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Wang W, Xie Y, Liu L, King GJ, White P, Ding G, Wang S, Cai H, Wang C, Xu F, Shi L. Genetic Control of Seed Phytate Accumulation and the Development of Low-Phytate Crops: A Review and Perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3375-3390. [PMID: 35275483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breeding low phytic acid (lpa) crops is a strategy that has potential to both improve the nutritional quality of food and feed and contribute to the sustainability of agriculture. Here, we review the lipid-independent and -dependent pathways of phytate synthesis and their regulatory mechanisms in plants. We compare the genetic variation of the phytate concentration and distribution in seeds between dicot and monocot species as well as the associated temporal and spatial expression patterns of the genes involved in phytate synthesis and transport. Quantitative trait loci or significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for the seed phytate concentration have been identified in different plant species by linkage and association mapping, and some genes have been cloned from lpa mutants. We summarize the effects of various lpa mutations on important agronomic traits in crop plants and propose SULTR3;3 and SULTR3;4 as optimal target genes for lpa crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Philip White
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Microelement Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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2
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Technological Challenges of Phosphorus Removal in High-Phosphorus Ores: Sustainability Implications and Possibilities for Greener Ore Processing. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the present rates of iron ore consumption, currently unusable, high-phosphorus iron ore deposits are likely to be the iron ores of the future as higher-grade iron ore reserves are depleted. Consequently, the design and timely development of environmentally-benign processes for the simultaneous beneficiation of high-phosphorus iron ores and phosphorus recovery, currently a technological challenge, might soon become a sustainability challenge. To stimulate interest in this area, phosphorus adsorption and association in iron oxides/hydroxyoxides, and current efforts at its removal, have been reviewed. The important properties of the most relevant crystalline phosphate phases in iron ores are highlighted, and insights provided on plausible routes for the development of sustainable phosphorus recovery solutions from high-phosphorus iron ores. Leveraging literature information from geochemical investigations into phosphorus distribution, speciation, and mobility in various natural systems, key knowledge gaps that are vital for the development of sustainable phosphorus removal/recovery strategies and important factors (white spaces) not yet adequately taken into consideration in current phosphorus removal/recovery solutions are highlighted, and the need for their integration in the development of future phosphorus removal/recovery solutions, as well as their plausible impacts on phosphorus removal/recovery, are put into perspective.
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3
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Ascott MJ, Gooddy DC, Lapworth DJ, Davidson P, Bowes MJ, Jarvie HP, Surridge BWJ. Phosphorus fluxes to the environment from mains water leakage: Seasonality and future scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1321-1332. [PMID: 29913593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of sources of phosphorus (P) entering the environment is essential for the management of aquatic ecosystems. P fluxes from mains water leakage (MWL-P) have recently been identified as a potentially significant source of P in urbanised catchments. However, both the temporal dynamics of this flux and the potential future significance relative to P fluxes from wastewater treatment works (WWT-P) remain poorly constrained. Using the River Thames catchment in England as an exemplar, we present the first quantification of both the seasonal dynamics of current MWL-P fluxes and future flux scenarios to 2040, relative to WWT-P loads and to P loads exported from the catchment. The magnitude of the MWL-P flux shows a strong seasonal signal, with pipe burst and leakage events resulting in peak P fluxes in winter (December, January, February) that are >150% of fluxes in either spring (March, April, May) or autumn (September, October, November). We estimate that MWL-P is equivalent to up to 20% of WWT-P during peak leakage events. Winter rainfall events control temporal variation in both WWT-P and riverine P fluxes which consequently masks any signal in riverine P fluxes associated with MWL-P. The annual average ratio of MWL-P flux to WWT-P flux is predicted to increase from 15 to 38% between 2015 and 2040, associated with large increases in P removal at wastewater treatment works by 2040 relative to modest reductions in mains water leakage. However, further research is required to understand the fate of MWL-P in the environment. Future P research and management programmes should more fully consider MWL-P and its seasonal dynamics, alongside the likely impacts of this source of P on water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ascott
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - D C Gooddy
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - P Davidson
- Environment Agency, Kings Meadow House, Kings Meadow Road, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 8DQ, United Kingdom
| | - M J Bowes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - H P Jarvie
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - B W J Surridge
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Lidbury IDEA, Fraser T, Murphy ARJ, Scanlan DJ, Bending GD, Jones AME, Moore JD, Goodall A, Tibbett M, Hammond JP, Wellington EMH. The 'known' genetic potential for microbial communities to degrade organic phosphorus is reduced in low-pH soils. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00474. [PMID: 28419748 PMCID: PMC5552915 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In soil, bioavailable inorganic orthophosphate is found at low concentrations and thus limits biological growth. To overcome this phosphorus scarcity, plants and bacteria secrete numerous enzymes, namely acid and alkaline phosphatases, which cleave orthophosphate from various organic phosphorus substrates. Using profile hidden Markov modeling approaches, we investigated the abundance of various non specific phosphatases, both acid and alkaline, in metagenomes retrieved from soils with contrasting pH regimes. This analysis uncovered a marked reduction in the abundance and diversity of various alkaline phosphatases in low-pH soils that was not counterbalanced by an increase in acid phosphatases. Furthermore, it was also discovered that only half of the bacterial strains from different phyla deposited in the Integrated Microbial Genomes database harbor alkaline phosphatases. Taken together, our data suggests that these 'phosphatase lacking' isolates likely increase in low-pH soils and future research should ascertain how these bacteria overcome phosphorus scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tandra Fraser
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. J. Murphy
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryWest MidlandsUnited Kingdom
| | - David J. Scanlan
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryWest MidlandsUnited Kingdom
| | - Gary D. Bending
