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Gosadi IM, Makeen AM, Alqassim AY, Aqeeli AA, Ryani MA, Bahri AA, Suwaydi HA, Najmi AA, Abualgasem MM. Khat chewing among parents and their children: A potential transgenerational effect. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:903-910. [PMID: 38736817 PMCID: PMC11086802 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1415_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Khat has a stimulating and addictive effect and can induce consequences on the health and socioeconomic status of khat chewers. Objectives This study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of khat chewing among parents in Jazan and its consequential effect on their children. Methods This cross-sectional investigation was conducted in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via a web-based, self-administered questionnaire measuring demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning khat chewing. The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to assess factors associated with khat chewing among parents and its consequential effect on their children. Results A total of 724 parents were included. The sample had an overall good knowledge about the health hazards of khat chewing and an attitude against khat chewing. Nonetheless, the number of parents who reported that they had ever tried khat chewing was 200 (27.6%) and 106 parents (14.6%) confirmed that their children were khat chewers. Additionally, 98 (13.5%) parents declared that they practiced khat chewing in front of their children. Higher frequencies of parents who reported providing khat to their children were identified among parents with higher attitude levels that favor khat chewing (P value = 0.04). Conclusions Efforts should be made to develop targeted preventive and educational strategies to reduce khat chewing among parents who have favorable attitudes toward khat chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab A. Aqeeli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A. Ryani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Bahri
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Suwaydi
- Department of Public Health in Jazan, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Najmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Fentie D, Solomon Y, Abebe F, Derese T, Tigstu F, Hailemariam T. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and their associations with overweight/obesity and impaired blood glucose among diabetic patients in Eastern Ethiopia: Institutional-based study. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231220784. [PMID: 38148763 PMCID: PMC10750549 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231220784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the burden of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its associations with overweight/obesity and impaired blood glucose among diabetic patients in Eastern Ethiopia. Method A total of 644 diabetic individuals were included in the study through systematic random sampling techniques. The Michigan neuropathy screening instrument was used to evaluate the presence of diabetic neuropathy. Data were presented using narrative, figures, and tables from the results of statistical analysis. The descriptive result was reported using frequency (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± SD for continuous measures, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Results The overall prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was 47.8% (95% CI: 43.9%-51.7%). Low monthly income (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.73), history of khat chewing (AOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.04, 4.907), impaired blood glucose (AOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.63, 1.94), physical inactivity (AOR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.36), and raised body mass index (AOR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.99) were factors significantly associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion The study emphasizes the value of early diabetic peripheral neuropathy detection and the widespread presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy risk factors in diabetes patients. Any initiative intended to lessen the burden of diabetic peripheral neuropathy-related morbidity and high health care costs must be implemented as a strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilnessa Fentie
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonatan Solomon
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Abebe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Derese
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Feven Tigstu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Tekleberhan Hailemariam
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Asfaw MS, Dagne WK. Physical activity can improve diabetes patients' glucose control; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12267. [PMID: 36578408 PMCID: PMC9791347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycemic control is vital to patient care, and it is still the most important treatment goal for reducing organ damage and other complications associated with diabetes. Physical activity is one of the factors that affects glycemic management. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to find, evaluate, and synthesize the best available information on the link between physical exercise and glycemic control in Ethiopian diabetes patients. Methods Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and African Journals Online were the databases searched. In addition, gray literature were explored. All papers chosen for inclusion in the review underwent a thorough critical appraisal utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute's standardized critical appraisal instruments (JBI critical appraisal checklist-2017). For statistical analysis and descriptive synthesis, quantitative articles were combined. The Odds ratio and their 95% confidence intervals were generated. Papers that were of excellent quality but lacked the main outcome (physical activity) for meta-analysis were subjected to descriptive synthesis. Results The finding of this meta-analysis showed diabetes patients who were physically active had controlled their blood glucose levels by 2.4 times compared to their counter (Odds ratio = 2.40, 95% Confidence Interval = 1.57,3.69). The duration of disease was found to be the most commonly reported predictor for poor glycemic control followed by dietary habits, patients' sex and age. Conclusion Physical activity, which is a simple and inexpensive therapy for diabetes patients, can help them control their blood glucose levels. Patients with diabetes who have had it for a long time should be aware of the need of regular physical activity in maintaining blood glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulu Shiferaw Asfaw
