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Park JH, Mortaja M, Son HG, Zhao X, Sloat LM, Azin M, Wang J, Collier MR, Tummala KS, Mandinova A, Bardeesy N, Semenov YR, Mino-Kenudson M, Demehri S. Statin prevents cancer development in chronic inflammation by blocking interleukin 33 expression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4099. [PMID: 38816352 PMCID: PMC11139893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major cause of cancer worldwide. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a critical initiator of cancer-prone chronic inflammation; however, its induction mechanism by environmental causes of chronic inflammation is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor (TLR)3/4-TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation links environmental insults to IL-33 induction in the skin and pancreas inflammation. An FDA-approved drug library screen identifies pitavastatin to effectively suppress IL-33 expression by blocking TBK1 membrane recruitment/activation through the mevalonate pathway inhibition. Accordingly, pitavastatin prevents chronic pancreatitis and its cancer sequela in an IL-33-dependent manner. The IRF3-IL-33 axis is highly active in chronic pancreatitis and its associated pancreatic cancer in humans. Interestingly, pitavastatin use correlates with a significantly reduced risk of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in patients. Our findings demonstrate that blocking the TBK1-IRF3-IL-33 signaling axis suppresses cancer-prone chronic inflammation. Statins present a safe and effective prophylactic strategy to prevent chronic inflammation and its cancer sequela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ho Park
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mahsa Mortaja
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heehwa G Son
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xutu Zhao
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren M Sloat
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marjan Azin
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Collier
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krishna S Tummala
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yevgeniy R Semenov
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Meng W, Gao J, Mo X, Tian H, Li S. Chloroquine Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Modulating Regulatory T Cells Through the ATM/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in ApoE -/- Mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:676-685. [PMID: 38056492 DOI: 10.1055/a-2201-8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observation suggests the atheroprotective effect of chloroquine and its derivatives, while its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to observe the protective effect of chloroquine against atherosclerosis and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) wild-type or haploinsufficient apolipoprotein-E-knockout (ATM+/+ApoE-/- or ATM+/-ApoE-/-) mice were treated with different dosages of chloroquine. Anti-CD25 antibody was used to deplete natural Tregs in ATM+/+ApoE-/- mice. The atherosclerotic burden in different groups of mice was comprehensively evaluated by H&E staining and Masson staining. The effect of chloroquine on the regulatory T cells (Tregs) was assessed in vivo and in vitro by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining. The expression of related proteins was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. RESULTS In ATM+/+ApoE-/- mice, chloroquine alleviated atherosclerotic lesions, stabilized the plaque, and increased Treg counts in the atherosclerotic lesions and spleens. However, in ATM haploinsufficient mice (ATM+/-ApoE-/-), chloroquine no longer prevented atherosclerosis or impacted Treg counts. Abolishing Treg cells using an anti-CD25 antibody in vivo abrogated the atheroprotective effect of chloroquine. In vitro, chloroquine promoted the differentiation of Tregs from naïve T cells, which was accompanied by enhanced ATM/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and reduced downstream mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that chloroquine ameliorates atherosclerosis and stabilizes plaque by modulating Tregs differentiation through the regulation of the ATM/AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Yang J, Chen Y, Li X, Qin H, Bao J, Wang C, Dong X, Xu D. Complex Interplay Between Metabolism and CD4 + T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Function: a Novel Perspective for Atherosclerosis Immunotherapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07466-9. [PMID: 37199882 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process that results from the chronic inflammatory reaction of the blood vessel wall and involves various immune cells and cytokines. An imbalance in the proportion and function of the effector CD4+ T-cell (Teff) and regulatory T-cell (Treg) subsets is an important cause of the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Teff cells depend on glycolytic metabolism and glutamine catabolic metabolism for energy, while Treg cells mainly rely on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which is crucial for determining the fate of CD4+ T cells during differentiation and maintaining their respective immune functions. Here, we review recent research achievements in the field of immunometabolism related to CD4+ T cells, focusing on the cellular metabolic pathways and metabolic reprogramming involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Subsequently, we discuss the important roles of mTOR and AMPK signaling in regulating CD4+ T-cell differentiation. Finally, we evaluated the links between CD4+ T-cell metabolism and atherosclerosis, highlighting the potential of targeted modulation of CD4+ T-cell metabolism in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Huali Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Jinghui Bao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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4
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Yuan D, Chu J, Qian J, Lin H, Zhu G, Chen F, Liu X. New Concepts on the Pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:112. [PMID: 39076267 PMCID: PMC11273028 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2404112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the most severe form of ischemic heart disease. Although it is caused by atherosclerotic plaque thrombosis or nonatherosclerotic causes, its pathophysiological mechanism of ACS is not fully understood, and its concept is constantly updated and developed. At present, the main pathophysiological mechanisms include plaque rupture, plaque erosion, calcified nodules (CN) and non-atherosclerotic causes such as coronary vasospasm and myocardial bridging (MB). These mechanisms may overlap and coexist in some ACS patients. Therefore, the pathophysiological mechanism of ACS is complex, and is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of ACS. This review will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms of ACS to provide new thoughts on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiapeng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
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5
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Jacobse J, Brown RE, Li J, Pilat JM, Pham L, Short SP, Peek CT, Rolong A, Washington MK, Martinez-Barricarte R, Byndloss MX, Shelton C, Markle JG, Latour YL, Allaman MM, Cassat JE, Wilson KT, Choksi YA, Williams CS, Lau KS, Flynn CR, Casanova JL, Rings EHHM, Samsom JN, Goettel JA. Interleukin-23 receptor signaling impairs the stability and function of colonic regulatory T cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112128. [PMID: 36807140 PMCID: PMC10432575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-23 (IL-23) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL23R is enriched in intestinal Tregs, yet whether IL-23 modulates intestinal Tregs remains unknown. Here, investigating IL-23R signaling in Tregs specifically, we show that colonic Tregs highly express Il23r compared with Tregs from other compartments and their frequency is reduced upon IL-23 administration and impairs Treg suppressive function. Similarly, colonic Treg frequency is increased in mice lacking Il23r specifically in Tregs and exhibits a competitive advantage over IL-23R-sufficient Tregs during inflammation. Finally, IL-23 antagonizes liver X receptor pathway, cellular cholesterol transporter Abca1, and increases Treg apoptosis. Our results show that IL-23R signaling regulates intestinal Tregs by increasing cell turnover, antagonizing suppression, and decreasing cholesterol efflux. These results suggest that IL-23 negatively regulates Tregs in the intestine with potential implications for promoting chronic inflammation in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jacobse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Pilat
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ly Pham
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher T Peek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrea Rolong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ruben Martinez-Barricarte
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Catherine Shelton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Janet G Markle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yvonne L Latour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Margaret M Allaman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Cassat
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yash A Choksi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke N Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy A Goettel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, 1075J MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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6
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Yang B, Ma S, Zuo W, Wei J. The mechanism and treatment of targeted anti-tumour drugs induced cardiotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109895. [PMID: 36806040 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
As the intensive anti-tumour therapy and combination of multiple anti-tumour drugs, cardiotoxicity events caused by anti-tumour drugs have also increased significantly, and the incidence of cardiotoxicity also increased with survival time. Different types of anti-tumour drugs could cause all kinds of cardiotoxicity which increase the difficulties in treatment and even live threatening. In this review, we concentrated in the targeted anti-tumour drugs such as human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and proteasome inhibitors (Pls). The molecular mechanism of how these drugs induce cardiotoxicity is introduced which includes several signal pathways. These drugs induced cardiotoxicity involved heart failure, hypertension, atherosis and thrombosis, QT interval prolongation, and myocarditis. Some of the cardiotoxicity could be moderate and reversible but others could have happened severely.The aim of this review is to summarise the targeted anti-tumour drugs induced cardiotoxicity and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Yiqiang Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Sever and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Benyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Sever and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Siqing Ma
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Complex Sever and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Junji Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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7
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Park JH, Mortaja M, Son H, Azin M, Wang J, Collier M, Mandinova A, Semenov Y, Mino-Kenudson M, Demehri S. Statin prevents cancer development in chronic inflammation by blocking interleukin 33 expression. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2318750. [PMID: 36711701 PMCID: PMC9882616 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2318750/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a major cause of cancer worldwide. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a critical initiator of cancer-prone chronic inflammation; however, its induction mechanism by the environmental causes of chronic inflammation is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor (TLR)3/4-TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation links environmental insults to IL-33 induction in the skin and pancreas. FDA-approved drug library screen identified pitavastatin as an effective IL-33 inhibitor by blocking TBK1 membrane recruitment/activation through the mevalonate pathway inhibition. Accordingly, pitavastatin prevented chronic pancreatitis and its cancer sequela in an IL-33-dependent manner. IRF3-IL-33 axis was highly active in chronic pancreatitis and its associated pancreatic cancer in humans. Interestingly, pitavastatin use correlated with a significantly reduced risk of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in patients. Our findings demonstrate that blocking the TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway suppresses IL-33 expression and cancer-prone chronic inflammation. Statins present a safe and effective therapeutic strategy to prevent chronic inflammation and its cancer sequela.