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryWest MidlandsUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan D. Moore
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew Goodall
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsUnited Kingdom
| | - John P. Hammond
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingWhiteknightsUnited Kingdom
- Southern Cross Plant ScienceSouthern Cross UniversityLismoreAustralia
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5
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Lidbury IDEA, Murphy ARJ, Fraser TD, Bending GD, Jones AME, Moore JD, Goodall A, Tibbett M, Hammond JP, Scanlan DJ, Wellington EMH. Identification of extracellular glycerophosphodiesterases in Pseudomonas and their role in soil organic phosphorus remineralisation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2179. [PMID: 28526844 PMCID: PMC5438359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In soils, phosphorus (P) exists in numerous organic and inorganic forms. However, plants can only acquire inorganic orthophosphate (Pi), meaning global crop production is frequently limited by P availability. To overcome this problem, rock phosphate fertilisers are heavily applied, often with negative environmental and socio-economic consequences. The organic P fraction of soil contains phospholipids that are rapidly degraded resulting in the release of bioavailable Pi. However, the mechanisms behind this process remain unknown. We identified and experimentally confirmed the function of two secreted glycerolphosphodiesterases, GlpQI and GlpQII, found in Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166 and Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, respectively. A series of co-cultivation experiments revealed that in these Pseudomonas strains, cleavage of glycerolphosphorylcholine and its breakdown product G3P occurs extracellularly allowing other bacteria to benefit from this metabolism. Analyses of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets revealed that this trait is widespread among soil bacteria with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, specifically Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, the likely major players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D E A Lidbury
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew R J Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tandra D Fraser
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Goodall
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - John P Hammond
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - David J Scanlan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M H Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Gooddy DC, Ascott MJ, Lapworth DJ, Ward RS, Jarvie HP, Bowes MJ, Tipping E, Dils R, Surridge BW. Mains water leakage: Implications for phosphorus source apportionment and policy responses in catchments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:702-708. [PMID: 27856055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effective strategies to reduce phosphorus (P)-enrichment of aquatic ecosystems require accurate quantification of the absolute and relative importance of individual sources of P. In this paper, we quantify the potential significance of a source of P that has been neglected to date. Phosphate dosing of raw water supplies to reduce lead and copper concentrations in drinking water is a common practice globally. However, mains water leakage (MWL) potentially leads to a direct input of P into the environment, bypassing wastewater treatment. We develop a new approach to estimate the spatial distribution and time-variant flux of MWL-P, demonstrating this approach for a 30-year period within the exemplar of the River Thames catchment in the UK. Our analyses suggest that MWL-P could be equivalent to up to c.24% of the P load entering the River Thames from sewage treatment works and up to c.16% of the riverine P load derived from agricultural non-point sources. We consider a range of policy responses that could reduce MWL-P loads to the environment, including incorporating the environmental damage costs associated with P in setting targets for MWL reduction, alongside inclusion of MWL-P within catchment-wide P permits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren C Gooddy
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Matthew J Ascott
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Dan J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Robert S Ward
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Helen P Jarvie
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Mike J Bowes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Edward Tipping
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Rachael Dils
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BD, UK
| | - Ben Wj Surridge
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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7
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Four B, Arce E, Danger M, Gaillard J, Thomas M, Banas D. Catchment land use-dependent effects of barrage fishponds on the functioning of headwater streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5452-5468. [PMID: 28028701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Extensive fish production systems in continental areas are often created by damming headwater streams. However, these lentic systems favour autochthonous organic matter production. As headwater stream functioning is essentially based on allochthonous organic matter (OM) supply, the presence of barrage fishponds on headwater streams might change the main food source for benthic communities. The goal of this study was thus to identify the effects of barrage fishponds on the functioning of headwater streams. To this end, we compared leaf litter breakdown (a key ecosystem function in headwater streams), their associated invertebrate communities and fungal biomass at sites upstream and downstream of five barrage fishponds in two dominant land use systems (three in forested catchments and two in agricultural catchments). We observed significant structural and functional differences between headwater stream ecosystems in agricultural catchments and those in forested catchments. Leaf litter decay was more rapid in forest streams, with a moderate, but not significant, increase in breakdown rate downstream from the barrage fishponds. In agricultural catchments, the trend was opposite with a 2-fold lower leaf litter breakdown rate at downstream sites compared to upstream sites. Breakdown rates observed at all sites were closely correlated with fungal biomass and shredder biomass. No effect of barrage fishponds were observed in this study concerning invertebrate community structure or functional feeding groups especially in agricultural landscapes. In forest streams, we observed a decrease in organic pollution (OP)-intolerant taxa at downstream sites that was correlated with an increase in OP-tolerant taxa. These results highlighted that the influence of barrage fishponds on headwater stream functioning is complex and land use dependent. It is therefore necessary to clearly understand the various mechanisms (competition for food resources, complementarities between autochthonous and allochthonous OM) that control ecosystem functioning in different contexts in order to optimize barrage fishpond management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Four
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- UAR 1275 DEPT EFPA Département Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques. Centre de recherche de Nancy, INRA, 54280, Champenoux, France.
