistently lower BMIp [β1 = -1.24 (95% CI: -2.93 to 0.46)]. In addition, girls experiencing a sum of ≥4 risk factors at both ages had lower BMIp growth rate [β1 = -1.77 (95% CI: -3.39 to -0.15)] compared to girls experiencing no risk factor. No associations were observed among boys. CONCLUSIONS Early exposure to cumulative social risk may have long-term impact on BMIp trajectories among girls, depending on timing of exposure. Understanding the effect of cumulative social risk in different contexts, including sex, chronicity, and timing of exposure, may have practical implications for informing effective intervention to combat childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhe Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Rachel C. Shelton
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Jeff Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Shakira F. Suglia
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.,Address correspondence to: Shakira F. Suglia, ScD, Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Room 4005, Atlanta, GA 30318
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van Deurzen I, Vanhoutte B. A Longitudinal Study of Allostatic Load in Later Life: The Role of Sex, Birth Cohorts, and Risk Accumulation. Res Aging 2018; 41:419-442. [DOI: 10.1177/0164027518813839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Are challenging life courses associated with more wear and tear on the biological level? This study investigates this question from a life-course perspective by examining the influence of life-course risk accumulation on allostatic load (AL), considering the role of sex and birth cohorts. Using biomarker data collected over three waves (2004, 2008, and 2012) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing ( N = 3,824) in a growth curve framework, AL trajectories over a period of 8 years are investigated. Our results illustrate that AL increases substantially in later life. Men have higher AL than women, but increases are similar for both sexes. Older cohorts have both higher levels and a steeper increase of AL over time. Higher risk accumulation over the life course goes hand in hand with higher AL levels and steeper trajectories, contributing to the body of evidence on cumulative (dis)advantage processes in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bram Vanhoutte
- Sociology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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42
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Schlieber M, Han J. The sleeping patterns of Head Start children and the influence on developmental outcomes. Child Care Health Dev 2018; 44:462-469. [PMID: 28891117 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep has a significant influence on children's development. The objective of this study was to investigate Head Start children's sleeping patterns and the impact on cognitive and behavioural outcomes. METHODS Using the 2009 cohort of the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (N = 2,868), information on sleeping patterns was assessed through parent interviews. Cognitive outcomes were assessed using direct assessments (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV, the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, and Subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson III) in addition to teacher report. Behavioural outcomes were assessed through parent and teacher reports. A multiple regression analysis was performed for each outcome variable. RESULTS Descriptive findings showed that 89% of children had a regular bedtime at least 4 days per week and that the average amount of sleep per night was 10.41 hr. White mothers were more likely than other racial groups to adhere to a consistent bedtime, and maternal employment predicted less hour of sleep per night. Multiple regression analyses revealed that disrupted sleep had a negative influence on cognitive outcomes, especially in areas of mathematical problem solving, receptive language, teacher-reported literacy behaviours, and approaches to learning. Disrupted sleep was associated with the risk of misbehaviour by increasing teacher and parent ratings on aggressive behaviours, hyperactivity, and withdrawing in addition to decreased scores on overall social skills. Having an inconsistent bedtime negatively predicted expressive vocabulary and teacher-reported literacy behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study support the influential role of sleep on children's development. Sleeping through the night and having a consistent bedtime were found to be predictive of many areas of cognitive and behavioural development. Head Start staff can provide the supports to increase parental knowledge on appropriate child sleep practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlieber
- Department of Psychology, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, USA
| | - J Han
- Institute of Educational Policy Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Lynch AI, McGowan E, Zalesin KC. "Take Me through the History of Your Weight": Using Qualitative Interviews to Create Personalized Weight Trajectories to Understand the Development of Obesity in Patients Preparing for Bariatric Surgery. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118:1644-1654. [PMID: 29551398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity can develop during any life stage. Understanding the contexts within which obesity develops can inform our understanding of the disease and help tailor interventions specific to life stages. OBJECTIVE Using life-course theory as a guiding framework, this study aimed to explain the development of obesity in bariatric surgery patients by creating personalized weight trajectories. DESIGN Qualitative methods using semistructured interviews were used to uncover participants' experiences with and explanations for the development of obesity. A grounded theory approach using the constant comparative method was used to analyze transcripts for categories and themes. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Thirty pre-bariatric surgery patients (24 women, 6 men) were recruited from a bariatric surgery center; 25 participants were available for follow-up. Participants were interviewed before surgery and at 6 and 12 months postsurgery. RESULTS Four weight history groups were created based on patterns of weight changes from adolescence through adulthood: Always Heavy, Late Peak, Steady Progression, and Weight Cycling. Participants' explanations for weight changes centered around themes of transitions and life-course events or stressors. Differences in the weight history groups could be explained by the timing of transitions, life events, and responses to stress. CONCLUSIONS The development of obesity does not follow the same pattern for all individuals. Weight gain patterns can be explained by the timing of life-course events, stressors, and the type and effects of environmental transitions. Weight management counseling should include strategies tailored to an individual's current life-stage and circumstance, but also acknowledge previous responses to transitions and stressors.