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8
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Chamani S, Kooshkaki O, Moossavi M, Rastegar M, Soflaei SS, McCloskey AP, Banach M, Sahebkar A. The effects of statins on the function and differentiation of blood cells. Arch Med Sci 2022; 19:1314-1326. [PMID: 37732056 PMCID: PMC10507790 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/158546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are inhibitors of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR). They are used in patients with cardiovascular risk and/or suffering with cardiovascular disease. In addition to their efficient lipid-lowering effects, statins exhibit independent so called pleiotropic effects potentially affecting several immune response properties including immune cell activation, migration, cytokine generation, immune metabolism, and survival. Statins also regulate innate and acquired immunity. The focus of this review is to highlight the role of statins in modulating the function and differentiation of various blood cells. Given the proposed wider application of these medicines and their potentially important advantages in treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, more studies are needed with special focus on the molecular targets of statins included in regulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Chamani
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Kooshkaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Moossavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mandana Rastegar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Alice P. McCloskey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Alabed M, Selvakumar B, Mdkhana B, Salam Bayram O, Kalaji Z, Hafezi S, Elemam NM, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Halwani R. Simvastatin reduced infiltration of memory subsets of T lymphocytes in the lung tissue during Th2 allergic inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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van der Vorst EPC, Döring Y. How slimming regulatory T cells limit atherosclerosis: Mechanistic insights into T cell lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2022; 362:23-25. [PMID: 36400604 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR) and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 80336, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336, Munich, Germany; Division of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Statin therapy protects against abdominal aortic aneurysms by inducing the accumulation of regulatory T cells in ApoE -/- mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1057-1070. [PMID: 35704059 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to protect against abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. Statins have immunomodulatory properties, and their effect on AAA partly depends on immune-related mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to explore whether there is an association between statins and Tregs in AAA progression. Sixty ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 15 per group): A, saline group; B, control group; C, simvastatin group (intragastric administration of simvastatin); and D, PC61 group (simvastatin combined with an intraperitoneal injection of 100 μg CD25-depleting antibody PC61). After 2 weeks of simvastatin treatment, the mice received a continuous subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II; B, C, and D groups) or saline (A group) for 28 days. Simvastatin therapy for 6 weeks significantly decreased the incidence and severity of AAA and inhibited the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells and generation of reactive oxygen species, which was partly abolished after the injection of PC61 antibody. Importantly, simvastatin increased the number of Tregs and the levels of Treg-associated cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10) and decreased the level of IL-17 both in aortic tissues and serum. Interestingly, simvastatin attenuated Ang II-induced gut microbial dysbiosis, which might be associated with the accumulation of Tregs. In conclusion, simvastatin therapy prevented the development of AAA induced by Ang II in ApoE-/- mice, which might be partly due to the induction of Treg accumulation. In addition, simvastatin regulated gut microbial dysbiosis, which might also be associated with Treg generation.
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12
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King RJ, Singh PK, Mehla K. The cholesterol pathway: impact on immunity and cancer. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:78-92. [PMID: 34942082 PMCID: PMC8812650 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a multifaceted metabolite that is known to modulate processes in cancer, atherosclerosis, and autoimmunity. A common denominator between these diseases appears to be the immune system, in which many cholesterol-associated metabolites impact both adaptive and innate immunity. Many cancers display altered cholesterol metabolism, and recent studies demonstrate that manipulating systemic cholesterol metabolism may be useful in improving immunotherapy responses. However, cholesterol can have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles in mammals, acting via multiple immune cell types, and depending on context. Gaining mechanistic insights into various cholesterol-related metabolites can improve our understanding of their functions and extensive effects on the immune system, and ideally will inform the design of future therapeutic strategies against cancer and/or other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198,Correspondence: Pankaj K. Singh, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, , Phone: 402.559.2726, FAX: 402-559-2813 and Kamiya Mehla, Ph.D., Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, , Phone: 402.836.9117, FAX: 402-559-2813
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. 68198,Correspondence: Pankaj K. Singh, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, , Phone: 402.559.2726, FAX: 402-559-2813 and Kamiya Mehla, Ph.D., Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987696 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, , Phone: 402.836.9117, FAX: 402-559-2813
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13
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Effects of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Secretion of Angiogenic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121885. [PMID: 34944529 PMCID: PMC8699049 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of statins on the secretion of angiogenesis mediators by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. The study group comprised 30 participants and included: 10 statin-treated patients with diabetes, 10 statin-free diabetic subjects, and 10 statin-free non-diabetic individuals. PBMCs isolated from the blood were cultured in vitro in standard conditions and in an environment mimicking hyperglycemia. Culture supernatants were evaluated for VEGF, MCP-1, Il-10, and Il-12 by flow cytometry using commercial BDTM. Cytometric Bead Array tests. The secretion of VEGF, MCP-1 and Il-12 by PBMCs, cultured both in standard and hyperglycemic conditions, was significantly lower in the statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in comparison with the statin-free diabetic patients. Conversely, the secretion of Il-10 was higher in the statin-treated than in the statin-free diabetic patients. VEGF, MCP-1 and Il-12 levels in PBMCs supernatants from the glucose-containing medium were higher than those from the standard medium in each of the diabetic groups. The results of the study suggest that statins in low doses exhibit an antiangiogenic activity, reducing the secretion of potent proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF and MCP-1, and increasing the secretion of antiangiogenic Il-10 by PBMCs, also under hyperglycemic conditions characteristic for type 2 diabetes.