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Evelyne Arce
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Michaël Danger
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR CNRS 7360 2CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, 57070, Metz, France
| | - Juliette Gaillard
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marielle Thomas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Damien Banas
- UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, EA 3998, USC INRA 340, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- LTER "Zone Atelier Moselle", Laboratoire UR Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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8
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Ascott MJ, Gooddy DC, Lapworth DJ, Stuart ME. Estimating the leakage contribution of phosphate dosed drinking water to environmental phosphorus pollution at the national-scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:1534-1542. [PMID: 26774133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding sources of phosphorus (P) to the environment is critical for the management of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Phosphate is added at water treatment works for a variety of reasons: to reduce pipe corrosion, to lower dissolved lead and copper concentrations at customer's taps and to reduce the formation of iron and manganese precipitates which can lead to deterioration in the aesthetic quality of water. However, the spatial distribution of leakage into the environment of phosphate added to mains water for plumbosolvency control has not been quantified to date. Using water company leakage rates, leak susceptibility and road network mapping, we quantify the total flux of P from leaking water mains in England and Wales at a 1km grid scale. This is validated against reported leaks for the UKs largest water utility. For 2014, we estimate the total flux of P from leaking mains to the environment to be c. 1.2ktP/year. Spatially, P flux is concentrated in urban areas where pipe density is highest, with major cities acting as a significant source of P (e.g. London into the Thames, with potentially 30% of total flux). The model suggests the majority (69%) of the P flux is likely to be to surface water. This is due to leakage susceptibility being a function of soil corrosivity and shrink-swell behaviour which are both controlled by presence of low-permeability clays. The location of major cities such as London close to the coast results in a potentially significant flux of P from mains leakage to estuarine environments. The contribution of leakage of phosphate dosed mains water should be considered in future source apportionment and ecosystem management. The methodology presented is generic and can be applied in other countries where phosphate dosing is undertaken or used prior to dosing during investment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ascott
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - D C Gooddy
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - M E Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
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9
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Lidbury IDEA, Murphy ARJ, Scanlan DJ, Bending GD, Jones AME, Moore JD, Goodall A, Hammond JP, Wellington EMH. Comparative genomic, proteomic and exoproteomic analyses of three Pseudomonas strains reveals novel insights into the phosphorus scavenging capabilities of soil bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3535-3549. [PMID: 27233093 PMCID: PMC5082522 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere of agricultural crops can have a beneficial effect on crop growth. One such mechanism is the microbial-driven solubilization and remineralization of complex forms of phosphorus (P). It is known that bacteria secrete various phosphatases in response to low P conditions. However, our understanding of their global proteomic response to P stress is limited. Here, exoproteomic analysis of Pseudomonas putida BIRD-1 (BIRD-1), Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 and Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166 was performed in unison with whole-cell proteomic analysis of BIRD-1 grown under phosphate (Pi) replete and Pi deplete conditions. Comparative exoproteomics revealed marked heterogeneity in the exoproteomes of each Pseudomonas strain in response to Pi depletion. In addition to well-characterized members of the PHO regulon such as alkaline phosphatases, several proteins, previously not associated with the response to Pi depletion, were also identified. These included putative nucleases, phosphotriesterases, putative phosphonate transporters and outer membrane proteins. Moreover, in BIRD-1, mutagenesis of the master regulator, phoBR, led us to confirm the addition of several novel PHO-dependent proteins. Our data expands knowledge of the Pseudomonas PHO regulon, including species that are frequently used as bioinoculants, opening up the potential for more efficient and complete use of soil complexed P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D E A Lidbury
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Andrew R J Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David J Scanlan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew Goodall
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - John P Hammond
- School of Agriculture, Policy, and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M H Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, West Midlands, CV4 7AL, UK
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10
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Ellis JB, Butler D. Surface water sewer misconnections in England and Wales: Pollution sources and impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 526:98-109. [PMID: 25918897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas served by separate sewerage consisting of separate pipe systems it is not uncommon for misconnections to be made either accidentally or deliberately, whereby the wrong effluent is connected to the wrong sewer. The main focus of this problem has been on in-household appliances that are wrongly connected to separate surface water sewers, potentially leading to pollution of receiving waters and non-compliance with statutory water quality standards. This paper examines the available evidence to evaluate the potential scale, severity and cost of the problem in England and Wales in comparison to that reported from investigations in the United States. The particular difficulties associated with distinguishing specific sewage sources in the wastewater "cocktail" discharged at polluted surface water outfalls are reviewed. The deficiencies of existing legislation and enforcing compliance with respect to misconnections are also discussed and the pollution potential resulting from domestic misconnections is explored based on sampled data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Ellis
- Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK.