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Lichtveld K, Thomas K, Tulve NS. Chemical and non-chemical stressors affecting childhood obesity: a systematic scoping review. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:1-12. [PMID: 28952603 PMCID: PMC6097845 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity in the United States has doubled over the last three decades and currently affects 17% of children and adolescents. While much research has focused on individual behaviors impacting obesity, little research has emphasized the complex interactions of numerous chemical and non-chemical stressors found in a child's environment and how these interactions affect a child's health and well-being. The objectives of this systematic scoping review were to (1) identify potential chemical stressors in the context of non-chemical stressors that impact childhood obesity; and, (2) summarize our observations for chemical and non-chemical stressors in regards to child-specific environments within a community setting. A review was conducted to identify chemical and non-chemical stressors related to childhood obesity for the childhood life stages ranging from prenatal to adolescence. Stressors were identified and grouped into domains: individual behaviors, family/household behaviors, community stressors, and chemical exposures. Stressors were related to the child and the child's everyday environments and used to characterize child health and well-being. This review suggests that the interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors are important for understanding a child's overall health and well-being. By considering these relationships, the exposure science research community can better design and implement strategies to reduce childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Lichtveld
- ORISE Post-Doctoral Participant, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Current Affiliation: Assistant Professor, The University of Findlay, Department of Environmental, Safety and Occupational Health, Findlay, OH
| | - Kent Thomas
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicolle S. Tulve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Horodynski MA, Brophy-Herb HE, Martoccio TL, Contreras D, Peterson K, Shattuck M, Senehi N, Favreau Z, Miller AL, Sturza J, Kaciroti N, Lumeng JC. Familial psychosocial risk classes and preschooler body mass index: The moderating effect of caregiver feeding style. Appetite 2017; 123:216-224. [PMID: 29287633 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early child weight gain predicts adolescent and adult obesity, underscoring the need to determine early risk factors affecting weight status and how risk factors might be mitigated. Socioeconomic status, food insecurity, caregiver depressive symptomology, single parenthood, and dysfunctional parenting each have been linked to early childhood weight status. However, the associations between these risk factors and children's weight status may be moderated by caregiver feeding styles (CFS). Examining modifiable factors buffering risk could provide key information to guide early obesity intervention efforts. METHODS This analysis used baseline data from the Growing Healthy project that recruited caregivers/child dyads (N = 626) from Michigan Head Start programs. Caregivers were primarily non-Hispanic white (62%) and African American (30%). After using latent class analysis to identify classes of familial psychosocial risk, CFS was tested as a moderator of the association between familial psychosocial risk class and child body mass index (BMI) z-score. RESULTS Latent class analysis identified three familial psychosocial risk classes: (1) poor, food insecure and depressed families; (2) poor, single parent families; and (3) low risk families. Interactive effects for uninvolved feeding styles and risk group indicated that children in poor, food insecure, and depressed families had higher BMI z-scores compared to children in the low risk group. Authoritative feeding styles in low risk and poor, food insecure, and depressed families showed lower child BMI z-scores relative to poor, single parent families with authoritative feeding styles. CONCLUSIONS Uninvolved feeding styles intensified the risk and an authoritative feeding style muted the risk conferred by living in a poor, food-insecure, and depressed family. Interventions that promote responsive feeding practices could help decrease the associations of familial psychosocial risks with early child weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred A Horodynski
- College of Nursing, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Holly E Brophy-Herb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 W. Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tiffany L Martoccio
- University of Maryland School of Social Work, 525 W. Redwood St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dawn Contreras
- MSU Extension, Michigan State University, 108 Agriculture Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mackenzie Shattuck
- College of Nursing, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue St., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Neda Senehi
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 W. Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zachary Favreau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 W. Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julie Sturza