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14
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Pinzon Grimaldos A, Bini S, Pacella I, Rossi A, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, D’Erasmo L, Arca M, Piconese S. The role of lipid metabolism in shaping the expansion and the function of regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 208:181-192. [PMID: 35020862 PMCID: PMC9188345 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation, defined as a chronic low-grade inflammation, is implicated in numerous metabolic diseases. In recent years, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) as key controllers of metabolic inflammation has emerged, but our comprehension on how different metabolic pathways influence Treg functions needs a deeper understanding. Here we focus on how circulating and intracellular lipid metabolism, in particular cholesterol metabolism, regulates Treg homeostasis, expansion, and functions. Cholesterol is carried through the bloodstream by circulating lipoproteins (chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins). Tregs are equipped with a wide array of metabolic sensors able to perceive and respond to changes in the lipid environment through the activation of different intracellular pathways thus conferring to these cells a crucial metabolic and functional plasticity. Nevertheless, altered cholesterol transport, as observed in genetic dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis, impairs Treg proliferation and function through defective cellular metabolism. The intracellular pathway devoted to the cholesterol synthesis is the mevalonate pathway and several studies have shown that this pathway is essential for Treg stability and suppressive activity. High cholesterol concentrations in the extracellular environment may induce massive accumulation of cholesterol inside the cell thus impairing nutrients sensors and inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of circulating and cellular cholesterol metabolism in the regulation of Treg metabolism and functions. In particular, we will discuss how different pathological conditions affecting cholesterol transport may affect cellular metabolism in Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Costanzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Minicocci
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura D’Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Correspondence: Silvia Piconese, Department of Internal Clinical, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Xu P, Zhao Y, Yu T, Yu Y, Ni X, Wang H, Sun L, Han P, Wang L, Sun T, Liu X, Zhou H, Peng J, Hou M, Hou Y, Xu M. Atorvastatin restores imbalance of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) + T cells in immune thrombocytopenia in vivo and in vitro. Br J Haematol 2021; 201:530-541. [PMID: 34825359 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune haemorrhagic disease, in which the overactivation of T cells is crucial in the pathogenesis. Atorvastatin (AT), a lipid-lowering medicine, has shown promising immunomodulatory effects in certain inflammatory conditions. However, the immunoregulatory role of AT in ITP remains elusive. To investigate the effect of AT in the treatment of ITP, cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T cells were isolated from patients with ITP and cultured with different dosages of AT. We found that AT significantly inhibited cell proliferation, led to cell cycle arrest, induced apoptosis, and repressed the activation of CD4+ T cells in vitro. ITP murine models were then established, and results showed that AT treatment led to faster recovery of the platelet count to normal and exhibited comparable immunomodulatory function. Furthermore, we found the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), as well as activation of rat sarcoma virus (RAS) were all reduced dramatically after AT treatment in vitro. In conclusion, our present study demonstrated that AT could reinstate the functions of CD4+ T cells by inhibiting the excessive activation, proliferation, and survival of CD4+ T cells in ITP via the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK and the mTOR/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. Therefore, we propose that AT could be used as a potential therapeutic option for ITP by restoring the over-activated cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianshu Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yafei Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Ni
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Panpan Han
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingjun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Leading Research Group of Scientific Innovation, Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Liang ZY, Qian CW, Lan TH, Zeng QH, Lu WH, Jiang W. Regulatory T Cells: A New Target of Chinese Medicine in Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:867-873. [PMID: 34532748 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-2877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and immune disorders are integral to the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). With the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in immune regulation attracting attention, it has been widely accepted that Treg decrease and dysfunction are involved in AS pathogenesis. Chinese medicine (CM) has the advantages of being dual-directional, multi-targeted, and having minimal side effects in immune regulation. The anti-atherosclerosis effects of CM via Treg modulation have been revealed in clinical and animal studies. Therefore, this article reviews existing research on Tregs, the relationship between Tregs and AS, and the progress of CM for treating and prevention of atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases by regulating Tregs. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, CM treatment targeting Treg cells might provide a promising and novel future approach for prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Cai-Wen Qian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Tao-Hua Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Qiao-Huang Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Wei-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Refractory Chronic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510020, China. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510020, China.
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17
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Tabares-Guevara JH, Villa-Pulgarin JA, Hernandez JC. Atherosclerosis: immunopathogenesis and strategies for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1231-1244. [PMID: 34382409 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition in which atheroma accumulates within the intima of the arterial wall, is a life-threatening manifestation of cardiovascular disease, due to atheroma rupture, chronic luminal narrowing and thrombosis. Current knowledge of the role of a protective immune response in atherosclerotic lesions has provided promising opportunities to develop new immunotherapeutic strategies. In particular, Tregs exert an atheroprotective role by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10/TGF-β) and suppressing autoreactive T lymphocytes. In vivo animal experiments have shown that this can be achieved by developing vaccines that stimulate immunological tolerance to atheroma antigens. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the proatherogenic immune response, and we discuss the strategies currently used as immunoregulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janny A Villa-Pulgarin
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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18
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Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Popkova TV, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. Immunity in Atherosclerosis: Focusing on T and B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168379. [PMID: 34445084 PMCID: PMC8395064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of the development of cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. From the point of view of pathogenesis, atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease. A huge variety of processes, such as violation of mitophagy, oxidative stress, damage to the endothelium, and others, are involved in atherogenesis; however, the main components of atherogenesis are considered to be inflammation and alterations of lipid metabolism. In this review, we want to focus on inflammation, and more specifically on the cellular elements of adaptive immunity, T and B cells. It is known that various T cells are widely represented directly in atherosclerotic plaques, while B cells can be found, for example, in the adventitia layer. Of course, such widespread and well-studied cells have attracted attention as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Various approaches have been developed and tested for their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Medical Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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19
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Kocher J, Castellucci TB, Wen K, Li G, Yang X, Lei S, Jiang X, Yuan L. Simvastatin Reduces Protection and Intestinal T Cell Responses Induced by a Norovirus P Particle Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070829. [PMID: 34357979 PMCID: PMC8308729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. P particles are a potential vaccine candidate against NoV. Simvastatin is a cholesterol-reducing drug that is known to increase NoV infectivity. In this study, we examined simvastatin’s effects on P particle-induced protective efficacy and T-cell immunogenicity using the gnotobiotic pig model of human NoV infection and diarrhea. Pigs were intranasally inoculated with three doses (100 µg/dose) of GII.4/VA387-derived P particles together with monophosphoryl lipid A and chitosan adjuvants. Simvastatin-fed pigs received 8 mg/day orally for 11 days prior to challenge. A subset of pigs was orally challenged with 10 ID50 of a NoV GII.4/2006b variant at post-inoculation day (PID) 28 and monitored for 7 days post-challenge. Intestinal and systemic T cell responses were determined pre- and postchallenge. Simvastatin abolished the P particle’s protection and significantly increased diarrhea severity after NoV infection. Simvastatin decreased proliferation of virus-specific and non-specific CD8 T cells in duodenum and virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in spleen and significantly reduced numbers of intestinal mononuclear cells in vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly decreased numbers of duodenal CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and regulatory T cells and total duodenal activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated pigs pre-challenge at PID 28. Following challenge, simvastatin prevented the IFN-γ+ T cell response in spleen of vaccinated pigs. These results indicate that simvastatin abolished P particle vaccine-induced partial protection through, at least in part, impairing T cell immunity. The findings have specific implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against NoV gastroenteritis, especially for the elderly population who takes statin-type drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kocher
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Tammy Bui Castellucci
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Ke Wen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Guohua Li
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-infected adults with coronary artery disease are characterized by a distinctive regulatory T-cell signature. AIDS 2021; 35:1003-1014. [PMID: 33587446 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control viral replication, people living with HIV (PWH) have high levels of chronic systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation which drives accelerated co-morbidities including coronary artery disease (CAD). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73 are known to be athero-protective via their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. DESIGN We assessed the dynamics of Treg subsets in ART-treated PWH with or without CAD vs. HIV-uninfected individuals. METHODS Blood specimens were obtained from 142 participants including ART-treated HIV-infected adults with (n = 43) or without CAD (n = 41), as well as HIV-uninfected controls with (n = 31) or without CAD (n = 27). CAD was determined by the presence of atherosclerotic features on computed tomography angiography of the coronary arteries performed on all study participants. Treg subsets frequencies were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Regardless of statin treatment or ART regimen, HIV+CAD+ individuals had the highest total Treg frequencies and increased thymic generation and output of Tregs (Helios/CD31 expression), while athero-protective CD39+/CD73+ Tregs were significantly depleted in this group. Tregs from PWH had higher expression of CCR6/CXCR3 than uninfected individuals regardless of CAD, while in HIV+CAD+ individuals Tregs expressed the highest levels of CCR4, which limits their maintenance. The lowest levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune activation has been observed in HIV+CAD+ within study groups. CONCLUSION ART-treated PWH with diagnosed CAD are characterized by profound alterations in populations of anti-inflammatory and athero-protective Treg subsets. These changes may contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression during chronic HIV infection in the ART era.