- Biomedical Unit, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
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Letta S, Aga F, Yadeta TA, Geda B, Dessie Y. Correlates of Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Eastern Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:939804. [PMID: 35942179 PMCID: PMC9356126 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.939804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Even though optimal blood glucose control reduces the risk of diabetes-related complications, many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) fail to achieve it for a variety of reasons. In the study area, there was a paucity of evidence regarding correlates of glycemic control. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the correlates of glycemic control among patients with T2D in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 879 adult patients with T2D on follow-up at two public hospitals in Harar. Data were collected through interviews, physical measurements, and record reviews. The level of glycemic control was determined from three consecutive fasting plasma glucose (FPG) measurements. A mean value of FPG measurements falling in the normal range (80-130 mg/dl) was considered as optimal glycemic control; otherwise, a mean FPG level that is below or above the normal range (<80 mg/dl or >130 mg/dl) was defined as suboptimal glycemic control. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, while a linear regression model was used to find out the correlates of glycemic control. A beta coefficient and a 95% CI reported associations. The statistical significance was declared at a p-value ≤0.05. Results The mean age of the patients with T2D was 52.7 ( ± 13.3) years. The mean FPG level was 172 ± 56 mg/dl. Suboptimal glycemic control was found in 76% (95% CI: 73.41, 79.04) of patients with T2D. In a multivariable linear regression, khat chewing (β = 6.12; 95% CI: 1.55, 8.69), triglycerides (β = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.41.48, 0.65), comorbidity (β = 5.29; 95% CI: 1.39, 9.13), and poor level of self-care practices (β = 5.43; 95% CI: 1.41, 6.46) showed a significant correlation with glycemic control. Conclusions This study found that about three-fourths of patients with T2D had suboptimal glycemic control. Khat chewing, comorbidity, and poor level of self-care practices were independently correlated with glycemic control. Thus, suppressing glycemic levels through appropriate treatment and strict diabetes self-care practices including avoidance of Khat chewing is a useful approach to attaining glycemic target that subsequently reduces cardiovascular risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiferaw Letta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Aga
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Biftu Geda
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Shashamene, Ethiopia
| | - Yadeta Dessie
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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5
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Badedi M, Muhajir A, Alnami A, Darraj H, Alamoudi A, Agdi Y, Mujayri A, Ageeb A. The severity and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29215. [PMID: 35550472 PMCID: PMC9276086 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of the current study were to assess the severity and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Saudi adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 412 patients with COVID-19 selected randomly from the Health Electronic Surveillance Network system, which contains the primary data on COVID-19 infections in Jazan. RESULTS COVID-19 disease duration was significantly longer in patients with T2DM (mean = 10.7 days) compared with those without T2DM (mean = 8.3 days) (P = .01). Six (7%) patients experienced an increase in blood glucose concentrations and had to escalate their total daily insulin dose accordingly. Median fasting and random blood glucose levels increased after infection with COVID-19 (pre-COVID median = 119 and 172 mg/dL, respectively; post-COVID median = 148 and 216 mg/dL, respectively) (P = .02). The total insulin dose pre-COVID (median = 42 units/d) increased after infection with COVID-19 (median = 58 units/d) (P = .01). Most patients with T2DM had clinical COVID-19 symptoms (91%) and the remainder (9%) were asymptomatic. A large proportion (80%) of T2DM patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms self-isolated at home. COVID-19 patients with T2DM (11%) who had an oxygen saturation of ≤ 90% and admitted to the intensive care unit were higher than those without T2DM (5%) (P = < .001). COVID-19 patients with T2DM (9%) had higher mortality rate than COVID-19 patients without T2DM (1%) (P = < .001). CONCLUSION COVID-19 patients with T2DM were associated with a higher risk of admission to the intensive care unit and mortality than COVID-19 patients without T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Awaji Alnami
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Darraj
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymn Alamoudi
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Agdi
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahoud Mujayri
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Ageeb
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Tekle Y, Hiware S, Shameem A, Atlaw D. Impact of khat leaves on glycosylated haemoglobin and lipid profile in healthy individuals in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221094451. [PMID: 35492886 PMCID: PMC9047809 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221094451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the effect of Catha edulis leaves
on glycosylated haemoglobin and lipid profiles in healthy individuals in
Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of khat leaves
on the glycated haemoglobin and lipid profile in the Dire Dawa population.