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, E Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, E Hospital Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Suglia SF, Koenen KC, Boynton-Jarrett R, Chan PS, Clark CJ, Danese A, Faith MS, Goldstein BI, Hayman LL, Isasi CR, Pratt CA, Slopen N, Sumner JA, Turer A, Turer CB, Zachariah JP. Childhood and Adolescent Adversity and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 137:e15-e28. [PMID: 29254928 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adverse experiences in childhood and adolescence, defined as subjectively perceived threats to the safety or security of the child's bodily integrity, family, or social structures, are known to be associated with cardiometabolic outcomes over the life course into adulthood. This American Heart Association scientific statement reviews the scientific literature on the influence of childhood adversity on cardiometabolic outcomes that constitute the greatest public health burden in the United States, including obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. This statement also conceptually outlines pathways linking adversity to cardiometabolic health, identifies evidence gaps, and provides suggestions for future research to inform practice and policy. We note that, despite a lack of objective agreement on what subjectively qualifies as exposure to childhood adversity and a dearth of prospective studies, substantial evidence documents an association between childhood adversity and cardiometabolic outcomes across the life course. Future studies that focus on mechanisms, resiliency, and vulnerability factors would further strengthen the evidence and provide much-needed information on targets for effective interventions. Given that childhood adversities affect cardiometabolic health and multiple health domains across the life course, interventions that ameliorate these initial upstream exposures may be more appropriate than interventions remediating downstream cardiovascular disease risk factor effects later in life.
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Elsenburg LK, Smidt N, Hoek HW, Liefbroer AC. Body Mass Index Trajectories from Adolescence to Early Young Adulthood: Do Adverse Life Events Play a Role? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:2142-2148. [PMID: 29071799 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are different classes of body mass index (BMI) development from early adolescence to young adulthood and whether these classes are related to the number of adverse life events children experienced. METHODS Data were from the TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey) cohort (n = 2,218). Height and weight were objectively measured five times between participants' ages 10 to 12 years and 21 to 23 years. Parents reported on the occurrence of adverse life events in their child's life in an interview when children were 10 to 12 years old. Unconditional and conditional growth mixture modeling was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS "Normal weight" (75.1%), "late onset overweight" (20.1%), and "early onset overweight" classes (4.8%) were identified. In analyses unadjusted for additional covariates, children who experienced a higher number of adverse events had higher odds to be in the late onset overweight (OR [95% CI] = 1.08 [1.00-1.17]) than the normal weight class, but the association was attenuated in analyses adjusted for additional covariates (OR [95% CI] = 1.07 [0.98-1.16]). CONCLUSIONS Three BMI trajectory classes can be distinguished from early adolescence to young adulthood. The accumulation of adverse life events is not related to BMI trajectory class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie K Elsenburg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI-KNAW), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Smidt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans W Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart C Liefbroer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI-KNAW), The Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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Dufford AJ, Kim P. Family Income, Cumulative Risk Exposure, and White Matter Structure in Middle Childhood. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:547. [PMID: 29180959 PMCID: PMC5693872 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Family income is associated with gray matter morphometry in children, but little is known about the relationship between family income and white matter structure. In this paper, using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, a whole brain, voxel-wise approach, we examined the relationship between family income (assessed by income-to-needs ratio) and white matter organization in middle childhood (N = 27, M = 8.66 years). Results from a non-parametric, voxel-wise, multiple regression (threshold-free cluster enhancement, p < 0.05 FWE corrected) indicated that lower family income was associated with lower white matter organization [assessed by fractional anisotropy (FA)] for several clusters in white matter tracts involved in cognitive and emotional functions including fronto-limbic circuitry (uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle), association fibers (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus), and corticospinal tracts. Further, we examined the possibility that cumulative risk (CR) exposure might function as one of the potential pathways by which family income influences neural outcomes. Using multiple regressions, we found lower FA in portions of these tracts, including those found in the left cingulum bundle and left superior longitudinal fasciculus, was significantly related to greater exposure to CR (β = -0.47, p < 0.05 and β = -0.45, p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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49
