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Hoetger C, White A, Bono RS, Hall CJ, Hood KB, Everhart RS, Nana-Sinkam P, Barnes AJ, Cobb CO. Perceptions of African American Youth and Adults Regarding Tobacco Use-Related Factors in Their Community: A Mixed-Methods Approach in Richmond, Virginia. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2024; 47:176-190. [PMID: 38372334 PMCID: PMC10878718 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The US Food and Drug Administration is poised to restrict the availability of menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars, products disproportionately used by Black/African American (B/AA) individuals. We examined B/AA youth and adult perceptions regarding factors contributing to tobacco use, as well as prevention/cessation resources. METHODS In 2 mixed-methods studies in Richmond, Virginia, we conducted cross-sectional surveys among youth (n = 201) and adult (n = 212) individuals who were primarily B/AA and reported past 30-day cigar smoking or nontobacco use, followed by focus groups with a subset (youth: n = 30; adults: n = 24). Focus groups were analyzed using a thematic analysis framework, and descriptive survey data provided context to themes. RESULTS Among focus group participants, 20% of youth and 75% of adults reported current cigar smoking. Six themes emerged across the groups: advertising/brands, sensory experiences, costs, social factors, youth-related factors, and dependence/cessation. Youth and adults perceived cigars as popular; cigar use was attributed to targeted advertising, flavors, affordability, and accessibility. While adults expressed concern regarding youth tobacco use, youth did not perceive tobacco prevention programs as helpful. Adults and youth reported limited access to community tobacco prevention/cessation programs. DISCUSSION Expanded tobacco prevention and cessation resources for B/AA people who smoke could leverage federal regulatory actions to ban tobacco products targeted toward this group and decrease disparities in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Hoetger
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Universitat of Witten/Herdecke, Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, Witten, Germany
| | - Augustus White
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rose S. Bono
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Calvin J. Hall
- Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Barnes
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Caroline O. Cobb
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Zheng C, Feng Z, Pearce J. A longitudinal analysis of the impact of the local tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation on male smoking behaviours in Shanghai, China. Health Place 2024; 85:103171. [PMID: 38181462 PMCID: PMC10922680 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Some evidence from Western high-income countries suggests local tobacco retail availability and neighbourhood deprivation may influence smoking behaviours. However, this assertion has not been considered in China, where 44% of males continue to smoke. Data were analysed from Chinese males (n = 2054) who participated in Waves 3-5 (2009-2015) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey by linking information on tobacco retail availability (estimated through population weighted Kernel Density of tobacco retailers in 2019) and neighbourhood deprivation (calculated as a composite score derived from the 2010 Chinese census) across Shanghai. Generalised Estimating Equation models were fitted to examine the impacts of local tobacco availability and neighbourhood deprivation on smoking behaviours (current smoking versus current non-smoking, quitting versus current smoking, longer durations of smoking abstinence versus current smoking) using the longitudinal data. Examining the impacts separately, participants living in neighbourhoods with greater availability and higher levels of deprivation were less likely to maintain longer durations of smoking abstinence in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Neighbourhood deprivation, but not availability, was found to be associated with higher odds of being a current smoker. Examining the impacts jointly, neighbourhood deprivation was still positively associated with current smoking and negatively associated with longer durations of smoking abstinence, but the negative association between availability and longer durations of smoking abstinence disappeared. The findings offer some evidence that greater tobacco retail availability and deprivation are obstacles on prolonged smoking cessation among males in Shanghai, China. Policymakers should consider small-area level place-based restrictions in China, such as reducing the availability of tobacco, as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy aimed at addressing the high prevalence of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zheng
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jamie Pearce
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Ball J, Zhang J, Stanley J, Waa A, Crengle S, Edwards R. Addressing Intergenerational Inequity in Tobacco-Harm: What Helps Children of Smokers to Remain Nonsmokers? Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:102-110. [PMID: 37586082 PMCID: PMC10734381 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children of people who smoke are more likely to take up smoking themselves. In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), adolescent smoking declined dramatically between 2000 and 2016 despite limited change in parental smoking, demonstrating that the cycle can be broken. AIMS AND METHODS This study aimed to identify modifiable factors associated with never smoking in Year 10 students (14-15 years) who had at least one caregiver who smoked. We used data from the Youth Insights Survey (2016 and 2018, pooled, N = 5,422) and identified students with at least one caregiver (mother, father, grandparent, other caregiver) who smoked (N = 2,205). To investigate modifiable factors potentially associated with nonsmoking we used logistic regression with marginally adjusted prevalence estimates. RESULTS Overall, 41% of students had at least one caregiver who smoked. In this group, the majority (65%) had never smoked themselves. After adjustment, never-smoking was more prevalent among students attending low-deprivation (more affluent) schools (73% had never smoked) compared to high-deprivation schools (44%); students not exposed to others' smoking inside the home (72%) or in cars (70%) in the past week compared to those exposed (59% and 51%, respectively); and students whose parents would be upset if they were caught smoking (68% vs 49% for those whose parents would not be upset), or who had high self-esteem (69% vs 55% for those with low self-esteem). CONCLUSIONS Modifiable factors independently associated with non-smoking in adolescents with caregiver(s) who smoked were: nonexposure to smoking inside the home and in cars, parental expectations of nonsmoking, and high self-esteem. IMPLICATIONS Even in countries like NZ with relatively low adult smoking rates, children's exposure to caregiver smoking may be prevalent, particularly in structurally disadvantaged populations. This study suggests that action to promote smokefree homes and cars, build high self-esteem in young people, and communicate expectations of non-smoking are likely to help children of people who smoke to remain nonsmokers. A comprehensive approach that also addresses "upstream" factors (eg, socioeconomic deprivation) and underlying causes of structural inequity (eg, institutional racism) is needed. Such policy and community action may help to break intergenerational cycles of tobacco use and health inequity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Ball
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jane Zhang
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Stanley
- Dean’s Department, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Waa
- Eru Pōmare Māori Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sue Crengle
- Ngāi Tahu Māori Health Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Edwards
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Jensen NK, Frøslev T, Foverskov E, Glymour M, Sørensen HT, Hamad R. The association of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics with cardiovascular health: A quasi-experimental study of refugees to Denmark. Health Place 2023; 84:103128. [PMID: 37844523 PMCID: PMC10823536 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with cardiovascular health, although it is unclear which specific aspects of neighborhoods matter most. We leveraged a natural experiment in which refugees to Denmark were quasi-randomly assigned to neighborhoods across the country during 1986-1998, creating variation in exposure to various aspects of neighborhood disadvantage. The cohort was followed through December 2018. Exposures included neighborhood-level family income, educational attainment, unemployment, and welfare transfers measured in the first neighborhood after arrival to Denmark. Outcomes included cardiovascular risk factors (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and anxiety/depression) and cardiovascular disease (acute myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease). Neighborhood-level income and education were most consistently associated with cardiovascular risk factors, whereas welfare transfers were most consistently associated with cardiovascular disease. Addressing these specific aspects of neighborhood disadvantage could therefore lower the risk of poor cardiovascular health among refugees. Future research is warranted to examine if results are generalizable to other immigrant groups, countries or time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja Koitzsch Jensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Trine Frøslev
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Else Foverskov
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Glymour
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rita Hamad
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Mills SD, Golden SD, O'Leary MC, Logan P, Hassmiller Lich K. Using systems science to advance health equity in tobacco control: a causal loop diagram of smoking. Tob Control 2023; 32:287-295. [PMID: 34535509 PMCID: PMC9466654 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Develop and use a causal loop diagram (CLD) of smoking among racial/ethnic minority and lower-income groups to anticipate the intended and unintended effects of tobacco control policies. METHODS We developed a CLD to elucidate connections between individual, environmental and structural causes of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in smoking. The CLD was informed by a review of conceptual and empirical models of smoking, fundamental cause and social stress theories and 19 qualitative interviews with tobacco control stakeholders. The CLD was then used to examine the potential impacts of three tobacco control policies. RESULTS The CLD includes 24 constructs encompassing individual (eg, risk perceptions), environmental (eg, marketing) and structural (eg, systemic racism) factors associated with smoking. Evaluations of tobacco control policies using the CLD identified potential unintended consequences that may maintain smoking disparities. For example, the intent of a smoke-free policy for public housing is to reduce smoking among residents. Our CLD suggests that the policy may reduce smoking among residents by reducing smoking among family/friends, which subsequently reduces pro-smoking norms and perceptions of tobacco use as low risk. On the other hand, some residents who smoke may violate the policy. Policy violations may result in financial strain and/or housing instability, which increases stress and reduces feelings of control, thus having the unintended consequence of increasing smoking. CONCLUSIONS The CLD may be used to support stakeholder engagement in action planning and to identify non-traditional partners and approaches for tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Mills
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley D Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meghan C O'Leary
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paige Logan
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Hassmiller Lich
