1
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Lee JY, Huh HD, Lee DK, Park SY, Shin JE, Gee HY, Park HW. Reprogramming anchorage dependency to develop cell lines for recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400104. [PMID: 38700448 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
As the biopharmaceutical industry continues to mature in its cost-effectiveness and productivity, many companies have begun employing larger-scale biomanufacturing and bioprocessing protocols. While many of these protocols require cells with anchorage-independent growth, it remains challenging to induce the necessary suspension adaptations in many different cell types. In addition, although transfection efficiency is an important consideration for all cells, especially for therapeutic protein production, cells in suspension are generally more difficult to transfect than adherent cells. Thus, much of the biomanufacturing industry is focused on the development of new human cell lines with properties that can support more efficient biopharmaceutical production. With this in mind, we identified a set of "Adherent-to-Suspension Transition" (AST) factors, IKZF1, BTG2 and KLF1, the expression of which induces adherent cells to acquire anchorage-independent growth. Working from the HEK293A cell line, we established 293-AST cells and 293-AST-TetR cells for inducible and reversible reprogramming of anchorage dependency. Surprisingly, we found that the AST-TetR system induces the necessary suspension adaptations with an accompanying increase in transfection efficiency and protein expression rate. Our AST-TetR system therefore represents a novel technological platform for the development of cell lines used for generating therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin D Huh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Morales LC, Rajendran A, Ansari A, Kc R, Nasrullah M, Kiti K, Yotsomnuk P, Kulka M, Meenakshi Sundaram DN, Uludağ H. Biodistribution of Therapeutic Small Interfering RNAs Delivered with Lipid-Substituted Polyethylenimine-Based Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1436-1449. [PMID: 38291705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as a powerful tool to manipulate gene expression in vitro. However, their potential therapeutic application encounters significant challenges, such as degradation in vivo, limited cellular uptake, and restricted biodistribution, among others. This study evaluates the siRNA delivery efficiency of three different lipid-substituted polyethylenimine (PEI)-based carriers, named Leu-Fect A-C, to different organs in vivo, including xenograft tumors, when injected into the bloodstream of mice. The siRNA analysis was undertaken by stem-loop RT-PCR, followed by qPCR or digital droplet PCR. Formulating siRNAs with a Leu-Fect series of carriers generated nanoparticles that effectively delivered the siRNAs into K652 and MV4-11 cells, both models of leukemia. The Leu-Fect carriers were able to successfully deliver BCR-Abl and FLT3 siRNAs into leukemia xenograft tumors in mice. All three carriers demonstrated significantly enhanced siRNA delivery into organs other than the liver, including the xenograft tumors. Preferential biodistribution of siRNAs was observed in the lungs and spleen. Among the delivery systems, Leu-Fect A exhibited the highest biodistribution into organs. In conclusion, lipid-substituted PEI-based delivery systems offer improvements in addressing pharmacokinetic challenges associated with siRNA-based therapies, thus opening avenues for their potential translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Morales
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Amarnath Rajendran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Aysha Ansari
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Remant Kc
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohammad Nasrullah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kitipong Kiti
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Panadda Yotsomnuk
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang,Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | | | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Ubeda Gutierrez AM, Remant Bahadur KC, Brandwein J, Uludağ H. Exploring the Potential of siRNA Delivery in Acute Myeloid Leukemia for Therapeutic Silencing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3167. [PMID: 38133064 PMCID: PMC10745893 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of using siRNA therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by developing macromolecular carriers that facilitated intracellular delivery of siRNA. The carriers were derived from low-molecular-weight (<2 kDa) polyethyleneimine (PEI) and modified with a range of aliphatic lipids. We identified linoleic acid and lauric acid-modified PEI as optimal carriers for siRNA delivery to AML cell lines KG1 and KG1a, as well as AML patient-derived mononuclear cells. As they have been proven to be potent targets in the treatment of AML, we examined the silencing of BCL2L12 and survivin and showed how it leads to the decrease in proliferation of KG1 and stem-cell-like KG1a cells. By optimizing the transfection schedule, we were able to enhance the effect of the siRNAs on proliferation over a period of 10 days. We additionally showed that with proper modifications of PEI, other genes, including MAP2K3, CDC20, and SOD-1, could be targeted to decrease the proliferation of AML cells. Our studies demonstrated the versatility of siRNA delivery with modified PEI to elicit an effect in leukemic cells that are difficult to transfect, offering an alternative to conventional drugs for more precise and targeted treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyeld M. Ubeda Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - K. C. Remant Bahadur