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Grummon AH, Vaughn A, Jones DJ, Ward DS. Cumulative Risk Exposure and Waist Circumference in Preschool-Aged Children: the Mediating Role of Television and Moderating Role of Sex. Ann Behav Med 2017; 51:489-499. [PMID: 28097514 PMCID: PMC5513794 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children exposed to multiple stressors are more likely to be overweight, but little is known about the mechanisms explaining this association. PURPOSE This cross-sectional study examined whether children exposed to multiple stressors had higher waist circumference, and whether this association was mediated through children's television time. METHODS Participants were 319 parent-child dyads. Children were 2-5 years old and had at least one overweight parent (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Data were collected at baseline of a larger childhood obesity prevention study and included information on psychosocial stressors (e.g., parenting stress), demographic stressors (e.g., low income), children's television time, and children's waist circumference. Two cumulative risk scores were created by summing stressors in each domain (demographic and psychosocial). Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Indirect effects of both cumulative risk scores on waist circumference through television time were not significant; however, moderated mediation analyses found significant moderation by gender. The indirect effects of both risk scores on waist circumference through television time were significant and positive for girls, but near-zero for boys. CONCLUSIONS Reducing television time should be explored as a strategy for buffering against the negative health effects of exposure to multiple stressors among girls. Longitudinal and intervention research is needed to confirm these results and to identify mediating factors between cumulative risk and body weight among boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Grummon
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amber Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deborah J Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB no. 7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7461, USA.
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50
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Hernandez DC, Reesor LM, Murillo R. Food insecurity and adult overweight/obesity: Gender and race/ethnic disparities. Appetite 2017; 117:373-378. [PMID: 28739148 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the food insecurity-obesity research has indicated a positive association among women, especially minority women. Less research has been conducted on men, and the findings are inconsistent. The aim was to assess whether gender and race/ethnic disparities exists between the food insecurity and overweight/obesity relationship among adults ages 18-59. We used the cross-sectional 2011 and 2012 National Health Interview Survey data (N = 19,990). Three or more affirmative responses on the 10-item USDA Food Security Scale indicated food insecure experiences. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate body mass index according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multivariate logistic regression models were stratified by gender and race/ethnicity to estimate the association between food insecurity and overweight/obesity controlling for several demographic characteristics. Adults on average were 36 years of age (51% female; 56% white, 27% Hispanic, and 17% black), 27% were food insecure, and 65% were overweight/obese. Food insecurity was most prevalent among blacks and Hispanics, regardless of gender. A greater percentage of food insecure women were overweight/obese compared to food secure women among all race/ethnicity groups; while similar proportions of white, black, and Hispanic men were overweight/obese irrespective of their food security status. In covariate-adjusted models, food insecurity was associated with a 41% and 29% higher odds of being overweight/obese among white and Hispanic women, respectively. Food insecurity was not related to overweight/obesity among black women nor among white, black, and Hispanic men. The complex relationship between food insecurity and obesity suggests a need to investigate potential behavioral and physiological mechanisms, and moderators of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne C Hernandez
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, 3875 Holman St., Garrison Gymnasium Rm 104, Houston, 77204-6015, TX, USA.
| | - Layton M Reesor
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, 3875 Holman St., Garrison Gymnasium Rm 104, Houston, 77204-6015, TX, USA
| | - Rosenda Murillo
- University of Houston, Department of Psychological Health and Learning Sciences, 3657 Cullen Blvd, Stephen Power Farish Hall, Houston, 77204-5029, TX, USA
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