For the study, 100 male subjects (aged ⩾20–⩽40 years) were recruited and
divided into two groups, each consisting of 50 subjects: the first group was
khat chewing people while the other group was non-khat chewing individuals.
Blood samples were collected and tested to evaluate the glycated haemoglobin
and lipid profiles. Results: The mean glycated haemoglobin value of khat chewers was 5.33% and for
non-chewers, it was 5.48%, respectively. Since p value is
less than the significance value, the t-test supports the
reduction in glycated haemoglobin values in khat chewers. The mean values of
total cholesterol, and triglycerides in khat chewers are 175.2 and 172.92,
and for non-chewers they are 168.7 and 164.56, respectively. Conclusion: From this study, we concluded that Catha edulis leaves have a significant
effect on glycosylated haemoglobin levels. Mean glycated haemoglobin values
of long-term healthy khat chewers are comparatively less than healthy
non-chewers. Long-term khat chewing increases total cholesterol levels and
triglycerides levels but there is no significant effect on the high-density
lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Tekle
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Sanket Hiware
- Department of Anatomy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahammed Shameem
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Atlaw
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
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Farghaly S, Badedi M, Ibrahim R, Sadhan MH, Alamoudi A, Alnami A, Muhajir A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28639. [PMID: 35060549 PMCID: PMC8772621 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of pulmonary fibrosis is a rare complication of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Limited information is available in the literature about that, and the present study aimed to address this gap.This case-control study included 64 patients with post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis who were hospitalized for COVID-19.The percentage of patients aged ≥65 years (44%) who demised was higher than those who survived (25%). Male patients (62%) had higher mortality than female patients (37%). The most frequently reported clinical symptoms were shortness of breath (98%), cough (91%), and fever (70%). Most COVID-19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis (81%) were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), and 63% required mechanical ventilation. Bilateral lung infiltrates (94%), "ground glass" opacity (91%), "honeycomb" lung (25%), and pulmonary consolidation (9%) were commonly identified in COVID-19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis who survived. The findings for computed tomography and dyspnea scale were significantly higher in severe cases admitted to the ICU who required mechanical ventilation. A higher computerized tomography score also correlated significantly with a longer duration of stay in hospital and a higher degree of dyspnea. Half of the COVID-19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis (50%) who survived required oxygen therapy, and those with "honeycomb" lung required long-term oxygen therapy to a far greater extent than others. Cox regression revealed that smoking and asthma were significantly associated with ICU admission and the risk of mortality.Post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis is a severe complication that leads to permanent lung damage or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Farghaly
- Pulmonology Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Badedi
- Administration of Research & Studies, Jazan Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab Ibrahim
- Pulmonology Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murad H. Sadhan
- Radiology Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aymn Alamoudi
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaji Alnami
- Administration of Research & Studies, Jazan Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Duais MA, Al-Awthan YS. Khat Chewing and Lipid Profile in Human and Experimental Animals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6001885. [PMID: 34977243 PMCID: PMC8719995 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catha edulis, also known as khat or qat, is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. Several millions of people chew the leaves and twigs of khat plant for their central stimulating amphetamine-like effects. Khat chewing is becoming more common in Europe and the United States, owing to worldwide migration. OBJECTIVE This review examines the khat ingredients, global prevalence, and legal status as well as its effects on lipid profile. Methodology. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to collect information within articles published up to April 2021 with the goal of identifying relevant studies. The proposed mechanisms of cathinone effects on total cholesterol and triglyceride were also discussed. CONCLUSION The khat chewing habit is considered as a serious economic and health issue that needs specialized programs to assist those people to quit or reducing this habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Al-Duais