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Joseph Brandwein
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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4
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Abbas G, Cui M, Wang D, Li M, Zhang XE. Construction of Genetically Encoded Biosensors to Monitor Subcellular Compartment-Specific Glutathione Response to Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2838-2847. [PMID: 36701391 PMCID: PMC9909732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), the constituent of the redox buffer system, is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and its ratio to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is a key indicator of oxidative stress in the cell. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematopoietic malignancy characterized by aberrant levels of reduced and oxidized GSH due to oxidative stress. Therefore, the real-time, dynamic, and highly sensitive detection of GSH/GSSG in AML cells is of great interest for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of leukemia. The application of genetically encoded sensors to monitor GSH/GSSG levels in AML cells is not explored, and the underlying mechanism of how the drugs affect GSH/GSSG dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we developed subcellular compartment-specific sensors to monitor GSH/GSSG combined with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy that provides insights into basal GSH/GSSG levels in the cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum of AML cells, in a decreasing order, revealing substantial heterogeneity of GSH/GSSG level dynamics in different subcellular compartments. Further, we investigated the response of GSH/GSSG ratio in AML cells caused by Prussian blue and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, separately and in combination with cytarabine, pointing to steep gradients. Moreover, cytarabine and doxorubicin downregulated the GSH/GSSG levels in different subcellular compartments. Similarly, live-cell imaging showed a compartment-specific decrease in response to various drugs, such as CB-839, parthenolide (PTL), and piperlongumine (PLM). The enzymatic activity assay revealed the mechanism underlying fluctuations in GSH/GSSG levels in different subcellular compartments mediated by these drugs in the GSH metabolic pathway, suggesting some potential therapeutic targets in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Cui
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Li
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Faculty
of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute
of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Apolipoprotein C3 facilitates internalization of cationic lipid nanoparticles into bone marrow-derived mouse mast cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:431. [PMID: 36624108 PMCID: PMC9828384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), are hematopoetically-derived secretory immune cells that release preformed as well as de novo synthesized inflammatory mediators in response to activation by several stimuli. Based on their role in inflammatory responses, particularly in the lung and skin, MCs provide an effective target for anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies. Drug-delivery of lipophilic payloads to MCs can be challenging due to their functionally distinct intracellular structures. In the present study, pH-sensitive cationic lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) composed of DODMA, DODAP or DOTAP lipids that encapsulated a GFP or eGFP plasmid were constructed using non-turbulent microfluidic mixing. This approach achieved up to 75-92% encapsulation efficiency. Dynamic light scattering revealed a uniformly sized and homogeneous dispersion of LNPs. To promote cellular internalization, LNPs were complexed with apolipoproteins, amphipathic proteins capable of binding lipids and facilitating their transport into cells. Cryo-TEM analysis showed that LNP structure was differentially modified when associated with different types of apolipoproteins. LNP preparations made up of DODMA or DODMA, DODAP and DOTAP lipids were coated with seven apolipoproteins (Apo A1, B, C3, D, E2, E4 and H). Differentiated bone-marrow derived mouse mast cells (BMMCs) were exposed to apolipoprotein-LNP and internalization was measured using flow cytometry. Out of all the apolipoproteins tested, ApoC3 most efficiently facilitated cellular internalization of the LNP into BMMCs as determined by GFP fluorescence using flow cytometry. These effects were confirmed in a less differentiated but also interleukin-3-dependent model of mouse mast cells, MC/9. ApoC3-LNP enhanced internalization by BMMC in a concentration-dependent manner and this was significantly increased when BMMC were pre-treated with inhibitors of actin polymerization, suggesting a dependence on intracellular shuttling. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) decreased ApoC3-LNP internalization and reduced the expression of apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), suggesting that ApoC3-LNP binding to ApoER2 may be responsible for its enhanced internalization. Furthermore, ApoC3 fails to facilitate internalization of LNPs in Lrp8-/- KO BMMC that do not express ApoER2 on their cell surface. Altogether, our studies reveal an important role of ApoC3 in facilitating internalization of cationic LNPs into MCs.