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Sheer VC. The State of Norm-Based Antismoking Research: Conceptual Frameworks, Research Designs, and Implications for Interventions. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:310-325. [PMID: 34256674 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1950296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This synthesis review examined 189 qualified studies on norms and smoking in terms of conceptual frameworks, types of social norms, research designs, dependent variables, independent variables and covariates, and findings related to norms. Results show that 7.9% were experimental, and the remaining were cross-sectional. By far, the reasoned action approach (RAA) was the most-cited theory, but RAA was not used to guide experimental designs. The social norms approach, norm focus theory, social cognitive theory guided the intervention experiments. Harmful norms were more frequently examined than healthful norms. Pro-smoking norms positively predicted smoking intentions and behaviors, whereas antismoking norms positively predicted antismoking intentions and behaviors. The over-application of RAA in cross-sectional antismoking research has yielded repetitive findings. Norm-based experiments can adopt other theoretical perspectives to offer insights into antismoking interventions. The RAA constructs are still applicable and can be integrated into intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian C Sheer
- Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University
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Community social environments and cigarette smoking. SSM Popul Health 2022; 19:101167. [PMID: 35879966 PMCID: PMC9307492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains a primary contributor to health disparities in the United States, and significant evidence suggests that smoking behavior is socially influenced. Though residential neighborhoods are important for health disparities, recent evidence suggests that people spend the majority of their waking time away from the residential neighborhood. We advance research on neighborhoods and smoking by using individual, neighborhood, and activity space data for adults in the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A.FANS). Moving beyond socioeconomic indicators of neighborhoods, we investigate the ways in which residential neighborhood social cohesion, neighborly exchange, and perceived danger impact smoking behavior after accounting for confounding factors in both the residential neighborhood and other activity spaces in which adults spend their days. We find that perceptions of danger in the residential neighborhood is robustly associated with the likelihood of smoking cigarettes. Further, measures of community social organization interact with perceived danger to influence smoking behavior. Adults with high levels of perceived danger are twice as likely to smoke if residing in communities with lower levels of social organization in the form of helpful, trusting, and supportive relationships. Understanding how the social organization of communities contributes to smoking disparities is important for curbing smoking's impact on population health. Adults with high perceived neighborhood danger are more likely current smokers. Adults in high danger low social cohesion neighborhoods twice as likely to smoke. Adults in high danger low neighborly exchange neighborhoods twice as likely to smoke.
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Garg R, McQueen A, Evbuoma-Fike EI, Kreuter MW. Re-examining phone counseling for smoking cessation: Does the evidence apply to low-SES smokers? PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2022; 105:1783-1792. [PMID: 34815137 PMCID: PMC9110565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A 2019 Cochrane review concluded telephone counseling is an effective intervention for smoking cessation. However, the review did not assess the role of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on the effectiveness of telephone counseling. METHODS We reviewed 65 U.S. studies from the Cochrane review. We abstracted data on education, income, employment status and insurance status, and examined associations with targeted recruitment, intervention uptake, attrition, and cessation outcomes. RESULTS Except for education, SES indicators were seldom reported or used in analysis: 61 studies reported education, 24 reported insurance status, 23 reported employment status, and 17 reported income. Nine studies exclusively recruited low-SES samples. Thirteen studies examined associations between SES and smoking cessation. Among these, two reported lower education predicted greater cessation and two reported higher education predicted greater cessation. Other studies found higher income (n = 2) or employment type (n = 1) predicted cessation. CONCLUSIONS Evidence supporting telephone counseling for cessation is less clear when applied to low-SES smokers. Future research should directly assess intervention effectiveness in this priority population. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Given the evidence, it may be hard to justify future studies not focusing on low-SES populations. Innovative counseling solutions from providers helping low-income smokers quit should be evaluated to inform best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Garg
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.
| | - Amy McQueen
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA; School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
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Pierce JP, Kealey S, Leas EC, Pulvers K, Stone MD, Oratowski J, Brighton E, Villaseñor A, Strong DR. Effect of Graphic Warning Labels on Cigarette Pack-Hiding Behavior Among Smokers: The CASA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2214242. [PMID: 35653155 PMCID: PMC9164006 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The inclusion of graphic warning labels (GWLs) on cigarette packs is recommended for tobacco control but has not yet been implemented in the US. It is unknown whether and to what extent the inclusion of GWLs on cigarette packs affects smokers' willingness to display the packs in public. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the inclusion of GWLs on cigarette packs affects pack-hiding behavior among smokers in social settings. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This community-based randomized clinical trial assessed smokers' real-world experience of using cigarettes repackaged to include GWLs (GWL packs) compared with standard US packs and blank packs over a 3-month intervention period with 12 months of follow-up between September 6, 2016, and December 3, 2019. The study included 357 participants aged 21 to 65 years from San Diego County, California, who smoked 5 or more cigarettes per day, were not actively planning to quit smoking, were not pregnant, and had no unstable medical conditions. Participants purchased and received cigarette packs through the study website. INTERVENTIONS During the 1-month run-in period, participants received their usual US cigarette packs. During the 3-month intervention period, participants were randomized to receive GWL packs (study-manufactured packs with 3 rotating images under license from the Commonwealth of Australia; GWL pack group), blank packs (study-manufactured packs devoid of industry marketing imagery; blank pack group), or standard US packs (US pack group). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Pack hiding was queried daily (with participants reporting behavior within the last 4 hours) and weekly via interactive text messages during the 1-month run-in and intervention periods. Self-reported smoking behavior was biochemically validated. RESULTS Among 357 enrolled participants, the mean (SD) age was 39.3 (11.8) years; 195 participants (54.6%) were female, 40 (11.2%) were Hispanic, 243 (68.1%) were non-Hispanic White, and 74 (20.7%) were of other non-Hispanic races (including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black or African American, or multiracial). A total of 18 987 cigarette packs were purchased and delivered during the run-in and intervention periods. Daily querying showed that the inclusion of GWLs on cigarette packs increased the percentage of smokers who hid their packs at least some of the time from 41.3% (95% CI, 39.6%-43.0%) during the run-in period to 57.1% (95% CI, 55.9%-58.1%) by the end of the intervention period. In the postintervention period, returning to standard US packs reduced pack-hiding behavior to the levels observed during the run-in period. Pack hiding remained at run-in levels for both the blank pack group (35.2%; 95% CI, 33.6%-36.8%) and the US pack group (41.4%; 95% CI, 39.7%-43.1%]) throughout the study. Although even participants in the GWL group with the lowest prestudy tendency to conceal score (ie, 1) had a mean (SE) probability of pack hiding during the intervention of 0.84 (0.02), this group's probability of pack hiding decreased to a mean (SE) of 0.43 (0.03) after intervention. When social reactions to packs were queried at the end of the study, the modal response from participants in the GWL pack group was observers' aversive reactions to the packs, whereas the modal response from participants in the blank pack group was observers' positive interest in the study. Neither smoking prevalence nor consumption differed by group at any point in the study. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, receiving cigarettes in GWL packs vs blank packs increased pack-hiding behavior in social settings, which may be associated with aversive reactions from observers. However, 12-month smoking behavior did not change. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02676193.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Pierce
- Cancer Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Sheila Kealey
- Cancer Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Eric C. Leas
- Cancer Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Kim Pulvers
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Marcos
| | - Matthew D. Stone
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Jesica Oratowski
- Cancer Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Elizabeth Brighton
- Cancer Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Adriana Villaseñor
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Services, San Diego County, San Diego, California
| | - David R. Strong
- Cancer Control Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Vidourek RA, King KA, Merianos AL. Home Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Neighborhood Support and Safety among U.S. School-aged Children. HEALTH BEHAVIOR RESEARCH 2022; 5:6. [PMID: 38107160 PMCID: PMC10722861 DOI: 10.4148/2572-1836.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Children who are socioeconomically disadvantaged face a myriad of environmental hardships in the neighborhoods in which they live. This study examined the associations between home tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and neighborhood support, neighborhood safety, and school safety among U.S. school-aged children. Children ages 6-11 years were included in this secondary analysis of 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health data (N = 17,300). Children's home TSE status was categorized into three levels: (1) no TSE: Child did not live with a smoker; (2) Outside TSE only: Child lived with a smoker who did not smoke inside the home; and (3) Inside TSE: Child lived with a smoker who smoked inside the home. Parent-reported measures of perceived neighborhood support, and neighborhood and school safety were examined; covariates included the child's age, sex, and race/ethnicity; the parent's education; the family's household structure, and federal poverty level. Weighted logistic and ordinal regression models were built adjusting for the covariates. In total, 13.2% of children had outside TSE and 1.7% of children had inside TSE. Multivariable logistic regression model results indicated that children with outside TSE were at decreased odds (AOR = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.65-0.96) of living in a supportive neighborhood compared to children with no TSE. Ordinal regression model results indicated that children with outside TSE (AOR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.61-0.97) and children with inside TSE were at decreased odds (AOR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.39-0.99) of going to a school that was perceived as safe. Community-level programs, policies, and funding are needed to improve neighborhood characteristics among children with TSE to improve their future health outcomes.