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Hahn VS, Zhang KW, Sun L, Narayan V, Lenihan DJ, Ky B. Heart Failure With Targeted Cancer Therapies: Mechanisms and Cardioprotection. Circ Res 2021; 128:1576-1593. [PMID: 33983833 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncology has seen growing use of newly developed targeted therapies. Although this has resulted in dramatic improvements in progression-free and overall survival, challenges in the management of toxicities related to longer-term treatment of these therapies have also become evident. Although a targeted approach often exploits the differences between cancer cells and noncancer cells, overlap in signaling pathways necessary for the maintenance of function and survival in multiple cell types has resulted in systemic toxicities. In particular, cardiovascular toxicities are of important concern. In this review, we highlight several targeted therapies commonly used across a variety of cancer types, including HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)+ targeted therapies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, androgen deprivation therapies, and MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)/BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) inhibitors. We present the oncological indications, heart failure incidence, hypothesized mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, and potential mechanistic rationale for specific cardioprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia S Hahn
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (V.S.H.)
| | - Kathleen W Zhang
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University, St Louis, MO (K.W.Z., D.J.L.)
| | - Lova Sun
- Penn Cardio-Oncology Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center (L.S., V.N., B.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Penn Cardio-Oncology Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center (L.S., V.N., B.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Daniel J Lenihan
- Cardio-Oncology Center of Excellence, Washington University, St Louis, MO (K.W.Z., D.J.L.)
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Penn Cardio-Oncology Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center (L.S., V.N., B.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (B.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Division of Biostatistics (B.K.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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22
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Holmegaard L, Stanne TM, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Blomstrand C, Jood K, Jern C. Proinflammatory protein signatures in cryptogenic and large artery atherosclerosis stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 2021; 143:303-312. [PMID: 33107019 PMCID: PMC7898473 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The cause of ischemic stroke remains unknown, cryptogenic, in 25% of young and middle‐aged patients. We hypothesized that if atherosclerosis is prominent in cryptogenic stroke, it would have a similar proinflammatory protein signature as large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) stroke. Materials & Methods Blood was collected in the acute phase and after 3 months from cryptogenic (n = 162) and LAA (n = 73) stroke patients aged 18–69 years and once from age‐matched controls (n = 235). Cryptogenic stroke was divided into Framingham Risk Score (FRS) quartiles to compare low and high risk of atherosclerosis. Plasma concentrations of 25 proteins were analyzed using a Luminex multiplex assay. The discriminating properties were assessed with discriminant analysis and C‐statistics. Results We identified proteins that separated cryptogenic and LAA stroke from controls (area under the curves, AUCs ≥ 0.85). For both subtypes, RANTES, IL‐4, and IFN‐γ contributed the most at both time points. These associations were independent of risk factors of atherosclerosis. We also identified proteins that separated cryptogenic strokes in the lowest quartile of FRS from those in the highest, and from LAA stroke (AUCs ≥ 0.76), and here eotaxin and MCP‐1 contributed the most. Conclusions The protein signature separating cases from controls was different from the signature separating cryptogenic stroke with low risk of atherosclerosis from those with high risk and from LAA stroke. This suggests that increased RANTES, IL‐4, and IFN‐γ in stroke may not be primarily related to atherosclerosis, whereas increased eotaxin and MCP‐1 in cryptogenic stroke may be markers of occult atherosclerosis as the underlying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Holmegaard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Neurology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Tara M. Stanne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square London UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL London UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital Mölndal Sweden
| | - Christian Blomstrand
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Katarina Jood
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Neurology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christina Jern
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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23
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Prado DS, Damasceno LEA, Sonego AB, Rosa MH, Martins TV, Fonseca MDM, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Alves-Filho JC. Pitavastatin ameliorates autoimmune neuroinflammation by regulating the Treg/Th17 cell balance through inhibition of mevalonate metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107278. [PMID: 33341737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While Treg cells are responsible for self-tolerance and immune homeostasis, pathogenic autoreactive Th17 cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to tissue damage associated with autoimmunity, as observed in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, the immunological balance between Th17 and Treg cells may represent a promising option for immune therapy. Statin drugs are used to treat dyslipidemia; however, besides their effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, statins also have anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the role of pitavastatin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the differentiation of Treg and Th17 cells. EAE was induced by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55. EAE severity was determined by analyzing the clinical score and inflammatory parameters in the spinal cord. Naive CD4 T cells were cultured under Treg and Th17-skewing conditions in vitro in the presence of pitavastatin. We found that pitavastatin decreased EAE development, which was accompanied by a reduction of all parameters investigated. Pitavastatin also reduced the expression of IBA1 and pSTAT3 (Y705 and S727) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Interestingly, the reduction of Th17 cell frequency in the draining lymph nodes of EAE mice treated with pitavastatin was followed by an increase of Treg cells. Indeed, pitavastatin directly affects T cell differentiation in vitro by decreasing Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Mechanistically, pitavastatin effects are dependent on mevalonate synthesis. Thus, our data show the potential anti-inflammatory effect of pitavastatin on the pathogenesis of the experimental neuroinflammation by modulating the Th17/Treg axis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mevalonic Acid/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Prado
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L E A Damasceno
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A B Sonego
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M H Rosa
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T V Martins
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M D M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - T M Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - F Q Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J C Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, CRID, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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24
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Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239322. [PMID: 33297441 PMCID: PMC7731312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the deposition and accumulation of low-density lipoproteins in the artery wall. In this review, we will discuss the role of T- and B-cells in human plaques at different stages of atherosclerosis and the utility of profiling circulating immune cells to monitor atherosclerosis progression. Evidence supports a proatherogenic role for intraplaque T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, CD4+CD28null T-cells, and natural killer T-cells, whereas Th2 cells and regulatory T-cells (Treg) have an atheroprotective role. Several studies indicate that intraplaque T-cells are activated upon recognition of endogenous antigens including heat shock protein 60 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, but antigens derived from pathogens can also trigger T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Future studies are needed to assess whether circulating cellular biomarkers can improve identification of vulnerable lesions so that effective intervention can be implemented before clinical manifestations are apparent.
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25
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Delicate Role of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammatory Diseases: Current Insight and Future Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218159. [PMID: 33142805 PMCID: PMC7663405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are the antigen-independent generator of secondary signals that aid in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis is one among the most extensively studied immune-inhibitory checkpoint molecules, which delivers a negative signal for T cell activation by binding to the PD-1 receptor. The general attributes of PD-L1's immune-suppressive qualities and novel mechanisms on the barrier functions of vascular endothelium to regulate blood vessel-related inflammatory diseases are concisely reviewed. Though targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has received immense recognition-the Nobel Prize in clinical oncology was awarded in the year 2018 for this discovery-the use of therapeutic modulating strategies for the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway in chronic inflammatory blood vessel diseases is still limited to experimental models. However, studies using clinical specimens that support the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in patients with underlying atherosclerosis are also detailed. Of note, delicate balances in the expression levels of PD-L1 that are needed to preserve T cell immunity and to curtail acute as well as chronic infections in underlying blood vessel diseases are discussed. A significant link exists between altered lipid and glucose metabolism in different cells and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 molecules, and its possible implications on vascular inflammation are justified. This review summarizes the most recent insights concerning the role of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis in vascular inflammation and, in addition, provides an overview exploring the novel therapeutic approaches and challenges of manipulating these immune checkpoint proteins, PD-1 and PD-L1, for suppressing blood vessel inflammation.