| | - D Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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Richards S, Paterson E, Withers PJA, Stutter M. The contribution of household chemicals to environmental discharges via effluents: combining chemical and behavioural data. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 150:427-434. [PMID: 25560657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased concentrations and loads of soluble, bioavailable forms of phosphorus (P) are a major cause of eutrophication in streams, rivers and lakes in many countries around the world. To implement P control measures, it is essential to identify P sources and their relative load contributions. A proportion of P loading generated from household wastewaters is derived from detergents yet the P compositions of the range of domestic detergents and their usage is poorly understood. To quantify P loads from household detergents, we analysed a large range of detergents and cleaning products commonly available in the UK and Europe, comparing regular and eco-labelled products. Chemical data were coupled with survey results on typical household detergents preferences and usage (n = 95 households). We also determined whether the major and trace element signatures of these household detergents could potentially be used as anthropogenic tracers in watercourses. The greatest P concentrations were found for regular dishwasher detergents (43-131 mg P/g detergent) whilst the range of P in eco-labelled dishwasher detergents was much lower (0.7-9.1 mg P/g detergent). Other household cleaning groups contained relatively smaller P concentrations. Considering the survey results, detergents' total P loading generated from one household using either regular or eco labelled products, was 0.414 and 0.021 kg P/year, respectively. Given a household occupancy of 2.7, the P load from all detergent use combined was 0.154 kg P/person/year of which the dishwasher contribution was 0.147 kg P/person/year. In terms of elemental signatures, (DWD) dishwasher detergents were significantly (P-value <0.001) different from other household cleaning products in their As, Na, TP, Si, Sr, SRP, Ti, Zn and Zr signatures. Na, P and B were all positively correlated with each other, indicating their potential use as a tracer suite for septic tank effluent in combination with other indices. We conclude that forthcoming legislation for reducing P contents in domestic laundry detergents will not address the dominant environmental P load from DWD and studies such as this are important in promoting and allowing scenarios of benefits from future legislation for DWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Richards
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Eric Paterson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Marc Stutter
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
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McGonigle DF, Burke SP, Collins AL, Gartner R, Haft MR, Harris RC, Haygarth PM, Hedges MC, Hiscock KM, Lovett AA. Developing Demonstration Test Catchments as a platform for transdisciplinary land management research in England and Wales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1618-1628. [PMID: 24577350 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whilst a large body of plot and field-scale research exists on the sources, behaviour and mitigation of diffuse water pollution from agriculture, putting this evidence into a practical, context at large spatial scales to inform policy remains challenging. Understanding the behaviour of pollutants (nutrients, sediment, microbes and pesticides) and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies over whole catchments and long timeframes requires new, interdisciplinary approaches to organise and undertake research. This paper provides an introduction to the demonstration test catchments (DTC) programme, which was established in 2009 to gather empirical evidence on the cost-effectiveness of combinations of diffuse pollution mitigation measures at catchment scales. DTC firstly provides a physical platform of instrumented study catchments in which approaches for the mitigation of diffuse agricultural water pollution can be experimentally tested and iteratively improved. Secondly, it has established national and local knowledge exchange networks between researchers and stakeholders through which research has been co-designed. These have provided a vehicle to disseminate emerging findings to inform policy and land management practice. The role of DTC is that of an outdoor laboratory to develop knowledge and approaches that can be applied in less well studied locations. The research platform approach developed through DTC has brought together disparate research groups from different disciplines and institutions through nationally coordinated activities. It offers a model that can be adopted to organise research on other complex, interdisciplinary problems to inform policy and operational decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F McGonigle
- Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK.
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Ockenden MC, Quinton JN, Favaretto N, Deasy C, Surridge B. Reduced nutrient pollution in a rural stream following septic tank upgrade and installation of runoff retention measures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1637-1645. [PMID: 24686791 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00681f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface water quality in the UK and much of Western Europe has improved in recent decades, in response to better point source controls and the regulation of fertilizer, manure and slurry use. However, diffuse sources of pollution, such as leaching or runoff of nutrients from agricultural fields, and micro-point sources including farmyards, manure heaps and septic tank sewerage systems, particularly systems without soil adsorption beds, are now hypothesised to contribute a significant proportion of the nutrients delivered to surface watercourses. Tackling such sources in an integrated manner is vital, if improvements in freshwater quality are to continue. In this research, we consider the combined effect of constructing small field wetlands and improving a septic tank system on stream water quality within an agricultural catchment in Cumbria, UK. Water quality in the ditch-wetland system was monitored by manual sampling at fortnightly intervals (April-October 2011 and February-October 2012), with the septic tank improvement taking place in February 2012. Reductions in nutrient concentrations were observed through the catchment, by up to 60% when considering total phosphorus (TP) entering and leaving a wetland with a long residence time. Average fluxes of TP, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and ammonium-N (NH4-N) at the head of the ditch system in 2011 (before septic tank improvement) compared to 2012 (after septic tank improvement) were reduced by 28%, 9% and 37% respectively. However, TP concentration data continue to show a clear dilution with increasing flow, indicating that the system remained point source dominated even after the septic tank improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ockenden
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Hunter PJ, Teakle GR, Bending GD. Root traits and microbial community interactions in relation to phosphorus availability and acquisition, with particular reference to Brassica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:27. [PMID: 24575103 PMCID: PMC3920115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassicas are among the most widely grown and important crops worldwide. Phosphorus (P) is a key mineral element in the growth of all plants and is largely supplied as inorganic rock-phosphate, a dwindling resource, which is likely to be an increasingly significant factor in global agriculture. In order to develop crops which can abstract P from the soil, utilize it more efficiently, require less of it or obtain more from other sources such as soil organic P reservoirs, a detailed understanding the factors that influence P metabolism and cycling in plants and associated soil is required. This review focuses on the current state of understanding of root traits, rhizodeposition and rhizosphere community interaction as it applies to P solubilization and acquisition, with particular reference to Brassica species. Physical root characteristics, exudation of organic acids (particularly malate and citrate) and phosphatase enzymes are considered and the potential mechanisms of control of these responses to P deficiency examined. The influence of rhizodeposits on the development of the rhizosphere microbial community is discussed and the specific features of this community in response to P deficiency are considered; specifically production of phosphatases, phytases and phosphonate hydrolases. Finally various potential approaches for improving overall P use efficiency in Brassica production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Hunter