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Zhu Y, Duan MJ, Riphagen IJ, Minovic I, Mierau JO, Carrero JJ, Bakker SJL, Navis GJ, Dekker LH. Separate and combined effects of individual and neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage on health-related lifestyle risk factors: a multilevel analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 50:1959-1969. [PMID: 34999857 PMCID: PMC8743118 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socio-economic disadvantage at both individual and neighbourhood levels has been found to be associated with single lifestyle risk factors. However, it is unknown to what extent their combined effects contribute to a broad lifestyle profile. We aimed to (i) investigate the associations of individual socio-economic disadvantage (ISED) and neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage (NSED) in relation to an extended score of health-related lifestyle risk factors (lifestyle risk index); and to (ii) investigate whether NSED modified the association between ISED and the lifestyle risk index. METHODS Of 77 244 participants [median age (IQR): 46 (40-53) years] from the Lifelines cohort study in the northern Netherlands, we calculated a lifestyle risk index by scoring the lifestyle risk factors including smoking status, alcohol consumption, diet quality, physical activity, TV-watching time and sleep time. A higher lifestyle risk index was indicative of an unhealthier lifestyle. Composite scores of ISED and NSED based on a variety of socio-economic indicators were calculated separately. Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the association of ISED and NSED with the lifestyle risk index and to investigate whether NSED modified the association between ISED and the lifestyle risk index by including an interaction term between ISED and NSED. RESULTS Both ISED and NSED were associated with an unhealthier lifestyle, because ISED and NSED were both positively associated with the lifestyle risk index {highest quartile [Q4] ISED beta-coefficient [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.64 [0.62-0.66], P < 0.001; highest quintile [Q5] NSED beta-coefficient [95% CI]: 0.17 [0.14-0.21], P < 0.001} after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. In addition, a positive interaction was found between NSED and ISED on the lifestyle risk index (beta-coefficient 0.016, 95% CI: 0.011-0.021, Pinteraction < 0.001), which indicated that NSED modified the association between ISED and the lifestyle risk index; i.e. the gradient of the associations across all ISED quartiles (Q4 vs Q1) was steeper among participants residing in the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods compared with those who resided in the less disadvantaged neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that public health initiatives addressing lifestyle-related socio-economic health differences should not only target individuals, but also consider neighbourhood factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ming-Jie Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke J Riphagen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isidor Minovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen O Mierau
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise H Dekker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Aletta Jacobs School of Public Health, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Hall H, Lauche R, Fogarty S, Kloester J, Carr B, Munk N. Partner delivered relaxation massage to support mild antenatal anxiety; views of participants. Midwifery 2021; 105:103229. [PMID: 34963069 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one-fifth of pregnant women suffer from anxiety and/or depression. These mental health conditions are associated with increased infant and maternal morbidity. Relaxation massage has the potential to improve mental health and may provide a vaulable option for pregnant women. This paper reports on participants' experiences of partner delivered massage as a technique to manage mild antenatal anxiety. METHODS We conducted a feasibility study with 44 pregnant women who self-assessed as mildly anxious. The women were randomised into massage therapy (14 women/partner dyads) or to an active control group (13 women). 4-6 weeks after the birth of their baby, massage group participants were invited to be interviewed about their experiences; twelve women and four partners agreed. The qualitative data was analysed using reflective thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes emerged from the data; Supporting mental health, Connecting, Useful and adaptable and Making it happen. Partner delivered massage was an accessible and practical method to manage mild anxiety for pregnant women in this study. The massage program also provided useful skills for participants to apply in their lives after the birth of their child, which has the potential to continue to support maternal mental health as well as partner connection. CONCLUSION Partner delivered massage offers low-cost, accessible option for pregnant women to manage their mild anxiety. These findings have particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where anecdotal reports indicate that antenatal stress is increasing and women may have limited access to healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hall
- School of Health, Federation University, Victoria Australia; National Centre in Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW, Australia; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Romy Lauche
- National Centre in Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW, Australia; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Fogarty
- Western Sydney University, School of Medicine, Penrith NSW, Australia
| | - Joy Kloester
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Bethany Carr
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | - Niki Munk
- National Centre in Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW, Australia; Indiana University School of Health & Human Sciences, IUPUI, Indianapolis, United States of America
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13
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Garg R, McQueen A, Roberts C, Butler T, Grimes LM, Thompson T, Caburnay C, Wolff J, Javed I, Carpenter KM, Wartts JG, Charles C, Howard V, Kreuter MW. Stress, depression, sleep problems and unmet social needs: Baseline characteristics of low-income smokers in a randomized cessation trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 24:100857. [PMID: 34849423 PMCID: PMC8609143 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-income Americans smoke cigarettes at higher rates and quit less than other groups. METHODS To increase their engagement in and success using evidence-based cessation methods, we tested two interventions using a 2x2 randomized factorial design: (1) telephone navigation to reduce financial strain and address social needs such as food, rent and utility payment; and (2) a specialized tobacco quitline designed for low-income smokers. From June 2017 to November 2020, we enrolled 1,944 low-income smokers in Missouri, USA, recruited through the Missouri 2-1-1 helpline, into the trial. This paper describes recruitment, key characteristics and life circumstances of this high-risk population. RESULTS After eligibility screening, 1,944 participants completed baseline and were randomized. Participants were racially diverse (58% African American), poor (51% < $10,000 annual pre-tax household income) and many reported less than high school education (30%). They reported a mean of 2.5 unmet social needs, especially childcare and paying bills, had high rates of stress, depressive symptoms and sleep problems, and most were in fair or poor health. There were few differences between these variables, and no differences between tobacco use and cessation variables, across the four study groups and between participants recruited pre and during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Trial recruitment through the 2-1-1 helpline is feasible for reaching a population of low-income smokers. Low-income smokers face myriad daily challenges beyond quitting smoking. Cessation interventions need to account for and address these life circumstances. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03194958.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Garg
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy McQueen
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christina Roberts
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taylor Butler
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren M. Grimes
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tess Thompson
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charlene Caburnay
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Wolff
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irum Javed
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jordyn G. Wartts
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Charles
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valerie Howard
- Tobacco Prevention and Control Program, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, MO, USA
| | - Matthew W. Kreuter
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Feng GC, Zhu S, Zhao X. Antecedents and Consequences of Smoking Cessation Intention in the Context of the Global COVID-19 Infodemic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:684683. [PMID: 34497791 PMCID: PMC8419308 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.684683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of scientific studies has been published to inform responses to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, and some have claimed that cigarette smoking has a beneficial or mixed effect on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The presentation of such findings, unfortunately, has created an infodemic. This study integrated the theory of planned behavior and the health belief model and incorporated findings on addiction from the medical literature to predict cessation intention and support for tobacco control measures in the context of the COVID-19 infodemic. The study found that cessation intention partially mediated the effect of perceived severity and fully mediated the effects of perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and addiction on support for control measures. In addition, a positively-valenced message of the effect of smoking on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 vs. a mixedly-valenced message was significant in predicting cessation intention, and the positively-valenced message of smoking indirectly predicted support for tobacco control measures. Perceived susceptibility, barriers, and subjective norms, however, exerted neither direct nor indirect effects on the two outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shan Zhu
- College of Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinshu Zhao
- Department of Communication, University of Macau, Macau, China
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15