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Kalfaoglu B, Almeida-Santos J, Tye CA, Satou Y, Ono M. T-Cell Hyperactivation and Paralysis in Severe COVID-19 Infection Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:589380. [PMID: 33178221 PMCID: PMC7596772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 patients show various immunological abnormalities including T-cell reduction and cytokine release syndrome, which can be fatal and is a major concern of the pandemic. However, it is poorly understood how T-cell dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Here we show single cell-level mechanisms for T-cell dysregulation in severe COVID-19, demonstrating new pathogenetic mechanisms of T-cell activation and differentiation underlying severe COVID-19. By in silico sorting CD4+ T-cells from a single cell RNA-seq dataset, we found that CD4+ T-cells were highly activated and showed unique differentiation pathways in the lung of severe COVID-19 patients. Notably, those T-cells in severe COVID-19 patients highly expressed immunoregulatory receptors and CD25, whilst repressing the expression of FOXP3. Furthermore, we show that CD25+ hyperactivated T-cells differentiate into multiple helper T-cell lineages, showing multifaceted effector T-cells with Th1 and Th2 characteristics. Lastly, we show that CD25-expressing hyperactivated T-cells produce the protease Furin, which facilitates the viral entry of SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, CD4+ T-cells from severe COVID-19 patients are hyperactivated and FOXP3-mediated negative feedback mechanisms are impaired in the lung, which may promote immunopathology. Therefore, our study proposes a new model of T-cell hyperactivation and paralysis that drives immunopathology in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahire Kalfaoglu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Almeida-Santos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Chanidapa Adele Tye
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Copsel SN, Malek TR, Levy RB. Medical Treatment Can Unintentionally Alter the Regulatory T-Cell Compartment in Patients with Widespread Pathophysiologic Conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2000-2012. [PMID: 32745461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are non-redundant mediators of immune tolerance that are critical to prevent autoimmune disease and promote an anti-inflammatory tissue environment. Many individuals experience chronic diseases and physiologic changes associated with aging requiring long-term medication. Unfortunately, adverse effects accompany every pharmacologic intervention and may affect overall outcomes. We focus on medications typically prescribed during the treatment of prevalent chronic diseases and disorders, including cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, and menopausal symptoms, that affect >200 million individuals in the United States. Increasing studies continue to report that treatment of patients with estrogen, metformin, statins, vitamin D, and tumor necrosis factor blockers are unintentionally modulating the Treg compartment. Effects of these medications likely comprise direct and/or indirect interaction with Tregs via other immune and parenchymal populations. Differing and sometimes opposing effects on the Treg compartment have been observed using the same medication. The length of treatment, dosing regimen and stage of disease, patient age, ethnicity, and sex may account for such findings and determine the specific signaling pathways affected by the medication. Enhancing the Treg compartment can skew the patient's immune system toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and therefore could provide unanticipated benefit. Currently, multiple medicines prescribed to large numbers of patients influence the Treg compartment; however, how such effects affect their disease outcome and long-term health remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Copsel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert B Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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28
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Aguilar-Ballester M, Herrero-Cervera A, Vinué Á, Martínez-Hervás S, González-Navarro H. Impact of Cholesterol Metabolism in Immune Cell Function and Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072021. [PMID: 32645995 PMCID: PMC7400846 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, the most important sterol in mammals, helps maintain plasma membrane fluidity and is a precursor of bile acids, oxysterols, and steroid hormones. Cholesterol in the body is obtained from the diet or can be de novo synthetized. Cholesterol homeostasis is mainly regulated by the liver, where cholesterol is packed in lipoproteins for transport through a tightly regulated process. Changes in circulating lipoprotein cholesterol levels lead to atherosclerosis development, which is initiated by an accumulation of modified lipoproteins in the subendothelial space; this induces significant changes in immune cell differentiation and function. Beyond lesions, cholesterol levels also play important roles in immune cells such as monocyte priming, neutrophil activation, hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, and enhanced T cell production. In addition, changes in cholesterol intracellular metabolic enzymes or transporters in immune cells affect their signaling and phenotype differentiation, which can impact on atherosclerosis development. In this review, we describe the main regulatory pathways and mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and how these affect immune cell generation, proliferation, activation, and signaling in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Aguilar-Ballester
- INCLIVA Institute of Health Research, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.H.-C.); (Á.V.); (S.M.-H.)
| | - Andrea Herrero-Cervera
- INCLIVA Institute of Health Research, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.H.-C.); (Á.V.); (S.M.-H.)
| | - Ángela Vinué
- INCLIVA Institute of Health Research, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.H.-C.); (Á.V.); (S.M.-H.)
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- INCLIVA Institute of Health Research, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.H.-C.); (Á.V.); (S.M.-H.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- INCLIVA Institute of Health Research, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.A.-B.); (A.H.-C.); (Á.V.); (S.M.-H.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Didactics of Experimental and Social Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963864403; Fax: +34-963987860
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Liberale L, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Sahebkar A. Statins reduce vascular inflammation in atherogenesis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 122:105735. [PMID: 32126319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation enhances the detrimental role of dyslipidaemia during atherogenesis. Statins are among the most effective anti-atherosclerotic medications, being able to impact on both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although these molecules have been first described as lipid-lowering medications, several lines of evidence suggest additional benefits through their "pleiotropic" anti-atherosclerotic activities. Specifically, statins can modulate vascular atherosclerotic inflammation by directly improving functions of endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, platelets, and immune cells. Here, we discuss basic and clinical evidence to provide an update on the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective anti-inflammatory role of statins in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Liberale
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132, Genoa, Italy; First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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30
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Ma X, Liu S, Li T, Yuan H. Intensive statin treatment ameliorate the Th17/Treg functional imbalance in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Cardiol 2019; 43:379-385. [PMID: 31872906 PMCID: PMC7144487 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Statins exert positive effects on the plaque stabilization through anti‐inflammation, however, the detailed mechanism is still under investigation. Hypothesis Studies suggest that the Th17/Treg functional imbalance takes key part in the plaque destabilization and the onset of ACS. We hypothesized that intensive statin therapy could ameliorate the Th17/Treg imbalance in patients with ACS. Methods Sixty‐six patients with non‐ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE‐ACS) were randomized to conventional group and intensive group. Peripheral blood samples were collected on admission and after atorvastatin treatment. The frequencies of circulating Th17 cells and Treg cells, the levels of cytokines associated with Th17 cells (IL‐17, IL‐6 and IL‐23) and associated with Treg cells (IL‐10 and TGF‐β1) were measured through flow cytometry and ELISA assay respectively. Results One week after therapy, the frequencies of circulating Th17 cells of both the groups decreased and the frequencies of circulating Treg cells increased significantly, compared with the basal levels. Furthermore, the decreased frequencies of circulating Th17 cells and the increased frequencies of circulating Treg cells in the intensive group were significantly higher than those in the conventional group. In consistence, the decreased accumulation of IL‐17, IL‐6 and IL‐23 (cytokines relevant to Th17 cells) and the increased accumulation of IL‐10 and TGF‐β1 in peripheral blood were displayed in both groups. The changes are more significant in the intensive group. Conclusion Intensive statins therapy could ameliorate the Th17 and Treg functional imbalance in patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shilei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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Shahbaz SK, Sadeghi M, Koushki K, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Regulatory T cells: Possible mediators for the anti-inflammatory action of statins. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104469. [PMID: 31577918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins beside their main effect on reducing the progression of cardiovascular disease through pharmacological inhibition of the endogenous cholesterol synthesis, have additional pleiotropic effects including antiinflammatory effects mediated through the induction of suppressor regulatory T cells (Tregs). Statin-induced expansion of Tregs reduces chronic inflammation and may have beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases. However, statins could represent a double-edged sword in immunomodulation. Drugs that act by increasing the concentration of Tregs could enhance the risk of cancers, particularly in the elderly and may have adverse effects in neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases. In the present paper, we review the experimental studies that evaluate the effects of statins on Treg cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and we discuss potential therapeutic applications of statins in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadije Koushki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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32