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Yahya S. Al-Awthan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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Woldetsadik D, Simon MP, Knuth D, Hailu H, Gebresilassie A, Dejen A, Düring RA. Exposure to DDT and HCH congeners and associated potential health risks through khat (Catha edulis) consumption among adults in South Wollo, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3597-3613. [PMID: 33594639 PMCID: PMC7886647 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Khat (Catha edulis) chewing is widespread in the region of East Africa. Even low levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in khat could induce public health concern. In a market-based study, from five popular khat varieties, a total of 35 composite khat samples were analyzed for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main transformation products, and four hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers. Extraction was carried out by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method (QuEChERS). OCP concentrations were determined by head space solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Every sample contained β-HCH above the maximum residue limit set by the European Commission. For total DDT, this was the case for 25.7% of the samples. The ratios of (p,p'-DDD + p,p'-DDE) to p,p'-DDT were less than one for 85% of khat samples, demonstrating recent use of DDT in khat farmlands. Conversely, the ratio of β-HCH to total HCH varied from 0.56 to 0.96, implying historical input of technical HCH. Assuming a daily chewable portion of 100 g, dietary intakes of p,p'-DDT, total DDT and total HCH by adults ranged from 3.12 to 57.9, 6.49 to 80.2 and 39.2 to 51.9 ng (kg body weight)-1 day-1, respectively. These levels are below acceptable levels suggested by international organizations. Chewing khat showed lower non-cancer health risk, but showed relatively higher cancer risk in terms of OCPs. Because khat is chewed without being subjected to any treatment, uncertainties associated with estimated intakes and health risks should be low. Therefore, this practice is of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desta Woldetsadik
- Department of Soil and Water Resources Management, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Marcel Pierre Simon
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Knuth
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hillette Hailu
- Department of Soil and Water Resources Management, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asmare Dejen
- Department of Plant Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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10
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Badedi M, Alnami A, Darraj H, Alrajhi A, Mutawwam DA, Somaily M, Alshareefi A, Muhajir A, Majrabi Y. Clinical characteristics and ABO blood groups in COVID-19 patients, Saudi Arabia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26738. [PMID: 34397712 PMCID: PMC8322480 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the proportion of ABO blood groups and clinical characteristics among Saudi patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Jazan, Saudi Arabia.This retrospective cohort study included 404 Saudi adults with COVID-19, confirmed by the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The participants were selected randomly between July 1, 2020, and July 31, 2020, from the Health Electronic Surveillance Network system, which contains the primary data on COVID-19 infections in Jazan.Blood type O (62.4%) represented the highest proportion in COVID-19 Saudi patients followed by the other blood groups which distributed as follows: blood type A (25.5%), blood type B (10.1%), and blood type AB (2%). Men, and people aged 18-44 years, represented the higher percentage than women and those of a younger age. The majority of the patients with COVID-19 had clinical symptoms (88.4%), and the remainder (11.6%) were asymptomatic. Ninety four percent of the patients had mild COVID-19 symptoms and self-isolated at home. Only 6.4% of the cases were severe and admitted to hospital. There was no significant association between a specific ABO blood group and COVID-19 clinical symptoms (P = .950), incubation period (P = .780), disease duration (P = .430), and disease severity (P = .340). Old age and diabetes were the significant predictors of COVID-19 severity and hospital admission (P = .010).Blood group O represented the highest proportion of COVID-19 Saudi patients as it is the most common blood group in Saudi individuals in Jazan. However, no specific blood group was associated with COVID-19 severity and hospital admission. Old age and diabetes mellitus were shown to be significant predictors of severe COVID-19 and hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badedi
- Administration of Research & Studies, Jazan Health, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Anas Alrajhi
- Adminstration of Infectious Diseases in Jazan Health, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Mengistu Y, Dedefo G, Arkew M, Asefa G, Jebessa G, Atnafu A, Ataro Z, Kinde S. Effect of Regular Khat Chewing on Serum Fasting Sugar Level in Diabetic patients versus Healthy Individuals; A comparative study. Nutr Metab Insights 2021; 14:11786388211035220. [PMID: 34376995 PMCID: PMC8320567 DOI: 10.1177/11786388211035220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Khat chewing is a long standing social-cultural habit in several countries. Even though many people chew khat simply for its pleasurable and stimulatory effect, evidence showed widely-held belief among khat chewers in Ethiopia and other part of the world that khat helps to lower blood glucose while some studies are contradicted on the effect of khat. There is limited data about khat's effect on blood glucose especially in our setting, Harar estern Ethiopia. Objective Primarily the present study aims to compare fasting blood sugar level among khat chewer diabetic and healthy individuals, and to asses risk factors associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic subjects. Method A cross-sectional study included 200 confirmed diabetic and healthy subjects. Fasting blood sugar was determined by enzymatic method glucose oxidase and glucose hexokinase. Glycemic control was also determined for diabetic subjects based on the last 2-month diabetic clinic visits and current measurement. Result (Median ± IQR [interquartile range]) fasting blood sugar difference among Khat chewer and non khat chewer were 159 ± 83 mg/dl and 202 ± 79 mg/dl respectively in diabetic subjects when tested by glucose oxidase. Similarly, in healthy non khat chewer and khat chewer, khat chewers has lower (Median ± IQR) fasting blood glucose level 82 ± 18 mg/dl than non khat chewers 94 ± 13 mg/dl when tested by glucose oxidase. Regarding risk factors associated with poor glycemic control in diabetic subjects, positive parental diabetes history, insulin medication, being