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6
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Hanson MG, Grimme CJ, Santa Chalarca CF, Reineke TM. Cationic Micelles Outperform Linear Polymers for Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in Serum: An Exploration of Polymer Architecture, Cationic Moieties, and Cell Addition Order. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2121-2131. [PMID: 36265078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are an important emerging therapeutic; however, they struggle to enter cells without a delivery vehicle, such as a cationic polymer. To understand the role of polymer architecture for ASO delivery, five linear polymers and five diblock polymers (capable of self-assembly into micelles) were synthesized with varying cationic groups. After complexation of each polymer/micelle with ASO, it was found that less bulky cationic moieties transfected the ASO more effectively. Interestingly, however the ASO internalization trend was the opposite of the transfection trend for cationic moiety, indicating internalization is not the major factor in determining transfection efficiency for this series. Micelleplexes (micelle-ASO complexes) generally enable higher transfection efficacy as compared to polyplexes (linear polymer-ASO complexes). Additionally, the order of addition of cells and complexes was explored. Linear polyplexes showed better transfection efficiency in adhered cells, whereas micelleplexes delivered the ASO more efficiently when the cells and micelleplexes were added simultaneously. This phenomenon may be due to increased cell-complex interactions as micelleplexes have increased colloidal stability compared to polyplexes. These findings emphasize the importance of polymer composition and architecture in governing the cellular interactions necessary for transfection, thus allowing advancement in the design principles for nonviral nucleic acid delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cristiam F Santa Chalarca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Lard M, Ho BD, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO, Prinz CN. Use of dielectrophoresis for directing T cells to microwells before nanostraw transfection: modelling and experiments. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30295-30303. [PMID: 36337971 PMCID: PMC9589401 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostraw substrates have great potential for achieving minimally invasive cell transfection. Cells located on the nanostraw substrate are subjected to mild DC electric pulses applied across the nanostraw substrate, which open pores in the cell membrane on top of the nanostraws and drives charged cargo through these pores via electrophoresis. However, with this method, the current may leak through uncovered nanostraws, thereby decreasing the desired effect in the cell-covered nanostraws. A minimization of the number of uncovered nanostraws could be achieved by high cell coverage, but this is challenging when working with small cell populations. Nanostraw substrates of smaller area could be covered by smaller cell populations but are hard to integrate into fluidics systems. Here, we use simulations and experiments to show that this issue can be addressed by covering the nanostraw substrate with an insulating layer containing pores of similar size to cells. The pores act as traps into which cells can be guided using dielectrophoresis, ensuring a high degree of occupancy while maintaining a high cell viability, even if the total number of cells is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Bao D Ho
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Jason P Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
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8
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Cui M, Abbas G, Wang D, Liu Q, Gong R, Li M, Zhang XE. Genetically encoded redox biosensor system for H 2O 2 measurement in four subcellular compartments in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1259-1262. [PMID: 35192125 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Rui Gong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Wang S, Tian D. High transfection efficiency and cell viability of immune cells with nanomaterials-based transfection reagent. Biotechniques 2022; 72:219-224. [PMID: 35369729 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene manipulation in non-adhesive cells, especially lymphocytes, was difficult due to their low efficiency and high toxicity. Electroporation was reported as a highly efficient method for human and mouse lymphocytes. However, this method requires expensive equipment and causes severe cell damage. Here, the authors present a simple and efficient method to deliver siRNA into lymphocytes with high efficiency and cell viability. This nanomaterials-based transfection reagent was simple and cost-effective and can perform multiple transfections, which further increase the overall efficiency. This method should be applicable for many cell lines and can be used to decipher gene functions of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
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10
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Bento L, Vögler O, Sas-Barbeito A, Muncunill J, Ros T, Martínez J, Quintero-Duarte A, Ramos R, Asensio VJ, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Salar A, Navarro A, del Campo R, Ibarra J, Alemany R, Gutiérrez A. Screening for Prognostic microRNAs Associated with Treatment Failure in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041065. [PMID: 35205813 PMCID: PMC8870558 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Around 30–40% of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma suffer early relapse after standard chemotherapy, but today no prediction whether a patient belongs to this group is possible. MicroRNA are small nucleotide sequences that regulate cellular functions via post-transcriptional modification of gene expression and can serve as prognostic biomarkers. A novel two-step strategy first used a small patient discovery group to identify possible microRNA candidates by comparing their levels in chemosensitive and chemoresistant patients via microarray. Overexpression of these microRNA was then analyzed in a large patient cohort and, as a result, three new microRNA biomarkers with prognostic potential could be identified. Early identification of those patients being at risk of failure with standard therapy is a prerequisite to develop more efficient treatments and a step towards precision medicine. Abstract Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treatment with R-CHOP regimen produces 5-year progression-free survival and overall survival of around 60–70%. Our objective was to discover prognostic biomarkers allowing early detection of the remaining 30–40% with poor long-term outcome. For this purpose, we applied a novel strategy: from a cohort of DLBCL patients, treated with standard therapy, a discovery group of 12 patients with poor prognosis (advanced stage III–IV, R-IPI > 2) was formed, consisting of six chemoresistant (refractory/early relapse < 12 months) and six chemosensitive (complete remission > 3 years) subjects. By using microarray assays, the most differentially expressed miRNAs were defined as an initial set of prognostic miRNA candidates. Their expression was then analyzed in a validation cohort of 68 patients and the three miRNAs with the most significant impact on event-free and overall survival were selected. In the DLBCL cell line U-2932 the transfection with miR-1244 and miR-193b-5p, but not miR-1231, blocked the effect of CHOP on cell viability. A subsequent gene set enrichment analysis in patients revealed the implication of the first two miRNAs in cell cycle control and chemoresistance-related pathways, whereas the last one was involved in immunological processes. In conclusion, this novel strategy identified three promising prognostic markers for DLBCL patients at high risk of failure with standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Bento
- Department of Hematology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain; (L.B.); (T.R.); (J.M.)