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
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Brown LK, George TS, Dupuy LX, White PJ. A conceptual model of root hair ideotypes for future agricultural environments: what combination of traits should be targeted to cope with limited P availability? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:317-30. [PMID: 23172412 PMCID: PMC3698376 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) often limits crop production and is frequently applied as fertilizer; however, supplies of quality rock phosphate for fertilizer production are diminishing. Plants have evolved many mechanisms to increase their P acquisition, and an understanding of these traits could result in improved long-term sustainability of agriculture. This Viewpoint focuses on the potential benefits of root hairs to sustainable production. SCOPE First the various root-related traits that could be deployed to improve agricultural sustainability are catalogued, and their potential costs and benefits to the plant are discussed. A novel mathematical model describing the effects of length, density and longevity of root hairs on P acquisition is developed, and the relative benefits of these three root-hair traits to plant P nutrition are calculated. Insights from this model are combined with experimental data to assess the relative benefits of a range of root hair ideotypes for sustainability of agriculture. CONCLUSIONS A cost-benefit analysis of root traits suggests that root hairs have the greatest potential for P acquisition relative to their cost of production. The novel modelling of root hair development indicates that the greatest gains in P-uptake efficiency are likely to be made through increased length and longevity of root hairs rather than by increasing their density. Synthesizing this information with that from published experiments we formulate six potential ideotypes to improve crop P acquisition. These combine appropriate root hair phenotypes with architectural, anatomical and biochemical traits, such that more root-hair zones are produced in surface soils, where P resources are found, on roots which are metabolically cheap to construct and maintain, and that release more P-mobilizing exudates. These ideotypes could be used to inform breeding programmes to enhance agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. S. George
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Shi L, Shi T, Broadley MR, White PJ, Long Y, Meng J, Xu F, Hammond JP. High-throughput root phenotyping screens identify genetic loci associated with root architectural traits in Brassica napus under contrasting phosphate availabilities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:381-9. [PMID: 23172414 PMCID: PMC3698377 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phosphate (Pi) deficiency in soils is a major limiting factor for crop growth worldwide. Plant growth under low Pi conditions correlates with root architectural traits and it may therefore be possible to select these traits for crop improvement. The aim of this study was to characterize root architectural traits, and to test quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with these traits, under low Pi (LP) and high Pi (HP) availability in Brassica napus. METHODS Root architectural traits were characterized in seedlings of a double haploid (DH) mapping population (n = 190) of B. napus ['Tapidor' × 'Ningyou 7' (TNDH)] using high-throughput phenotyping methods. Primary root length (PRL), lateral root length (LRL), lateral root number (LRN), lateral root density (LRD) and biomass traits were measured 12 d post-germination in agar at LP and HP. KEY RESULTS In general, root and biomass traits were highly correlated under LP and HP conditions. 'Ningyou 7' had greater LRL, LRN and LRD than 'Tapidor', at both LP and HP availability, but smaller PRL. A cluster of highly significant QTL for LRN, LRD and biomass traits at LP availability were identified on chromosome A03; QTL for PRL were identified on chromosomes A07 and C06. CONCLUSIONS High-throughput phenotyping of Brassica can be used to identify root architectural traits which correlate with shoot biomass. It is feasible that these traits could be used in crop improvement strategies. The identification of QTL linked to root traits under LP and HP conditions provides further insights on the genetic basis of plant tolerance to P deficiency, and these QTL warrant further dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Martin R. Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Yan Long
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinling Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - John P. Hammond
- School of Plant Biology and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Jones DL, Cross P, Withers PJA, DeLuca TH, Robinson DA, Quilliam RS, Harris IM, Chadwick DR, Edwards-Jones G. REVIEW: Nutrient stripping: the global disparity between food security and soil nutrient stocks. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davey L. Jones
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | - Paul Cross
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | - Paul J. A. Withers
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | - Thomas H. DeLuca
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | - David A. Robinson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Environment Centre Wales; Deiniol Road; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | | | - Ian M. Harris
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | - David R. Chadwick
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
| | - Gareth Edwards-Jones
- School of Environment; Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor; Gwynedd; LL57 2UW; UK
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McTeer J, Dean AP, White KN, Pittman JK. Bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles intoDaphnia magnafrom a freshwater algal diet and the impact of phosphate availability. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:305-16. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.778346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fita A, Bowen HC, Hayden RM, Nuez F, Picó B, Hammond JP. Diversity in expression of phosphorus (P) responsive genes in Cucumis melo L. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35387. [PMID: 22536378 PMCID: PMC3334927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting nutrient for plant growth in many soils. Studies in model species have identified genes involved in plant adaptations to low soil P availability. However, little information is available on the genetic bases of these adaptations in vegetable crops. In this respect, sequence data for melon now makes it possible to identify melon orthologues of candidate P responsive genes, and the expression of these genes can be used to explain the diversity in the root system adaptation to low P availability, recently observed in this species. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS Transcriptional responses to P starvation were studied in nine diverse melon accessions by comparing the expression of eight candidate genes (Cm-PAP10.1, Cm-PAP10.2, Cm-RNS1, Cm-PPCK1, Cm-transferase, Cm-SQD1, Cm-DGD1 and Cm-SPX2) under P replete and P starved conditions. Differences among melon accessions were observed in response to P starvation, including differences in plant morphology, P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE) and gene expression. All studied genes were up regulated under P starvation conditions. Differences in the expression of genes involved in P mobilization and remobilization (Cm-PAP10.1, Cm-PAP10.2 and Cm-RNS1) under P starvation conditions explained part of the differences in P uptake and PUE among melon accessions. The levels of expression of the other studied genes were diverse among melon accessions, but contributed less to the phenotypical response of the accessions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that these genes have been described in the context of P starvation responses in melon. There exists significant diversity in gene expression levels and P use efficiency among melon accessions as well as significant correlations between gene expression levels and phenotypical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fita