overweight, obese were significantly associated with poor glycemic control. Conclusion There was significant effect of khat on median FBS among khat chewers in diabetic and healthy individuals. And the proportion of glycemic control was high among diabetic subjects. Recommendation Health care professional and patients should manage the risk factors to delay disease progression and restrain the damage. More studies should be conducted in randomized control trial manner to further elucidate khat effect on blood sugar level so that the actual effect of khat can be identified unlike in cross sectional where there may not be strong causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordanos Mengistu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Health Science College, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Dedefo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Health Science College, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Mesay Arkew
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
| | - Gebeyehu Asefa
- Armauer Hanson Research institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gutema Jebessa
- Armauer Hanson Research institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abay Atnafu
- Armauer Hanson Research institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Ataro
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Kinde
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Allied Health Sciences, Health Science College, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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Badedi M, Darraj H, Alnami AQ, Makrami A, Mahfouz MS, Alhazmi K, Mahmoud N, Mosa H. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Deceased COVID-19 Patients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:3809-3819. [PMID: 34335047 PMCID: PMC8317935 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s320713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fatalities due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continue to increase, and information on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of deceased patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 is limited in the Arab region. The current study aimed to address this gap. Methods Three hundred and four Saudi patients in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia, who died after being hospitalized with COVID-19 between July 1, 2020, and December 31, 2020, were analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. Results A greater proportion of male patients (59%), compared to female patients (41%), died due to COVID-19. Just over half (55%) of the deaths due to COVID-19 affected patients aged ≥65 years. More than two-thirds of the deceased COVID-19 patients had diabetes (70%) and hypertension (69%); other comorbidities were obesity (30%), heart disease (30%), and chronic kidney disease (14%). Dyspnea (91%), cough (80%), and fever (70%) were the most frequently reported clinical symptoms. Eighty-five per cent of COVID-19 deaths occurred in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and 90% of the patients required mechanical ventilation. Typically, lymphopenia, and neutrophilia were observed on admission and 24 hours prior to death. Creatinine and serum ferritin levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and D-dimer plasma levels increased significantly following infection with COVID-19. Lung infiltrates and pulmonary opacity (83%) were the most common findings on chest X-ray. Respiratory failure (70%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (52%) were the leading complications to death. Logistic and Cox regression revealed that a higher age, smoking, high creatinine and aspartate transaminase levels, and respiratory failure were significantly associated with the risk of mortality during the early stay in hospitals. Conclusion The proportion of comorbidities was high in deceased patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. A higher age, smoking, and respiratory failure were significant predictors of mortality during the early stay in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badedi
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Darraj
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaji Qasem Alnami
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Makrami
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Nahid Mahmoud
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Halimh Mosa
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Jazan, Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Alkhormi AH, Alshahrani NZ, Mahmood SE. Khat chewing leads to increase in glycaemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:565-568. [PMID: 33689938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Khat is known to have a stimulating effect on the sympathetic nervous system by producing a temporary sensation of activeness and happiness, along with mood disturbance and anxiety. Despite growing evidence of the association between khat chewing and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes, the position of khat chewing in DM is not fully recognised. AIM To evaluate the association of khat chewing with the risk of elevated blood glucose levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHOD A web-based literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Databases were searched for studies published about khat chewing and diabetes mellitus in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. RESULT Twenty-five published articles studying the relation between khat chewing and diabetes mellitus were identified, but only 10 studies reported an association between khat chewing and blood glucose levels and were included. CONCLUSION Khat chewing increases fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels in patients with diabetes in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman H Alkhormi