- Group of Clinic and Biology of Hematological Neoplasms, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Oliver Vögler
- Group of Advanced Therapies and Biomarkers in Clinical Oncology, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa-IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Adriana Sas-Barbeito
- Group of Clinic and Biology of Hematological Neoplasms, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (R.d.C.)
- Group of Advanced Therapies and Biomarkers in Clinical Oncology, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa-IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Josep Muncunill
- Group of Genomics-Bioinformatics Platform, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain;
| | - Teresa Ros
- Department of Hematology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain; (L.B.); (T.R.); (J.M.)
- Group of Clinic and Biology of Hematological Neoplasms, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Jordi Martínez
- Department of Hematology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain; (L.B.); (T.R.); (J.M.)
- Group of Clinic and Biology of Hematological Neoplasms, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (R.d.C.)
| | - Adriana Quintero-Duarte
- Department of Pathology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain; (A.Q.-D.); (R.R.)
| | - Rafael Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain; (A.Q.-D.); (R.R.)
| | - Víctor Jose Asensio
- Molecular Diagnosis and Clinical Genetics Unit (GENIB), Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain;
- Group of Health Genomics, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Concepción Fernández-Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Group of Applied Clinical Research in Hematology, Cancer Research Program-IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Antonio Salar
- Group of Applied Clinical Research in Hematology, Cancer Research Program-IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Hematology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfons Navarro
- Molecular Oncology and Embryology Laboratory, Human Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Raquel del Campo
- Group of Clinic and Biology of Hematological Neoplasms, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (R.d.C.)
- Department of Hematology, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain
| | - Javier Ibarra
- Department of Pathology, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, 07198 Palma, Spain;
| | - Regina Alemany
- Group of Advanced Therapies and Biomarkers in Clinical Oncology, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa-IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Group of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gutiérrez
- Department of Hematology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma, Spain; (L.B.); (T.R.); (J.M.)
- Group of Clinic and Biology of Hematological Neoplasms, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (R.d.C.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (A.G.)
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11
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Monnery BD. Polycation-Mediated Transfection: Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4060-4083. [PMID: 34498457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyplex-mediated gene transfection is now in its' fourth decade of serious research, but the promise of polyplex-mediated gene therapy has yet to fully materialize. Only approximately one in a million applied plasmids actually expresses. A large part of this is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of polyplex transfection. There is an assumption that internalization must follow a canonical mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis. Herein, we present arguments that untargeted (and most targeted) polyplexes do not utilize these routes. By incorporating knowledge of syndecan-polyplex interactions, we can show that syndecans are the "target" for polyplexes. Further, it is known that free polycations (which disrupt cell-membranes by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid esters) are necessary for (untargeted) endocytosis. This can be incorporated into the model to produce a novel mechanism of endocytosis, which fits the observed phenomenology. After membrane translocation, polyplex containing vesicles reach the endosome after diffusing through the actin mesh below the cell membrane. From there, they are acidified and trafficked toward the lysosome. Some polyplexes are capable of escaping the endosome and unpacking, while others are not. Herein, it is argued that for some polycations, as acidification proceeds the polyplexes excluding free polycations, which disrupt the endosomal membrane by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, allowing the polyplex to escape. The polyplex's internal charge ratio is now insufficient for stability and it releases plasmids which diffuse to the nucleus. A small proportion of these plasmids diffuse through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), with aggregation being the major cause of loss. Those plasmids that have diffused through the NPC will also aggregate, and this appears to be the reason such a small proportion of nuclear plasmids express mRNA. Thus, the structural features which promote unpacking in the endosome and allow for endosomal escape can be determined, and better polycations can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Monnery
- Department of Organic and (Bio)Polymer Chemistry, Hasselt University, Building F, Agoralaan 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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12
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Wu Y, Fu A, Yossifon G. Micromotor-based localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106353118. [PMID: 34531322 PMCID: PMC8463876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106353118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we studied localized electroporation and gene transfection of mammalian cells using a metallodielectric hybrid micromotor that is magnetically and electrically powered. Much like nanochannel-based, local electroporation of single cells, the presented micromotor was expected to increase reversible electroporation yield, relative to standard electroporation, as only a small portion of the cell's membrane (in contact with the micromotor) is affected. In contrast to methods in which the entire membrane of all cells within the sample are electroporated, the presented micromotor can perform, via magnetic steering, localized, spatially precise electroporation of the target cells that it traps and transports. In order to minimize nonselective electrical lysis of all cells within the chamber, resulting from extended exposure to an electrical field, magnetic propulsion was used to approach the immediate vicinity of the targeted cell, after which short-duration, electric-driven propulsion was activated to enable contact with the cell, followed by electroporation. In addition to local injection of fluorescent dye molecules, we demonstrated that the micromotor can enhance the introduction of plasmids into the suspension cells because of the dielectrophoretic accumulation of the plasmids in between the Janus particle and the attached cell prior to the electroporation step. Here, we chose a different strategy involving the simultaneous operation of many micromotors that are self-propelling, without external steering, and pair with cells in an autonomic manner. The locally electroporated suspension cells that are considered to be very difficult to transfect were shown to express the transfected gene, which is of significant importance for molecular biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-, and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Afu Fu