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Shchinova AM, Shlevkova GV, Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Osokina AK, Romasov IV, Zharova EA, Noeva EA, Samko AN, Masenko VP, Arefieva TI, Provatorov SI. [Preprocedural high - sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) decrease during intensive atorvastatin therapy: the presumable impact on atherosclerosis progression after coronary stenting]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:10-15. [PMID: 32598808 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.09.000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory status is the risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis progression after coronary stenting (CS). Intensive statin treatment is associated with hsCRP concentration decline. AIM to evaluate prognostic significance of preprocedural hsCRP level reduction with intensive statin regimen for coronary atherosclerosis progression during one year after CS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 102 patients with stable angina who were on list for scheduled CS. Group I (n=37) patients received atorvastatin 80 mg for 7 days before and 3 months after CS with further dose adjustment according to LDL; group II (n=65) patients received atorvastatin 20-40 mg/day for LDL goal achievement. HsCRP level was assessed at baseline, before CS and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Coronary atherosclerosis progression was defined as new ≥50% stenosis or ≥30% increase of ≥20% pre - existing stenosis according to coronary angiography (CA) 1 year after CS. RESULTS Baseline concentration of hsCRP was comparable: 0.21 (0.13; 0.38) vs. 0.20 (0.1; 0.44) mg/dl in groups I and II, respectively (p>0.05). In group I significant hsCRP level decrease to 0.14 (0.07; 0.32) mg/dl (p.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A K Osokina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - I V Romasov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - E A Zharova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - E A Noeva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - A N Samko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - V P Masenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
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33
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On the immunoregulatory role of statins in multiple sclerosis: the effects on Th17 cells. Immunol Res 2019; 67:310-324. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Jiang Y, Gao Q, Wang LY, Ma T, Zhu FL, Wang Q, Gao F, Guo C, Zhang LN. Deficiency of programmed cell death 4 affects the balance of T cell subsets in hyperlipidemic mice. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:387-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Sorathia N, Al-Rubaye H, Zal B. The Effect of Statins on the Functionality of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Regulatory T-cells in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials in Asian Populations. Eur Cardiol 2019; 14:123-129. [PMID: 31360235 PMCID: PMC6659032 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2019.9.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is characterised by increased effector cells and decreased regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Statins have been shown to be clinically beneficial in ACS patients. This effect could be mediated via the induction of Tregs in ACS patients. The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate whether statin therapy enhances the frequency of Tregs determined by CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ in this subset of patients. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase was performed. Studies were restricted to randomised controlled trials that quantified CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ cell frequency by flow cytometric analysis before and after statin treatment in adults diagnosed with ACS. A minimum of at least two of the conventional markers to identify Tregs was compulsory. Four randomised controlled trials studies (439 participants) were included, all with low-to-moderate risk of bias. Pooled data showed a significant increase in Treg frequency after statin therapy in ACS patients. A further meta-regression and subgroup analysis also showed a negative dose-related effect, and a statin type-related effect (rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin), respectively. The results confirmed that statins positively alter the frequency of Tregs, which may indicate a potential mechanism of their therapeutic effect. However, there was a risk of information bias due to the markers used to identify Tregs, which was not fully explored, therefore, further randomised controlled trials should utilise markers of Tregs, such as the FOXP3 locus (Treg-specific demethylated region), for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Sorathia
- Medipathways College London London, UK.,University of Buckingham Buckingham, UK.,St George's, University of London London, UK
| | | | - Benham Zal
- Medipathways College London London, UK.,University of Buckingham Buckingham, UK
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36
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Marchio P, Guerra-Ojeda S, Vila JM, Aldasoro M, Victor VM, Mauricio MD. Targeting Early Atherosclerosis: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8563845. [PMID: 31354915 PMCID: PMC6636482 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8563845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the key factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. However, lowering LDL levels is a common clinical practice to reduce oxidation and the risk of major events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on early stages of the disease and we address both biomarkers and therapeutic approaches currently available and under research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marchio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sol Guerra-Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Vila
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martín Aldasoro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M. Victor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D. Mauricio
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Universitat de Valencia and Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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37
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Rattik S, Engelbertsen D, Wigren M, Ljungcrantz I, Östling G, Persson M, Nordin Fredrikson G, Bengtsson E, Nilsson J, Björkbacka H. Elevated circulating effector memory T cells but similar levels of regulatory T cells in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:270-280. [PMID: 30574794 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118817942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism through which diabetes contributes to cardiovascular disease development remains incompletely understood. In this study, we compared the association of circulating regulatory T cells, naïve T cells, effector memory T cells or central memory T cells with cardiovascular disease in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Percentage of circulating T cell subsets was analysed by flow cytometry in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with and without prevalent cardiovascular disease as well as in non-diabetic subjects with and without prevalent cardiovascular disease from the Malmö SUMMIT cohort. Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus had elevated percentages of effector memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+CD62L-; 21.8% ± 11.2% vs 17.0% ± 9.2% in non-type 2 diabetes mellitus, p < 0.01) and central memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+CD62L+; 38.0% ± 10.7% vs 36.0% ± 9.5% in non-type 2 diabetes mellitus, p < 0.01). In contrast, the frequency of naïve T cells was reduced (CD4+CD45RO-CD62L+, 35.0% ± 16.5% vs 42.9% ± 14.4% in non-type 2 diabetes mellitus, p < 0.001). The proportion of effector memory T cells was increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with cardiovascular disease as compared to those without (26.4% ± 11.5% vs 18.4% ± 10.2%, p < 0.05), while no difference in regulatory T cells was observed between these two patient groups. This study identifies effector memory T cells as a potential cellular biomarker for cardiovascular disease among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, suggesting a state of exacerbated immune activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Engelbertsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gerd Östling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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38
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Antioxidative Property and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Geniposide-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7480512. [PMID: 31089416 PMCID: PMC6476013 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7480512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside, is a major component in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Gardenia fruits). Geniposide has been experimentally proved to possess multiple pharmacological actions involving antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptosis, antiangiogenesis, antiendoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), etc. In vitro and in vivo studies have further identified the value of geniposide in a spectrum of preclinical models of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disorders. The antioxidative property of geniposide should be attributed to the result of either the inhibition of numerous pathological processes or the activation of various proteins associated with cell survival or a combination of both. In this review, we will summarize the available knowledge on the antioxidative property and protective effects of geniposide in DM and cardiovascular disease in the literature and discuss antioxidant mechanisms as well as its potential applications in clinic.