- Departement of Preventive Medicine, King Fahd Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan 84211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najim Z Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Esam Mahmood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Badedi M, Makrami A, Alnami A. Co-morbidity and blood group type risk in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A case-control study. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:550-554. [PMID: 33756193 PMCID: PMC7833201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the study was to assess mortality risk associated with co-morbidities and blood group type in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods This case–control study enrolled 323 Saudi adults with COVID-19, confirmed by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The participants were selected randomly between August 31, 2020, and July 1, 2020, from the Health Electronic Surveillance Network system, which contains the primary data on COVID-19 infections in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The sample included 108 patients who died due to COVID-19 disease and 215 controls who recovered from it (1:2 ratio). The chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and logistic regression were used to perform the statistical analysis. Results Mortality was higher in older age patients with COVID-19 (mean = 65.4 years, standard deviation [SD] = 15.6) compared to recovered patients (mean = 39.5 years, SD = 14.8) (p < 0.001) with a moderate effect size (eta squared = 0.06). Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 9.4), hypertension (OR = 8.6), cardiovascular disease (OR = 7.4), chronic kidney disease (OR = 3.3), and obesity (OR = 2.0) were significantly associated with death due to COVID-19. Using logistic regression analysis, older age and diabetes mellitus were the primary independent predictors of COVID-19 mortality. However, there was no significant association between a specific ABO blood group and mortality risk (P = 0.07). Conclusion Older age and the presence of co-morbidities, especially diabetes mellitus, increased the risk of death in patients with COVID-19. Establishing the causality of death in patients with COVID-19 should be a key aim of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badedi
- Administration of Research & Studies, Jazan Health, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Al-Sharafi BA, Qais AA, Salem K, Bashaaib MO. Family History, Consanguinity and Other Risk Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Overweight and Obese Yemeni Adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4853-4863. [PMID: 34984017 PMCID: PMC8709553 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s344440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight and obese adults are at high risk for developing prediabetes and diabetes. The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of prediabetes (pre-DM) and diabetes (DM) among Yemeni adults who were overweight or obese and had first-degree relatives with DM, consanguinity and other risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 612 adults, all with a BMI≥25 kg/m2. BMI, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) were measured in the clinic. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was collected for all subjects. The patients either had first-degree relatives with diabetes or not, and the subjects answered a questionnaire regarding the consanguinity of their parents, exercise, khat chewing, smoking, and eating vegetables and fruits daily. RESULTS Of the 612 study participants (32% males and 68% females) aged 20-70 years old, 429 (70.1%) had a family history (FM) of DM ± consanguinity of parents, and 183 (29.9%) had no FM of diabetes. Multivariate analysis showed significant risk in those with class III obesity for pre-DM (AOR 3.10 95% CI 1.56-6.18 p value 0.001) and DM (AOR 3.35 95% CI 1.47-7.65 p value 0.004) and those who had siblings with DM had a risk for pre-DM (AOR 1.72 95% CI 1.09-2.71 p value 0.02) and DM (AOR 2.24 95% CI 1.25-4.0 p value 0.007). Khat chewing increased the risk for pre-DM (AOR 1.61 95% CI 1.04-2.48 p value 0.032) and for DM (AOR 2.09 95% CI 1.14-3.82 p value 0.017). Having consanguineous parents plus siblings with DM were associated with a higher risk of DM (p value 0.031). CONCLUSION There is a high prevalence of pre-DM and undiagnosed DM among overweight and obese Yemeni individuals. Class III obesity, having siblings with DM, chewing khat, and having consanguineous parents plus siblings with DM all increased the risk. This group should be screened at an early age for early detection of pre-DM and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butheinah A Al-Sharafi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
- Correspondence: Butheinah A Al-Sharafi Email
| | - Ahmed A Qais
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Khalil Salem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Science and Technology Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Muneer O Bashaaib
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Science and Technology Hospital, Sana’a, Yemen
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Malasevskaia I, Al-Awadhi AA, Mohammed L. Tea in the Morning and Khat Afternoon: Health Threats Due to Khat Chewing. Cureus 2020; 12:e12363. [PMID: 33527046 PMCID: PMC7842844 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Khat or qat (Catha edulis) is a flowering plant with an Arabic name قات, regularly named as qāt, also is known by various descriptive names, such as Abyssinian tea, Somali tea, Arabian tea, Miraa, Jima, and Kafta in its endemic regions of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Fresh leaves and tops of khat are chewed or dried and consumed as a tea to attain a state of euphoria and excitement; it also has appetite-reducing effects. Traditionally, khat is used as a socializing habit in Yemen and is also widely cultivated because of its high income. However, in recent years the plant has been reported in England, Wales, Rome, Amsterdam, Canada, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Although it is believed that khat is a relatively low-risk drug, it's associated with an increased risk for various medical complications, including dental and oropharyngeal disease, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, obstetric, and even can be the cause of cancer. Our goal in this review article is to revise and determine the relationship between chewing khat and its health issues. Additionally, we tried to determine the mechanism involved in health hazards due to consuming the khat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Malasevskaia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics/Gynecology Private Clinic, Sana'a, YEM