- Technion Rappaport Integrated Cancer Center, the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro-, and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
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13
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Adherent and suspension baby hamster kidney cells have a different cytoskeleton and surface receptor repertoire. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246610. [PMID: 34086711 PMCID: PMC8177424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cell culture, with single cells growing in suspension, ideally in a chemically defined environment, is a mainstay of biopharmaceutical production. The synthetic environment lacks exogenous growth factors and usually requires a time-consuming adaptation process to select cell clones that proliferate in suspension to high cell numbers. The molecular mechanisms that facilitate the adaptation and that take place inside the cell are largely unknown. Especially for cell lines that are used for virus antigen production such as baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, the restriction of virus growth through the evolution of undesired cell characteristics is highly unwanted. The comparison between adherently growing BHK cells and suspension cells with different susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus revealed differences in the expression of cellular receptors such as integrins and heparan sulfates, and in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Transcriptome analyses and growth kinetics demonstrated the diversity of BHK cell lines and confirmed the importance of well-characterized parental cell clones and mindful screening to make sure that essential cellular features do not get lost during adaptation.
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14
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Chong ZX, Yeap SK, Ho WY. Transfection types, methods and strategies: a technical review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11165. [PMID: 33976969 PMCID: PMC8067914 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection is a modern and powerful method used to insert foreign nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. The ability to modify host cells' genetic content enables the broad application of this process in studying normal cellular processes, disease molecular mechanism and gene therapeutic effect. In this review, we summarized and compared the findings from various reported literature on the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of various transfection methods, type of transfected nucleic acids, transfection controls and approaches to assess transfection efficiency. With the vast choices of approaches available, we hope that this review will help researchers, especially those new to the field, in their decision making over the transfection protocol or strategy appropriate for their experimental aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong Chong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Ramesan S, Rezk AR, Cevaal PM, Cortez-Jugo C, Symons J, Yeo LY. Acoustofection: High-Frequency Vibrational Membrane Permeabilization for Intracellular siRNA Delivery into Nonadherent Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2781-2789. [PMID: 35014317 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The internalization of therapeutic molecules into cells-a critical step in enabling a suite of autologous ex vivo gene and cell therapies-is highly regulated by the lipid barrier imposed by the cell membrane. Strategies to increase the efficiency of delivering these exogenous payloads into the cell, while maintaining the integrity of both the therapeutic molecules to be delivered as well as the host cells they are delivered to, are therefore required. This is especially the case for suspension cells that are particularly difficult to transfect. In this work, we show that it is possible to enhance the uptake of short interfering RNA (siRNA) into nonadherent Jurkat and HuT 78 cells with a rapid poration-free method involving high-frequency (MHz order) acoustic excitation. The 2-fold enhancement in gene knockdown is almost comparable with that obtained with conventional nucleofection, which is among the most widely used intracellular delivery methods, but with considerably higher cell viabilities (>91% compared to approximately 76%) owing to the absence of pore formation. The rapid and effective delivery afforded by the platform, together with its low cost and scalability, therefore renders it a potent tool in the cell engineering pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwathy Ramesan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paula M Cevaal
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jori Symons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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16
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Richter F, Mapfumo P, Martin L, Solomun JI, Hausig F, Frietsch JJ, Ernst T, Hoeppener S, Brendel JC, Traeger A. Improved gene delivery to K-562 leukemia cells by lipoic acid modified block copolymer micelles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:70. [PMID: 33676500 PMCID: PMC7936509 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there has been substantial progress in the research field of gene delivery, there are some challenges remaining, e.g. there are still cell types such as primary cells and suspension cells (immune cells) known to be difficult to transfect. Cationic polymers have gained increasing attention due to their ability to bind, condense and mask genetic material, being amenable to scale up and highly variable in their composition. In addition, they can be combined with further monomers exhibiting desired biological and chemical properties, such as antioxidative, pH- and redox-responsive or biocompatible features. By introduction of hydrophobic monomers, in particular as block