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Dunbar MS, Nicosia N, Kilmer B. Exposure to new smoking environments and individual-level cigarette smoking behavior: Insights from exogenous assignment of military personnel. Soc Sci Med 2021; 280:113983. [PMID: 34020313 PMCID: PMC8223508 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite overall declines in cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States (U.S.) in the past several decades, smoking rates remain highly variable across geographic areas. Past work suggests that smoking norms and exposure to other smokers in one's social environment may correlate with smoking risk and cessation, but little is known about how exposure to other smokers in one's community is causally linked to smoking behavior - in part due to endogeneity and inability to randomly assign individuals to different 'smoking environments.' The goal of this study was to evaluate how exposure to localities with high population-level smoking prevalence affects individual-level cigarette smoking behaviors, including quitting. The study addresses key limitations in the literature by leveraging a unique natural experiment: the plausibly exogenous compulsory assignment of military personnel to installations. Logistic and multivariate regressions estimated cross-sectional associations between smoking/quitting behaviors and our proxy for social environments for smoking, county-level smoking prevalence (CSP). Across 563 U.S. counties, CSP ranged from 3.8 to 37.9%. Among the full sample, a 10 percentage point increase in CSP was associated with an 11% greater likelihood of smoking. In subgroup analyses, young adults, women, those without children in the household, and risk/sensation-seekers were more likely to smoke and less likely to quit when exposed to counties with higher CSP. Relocation to areas with high population-level smoking prevalence may increase likelihood of smoking and impede quitting, and may disparately affect some population subgroups. Findings provide novel evidence that community smoking environments affect adult smoking risk and underscore a need for sustained, targeted efforts to reduce smoking in areas where prevalence remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Dunbar
- RAND Corporation, 4750 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Nancy Nicosia
- RAND Corporation, 20 Park Plaza, Suite 920, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Beau Kilmer
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA
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16
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Ali FRM, Neff L, Wang X, Hu SS, Schecter A, Mahoney M, Melstrom PC. Tobacco-Free Pharmacies and U.S. Adult Smoking Behavior: Evidence From CVS Health's Removal of Tobacco Sales. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:41-49. [PMID: 31761514 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beginning September 3, 2014, CVS Health stopped selling tobacco products in all of its retail stores nationwide. This study assessed the impact of removing tobacco sales from CVS Health on cigarette smoking behaviors among U.S. adult smokers. METHODS CVS Health retail location data (2012-2016) were linked with data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a phone-based survey of the non-institutionalized civilian population aged ≥18 years. Using a difference-in-differences regression model, quit attempts and daily versus nondaily smoking were compared between smokers living in counties with CVS stores and counties without CVS stores, before and after CVS's removal of tobacco sales. Control variables included individuals' sociodemographic and health-related variables, state tobacco control variables, and urban status of counties. Analyses were conducted in 2018. RESULTS During the 2-year period following the removal of tobacco sales from CVS Health, smokers living in counties with high CVS density (≥3.5 CVS stores per 100,000 people) had a 2.21% (95% CI=0.08, 4.33) increase in their quit attempt rates compared with smokers living in counties without CVS stores. This effect was greater in urban areas (marginal effect: 3.03%, 95% CI=0.81, 5.25); however, there was no statistically significant impact in rural areas. Additionally, there was no impact on daily versus nondaily smoking in either urban or rural areas. CONCLUSIONS Removing tobacco sales in retail pharmacies could help support cessation among U.S. adults who are attempting to quit smoking, particularly in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Romeh M Ali
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Linda Neff
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xu Wang
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - S Sean Hu
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna Schecter
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Margaret Mahoney
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul C Melstrom
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hammett P, Fu SS, Nelson D, Clothier B, Saul JE, Widome R, Danan ER, Burgess DJ. A Proactive Smoking Cessation Intervention for Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Smokers: The Role of Smoking-Related Stigma. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:286-294. [PMID: 28398492 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Smoking denormalization has been paralleled by reduced smoking prevalence, but smoking rates among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations remain high. The social unacceptability of smoking has also led to increased perceptions of smoking-related stigma. By examining how smoking stigma influences cessation intervention effectiveness, we can better tailor interventions to socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers. Aims and Methods Data are from a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a proactive cessation intervention on abstinence. Current smokers enrolled in Minnesota Health Care Programs were randomized to proactive outreach (n = 1200) or usual care (n = 1206). The intervention included mailings, telephone outreach, counseling, and access to free cessation treatments. Using baseline measurements, groups with lower (n = 1227) and higher (n = 1093) perceived stigma were formed. Intervention, stigma, and their interaction term were added to a logistic regression modeling abstinence at 12 months. Results Lower perceived smoking-related stigma was associated with less support for quitting, lower rates of physician quitting advice, and less motivation for quitting. A logistic regression modeling abstinence found a significant intervention × stigma interaction. The proactive intervention was more effective among smokers with lower perceived smoking-related stigma (odds ratio 1.94, 95% confidence interval, 1.29 to 2.92) than those with higher perceived smoking-related stigma (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.55). Discussion Smokers with lower perceived smoking-related stigma had social environments that were conducive to smoking, received less physician advice to quit, and were less motivated to quit than higher stigma smokers. Despite these barriers, the intervention was more effective for lower stigma smokers, suggesting that proactive outreach is an efficient treatment for these hard-to-reach smokers. Implications Smoking denormalization has led to increased perceptions of smoking-related stigma among many smokers; however, little is known about how this stigma influences the cessation process. In the present study, smokers with lower levels of perceived smoking-related stigma lived in social environments that were more conducive to smoking and were less motivated to quit than higher stigma smokers. Despite these barriers, our proactive outreach cessation intervention was more effective for lower stigma smokers, suggesting that interventions which utilize proactive outreach to stimulate interest in quitting and offer facilitated access to free cessation treatments are an effective treatment approach for these hard-to-reach smokers. These strategies may be particularly effective for motivating smokers enrolled in government-subsidized health insurance programs to take advantage of cessation resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hammett
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN.,VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, MN
| | - Steven S Fu
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN
| | - David Nelson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN
| | - Barbara Clothier
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN
| | | | - Rachel Widome
- VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, MN
| | - Elisheva R Danan
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN
| | - Diana J Burgess
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, MN
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18
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Kirst M, Chaiton M, O'Campo P. Tobacco outlet density, neighbourhood stressors and smoking prevalence in Toronto, Canada. Health Place 2019; 58:102171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Padmawati RS, Prabandari YS, Istiyani T, Nichter M, Nichter M. Establishing a community-based smoke-free homes movement in Indonesia. Tob Prev Cessat 2018; 4:36. [PMID: 32411862 PMCID: PMC7205137 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/99506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indonesia has one of the highest male smoking rates in the world (67%) and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure occurs in over 70% of households. To date, little research has investigated community recognition of the harms of secondhand smoke and support for a smoke-free homes (SFH) policy. This work discusses the development and implementation of a community-based SFH intervention attempting to establish SFH as a new social norm. METHODS Research was conducted in Yogyakarta, Java. A proof-of-concept study ascertained the feasibility of mounting a community-based SFH initiative in urban neighborhoods. Educational materials on SHS were developed and pretested. An intervention was piloted and evaluated in the homes of 296 smokers residing in 4 communities. Health educators and community health volunteers were trained to implement SFH. RESULTS Prior to the intervention, 11% of smokers did not smoke inside their home; post-intervention 54% of smokers did not smoke inside their home. The Yogyakarta District Health Office has supported large scale implementation of smoke-free homes. To date, 135 urban communities have declared themselves as having SFH. CONCLUSIONS This is the first community-based SFH initiative to be carried out in South-East Asia. The SFH movement redefines smoking cessation as a health issue of women and children, ties family welfare to core cultural values, and offers women a leadership role in tobacco control. The sustainability of SFH in Yogyakarta has been achieved by working closely with multiple levels of government and has contributed to shifts in tobacco control policy in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Retna Siwi Padmawati
- Department of Health Behavior, Environment and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Center for Health Behavior and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yayi Suryo Prabandari
- Department of Health Behavior, Environment and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Center for Health Behavior and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tutik Istiyani
- Center for Health Behavior and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mark Nichter
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Mimi Nichter
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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20
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Fan P. Research on the collective efficacy of social networks with multi factor analysis. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-169636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fan
- Business School, Central South University, Changsha, China
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21