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39
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Rodríguez-Perea AL, Rojas M, Velilla-Hernández PA. High concentrations of atorvastatin reduce in-vitro function of conventional T and regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:237-248. [PMID: 30638266 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs ) modulate the magnitude of immune responses and possess therapeutic potential in an array of immune diseases. Statins reduce the activation and proliferation of conventional T cells (Tcons ), and they seem to up-regulate the frequency and function of Tregs . However, there is a lack of simultaneous evaluation of the in-vitro effect of statins on the functional profile of Tregs versus Tcons . Herein, magnetically purified Tcons and Tregs were stimulated with CD3/CD28/interleukin (IL)-2 in the presence of atorvastatin (ATV) at 1 or 10 µM. The suppressive function of Tregs , the expression of markers associated with Treg function, activation levels, cytokine production and calcium flux in both subpopulations were assessed by flow cytometry. ATV had no cytotoxic effect on T cells at the concentrations used. Interestingly, 10 µM ATV hampered the suppressive capacity of Tregs . Moreover, this higher concentration reduced the expression of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1). In Tcons , ATV at 10 µM decreased PD-1 and CD45RO expression. The expression of CD25, CD69, CD95, CD38, CD62L, CCR7 and perforin was not affected in both subpopulations or at any ATV concentrations. Remarkably, 10 µM ATV increased the percentage of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-producing Tregs . Although there was a reduction of calcium flux in Tcons and Tregs , it was only significant in 10 µM ATV-treated Tcons . These results suggested that 10 µM ATV affects the cellular functions of both populations; however, this concentration particularly affected several aspects of Treg biology: its suppressive function, cytokine production and expression of Treg -specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Rodríguez-Perea
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo Bacterias & Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - M Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Unidad de Citometría, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - P A Velilla-Hernández
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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40
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Niedzielska M, Israelsson E, Angermann B, Sidders BS, Clausen M, Catley M, Malhotra R, Dumont C. Differential gene expression in human tissue resident regulatory T cells from lung, colon, and blood. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36166-36184. [PMID: 30546835 PMCID: PMC6281418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As we learn more about how immune responses occur in situ, it is becoming clear that each organ/tissue is characterized with its own anatomy and microenvironment which may affect and even determine the outcome of the immune responses. With emerging data from animal studies showing that regulatory T cells infiltrating non-lymphoid tissues exhibit unique phenotypes and transcriptional signatures and display functions beyond their well-established suppressive roles, there is an urgent need to explore the function of tissue Treg cells in humans. Here we characterized the transcriptome of Treg residing at the human mucosal tissue obtained from the normal area of cancer resections and their peripheral blood counterparts, identifying human lung and colon tissue Treg signature genes and their upstream regulators. Pathway analysis highlighted potential differences in the cross-talk between tissue Treg cells and other non-immune tissue-specific cell types. For example, genes associated with wnt pathway were differentially regulated in lung Treg cells compared to blood or colon indicating a potential role for lung Treg cells in epithelium repair and regeneration. Moreover, we identified several non-coding RNAs specifically expressed by tissue-resident Tregs. These results provide a comprehensive view of lung and colon tissue Treg transcriptional landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niedzielska
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bastian Angermann
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Sidders
- Bioscience, Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maryam Clausen
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Catley
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Céline Dumont
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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41
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Al-Husein BA, Dawah B, Bani-Hani S, Al Bashir SM, Al-Sawalmeh KM, Ayoub NM. Immunomodulatory effect of statins on Regulatory T Lymphocytes in human colorectal cancer is determined by the stage of disease. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35752-35761. [PMID: 30515267 PMCID: PMC6254666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a public health problem worldwide and in Jordan. Statins are cholesterol lowering agents. Beyond their effects, statins use has been reported to reduced risk of several malignances, including CRC. This study aimed to assess the effect of statins on CRC by studying cellular infiltration of Regulatory T Lymphocytes (Tregs) into CRC tissues and their effect on Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) level and on angiogenesis. Fourty seven specimens (25 statins users vs. 22 non-users) were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study Tregs infiltration using their marker, fork head transcription factor, and angiogenesis using CD31 as a marker. TGF-β1 levels were measured using ELISA. Results revealed that statins use was associated with more Tregs infiltration, less angiogenesis but no difference in TGF-β1 content in tumor tissue. When results were further stratified according to stage of disease, more Tregs infiltration was significantly noticed in advanced disease but not in early disease. In addition, more angiogenesis inhibition was noticed in early disease but not in advanced disease. Same stage-dependence wasn’t noticed with TGF-β1 expression. In early disease, reduction of angiogenesis mediated by statins might lead to reduction of tumor aggressiveness. On the other hand, Tregs infiltration into tumor mediated by statins might reduce cancer aggressiveness in advanced disease. These results suggest that statins might be used in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal A Al-Husein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Bara' Dawah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saleem Bani-Hani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Samir M Al Bashir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khaled M Al-Sawalmeh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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42
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which subendothelial infiltration of lipoproteins leads to inflamed lesions in arteries. Despite improvements in secondary prevention, most cardiovascular events cannot be avoided with current therapies. This review focuses on novel mechanistic insights on lipid-driven immune activation, which could pave the way for new anti-inflammatory treatments for atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Immunometabolic interactions can shape the immune response. Within atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages and T cells are the dominant immune cell populations. Using multiple mechanisms, lipoprotein-derived components activate both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Cholesterol crystals and apolipoprotein B-peptides have been shown to activate macrophages and T cells, respectively. Lipoproteins are also important modulators of regulatory T cells that can hamper vascular inflammation. In the liver, T cells can influence hepatic inflammation and lipoprotein metabolism. Hence, there is an intricate crosstalk between the immune system and lipoprotein metabolism. SUMMARY Novel treatments are needed to prevent clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. Improved understanding of lipid-driven immunometabolic responses is likely to reveal new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Arefieva TI, Filatova AY, Potekhina AV, Shchinova AM. Immunotropic Effects and Proposed Mechanism of Action for 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors (Statins). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:874-889. [PMID: 30208827 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918080023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase (statins) are the major group of lipid-lowering drugs. Along with hypocholesterolemic activity, statins exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that expand their clinical use, particularly, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we critically analyze the data of statin effects on immune cells (e.g., monocytes and T cells) involved in the development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. We (i) discuss the properties of statins and routes of cell entry, as well as their major intracellular targets; (ii) evaluate the data on the effects of statins on the subset composition of circulatory monocytes, ability of monocytes to migrate to the site of inflammation (cell motility and expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors), production of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species by monocytes/macrophages, and antigen-presenting activity in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells; and (iii) summarize the data on the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of various CD4+ T cell subsets (type 1/2/17 helper T cells and regulatory T cells) by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Arefieva
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Kurchatov Institute National Research Center Complex, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - A Yu Filatova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | - A V Potekhina
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - A M Shchinova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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44