copolymers, cationic micelles can be formed possessing an improved chance of transfection in otherwise challenging cells. In this study, the antioxidant biomolecule lipoic acid, which can also be used as crosslinker, was incorporated into the hydrophobic block of a diblock copolymer, poly{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]101-b-[n-(butyl methacrylate)124-co-(lipoic acid methacrylate)22]} (P(DMAEMA101-b-[nBMA124-co-LAMA22])), synthesized by RAFT polymerization and assembled into micelles (LAMA-mic). These micelles were investigated regarding their pDNA binding, cytotoxicity mechanisms and transfection efficiency in K-562 and HEK293T cells, the former representing a difficult to transfect, suspension leukemia cell line. The LAMA-mic exhibited low cytotoxicity at applied concentrations but demonstrated superior transfection efficiency in HEK293T and especially K-562 cells. In-depth studies on the transfection mechanism revealed that transfection efficiency in K-562 cells does not depend on the specific oncogenic fusion gene BCR-ABL alone. It is independent of the cellular uptake of polymer-pDNA complexes but correlates with the endosomal escape of the LAMA-mic. A comparison of the transfection efficiency of the LAMA-mic with structurally comparable micelles without lipoic acid showed that lipoic acid is not solely responsible for the superior transfection efficiency of the LAMA-mic. More likely, a synergistic effect of the antioxidative lipoic acid and the micellar architecture was identified. Therefore, the incorporation of lipoic acid into the core of hydrophobic-cationic micelles represents a promising tailor-made transfer strategy, which can potentially be beneficial for other difficult to transfect cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Prosper Mapfumo
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Liam Martin
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana I Solomun
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Hausig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen J Frietsch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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17
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Rahimmanesh I, Totonchi M, Khanahmad H. The challenging nature of primary T lymphocytes for transfection: Effect of protamine sulfate on the transfection efficiency of chemical transfection reagents. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:437-446. [PMID: 33628285 PMCID: PMC7879792 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.297846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: The optimization of an effective non-viral gene delivery method for genetic manipulation of primary human T cells has been a major challenge in immunotherapy researches. Due to the poor transfection efficiency of conventional methods in T cells, there has been an effort to increase the transfection rate in these cells. Protamine is an FDA-approved compound with a documented safety profile that enhances DNA condensation for gene delivery. Experimental approach: In this study, the effect of protamine sulfate on the transfection efficiency of standard transfection reagents, was evaluated to transfect primary human T cells. In this regard, pre-condensation of DNA was applied using protamine, and the value of the zeta potential of DNA/protamine/cargo complexes was determined. T cells were transfected with DNA/protamine/cargo complexes. The transfection efficiency rate was evaluated by flow cytometry. Also, the green fluorescent protein expression level and cytotoxicity of each complex were identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction and MTT assay, respectively. Findings/Results: Our results demonstrated that protamine efficiently increases the positive charge of DNA/cargo complex without any cytotoxic effect on the primary human T cells. We observed that the transfection efficiency in DNA/protamine/ Lipofectamine® 2000 and DNA/protamine/TurboFect™ was 87.2% and 78.9%, respectively, while transfection of T cells by Lipofectamine® 2000 and TurboFect™ would not result in sufficient transfection. Conclusion and implications: Protamine sulfate enhanced the transfection rate of T cells; and could be a promising non-viral gene delivery method to achieve a safe, rapid, cost-effective, and efficient system which will be further applied in gene therapy and T cells manipulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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18
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Zhou L, Li R, Zhang R, Peng R, Chen K, Gao P, Zhang J, Zhang R, Li J. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology to prepare lymphoblastoid cell lines harboring genetic mutations for generating quality control materials in genetic testing. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23256. [PMID: 32118319 PMCID: PMC7370731 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To meet the requirements of the rapidly progressing genetic testing technologies in clinical laboratories, assuring the quality of genetic tests by utilizing appropriate quality control materials is of paramount importance. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to prepare quality control materials because genome-edited human cell lines are one of the major resources for quality control materials. METHODS In this study, in vitro transcribed sgRNA were transfected into a Cas9-expressing lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL)-by electroporation-to simulate the SEA-type deletion observed in α-thalassemia. The edited positive cell line was screened and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Sanger sequencing. The whole-genome sequencing was also performed to show evidence of predicted mutation. RESULTS The results showed that electroporation of the in vitro transcribed gRNAs into stable Cas9-expressing LCL was a more efficient gene-editing technique as compared to plasmid-mediated transfection, and that the positive rates could reach up to 35.9%. The predominance of indel sizes relative to the predicted deletion length was clustered between 10 and 0 bp. The results of whole-genome sequencing also demonstrated the existence of SEA-type deletion of α-thalassemia. CONCLUSIONS Gene-editing based on Cas9-expressing LCL by electroporation of sgRNA was a more efficient approach to introduce mutations for generating quality control materials for genetic testing. The edited lymphoblastoid cell lines were feasible to serve as quality control materials in genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Rui Li
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Runling Zhang
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Rongxue Peng
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Kun Chen
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Peng Gao