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Saito J, Shibanuma A, Yasuoka J, Kondo N, Takagi D, Jimba M. Education and indoor smoking among parents who smoke: the mediating role of perceived social norms of smoking. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:211. [PMID: 29394912 PMCID: PMC5797366 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parents with less formal education are more likely to smoke indoors, causing socioeconomic disparity in children’s exposure to second-hand smoke. However, little is known about the roles of social factors in the socioeconomic gradients of indoor smoking. We tested the potential mediating role of perceived smoking norms on the associations between education and indoor smoking among parents who smoke. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 822 smoking fathers and 823 smoking mothers, who lived with young children and were members of a Japanese online survey panel, participated. Structural equation modelling tested the mediating effects of perceived descriptive and subjective norms on the association between education and indoor smoking. Results Perceived pro-smoking norms, which were more prevalent among less-educated parents, mediated the association between education and indoor smoking. Household smoking status and worksite smoking ban also mediated this association via perceived norms, but only for fathers. Perceived descriptive norms explained 28.5% of the association for fathers and 37.6% for mothers; the corresponding percentages for perceived subjective norms were 9.8% and 26.6%, respectively. Conclusions Perceived smoking norms, household smoking status, and a worksite smoking ban could be vital targets of a strategy aimed at reducing the socioeconomic disparity in parental home smoking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Saito
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, Department of Health Education and Health Sociology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akira Shibanuma
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junko Yasuoka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8358, Japan
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, Department of Health Education and Health Sociology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takagi
- Department of Health and Social Behavior, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Walker RJ, Neelon B, Davis M, Egede LE. Racial differences in spatial patterns for poor glycemic control in the Southeastern United States. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:153-159. [PMID: 29398299 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence consistently shows poor outcomes in racial minorities, but there is limited understanding of differences that are explained by spatial variation. The goal of this analysis was to examine contribution of spatial patterns on disparities in diabetes outcomes in the Southeastern United States. METHODS Data on 64,022 non-Hispanic black (NHB) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) veterans with diabetes living in Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina were analyzed for 2014. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was categorized as controlled (less than 8%) and uncontrolled (greater than or equal to 8%). Logistic regression was used to understand the additional explanatory capability of spatial random effects over covariates such as demographics, service connectedness, and comorbidities. Data aggregated at the county level were used to identify hotspots in distribution of uncontrolled HbA1c and tested using local Moran's I test. RESULTS Overall percent uncontrolled HbA1c was 36.5% (40.8% in NHB and 33.4% in NHW). In unadjusted analyses, NHB had 37% higher odds of uncontrolled HbA1c (odds ratio [OR]: 1.37, 95% confidence interval, 1.32, 1.41). After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, the OR decreased to 1.09 but remained significant (95% confidence interval, 1.05, 1.13). The OR further decreased after incorporating spatial effects (OR: 1.07, 95% confidence interval, 1.03, 1.11) but remained statistically significant. Hotspots of high HbA1c were detected, and spatial patterns differed across racial groups. CONCLUSIONS Differences in spatial patterns in glycemic control exists between NHB and NHW veterans with type 2 diabetes. Incorporating spatial effects helps explain more of the disparity in uncontrolled HbA1c than adjusting only for demographics and comorbidities, but significant differences in uncontrolled HbA1c remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research (PCOR), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Brian Neelon
- Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center (HEROIC), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Melanie Davis
- Health Equity and Rural Outreach Innovation Center (HEROIC), Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Leonard E Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research (PCOR), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
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Abstract
Purpose
From the perspective of developing countries, studies regarding the behavioral effects of quitting tobacco consumption on emerging psychological determinants are limited. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of emotional intelligence (EI), social norms, susceptibility and self-efficacy on the behavioral effects of quitting tobacco consumption among young smokers in developing countries.
Design/methodology/approach
By reviewing existing literature, this study developed a conceptual model to test the influences of significant psychological determinants in regards to a young smoker’s intention to quit smoking. Accordingly, a survey instrument was designed to collect data from young smokers in Bangladesh using the convenience sampling method. A total of 500 self-administered questionnaires were distributed, out of which only 400 questionnaires were used in final data analysis. This study applied partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the proposed model.
Findings
Perceived EI, perceived social norms and perceived susceptibility were found to have significant direct positive effects on intention to quit smoking. Perceived susceptibility and perceived self-efficacy were observed to have moderating effects on intention to quit smoking through perceived EI and perceived social norms respectively. However, perceived self-efficacy was not found to have any significant direct effect on intention to quit smoking.
Originality/value
This is the first study of its kind which combined EI, susceptibility, self-efficacy, and social norms in one theoretical framework to explain a young smoker’s intention to quit smoking. Also, in the context of Bangladesh and similar developing countries, there are no such studies which used the psychological components investigated in this study to predict a young smoker’s intention to quit smoking. Thus, the findings bring us closer to the goal of a tobacco-free society by allowing policy makers, NGOs, broader communities, and ultimately individual citizens to understand the psychological predictors of quitting tobacco consumption among young smokers in developing countries.
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Dearfield CT, Horn KA, Jipguep-Akhtar MC. Influence of social and neighborhood contexts on smoking cessation among urban minorities. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2017; 18:445-461. [PMID: 29267142 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1404956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A range of individual, social, and neighborhood factors influence the smoking-related health inequities of urban minorities. Yet little is known about how these factors interact to influence smoking behaviors, including cessation. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate the variance in cessation service utilization among a sample of primarily African American adults accounted for by individual, social, and neighborhood factors. Findings showed individual and social factors were important predictors of cessation service utilization. Social contexts have significant effects on smoking cessation service use, and social influences were more significant predictors of cessation service use than neighborhood factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Dearfield
- a Department of Prevention and Community Health, The Milken Institute School of Public Health , The George Washington University , Washington , DC
| | - Kimberly A Horn
- a Department of Prevention and Community Health, The Milken Institute School of Public Health , The George Washington University , Washington , DC
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Dearfield CT. Contextual Factors that Influence Alcohol Use Behaviors. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017; 26:303-313. [PMID: 30828240 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1305932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study tests a multilevel model of factors that affect adolescents' decisions to use alcohol. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate the variance in alcohol use accounted for by the influences of individual, social, and neighborhood factors. Social factors are significant predictors of alcohol use across several models tested, while selected neighborhood factors were generally not. Results indicate that social and community contexts have important effects on adolescent alcohol use, and that social influences were more significant predictors of alcohol use than neighborhood factors for this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Dearfield
- Akeso Consulting, 9636 Masterworks Dr., Vienna, VA 22181 United States
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Kravitz-Wirtz N. Cumulative Effects of Growing Up in Separate and Unequal Neighborhoods on Racial Disparities in Self-rated Health in Early Adulthood. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 57:453-470. [PMID: 27799591 PMCID: PMC5463536 DOI: 10.1177/0022146516671568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that living in a socioeconomically deprived neighborhood is associated with worse health. Yet most research relies on cross-sectional data, which implicitly ignore variation in longer-term exposure that may be more consequential for health. Using data from the 1970 to 2011 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics merged with census data on respondents' neighborhoods (N = 1,757), this study estimates a marginal structural model with inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights to examine: (1) whether cumulative exposure to neighborhood disadvantage from birth through age 17 affects self-rated health in early adulthood, and (2) the extent to which variation in such exposure helps to explain racial disparities therein. Findings reveal that prolonged exposure to neighborhood disadvantage throughout childhood and adolescence is strikingly more common among nonwhite versus white respondents and is associated with significantly greater odds of experiencing an incidence of fair or poor health in early adulthood.
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Nichter M. Comorbidity: Reconsidering the Unit of Analysis. Med Anthropol Q 2016; 30:536-544. [PMID: 27350448 DOI: 10.1111/maq.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this short essay, I wish to briefly discuss smoking, polypharmacy, the human biome and multispecies relations, and biomedicalization as a means of stretching the common ways we think about comorbidity. My intent is to expand our thinking about comorbidity and multimorbidity beyond the individual as a unit of analysis, to reframe comorbidity in relation to trajectories of risk, and to address comorbid states of our own making when the treatment of one health problem results in the experience of additional health problems. I do so as a corrective to what I see as an overly narrow focus on comorbidity as co-occurring illnesses within a single individual, and as a complement to critical medical anthropological assessments of synergistic comorbid conditions (syndemics) occurring in structurally vulnerable populations living in environments of risk exposed to macro and micro pathogenic agents.