- Centro de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
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Hammond JP, Broadley MR, Bowen HC, Spracklen WP, Hayden RM, White PJ. Gene expression changes in phosphorus deficient potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves and the potential for diagnostic gene expression markers. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24606. [PMID: 21935429 PMCID: PMC3173461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are compelling economic and environmental reasons to reduce our reliance on inorganic phosphate (Pi) fertilisers. Better management of Pi fertiliser applications is one option to improve the efficiency of Pi fertiliser use, whilst maintaining crop yields. Application rates of Pi fertilisers are traditionally determined from analyses of soil or plant tissues. Alternatively, diagnostic genes with altered expression under Pi limiting conditions that suggest a physiological requirement for Pi fertilisation, could be used to manage Pifertiliser applications, and might be more precise than indirect measurements of soil or tissue samples. RESULTS We grew potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants hydroponically, under glasshouse conditions, to control their nutrient status accurately. Samples of total leaf RNA taken periodically after Pi was removed from the nutrient solution were labelled and hybridised to potato oligonucleotide arrays. A total of 1,659 genes were significantly differentially expressed following Pi withdrawal. These included genes that encode proteins involved in lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, characteristic of Pi deficient leaves and included potential novel roles for genes encoding patatin like proteins in potatoes. The array data were analysed using a support vector machine algorithm to identify groups of genes that could predict the Pi status of the crop. These groups of diagnostic genes were tested using field grown potatoes that had either been fertilised or unfertilised. A group of 200 genes could correctly predict the Pi status of field grown potatoes. CONCLUSIONS This paper provides a proof-of-concept demonstration for using microarrays and class prediction tools to predict the Pi status of a field grown potato crop. There is potential to develop this technology for other biotic and abiotic stresses in field grown crops. Ultimately, a better understanding of crop stresses may improve our management of the crop, improving the sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Hammond
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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Webster RE, Dean AP, Pittman JK. Cadmium exposure and phosphorus limitation increases metal content in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:7489-7496. [PMID: 21809879 DOI: 10.1021/es200814c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of metal accumulation in freshwater microalgae are important to elucidate for a full understanding of metal cycling and toxicity in a freshwater system. This study has utilized an elemental profiling approach to investigate the impacts of Cd exposure and phosphorus (P) availability on metal accumulation after 7 days in batch culture-grown Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Multivariate statistical analysis of the elemental data demonstrated distinct responses between both stresses. Sublethal concentrations of Cd (up to 15 μM) caused increased accumulation of Co. Cu, Fe, and Zn content also increased in response to enhanced Cd concentrations but only when P availability was low. While Cd exposure effected the accumulation of a few specific metals, P limitation increased the accumulation of all essential trace metals and macronutrients analyzed including Co, Fe, K, Na, and Zn but not Mn. The accumulation of Cd also markedly increased in response to P limitation. The impact of P availability on essential metal accumulation was the same when either inorganic P or an organic P source (glycerophosphate) was used. These results highlight the potential risks of metal toxicity for freshwater microalgae and aquatic food chains when P availability is limiting and which can be exacerbated by Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Webster
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Smith JT, Bowes MJ, Cailes CR. A review and model assessment of (32)P and (33)P uptake to biota in freshwater systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:317-325. [PMID: 21324571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of key short-lived radionuclides such as (131)I and (32,33)P may be over-estimated since concentration ratios (CRs) are often based on values for the corresponding stable isotope which do not account for radioactive decay during uptake via the food chain. This study presents estimates for bioaccumulation of radioactive phosphorus which account for both radioactive decay and varying ambient levels of stable P in the environment. Recommended interim CR values for radioactive forms of P as a function of bioavailable stable phosphorus in the water body are presented. Values of CR are presented for three different trophic levels of the aquatic food chain; foodstuffs from all three trophic levels may potentially be consumed by humans. It is concluded that current recommended values of the CR are likely to be significantly over-estimated for radioactive phosphorus in many freshwater systems, particularly lowland rivers. Further research is recommended to field-validate these models and assess their uncertainty. The relative importance of food-chain uptake and direct uptake from water are also assessed from a review of the literature. It can be concluded that food-chain uptake is the dominant accumulation pathway in fish and hence accumulation factors for radioactive phosphorus in farmed fish are likely to be significantly lower than those for wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Smith
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Bldg, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK.
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Johnson AC. Natural variations in flow are critical in determining concentrations of point source contaminants in rivers: an estrogen example. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7865-7870. [PMID: 20873733 DOI: 10.1021/es101799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Daily steroid estrogen concentrations as 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2 equiv.) were modeled from 1992 to 2008 for single locations on the well populated Thames and Soar rivers in England. The historic daily mean flow values which were the basis of this exercise came from a selected gauging site on each river. The natural variation in flow from winter to summer typically produced a 20- to 30-fold difference in predicted estrogen concentration over the course of a year. Based on all the predicted values from minimum to maximum over the 1992 to 2008 period there was a 98-fold difference in estrogen concentrations on the basis of flow alone for the Thames (0.1-12.7 ng/L E2 equiv.) and 67-fold for the Soar (0.2-13.3 ng/L E2 equiv.). This compares to a predicted 0.5-fold difference that could arise from differences in sewage treatment and 0.1-fold difference due to differences in in-stream biodegradation. The seasonal variation in flow generated a repeating "roller coaster" in predicted estrogen concentrations. Regularly measured phosphate data for the river Avon over the period 1993 to 1996, where point sources also dominate, was compared against flow and predicted estrogen concentrations. The pattern of predicted estrogen and measured total phosphate concentration were very closely related. This dramatic variation in contaminant concentration over the year due to flow poses questions over what we mean by environmental relevance and the representation of the real environment in aquatic ecotoxicity tests.