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical LaboratoriesBeijing HospitalNational Center of GerontologyBeijingChina
- Graduate SchoolPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
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19
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Liu Y, Tronser T, Peravali R, Reischl M, Levkin PA. High‐Throughput Screening of Cell Transfection Enhancers Using Miniaturized Droplet Microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900257. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Tina Tronser
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Ravindra Peravali
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Markus Reischl
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 6 Karlsruhe 76131 Germany
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20
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Tay A, Melosh N. Transfection with Nanostructure Electro‐Injection is Minimally Perturbative. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Nicholas Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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21
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Ju A, Lee SW, Lee YE, Han KC, Kim JC, Shin SC, Park HJ, EunKyeong Kim E, Hong S, Jang M. A carrier-free multiplexed gene editing system applicable for suspension cells. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119298. [PMID: 31280073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered cells via CRISPR/Cas9 system can serve as powerful sources for cancer immunotherapeutic applications. Furthermore, multiple genetic alterations are necessary to overcome tumor-induced immune-suppressive mechanisms. However, one of the major obstacles is the technical difficulty with efficient multiple gene manipulation of suspension cells due to the low transfection efficacy. Herein, we established a carrier-free multiplexed gene editing platform in a simplified method, which can enhance the function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells by modulating suspension cancer cells. Our multiple Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) enable simultaneous disruption of two programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) ligands, functioning as negative regulators in the immune system, by accessing engineered Cas9 proteins with abilities of complexation and cellular penetration. In addition, combination with electroporation enhanced multiple gene editing efficacy, compared with that by treatment of multiple Cas9 RNPs alone. This procedure resulted in high gene editing at multiple loci of suspension cells. The treatment of multiple Cas9 RNPs targeting both ligands strongly improved Th1-type cytokine production of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, resulting in synergistic cytotoxic effects against cancer. Simultaneous suppression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on cancer cells via our developed editing system allows effective anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, the treatment of multiple Cas9 RNPs targeting PD-L1, PD-L2, and TIM-3 had approximately 70-90% deletion efficacy. Thus, our multiplexed gene editing strategy endows potential clinical utilities in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ju
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Cheol Han
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Constituents of Research Center, Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Shin
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokmann Hong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Anticancer Medicine Development, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mihue Jang
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Improvement of K562 Cell Line Transduction by FBS Mediated Attachment to the Cell Culture Plate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9540702. [PMID: 31032368 PMCID: PMC6457364 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9540702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have been used for gene therapy in the clinical phase in recent years. These vectors provide a tool for gene insertion, deletion, or modification in organisms. The K562 human cell line has been used extensively in hematopoietic research. Despite its broad application, it is hard-to-transfection and transduction. So, this study presents a simple method to increase the transduction efficiency of K562 cells with a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of the virus particle. For this purpose, 24-well plate was coated by 300 μl fetal bovine serum (FBS) before seeding. Then 2×104 K562 cells were seeded in each FBS coated plate. After 24h, K562 cells were attached and doubled. Different amount of lentivirus-based GFP vector according to MOI (5, 10, 15, and 20) along with 8 μg polybrene was added to the attached K562 cells and after 6h cells and viral particle complex were spinfected. Then cells were returned to the plate and incubated in 37°C overnight. After 48h transduction efficiency was established by measuring the GFP-expressing cells by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis showed that, after plate treatment by FBS, 64.5% transduction rate in K562 cells was achieved at MOI=20. Therefore, this method can be an effective and simple way to increase the lentiviral transduction rate for suspended cells such as K562.
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Kim YH, Kwon SG, Bae SJ, Park SJ, Im DJ. Optimization of the droplet electroporation method for wild type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transformation. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 126:29-37. [PMID: 30472569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed the transformation of a wild type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by optimizing previously developed droplet EP method. For more effective and faster optimization, we used DNA dying fluorescent molecule (Yo-Pro-1) for finding optimal EP conditions instead of using protein expression based evaluation method. By examining wider range of electrical parameter space together with the analysis of total current flow of EP process, we found optimal EP conditions. The obtained optimal EP conditions were verified by CFP transgene expression experiments. By applying the optimal EP conditions to the transformation of C. reinhardtii, we obtained transformants and analyzed them using PCR. Finally, implications and future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, South Korea
| | - Sang Gu Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, South Korea
| | - Seo Jun Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, South Korea
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, South Korea
| | - Do Jin Im
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-Ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48547, South Korea.