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Wong LP, Alias H, Aghamohammadi N, Aghazadeh S, Hoe VCW. Shisha Smoking Practices, Use Reasons, Attitudes, Health Effects and Intentions to Quit among Shisha Smokers in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E726. [PMID: 27447655 PMCID: PMC4962267 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite its popularity, shisha smoking practices, reasons for its use, attitudes, detrimental health effects and intention to quit among shisha users in Malaysia have never been investigated. A total of 503 shisha users responded to a cross-sectional study conducted between July 2015 and March 2016. The majority of users were young people aged 21-30; a small minority were underage. The reasons for shisha use were its growing popularity as a favourite pastime activity and the perception of shisha use as cool and trendy. Just over half (57.3%) agree that shisha use exposes the smoker to large amounts of smoke and the majority were unsure about the health risks of shisha smoking compared to tobacco smoking. The three most common detrimental health effects reported by the study respondents were dry throat, headache and nausea. Regular shisha users have significantly higher detrimental health effects compared to no-regular shisha users. Shisha users with a duration of smoking of 6-12 months (odds ratio (OR) 3.212; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.651-6.248) and 6 months and below (OR 2.601; 95% CI 1.475-4.584) were significantly more likely to have a higher proportion who intend quitting smoking than shisha users of more than 12 months duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Wong
- Julius Centre University of Malaya (JCUM), Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Haridah Alias
- Julius Centre University of Malaya (JCUM), Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sima Aghazadeh
- Innovative International College, Petaling Jaya, 46000 Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Victor Chee Wai Hoe
- Julius Centre University of Malaya (JCUM), Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Lozano P, Fleischer NL, Moore S, Shigematsu LMR, Santillán EA, Thrasher JF. Does neighborhood social cohesion modify the relationship between neighborhood social norms and smoking behaviors in Mexico? Health Place 2016; 40:145-52. [PMID: 27318174 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the separate and combined relationships of neighborhood social norms and neighborhood social cohesion with smoking behavior in a cohort of adult Mexican smokers. Neighborhood anti-smoking norms were measured as the proportion of residents in each neighborhood who believed that society disapproves of smoking. Perceived social cohesion was measured using a 5-item cohesion scale and aggregated to the neighborhood level. Higher neighborhood anti-smoking norms were associated with less successful quitting. Neighborhood social cohesion modified the relationship between neighborhood social norms and two smoking behaviors: smoking intensity and quit attempts. Residents of neighborhoods with weaker anti-smoking norms and higher social cohesion had lower smoking intensity and more quit attempts than residents living in other areas. Social cohesion may help buffer smoking behavior in areas with weak social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lozano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Spencer Moore
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Edna Arillo Santillán
- Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Chauhan P, Ahern J, Galea S, Keyes KM. Neighborhood Context and Binge Drinking by Race and Ethnicity in New York City. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:785-93. [PMID: 26969558 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neighborhood context is associated with binge drinking and has significant health, societal, and economic costs. Both binge drinking and neighborhood context vary by race and ethnicity. We examined the relations between neighborhood characteristics--neighborhood norms that are accepting of drunkenness, collective efficacy, and physical disorder--and binge drinking, with a focus on examining race and ethnic-specific relationships. METHODS Respondent data were collected through 2005 random digit-dial-telephone survey for a representative sample of New York City residents; neighborhood data were based on the 2005 New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey. Participants were 1,415 past-year drinkers; Whites (n = 877), Blacks (n = 292), and Hispanics (n = 246). Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate population average models. RESULTS For the overall sample, neighborhood norms that were more accepting of drunkenness were associated with greater binge drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.37); collective efficacy and physical disorder were not significant. However, when examining this by race/ethnicity, greater collective efficacy (OR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.91) and greater physical disorder (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.93) were associated with less binge drinking for Whites only. Neighborhood norms that were more accepting of drunkenness were associated with binge drinking among Whites (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.38) and, while not significant (perhaps due to power), the associations were similar for Hispanics (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.83, 1.68) and slightly lower for Blacks (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.67, 1.84). CONCLUSIONS Overall, results suggest that neighborhood characteristics and binge drinking are shaped, in part, by factors that vary across race/ethnicity. Thus, disaggregating data by race/ethnicity is important in understanding binge drinking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Ahern
- Department of Epidemiology , University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Chesnokova A, French B, Weibe D, Camenga DR, Yun K. Association Between Neighborhood-Level Smoking and Individual Smoking Risk: Maternal Smoking Among Latina Women in Pennsylvania. Public Health Rep 2016; 130:672-83. [PMID: 26556939 DOI: 10.1177/003335491513000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether or not high maternal smoking rates at the neighborhood level increase the likelihood of individual smoking by Latina women in the three months prior to and during pregnancy, independent of other individual and neighborhood factors. METHODS This study was observational in nature, using linked vital statistics records for 24,443 Latina women in Pennsylvania (2009-2010) and U.S. Census data for 2,398 census tracts. We used multilevel logistic regression models to determine the individual odds of self-reported maternal smoking given different census tract-level rates of maternal smoking in the previous three years (2006-2008), adjusting for maternal and census-tract characteristics, including ethnic density, population density, and poverty. RESULTS Higher levels of maternal smoking at the census-tract level were associated with increased individual odds of smoking among Latina mothers. In the fully adjusted model, a 10% increase in the neighborhood smoking rate was associated with a 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.22, 1.34) increase in the individual odds of smoking. CONCLUSION Latina women living in census tracts where more women have smoked during or immediately prior to pregnancy are themselves at higher risk of smoking during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Chesnokova
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia PolicyLab, Division of General Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA ; Current affiliation: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Benjamin French
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas Weibe
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deepa R Camenga
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT
| | - Katherine Yun
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia PolicyLab, Division of General Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA ; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia, PA
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Leventhal AM. The Sociopharmacology of Tobacco Addiction: Implications for Understanding Health Disparities. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:110-21. [PMID: 25890832 PMCID: PMC5967296 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to reduce the public health burden of tobacco use have not equally benefited all members of society, leading to disparities in tobacco use as a function of ethnicity/race, socioeconomic position, physical/behavioral comorbidity, and other factors. Although multilevel transdisciplinary models are needed to comprehensively understand sources of tobacco-related health disparities (TRHD), the incorporation of psychopharmacology into TRHD research is rare. Similarly, psychopharmacology researchers have often overlooked the societal context in which tobacco is consumed. In an effort to facilitate transdisciplinary research agendas for studying TRHD and the psychopharmacology of tobacco use, this article introduces a novel paradigm, called "sociopharmacology." Sociopharmacology is a platform for investigating how contextual factors amplify psychopharmacological determinants of smoking to disproportionately enhance vulnerability to smoking in populations subject to TRHD. The overall goal of sociopharmacology is to identify proximal person-level psychopharmacological mechanisms that channel distal societal-level influences on TRHD. In this article I describe: (1) sociopharmacology's overarching methodology and theoretical framework; (2) example models that apply sociopharmacology to understand mechanisms underlying TRHD; (3) how sociopharmacological approaches may enhance the public health impact of basic research on the psychopharmacology of tobacco use; and (4) how understanding sociopharmacological mechanisms of TRHD might ultimately translate into interventions that reduce TRHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Fleischer NL, Lozano P, Santillán EA, Shigematsu LMR, Thrasher JF. The impact of neighbourhood violence and social cohesion on smoking behaviours among a cohort of smokers in Mexico. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:1083-90. [PMID: 26043898 PMCID: PMC5062743 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent increases in violent crime may impact a variety of health outcomes in Mexico. We examined relationships between neighbourhood-level violence and smoking behaviours in a cohort of Mexican smokers from 2011 to 2012, and whether neighbourhood-level social cohesion modified these relationships. METHODS Data were analysed from adult smokers and recent ex-smokers who participated in waves 5 and 6 of the International Tobacco Control Mexico survey. Self-reported neighbourhood violence and social cohesion were asked of wave 6 survey participants (n=2129 current and former smokers, n=150 neighbourhoods). Neighbourhood-level averages for violence and social cohesion (ranges 4-14 and 10-25, respectively) were assigned to individuals. We used generalised estimating equations to determine associations between neighbourhood indicators and individual-level smoking intensity, quit behaviours and relapse. RESULTS Higher neighbourhood violence was associated with higher smoking intensity (risk ratio (RR)=1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33), and fewer quit attempts (RR=0.72, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.85). Neighbourhood violence was not associated with successful quitting or relapse. Higher neighbourhood social cohesion was associated with more quit attempts and more successful quitting. Neighbourhood social cohesion modified the association between neighbourhood violence and smoking intensity: in neighbourhoods with higher social cohesion, as violence increased, smoking intensity decreased and in neighbourhoods with lower social cohesion, as violence increased, so did smoking intensity. CONCLUSIONS In the context of recent increased violence in Mexico, smokers living in neighbourhoods with more violence may smoke more cigarettes per day and make fewer quit attempts than their counterparts in less violent neighbourhoods. Neighbourhood social cohesion may buffer the impact of violence on smoking intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paula Lozano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Edna Arillo Santillán
- Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - James F. Thrasher
- Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Thomson G, Wilson N, Collins D, Edwards R. Attitudes to smoke-free outdoor regulations in the USA and Canada: a review of 89 surveys. Tob Control 2015; 25:506-16. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ivory VC, Blakely T, Richardson K, Thomson G, Carter K. Do changes in neighborhood and household levels of smoking and deprivation result in changes in individual smoking behavior? A large-scale longitudinal study of New Zealand adults. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:431-40. [PMID: 26271117 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health behavior takes place within social contexts. In this study, we investigated whether changes in exposure to neighborhood deprivation and smoking prevalence and to household smoking were associated with change in personal smoking behavior. Three waves of biannual data collection (2004-2009) in a New Zealand longitudinal study, the Survey of Family, Income and Employment (SoFIE)-Health, were used, with 13,815 adults (persons aged ≥15 years) contributing to the analyses. Smoking status was dichotomized as current smoking versus never/ex-smoking. Fixed-effects regression analyses removed time-invariant confounding and adjusted for time-varying covariates (neighborhood smoking prevalence and deprivation, household smoking, labor force status, income, household tenure, and family status). A between-wave decile increase in neighborhood deprivation was significantly associated with increased odds of smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.14), but a between-wave increase in neighborhood smoking prevalence was not (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.10). Changing household exposures between waves to live with another smoker (compared with a nonsmoker (referent)) increased the odds of smoking (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.84, 3.34), as did changing to living in a sole-adult household (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.14). Tobacco control policies and programs should address the broader household and neighborhood circumstances within which individual smoking takes place.