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White PJ, Brown PH. Plant nutrition for sustainable development and global health. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 105:1073-80. [PMID: 20430785 PMCID: PMC2887071 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants require at least 14 mineral elements for their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and the micronutrients chlorine (Cl), boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). These are generally obtained from the soil. Crop production is often limited by low phytoavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive concentrations of potentially toxic mineral elements, such as sodium (Na), Cl, B, Fe, Mn and aluminium (Al), in the soil solution. SCOPE This article provides the context for a Special Issue of the Annals of Botany on 'Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Development and Global Health'. It provides an introduction to plant mineral nutrition and explains how mineral elements are taken up by roots and distributed within plants. It introduces the concept of the ionome (the elemental composition of a subcellular structure, cell, tissue or organism), and observes that the activities of key transport proteins determine species-specific, tissue and cellular ionomes. It then describes how current research is addressing the problems of mineral toxicities in agricultural soils to provide food security and the optimization of fertilizer applications for economic and environmental sustainability. It concludes with a perspective on how agriculture can produce edible crops that contribute sufficient mineral elements for adequate animal and human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J White
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD25DA, UK.
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Neal C, Jarvie HP, Withers PJA, Whitton BA, Neal M. The strategic significance of wastewater sources to pollutant phosphorus levels in English rivers and to environmental management for rural, agricultural and urban catchments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1485-1500. [PMID: 20097406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between soluble and particulate phosphorus was examined for 9 major UK rivers including 26 major tributaries and 68 monitoring points, covering wide-ranging rural and agricultural/urban impacted systems with catchment areas varying from 1 to 6000km(2) scales. Phosphorus concentrations in Soluble Reactive (SRP), Total Dissolved (TDP), Total (TP), Dissolved Hydrolysable (DHP) and Particulate (PP) forms correlated with effluent markers (sodium and boron) and SRP was generally dominant signifying the importance of sewage sources. Low flows were particularly enriched in SRP, TDP and TP for average SRP>100microg/l indicating low effluent dilution. At particularly low average concentrations, SRP increased with flow but effluent sources were still implicated as the effluent markers (boron in particular) increased likewise. For rural areas, DHP had proportionately high concentrations and SRP+DHP concentrations could exceed environmental thresholds currently set for SRP. Given DHP has a high bioavailability the environmental implications need further consideration. PP concentrations were generally highest at high flows but PP in the suspended solids was generally at its lowest and in general PP correlated with particulate organic carbon and more so than the suspended sediment in total. Separation of pollutant inputs solely between effluent and diffuse (agriculture) components is misleading, as part of the "diffuse" term comprises effluents flushed from the catchments during high flow. Effluent sources of phosphorus supplied directly or indirectly to the river coupled with within-river interactions between water/sediment/biota largely determine pollutant levels. The study flags the fundamental need of placing direct and indirect effluent sources and contaminated storage with interchange to/from the river at the focus for remediation strategies for UK rivers in relation to eutrophication and the WFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Neal
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (Wallingford), Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxon, UK.
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Neal C, Jarvie HP, Williams R, Love A, Neal M, Wickham H, Harman S, Armstrong L. Declines in phosphorus concentration in the upper River Thames (UK): links to sewage effluent cleanup and extended end-member mixing analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:1315-30. [PMID: 19919876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus concentrations in the upper River Thames Basin (southeastern England) are described and linked to sewage effluent sources. Weekly surveys between 1997 and 2007 of the Thames and two of its major tributaries, the Thame and the Kennet indicated that phosphorus was mainly in soluble reactive (SRP) form. Baseflow concentrations in the Thames reduced from 1584microg/l in 1998 to 376microg/l in 2006 and from 2655 to 715microg/l for the Thame. Flow response, flux and endmember mixing analysis indicated that these declines resulted from SRP reductions in sewage treatment works (STW) effluent following phosphorus stripping for the major STWs in the region. This was confirmed by comparing our analysis with direct measurements of SRP in the effluents based on Environment Agency data. A within-river loss under baseflow of approximately 64% (range 56-78%) of the SRP-effluent input was estimated for the Thames, with a near balance for the Thame. SRP concentrations in the Kennet were an order of magnitude lower than the Thames/Thame: non-point sources dominated and were important for all the rivers at high flows. It was concluded that removal of SRP from effluents would be insufficient SRP in the Thames and Thame to meet annual average environmental targets of 50 to 120microg/l. The paper flags the value of combining hydrological/chemical tracing and concentration/flux approaches to data interrogation and the bonus of having actual measurements of the effluent. It highlights the need for fuller assessment of water storage/sediment/biota interactions for phosphorus and for caution in using boron as a long-term tracer for effluent inputs, its concentrations having declined markedly in response to reduced usage in washing powders: the value of using sodium as a tracer for examining SRP changes is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Neal
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, OXON, UK.