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25
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Lu T, Lin Z, Ren J, Yao P, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang Q. The Non-Specific Binding of Fluorescent-Labeled MiRNAs on Cell Surface by Hydrophobic Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149751. [PMID: 26930565 PMCID: PMC4773022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs about 22 nt long that play key roles in almost all biological processes and diseases. The fluorescent labeling and lipofection are two common methods for changing the levels and locating the position of cellular miRNAs. Despite many studies about the mechanism of DNA/RNA lipofection, little is known about the characteristics, mechanisms and specificity of lipofection of fluorescent-labeled miRNAs. METHODS AND RESULTS Therefore, miRNAs labeled with different fluorescent dyes were transfected into adherent and suspension cells using lipofection reagent. Then, the non-specific binding and its mechanism were investigated by flow cytometer and laser confocal microscopy. The results showed that miRNAs labeled with Cy5 (cyanine fluorescent dye) could firmly bind to the surface of adherent cells (Hela) and suspended cells (K562) even without lipofection reagent. The binding of miRNAs labeled with FAM (carboxyl fluorescein) to K562 cells was obvious, but it was not significant in Hela cells. After lipofectamine reagent was added, most of the fluorescently labeled miRNAs binding to the surface of Hela cells were transfected into intra-cell because of the high transfection efficiency, however, most of them were still binding to the surface of K562 cells. Moreover, the high-salt buffer which could destroy the electrostatic interactions did not affect the above-mentioned non-specific binding, but the organic solvent which could destroy the hydrophobic interactions eliminated it. CONCLUSIONS These results implied that the fluorescent-labeled miRNAs could non-specifically bind to the cell surface by hydrophobic interaction. It would lead to significant errors in the estimation of transfection efficiency only according to the cellular fluorescence intensity. Therefore, other methods to evaluate the transfection efficiency and more appropriate fluorescent dyes should be used according to the cell types for the accuracy of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongwei Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Health Division of Guard Bureau, General Staff Department of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Jinan Firefighting Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Vasileiou T, Foresti D, Bayram A, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A. Toward Contactless Biology: Acoustophoretic DNA Transfection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20023. [PMID: 26828312 PMCID: PMC4734324 DOI: 10.1038/srep20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustophoresis revolutionized the field of container-less manipulation of liquids and solids by enabling mixing procedures which avoid contamination and loss of reagents due to the contact with the support. While its applications to chemistry and engineering are straightforward, additional developments are needed to obtain reliable biological protocols in a contactless environment. Here, we provide a first, fundamental step towards biological reactions in air by demonstrating the acoustophoretic DNA transfection of mammalian cells. We developed an original acoustophoretic design capable of levitating, moving and mixing biological suspensions of living mammalians cells and of DNA plasmids. The precise and sequential delivery of the mixed solutions into tissue culture plates is actuated by a novel mechanism based on the controlled actuation of the acoustophoretic force. The viability of the contactless procedure is tested using a cellular model sensitive to small perturbation of neuronal differentiation pathways. Additionally, the efficiency of the transfection procedure is compared to standard, container-based methods for both single and double DNA transfection and for different cell types including adherent growing HeLa cancer cells, and low adhesion neuron-like PC12 cells. In all, this work provides a proof of principle which paves the way to the development of high-throughput acoustophoretic biological reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vasileiou
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Foresti
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Northwest Labs, B146.40, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adem Bayram
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Im DJ, Jeong SN, Yoo BS, Kim B, Kim DP, Jeong WJ, Kang IS. Digital Microfluidic Approach for Efficient Electroporation with High Productivity: Transgene Expression of Microalgae without Cell Wall Removal. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6592-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Jin Im
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 608-739, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Won-Joong Jeong
- Sustainable Bioresource
Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology
(KRIBB), 125 Gawhak-ro, Yuseong-gu, DaeJeon 305-806, South Korea
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Şahin B, Fife J, Parmar MB, Valencia-Serna J, Gul-Uludağ H, Jiang X, Weinfeld M, Lavasanifar A, Uludağ H. siRNA therapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells using polymeric carriers. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9382-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Majumdar M, Ratho R, Chawla Y, Singh MP. Evaluating the role of low-speed centrifugation towards transfecting human peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:164-8. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.129806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the phospholipase D isoforms trafficking and activity in mast cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9005-17. [PMID: 23698760 PMCID: PMC3676769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on phospholipase D (PLD) trafficking and activity in mast cells was investigated. The enrichment of mast cells with different PUFA including α-linolenic acid (LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), linoleic acid (LA) or arachidonic acid (AA) revealed a PUFA-mediated modulation of the mastoparan-stimulated PLD trafficking and activity. All PUFA examined, except AA, prevented the migration of the PLD1 to the plasma membrane. For PLD2 no PUFA effects on trafficking could be observed. Moreover, PUFA supplementation resulted in an increase of mastoparan-stimulated total PLD activity, which correlated with the number of double bonds of the supplemented fatty acids. To investigate, which PLD isoform was affected by PUFA, stimulated mast cells were supplemented with DHA or AA in the presence of specific PLD-isoform inhibitors. It was found that both DHA and AA diminished the inhibition of PLD activity in the presence of a PLD1 inhibitor. By contrast, only AA diminished the inhibition of PLD activity in the presence of a PLD2 inhibitor. Thus, PUFA modulate the trafficking and activity of PLD isoforms in mast cells differently. This may, in part, account for the immunomodulatory effect of unsaturated fatty acids and contributes to our understanding of the modulation of mast cell activity by PUFA.
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