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Factors associated with smoking in immigrants from non-western to western countries - what role does acculturation play? A systematic review. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:11. [PMID: 25908932 PMCID: PMC4407357 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to identify factors associated with smoking among immigrants. In particular, we investigated the relationship between acculturation and smoking, taking into consideration the stage of the 'smoking epidemic' in the countries of origin and host countries of the immigrants. METHODS We searched PubMed for peer-reviewed quantitative studies. Studies were included if they focused on smoking among adult immigrants (foreign-born) from non-western countries now residing in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK, and Australia. Studies were excluded if, among others, a distinction between immigrants and their (native-born) offspring was not made. RESULTS We retrieved 27 studies published between 1998 and 2013. 21 of the 27 studies focused on acculturation (using bidimensional multi-item scales particularly designed for the immigrant group under study and/or proxy measures such as language proficiency or length of stay in host country) and 16 of those found clear differences between men and women: whereas more acculturated women were more likely to smoke than less acculturated women, the contrary was observed among men. CONCLUSION Immigrants' countries of origin and host countries have reached different stages of the 'smoking epidemic' where, in addition, smoking among women lags behind that in men. Immigrants might 'move' between the stages as (I) the (non-western) countries of origin tend to be in the early phase, (II) the (western) host countries more in the advanced phase of the epidemic and (III) the arrival in the host countries initiates the acculturation process. This could explain the 'imported' high (men)/low (women) prevalence among less acculturated immigrants. The low (men)/high (women) prevalence among more acculturated immigrants indicates an adaptation towards the social norms of the host countries with ongoing acculturation.
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The role of neighborhoods in shaping perceived norms: An exploration of neighborhood disorder and norms among injection drug users in Baltimore, MD. Health Place 2015; 33:181-6. [PMID: 25840353 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large literature suggests that social norms contribute to HIV and substance use related behaviors. Less attention has been given to neighborhood factors that may contribute to the development of norms about risky behaviors. We examined the cross-sectional associations between perceptions of one's neighborhood and norms of perceived prevalence of, and peer support for sex exchange and risky injection behaviors. The sample consisted of 719 people who reported injecting heroin and cocaine and did not move in the past 6 months in Baltimore, MD. Living in a neighborhood with disorder was associated with believing that others exchanged sex, practiced risky injection behaviors (descriptive norms) and approved of risky injection behavior (injunctive norms).
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Abstract
Socially and culturally embedded norms regarding smoking may be one pathway by which individuals adopt smoking behaviors. However, few studies have examined if social norms operate in young adults, a population at high risk of becoming regular smokers. There is also little research examining correlates of social norms in populations with a large immigrant segment, where social norms are likely to differ from the receiving country and could contribute to a better understanding of previously reported acculturation-health associations. Using data from a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States reached via a novel cell-phone sampling design, we explored the relationships between acculturation proxies (nativity, language spoken and generational status), socioeconomic position (SEP), smoking social norms and current smoking status among Latinos 18-34 years of age (n = 873). Specifically, we examined if a measure of injunctive norms assessed by asking participants about the acceptability of smoking among Latino co-ethnic peers was associated with acculturation proxies and SEP. Results showed a strong gradient in smoking social norms by acculturation proxies, with significantly less acceptance of smoking reported among the foreign-born and increasing acceptance among those speaking only/mostly English at home and third-generation individuals. No consistent and significant pattern in smoking social norms was observed by education, income or employment status, possibly due to the age of the study population. Lastly, those who reported that their Latino peers do not find smoking acceptable were significantly less likely to be current smokers compared to those who said their Latino peers were ambivalent about smoking (do not care either way) in crude models, and in models that adjusted for age, sex, generational status, language spoken, and SEP. This study provides new evidence regarding the role of social norms in shaping smoking behaviors among Latino young adults and suggests distinct influences of acculturation proxies and socioeconomic condition on smoking social norms in this population.
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Neighborhood contextual factors for smoking among middle-aged Japanese: a multilevel analysis. Health Place 2014; 31:17-23. [PMID: 25463913 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore neighborhood contextual factors in terms of smoking behaviors among middle-aged Japanese, by using a multilevel analysis. Subjects were Japanese men and women, between 40 and 59 years of age (40,961 for the cross-sectional analysis, and 9,177 for the longitudinal analysis), nested in 39 neighborhoods (Kyuson). The results showed that women in a less residentially stable neighborhood were more likely to be smokers. No associations were seen between current smoking and neighborhood deprivation; however, women in the most deprived neighborhood were more likely to quit smoking. This study is the first to demonstrate the associations between neighborhood environment and current smoking or smoking cessation, in a Japanese setting. The findings imply that policy makers should consider targeting neighborhood conditions in order to help reduce smoking prevalence, especially among women.
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Driscoll MW, Reynolds JR, Todman LC. Dimensions of Race-Related Stress and African American Life Satisfaction. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798414543690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study used a cultural stress and coping framework to investigate the influence of three dimensions of discrimination-based race-related stress (i.e., individual, institutional, and cultural) and collective efficacy on African American life satisfaction. African American adults ( N = 247) completed self-report measures of race-related stress, collective efficacy, and life satisfaction. Analyses indicated that all three forms of race-related stress were significantly associated with lower life satisfaction, and that collective efficacy was significantly associated with greater life satisfaction. Moderated analyses further revealed that collective efficacy significantly protected against the influence of race-related stress on life satisfaction for cultural race-related stress and, possibly, individual race-related stress. The results suggest that sociocultural resources such as collective efficacy may serve as protective factors against racial discrimination through enhanced social cohesion and community agency. Results are further considered in the context of stress and coping models that emphasize secondary coping processes and use of collective coping. Clinical and theoretical implications of collective efficacy as a sociocultural resource for the promotion of African American mental health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn C. Todman
- Adler School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, USA
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The relation between social cohesion and smoking cessation among Black smokers, and the potential role of psychosocial mediators. Ann Behav Med 2014; 45:249-57. [PMID: 23135831 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-012-9438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social cohesion, the self-reported trust and connectedness between neighbors, may affect health behaviors via psychosocial mechanisms. PURPOSE Relations between individual perceptions of social cohesion and smoking cessation were examined among 397 Black treatment-seeking smokers. METHODS Continuation ratio logit models examined the relation of social cohesion and biochemically verified continuous smoking abstinence through 6 months post-quit. Indirect effects were examined in single mediator models using a nonparametric bootstrapping procedure. All analyses controlled for sociodemographics, tobacco dependence, and treatment. RESULTS The total effect of social cohesion on continuous abstinence was non-significant (β = 0.05, p = 0.10). However, social cohesion was associated with social support, positive affect, negative affect, and stress, which, in turn, were each associated with abstinence in adjusted models (ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that social cohesion may facilitate smoking cessation among Black smokers through desirable effects on psychosocial mechanisms that can result from living in a community with strong interpersonal connections.
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Thompson SC, Schlehofer MM. Undermining optimistic denial reactions to domestic and campus emergency warning messages. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2014; 6:192-213. [PMID: 24753357 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who prepare for public emergencies can mitigate the effects of an incident, but denial of personal susceptibility may reduce the likelihood of preparation. Some denial may be due to a positive self-image that is at odds with being "at risk". The potential for an enhanced warning message that included a positive image of a protector to circumvent this denial was tested in two studies. METHODS Optimistic denial threat orientation was measured. Then participants received either a traditional or a positive protector warning message about terrorism (Study 1; nationally representative sample of US adults; N = 587) or campus emergency preparation (Study 2; US college students; N = 179). RESULTS As predicted, in the enhanced image condition optimistic denial was no longer related to stronger denial reactions and lower intentions to protect oneself. In addition, Study 2 tested explanatory mediators and found that negative perceptions of and low similarity to a protector partially explained the denial of those higher in optimistic denial and why their denial was dampened in the positive image condition. CONCLUSIONS An enhanced message including a positive image of protector may be an effective way to encourage protection for those prone to optimistic denial.