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Lubna Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Alzughbi T, Badedi M, Darraj H, Hummadi A, Jaddoh S, Solan Y, Sabai A. Diabetes-Related Distress and Depression in Saudis with Type 2 Diabetes. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:453-458. [PMID: 32547267 PMCID: PMC7239888 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s255631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM)-related distress and depression and their associated factors in Saudi people with type 2 DM (T2DM) in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. It also aims to assess the association between glycemic control and DM-related distress and depression. METHODS This is an analytical, cross-sectional study which recruited 300 Saudi patients with T2DM randomly from primary healthcare centers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. DM-related distress and depression were measured by valid questionnaires, the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Logistic regression and an independent t-test were performed in the statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean age of the study population was 52.7 years, with a range of 23-83 years. The number of males was 147 (49%) and females was 153 (51%) in the study population. The prevalence of DM-related distress and depression in Saudi patients with T2DM in Jazan was 22.3% and 20%, respectively, and about 7.7% had both. Of DM-related distress, 12.3% had interpersonal-related DM distress, 11.7% had physician-related DM distress, 10.7% had emotional-related DM distress, and 7% had regimen-related DM distress. After adjusting for covariates, being female, patients aged <45, physical inactivity, DM duration <5 years, and smoking were significantly associated with DM-related distress and depression. There was also a significant association between DM-related distress and depression, OR = 3 [95% CI: 1.8, 6.4]. Furthermore, we found that glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels were significantly higher in those with DM-related distress (small effect size, eta squared = 0.04) and depression (moderate effect size, eta squared = 0.06) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION DM-related distress and depression are prevalent in patients with T2DM in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Both these conditions need to be screened for and addressed in clinical settings. Establishing the causality of DM-related distress and depression in T2DM is an important aim for any future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki Alzughbi
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Badedi
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Darraj
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Hummadi
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sattam Jaddoh
- Jazan Psychiatry Hospital, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahiya Solan
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Sabai
- Public Health Administration, Jazan Health Affairs, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Motuma A, Gobena T, Teji Roba K, Berhane Y, Worku A. Metabolic Syndrome Among Working Adults in Eastern Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4941-4951. [PMID: 33363392 PMCID: PMC7753886 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s283270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a public health challenge in low-income countries due to changing lifestyle and the food environment. However, studies on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence of MetS and its associated factors among working adults in eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1,164 working adults from December 2018 to February 2019. Data were collected following the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach. The data collection tools include a structured questionnaire, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements. Prevalence was calculated using International Diabetes Federation criteria. A Poisson regression model with robust variance estimation was used to investigate the independent variable's association with MetS. An adjusted prevalence ratio with 95% confidence interval was reported to show associations. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 20.1% (95% CI=17.8-22.4) among the participants. It was more prevalent among females (APR:=1.62, 95% CI=1.31-2.00), those of 35-44 years of age (APR:=3.14, 95% CI=1.19-8.28), 45-54 years of age (APR=4.42, 95% CI=1.66-11.77), and 55-64 years of age (APR=6.03, 95% CI=2.27-16.06), khat chewers (APR=1.30, 95% CI=1.06-1.60), those with 8 or more hours of sedentary behavior (APR=2.29, 95% CI=1.88-2.80), and those consuming alcohol 5-6 days per week (APR=1.81, 95% CI=1.20-2.74). The prevalence was significantly lower in those eating five or more fruits and vegetables servings per day (APR=0.04, 95% CI=0.01-0.27). CONCLUSION A high prevalence of MetS was observed among working adults in eastern Ethiopia. Strengthening workplace health promotion programs is necessary to reduce the negative consequences of MetS in workplaces and protect productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboma Motuma
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Aboma MotumaSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box: 235, Harar, EthiopiaTel +251921454975Fax +251256668081 Email
| | - Tesfaye Gobena
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Kedir Teji Roba
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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