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Cao HX, Zhang ZB, Sun CX, Shao HB, Song WY, Xu P. Chromosomal location of traits associated with wheat seedling water and phosphorus use efficiency under different water and phosphorus stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4116-4136. [PMID: 19865535 PMCID: PMC2769139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10094116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to locate chromosomes for improving water and phosphorus-deficiency tolerance of wheat at the seedling stage. A set of Chinese Spring-Egyptian Red wheat substitution lines and their parent Chinese Spring (recipient) and Egyptian Red (donor) cultivars were measured to determine the chromosomal locations of genes controlling water use efficiency (WUE) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) under different water and phosphorus conditions. The results underlined that chromosomes 1A, 7A, 7B, and 3A showed higher leaf water use efficiency (WUEl = Pn/Tr; Pn = photosynthetic rate; Tr = transpiration rate) under W-P (Hoagland solution with 1/2P), -W-P (Hoagland solution with 1/2P and 10% PEG). Chromosomes 7A, 3D, 2B, 3B, and 4B may carry genes for positive effects on individual plant water use efficiency (WUEp = biomass/TWC; TWC = total water consumption) under WP (Hoagland solution), W-P and -W-P treatment. Chromosomes 7A and 7D carry genes for PUE enhancement under WP, -WP (Hoagland solution with 10% PEG) and W-P treatment. Chromosome 7A possibly has genes for controlling WUE and PUE simultaneously, which indicates that WUE and PUE may share the same genetic background. Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the investigated traits showed that photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr), Tr and WUEl showed significant positive and negative correlations under WP, W-P, -WP and -W-P, W-P, -WP treatments, respectively. Dry mass (DM), WUEP, PUT (phosphorus uptake) all showed significant positive correlation under WP, W-P and -WP treatment. PUE and phosphorus uptake (PUT = P uptake per plant) showed significant negative correlation under the four treatments. The results might provide useful information for improving WUE and PUE in wheat genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xing Cao
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, CAS, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China; E-Mails: (H.-X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhang
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, CAS, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China; E-Mails: (H.-X.C.); (P.X.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.B.Z.); (H.B.S.); Tel. +86-0-311-85886648; Fax: +86-0-311-85815093
| | - Cheng-Xu Sun
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, China; E-Mail: (C.-X.S.)
| | - Hong-Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, China
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research for Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Qingdao University of Science& Technology, Qingdao266042, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.B.Z.); (H.B.S.); Tel. +86-0-311-85886648; Fax: +86-0-311-85815093
| | - Wei-Yi Song
- Biology Department, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; E-Mail: (W.-Y.S.)
| | - Ping Xu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, CAS, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China; E-Mails: (H.-X.C.); (P.X.)
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Deasy C, Quinton JN, Silgram M, Bailey AP, Jackson B, Stevens CJ. Mitigation options for sediment and phosphorus loss from winter-sown Arable Crops. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:2121-2130. [PMID: 19704154 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sediment and P inputs to freshwaters from agriculture are a major problem in the United Kingdom (UK). This study investigated mitigation options for diffuse pollution losses from arable land. Field trials were undertaken at the hillslope scale over three winters at three UK sites with silt (Oxyaquic Hapludalf), sand (Udic Haplustept), and clay (Typic Haplaquept) soils. None of the mitigation treatments was effective in every year trialled, but each showed overall average reductions in losses. Over five site years, breaking up the compaction in tramlines (tractor wheel tracks) using a tine reduced losses of sediment and P to losses similar to those observed from areas without tramlines, with an average reduction in P loss of 1.06 kg TP ha(-1). Compared to traditional plowing, TP losses under minimum tillage were reduced by 0.30 kg TP ha(-1) over five site years, TP losses under contour cultivation were reduced by 0.30 kg TP ha(-1) over two site years, and TP losses using in-field barriers were reduced by 0.24 kg TP ha(-1) over two site years. In one site year, reductions in losses due to crop residue incorporation were not significant. Each of the mitigation options trialled is associated with a small cost at the farm-scale of up to pound5 ha(-1), or with cost savings. The results indicate that each of the treatments has the potential to be a cost-effective mitigation option, but that tramline management is the most promising treatment, because tramlines dominate sediment and P transfer in surface runoff from arable hillslopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Deasy
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Hammond JP, Broadley MR, White PJ, King GJ, Bowen HC, Hayden R, Meacham MC, Mead A, Overs T, Spracklen WP, Greenwood DJ. Shoot yield drives phosphorus use efficiency in Brassica oleracea and correlates with root architecture traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1953-68. [PMID: 19346243 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and financial costs of using inorganic phosphate fertilizers to maintain crop yield and quality are high. Breeding crops that acquire and use phosphorus (P) more efficiently could reduce these costs. The variation in shoot P concentration (shoot-P) and various measures of P use efficiency (PUE) were quantified among 355 Brassica oleracea L. accessions, 74 current commercial cultivars, and 90 doubled haploid (DH) mapping lines from a reference genetic mapping population. Accessions were grown at two or more external P concentrations in glasshouse experiments; commercial and DH accessions were also grown in replicated field experiments. Within the substantial species-wide diversity observed for shoot-P and various measures of PUE in B. oleracea, current commercial cultivars have greater PUE than would be expected by chance. This may be a consequence of breeding for increased yield, which is a significant component of most measures of PUE, or early establishment. Root development and architecture correlate with PUE; in particular, lateral root number, length, and growth rate. Significant quantitative trait loci associated with shoot-P and PUE occur on chromosomes C3 and C7. These data provide information to initiate breeding programmes to improve PUE in B. oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Hammond
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
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