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Merson F, Perriot J, Underner M, Peiffer G, Fieulaine N. [Smoking cessation and social deprivation]. Rev Mal Respir 2014; 31:916-36. [PMID: 25496789 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major of public health policy issue; one in two lifelong smokers will die from a disease related to tobacco use. In France, smoking is responsible for more than 70,000 deaths every year. The benefits linked to stopping smoking include reduced mortality and morbidity related to the use of tobacco. Recent data show an increase in the prevalence of smoking in the lowest socioeconomic population. Tobacco control needs a better understanding of the determinants of smoking in this population, which are also factors in the failure of cessation attempts. Based on international literature, this review specifies the educational and socioeconomic factors involved in tobacco smoking and in the result of an attempt to quit. Its aim is to propose ways to improve the management of smoking cessation in a socially deprived population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Merson
- Dispensaire Emile-Roux, centre d'aide à l'arrêt du tabagisme, centre de lutte antituberculeuse (CLAT 63), 11, rue Vaucanson, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire GRePS, institut de psychologie, université de Lyon-2, 69676 Bron, France.
| | - J Perriot
- Dispensaire Emile-Roux, centre d'aide à l'arrêt du tabagisme, centre de lutte antituberculeuse (CLAT 63), 11, rue Vaucanson, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Underner
- Service de pneumologie, unité de tabacologie, centre de lutte antituberculeuse (CLAT 86), CHU de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - G Peiffer
- Service de pneumologie, unité de tabacologie, CHR de Metz-Thionville, 57038 Metz, France
| | - N Fieulaine
- Laboratoire GRePS, institut de psychologie, université de Lyon-2, 69676 Bron, France
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The role of individual and neighborhood factors: HIV acquisition risk among high-risk populations in San Francisco. AIDS Behav 2014; 18:346-56. [PMID: 23760633 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined socioeconomic status and social and sexual network factors and their relationship to HIV acquisition risk among HIV-negative Black MSM (BMSM), White MSM (WMSM) and transfemales (male to female transgenders). Geographic analysis examined residential patterns and neighborhood patterns of HIV prevalence in San Francisco. Factors associated with engaging in more episodes of potentially HIV serodiscordant unprotected receptive anal intercourse were analyzed. Transfemales and BMSM were more likely to live in areas of higher HIV prevalence and lower income compared to WMSM. BMSM and transfemales had lower socioeconomic scores (SES) scores compared to WMSM. BMSM were more likely to report serodiscordant partnerships and higher numbers of potentially serodiscordant unprotected sex acts. Decreasing individual SES did not predict serodiscordant partnerships in any group. Increasing neighborhood HIV prevalence predicted an increase in the number of potentially serodiscordant unprotected sex acts among transfemales and BMSM but only significantly so for transfemales. Prevention interventions must consider neighborhood HIV prevalence, and HIV prevalence in social/sexual networks, in addition to considering individual level behavior change or poverty reduction.
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Gage AJ. Child marriage prevention in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: Association of communication exposure and social influence with parents/guardians' knowledge and attitudes. Soc Sci Med 2013; 97:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tomey K, Diez Roux AV, Clarke P, Seeman T. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and self-rated health: a cross-sectional investigation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Health Place 2013; 24:267-74. [PMID: 24211514 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the effects of specific neighborhood features on self-reported health is important in understanding the global health impact of neighborhood context. We investigated associations of neighborhood poverty, sociability and walkability with self-rated physical and mental health in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). In separate models, each neighborhood variable was associated with physical health but associations with sociability and walkability were stronger than those for poverty. Only walkability remained significant after adjusting for the other neighborhood variables. There was no evidence that self-rated mental health as assessed by the SF12 was associated with neighborhood poverty, walkability or sociability. This study provides information on how neighborhood context is associated with global health in diverse midlife and older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Tomey
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Cantrell J, Kreslake JM, Ganz O, Pearson JL, Vallone D, Anesetti-Rothermel A, Xiao H, Kirchner TR. Marketing little cigars and cigarillos: advertising, price, and associations with neighborhood demographics. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:1902-9. [PMID: 23948008 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have documented little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) availability, advertising, and price in the point-of-sale environment and examined associations with neighborhood demographics. METHODS We used a multimodal real-time surveillance system to survey LCCs in 750 licensed tobacco retail outlets that sold tobacco products in Washington, DC. Using multivariate models, we examined the odds of LCC availability, the number of storefront exterior advertisements, and the price per cigarillo for Black & Mild packs in relation to neighborhood demographics. RESULTS The odds of LCC availability and price per cigarillo decreased significantly in nearly a dose-response manner with each quartile increase in proportion of African Americans. Prices were also lower in some young adult neighborhoods. Having a higher proportion of African American and young adult residents was associated with more exterior LCC advertising. CONCLUSIONS Higher availability of LCCs in African American communities and lower prices and greater outdoor advertising in minority and young adult neighborhoods may establish environmental triggers to smoke among groups susceptible to initiation, addiction, and long-term negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantrell
- Jennifer Cantrell, Jennifer M. Kreslake, Ollie Ganz, Donna Vallone, and Haijun Xiao are with the Research and Evaluation Department, Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC. Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel, and Thomas R. Kirchner are with the Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy Foundation
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Gariepy G, Smith KJ, Schmitz N. Diabetes distress and neighborhood characteristics in people with type 2 diabetes. J Psychosom Res 2013; 75:147-52. [PMID: 23915771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes-specific distress is an important psychological issue in people with diabetes. The neighborhood environment has the potential to be an important factor for diabetes distress. This study investigates the associations between neighborhood characteristics and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from a community-based sample of 578 adults with type 2 diabetes from Quebec, Canada. Information on perceived neighborhood characteristics and diabetes distress was collected from phone interviews. We used factor analysis to combine questionnaire items into neighborhood factors. Information on neighborhood deprivation was derived from census data. We performed linear regressions for diabetes distress and specific domains of diabetes distress (emotional, regimen-related, physician-related and interpersonal distress), adjusting for individual-level variables. RESULTS Factorial analysis uncovered 3 important neighborhood constructs: perceived order (social and physical order), culture (social and cultural environment) and access (access to services and facilities). After adjusting for individual-level confounders, neighborhood order was significantly associated with diabetes distress and all specific domains of distress; neighborhood culture was specifically associated with regimen-related distress; and neighborhood access was specifically associated with physician-related distress. The objective measure of neighborhood material deprivation was associated with regimen-related distress. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood characteristics are associated with diabetes distress in people with type 2 diabetes. Clinicians should consider the neighborhood environment reported by their patients with diabetes when assessing and addressing diabetes-specific distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Gariepy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Reitzel LR, Lahoti S, Li Y, Cao Y, Wetter DW, Waters AJ, Vidrine JI. Neighborhood vigilance, health locus of control, and smoking abstinence. Am J Health Behav 2013; 37:334-41. [PMID: 23985180 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.37.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether health locus of control mediated relations of self-reported neighborhood vigilance and biochemically verified, continuous short-term smoking abstinence among 200 smokers enrolled in a cohort study. METHODS A nonparametric bootstrapping procedure was used to assess mediation. RESULTS Health locus of control-chance mediated relations between neighborhood vigilance and smoking abstinence in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and tobacco dependence (p < .05). Greater vigilance was associated with greater attributions that health was affected by chance, which was associated with a lower likelihood of smoking abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that neighborhood perceptions influence residents' attributions for health outcomes, which can affect smoking abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine R Reitzel
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Latkin CA, German D, Vlahov D, Galea S. Neighborhoods and HIV: a social ecological approach to prevention and care. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2013; 68:210-24. [PMID: 23688089 PMCID: PMC3717355 DOI: 10.1037/a0032704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neighborhood factors have been linked to HIV risk behaviors, HIV counseling and testing, and HIV medical care. However, the social-psychological mechanisms that connect neighborhood factors to HIV-related behaviors have not been fully determined. In this article we review the research on neighborhood factors and HIV-related behaviors, approaches to measuring neighborhoods, and mechanisms that may help to explain how the physical and social environment within neighborhoods may lead to HIV-related behaviors. We then discuss organizational, geographic, and social network approaches to intervening in neighborhoods to reduce HIV transmission and facilitate HIV medical care with the goal of reducing morbidity and mortality and increasing social and psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Latkin
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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