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Regulatory T cells as a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1249-1258. [PMID: 29323337 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease caused by self- and non-self-antigens contributing to excessive activation of T and B cell immune responses. These responses further aggravate vascular infiammation and promote progression of atherosclerosis and vulnerability to plaques via releasing pro-infiammatory cytokines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) as the major immunoregulatory cells, in particular, induce and maintain immune homeostasis and tolerance by suppressing the immune responses of various cells such as T and B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as by secreting inhibitory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35 and transcription growth factor β (TGF-β) in both physiological and pathological states. Numerous evidence demonstrates that reduced numbers and dysfunction of Treg may be involveved in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Increasing or restoring the numbers and improving the immunosuppressive capacity of Tregs may serve as a fundamental immunotherapy to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we briefiy present current knowledge of Treg subsets, summarize the relationship between Tregs and atherosclerosis development, and discuss the possibilities of regulating Tregs for prevention of atherosclerosis pathogenesis and enhancement of plaque stability. Although the exact molecular mechanisms of Treg-mediated protection against atherosclerosis remain to be elucidated, the strategies for targeting the regulation of Tregs may provide specific and significant approaches for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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45
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Bagchi S, Genardi S, Wang CR. Linking CD1-Restricted T Cells With Autoimmunity and Dyslipidemia: Lipid Levels Matter. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1616. [PMID: 30061888 PMCID: PMC6055000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, or altered blood lipid content, is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, are correlated highly with dyslipidemia. One common thread between both autoimmune diseases and altered lipid levels is the presence of inflammation, suggesting that the immune system might act as the link between these related pathologies. Deciphering the role of innate and adaptive immune responses in autoimmune diseases and, more recently, obesity-related inflammation, have been active areas of research. The broad picture suggests that antigen-presenting molecules, which present self-peptides to autoreactive T cells, can result in either aggravation or amelioration of inflammation. However, very little is known about the role of self-lipid reactive T cells in dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune events. Given that a range of autoimmune diseases are linked to aberrant lipid profiles and a majority of lipid-specific T cells are reactive to self-antigens, it is important to examine the role of these T cells in dyslipidemia-related autoimmune ailments and determine if dysregulation of these T cells can be drivers of autoimmune conditions. CD1 molecules present lipids to T cells and are divided into two groups based on sequence homology. To date, most of the information available on lipid-reactive T cells comes from the study of group 2 CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells while T cells reactive to group 1 CD1 molecules remain understudied, despite their higher abundance in humans compared to NKT cells. This review evaluates the mechanisms by which CD1-reactive, self-lipid specific T cells contribute to dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune disease progression or amelioration by examining available literature on NKT cells and highlighting recent progress made on the study of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Zhang K, Zhang F, Yang JM, Kong J, Meng X, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Silencing of Non-POU-domain-containing octamer-binding protein stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice via NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Cardiol 2018; 263:96-103. [PMID: 29673854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unknown whether Non-POU-domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NonO) plays a causative role in plaque destabilization. We hypothesized that NonO gene silencing may stabilize atherosclerotic plaque by increasing P4Hα1 expression and inhibiting the inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques were induced in ApoE-/- mice by high fat diet, perivascular collar placement and mental stress. Compared with normal carotid arteries, those contained vulnerable plaques had high NonO expression. In another in vivo experiment, mice contained vulnerable plaques were randomly divided into 5 groups to receive physiological saline, si-N.C-lentivirus (LV), si-NonO-LV, pGC-GFP-LV and NonO-LV, respectively. NonO overexpression increased while NonO silencing decreased the incidence of carotid plaque disruption. NonO overexpression enhanced macrophage infiltration and lipid deposition but reduced the content of vascular smooth muscle cells and collagen in plaques, leading to an increased plaque vulnerability index, whereas NonO silencing exhibited the opposite effect. In addition, NonO overexpression increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases and decreased the expression of P4Hα1 both in vivo and in vitro, whereas NonO silencing showed the contrary effect. NonO co-immunoprecipitated with NF-κB p65, and promoted its nuclear translocation and phosphorylation, and these effects were reversed by NonO silencing. CONCLUSION NonO may promote plaque destabilization and increase the incidence of plaque disruption in ApoE-/- mice by inducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases and suppressing that of P4Hα1. The mechanism may involve the interaction of NonO with NF-κB leading to enhanced NF-κB nuclear translocation and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Min Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Winerdal ME, Krantz D, Hartana CA, Zirakzadeh AA, Linton L, Bergman EA, Rosenblatt R, Vasko J, Alamdari F, Hansson J, Holmström B, Johansson M, Winerdal M, Marits P, Sherif A, Winqvist O. Urinary Bladder Cancer Tregs Suppress MMP2 and Potentially Regulate Invasiveness. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:528-538. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease of large arteries and a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Chronic inflammation, aberrant immune response, and disturbances to key enzymes involved with lipid metabolism are characteristic features of atherosclerosis. Apart from targeting the derangements in lipid metabolism, therapeutic modulation to regulate chronic inflammation and the immune system response may prove to be very promising strategies in the management of atherosclerosis. In recent years, various targets have been studied for the treatment of atherosclerosis. PCSK9, a serine protease, actively targets the LDL-R and causes lysosomal degradation, which leads to excessive accumulation of LDL-C. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) affects the adaptive and innate immune response, respectively, and thus, therapeutic intervention of either of these targets would directly modulate disease progression. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions are characterized by an accumulation of apoptotic cells. Cluster of differentiation-47 (CD47), an anti-phagocytic known as the "don't eat me" signaling molecule, inhibits efferocytosis, which causes accumulation of cell debris in plaque. ADAMTS and Notch signaling potentially affect the formation of neointima by modulation of extracellular matrix components such as macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. This review provides insights on the molecular targets for therapeutic intervention of atherosclerosis, their effect at various stages of atherosclerosis development, and the therapies that have been designed and currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Solanki
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Tim-3 inhibits low-density lipoprotein-induced atherogenic responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61001-61010. [PMID: 28977841 PMCID: PMC5617401 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial injury and dysfunction followed by endothelial activation and inflammatory cell recruitment are factors contributing to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) promotes inflammation during atherogenesis and lipid deposition in the arterial wall. We observed that stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with ox-LDL activated pro-inflammatory cytokine production and apoptosis, inhibited cell migration, and upregulated T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) expression. Tim-3, in turn, protected HUVECs from ox-LDL-induced apoptosis via the JNK pathway and reversed the inhibition of migration. Tim-3 also inhibited ox-LDL-induced inflammatory cytokine production by suppressing NF-κB activation. In addition, Tim-3 increased production of type 2 T helper cells (Th2) and regulatory T cell (Treg)-associated cytokines. Blocking Tim-3 reversed its effects on the inflammatory response to ox-LDL. Thus, Tim-3 signaling may be a “self-control” mechanism in ox-LDL-triggered inflammation in HUVECs. These results identify Tim-3 as a factor in HUVEC activity and suggest its potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Conti P, Lessiani G, Kritas SK, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Theoharides TC. Mast cells emerge as mediators of atherosclerosis: Special emphasis on IL-37 inhibition. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:393-400. [PMID: 28420489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis lipoproteins stimulate the innate immune response, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Hypercholesterolemia may activate the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, which induces TNF release in mast cells (MCs). IL-1 and IL-1 family members orchestrate a broadening list of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. MCs are implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases including allergy and inflammation. Activated MCs, located perivascularly, contribute to inflammation in atherosclerosis by producing inflammatory cytokines. MC IL-1-activation leads to the immediate release of inflammatory chemical mediators and TNF, and late inflammatory compounds such as cytokines. MCs can be activated by exogenous cytokines, antigens, microbial products (LPS) and neurotransmitters and generate IL-1 beta, TNF and several other inflammatory cytokines/chemokines along with PGD2, leukotrienes, histamine and proteases. MCs activated with IL-1 induce selective release of IL-6 without degranulation. TNF emerges as one of the most potent inflammatory cytokines involved in the response due to LDL. Cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-33 and TNF, are generated in the inflammatory sites by both macrophages and MCs, mediating atherosclerosis. IL-37 (IL-1 family member 7) binds IL-18Ra chain and acts by an intracellular mechanism down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory signals cJun, MAP kinase p38a, STAT transcription factors and p53. Blocking IL-1 with IL-37 alleviates the symptoms in patients with inflammatory diseases including arteriosclerosis. The impact of IL-37 on inflammatory cytokines mediating atherosclerosis is beneficial and protective. However, more studies are needed to better define this mechanism and the safety and tolerability of IL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Unità dell'Italia 73, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Lessiani
- Angiology Unit, Medicine and Geriatria, Villa Serena Hospital, Città Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | | | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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