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Ismail SHH, Hamdy R, Altaie AM, Fayed B, Dakalbab S, El-Awady R, Soliman SSM. Decoding host cell interaction- and fluconazole-induced metabolic alterations and drug resistance in Candida auris. Mycologia 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39024116 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2363730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging drug-resistant pathogen associated with high mortality rates. This study aimed to explore the metabolic alterations and associated pathogenesis and drug resistance in fluconazole-treated Candida auris-host cell interaction. Compared with controls, secreted metabolites from fluconazole-treated C. auris and fluconazole-treated C. auris-host cell co-culture demonstrated notable anti-Candida activity. Fluconazole caused significant reductions in C. auris cell numbers and aggregated phenotype. Metabolites produced by C. auris with potential fungal colonization, invasion, and host immune evasion effects were identified. Metabolites known to enhance biofilm formation produced during C. auris-host cell interaction were inhibited by fluconazole. Fluconazole enhanced the production of metabolites with biofilm inhibition activity, including behenyl alcohol and decanoic acid. Metabolites with potential Candida growth inhibition activity such as 2-palmitoyl glycerol, 1-tetradecanol, and 1-nonadecene were activated by fluconazole. Different patterns of proinflammatory cytokine expression presented due to fluconazole concentration and host cell type (fibroblasts versus macrophages). This highlights the immune response's complexity, emphasizing the necessity for additional research to comprehend cell-type-specific responses to antifungal therapies. Both host cell interaction and fluconazole treatment increased the expression of CDR1 and ERG11 genes, both associated with drug resistance. This study provides insights into pathogenesis in C. auris due to host cell interaction and fluconazole treatment. Understanding these interactions is crucial for enhancing fluconazole sensitivity and effectively combating C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah H H Ismail
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product, National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salam Dakalbab
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Santana de Carvalho D, Bastos RW, Rossato L, Teixeira de Aguiar Peres N, Assis Santos D. ResFungi: A Novel Protein Database of Antifungal Drug Resistance Genes Using a Hidden Markov Model Profile. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:30559-30570. [PMID: 39035910 PMCID: PMC11256324 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections vary from superficial to invasive and can be life-threatening in immunocompromised and healthy individuals. Antifungal resistance is one of the main reasons for an increasing concern about fungal infections as they become more complex and harder to treat. The fungal "omics" databases help us find drug resistance genes, which is of great importance and extremely necessary. With that in mind, we built a new platform for drug resistance genes. We added seven drug classes of resistance genes to our database: azoles (without specifying which drug), fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, flucytosine, micafungin, and caspofungin. Species with known resistance genes were used to validate the results from our database. This study describes a list of 261 candidate genes related to antifungal resistance, with several genes displaying transport functions involved in azole resistance. Over 65% of the candidate genes found were related to at least one type of azole. Overall, the candidate genes found have functional annotations consistent with genes or enzymes that have been linked to antifungal resistance in previous studies. Also, candidate antifungal resistance genes found exhibit functional annotations consistent with previously described resistance mechanisms. The existence of an HMM profile focusing on antifungal resistance genes allows in silico searches for candidate genes, helping future wet lab experiments, and hence, reducing costs when studying candidate antifungal genes without prior knowledge of the species or genes. Finally, ResFungi has proven to be a powerful tool to narrow down candidate antifungal-related genes and unravel mechanisms related to resistance to help in the design of experiments focusing on the genetic basis of antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santana de Carvalho
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Wesley Bastos
- Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59064-741 Natal, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 79825-070 Dourados, Brazil
| | - Nalu Teixeira de Aguiar Peres
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Nascimento ALF, de Medeiros AGJ, Neves ACO, de Macedo ABN, Rossato L, Assis Santos D, dos Santos ALS, Lima KMG, Bastos RW. Near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis as effective, fast, and cost-effective methods to discriminate Candida auris from Candida haemulonii. Front Chem 2024; 12:1412288. [PMID: 39050373 PMCID: PMC11266292 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1412288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris and Candida haemulonii are two emerging opportunistic pathogens that have caused an increase in clinical cases in the recent years worldwide. The differentiation of some Candida species is highly laborious, difficult, costly, and time-consuming depending on the similarity between the species. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new, faster, and less expensive methodology for differentiating between C. auris and C. haemulonii based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. C. auris CBS10913 and C. haemulonii CH02 were separated in 15 plates per species, and three isolated colonies of each plate were selected for Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) analysis, totaling 90 spectra. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) and variable selection algorithms, including the successive projections algorithm (SPA) and genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were employed to discern distinctive patterns among the samples. The use of PCA, SPA, and GA algorithms associated with LDA achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity for the discriminations. The SPA-LDA and GA-LDA algorithms were essential in selecting the variables (infrared wavelengths) of most importance for the models, which could be attributed to binding of cell wall structures such as polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, or molecules resulting from yeasts' metabolism. These results show the high potential of combined FT-NIR and multivariate analysis techniques for the classification of Candida-like fungi, which can contribute to faster and more effective diagnosis and treatment of patients affected by these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrton L. F. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Química Biológica e Quimiometria, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Anthony G. J. de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Uso Comum, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana C. O. Neves
- Laboratório de Química Biológica e Quimiometria, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana B. N. de Macedo
- Laboratório de Uso Comum, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Luana Rossato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Daniel Assis Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - André L. S. dos Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Kássio M. G. Lima
- Laboratório de Química Biológica e Quimiometria, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Rafael W. Bastos
- Laboratório de Uso Comum, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Pathakumari B, Liu W, Wang Q, Kong X, Liang G, Chokkakula S, Pathakamuri V, Nunna V. Comparative Evaluation of Candida Species-Specific T-Cell Immune Response in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1487. [PMID: 39062060 PMCID: PMC11274682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to candidemia infections; however, relatively less is known about the immune responses induced by these species. In this study, we compared the cytokine production ability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) upon stimulation with different Candida species (Candida spp.). We measured secreted cytokines using ELISA and checked the functional profiles of T-cell responses using multicolor flow cytometry. Although there was a differential expression of cytokines against Candida spp., significant difference were observed in the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-23 (p < 0.05) between Candida spp. A significant difference was observed between C. albicans and C. glabrata (p = 0.026) in the levels of TNF-α. C. glabrata showed significant differences compared to C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei in the levels of IL-10 (p values of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively). Despite the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ expressing Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines being higher in stimulated PBMCs, none of the Candida spp. showed significant differences. The levels of secreted IL-17A and IL-23 were consistently lower in Candida spp. regardless of the stimulus used. Here, we showed the differential regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 during Candida spp. stimulation of the immune system ex vivo. Additionally, our findings suggest that C. albicans elicits an IFN-γ response, whereas C. glabrata promotes IL-10 cellular responses, but this warrants additional studies to conclude this association. This investigation holds the potential to advance our comprehension of the distinct immune responses induced by Candida spp., with probable implications in designing antifungal immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Pathakumari
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Xue Kong
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Guanzhao Liang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Vasundhara Pathakamuri
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sri Venkateshwara Medical College, Tirupathi 517507, India;
| | - Venkatrao Nunna
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Cafarchia C, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Rhimi W, C I Ugochukwu I, Miglianti M, Beugnet F, Giuffrè L, Romeo O, Otranto D. Candida auris from the Egyptian cobra: Role of snakes as potential reservoirs. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae056. [PMID: 38816207 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris represents one of the most urgent threats to public health, although its ecology remains largely unknown. Because amphibians and reptiles may present favorable conditions for C. auris colonization, cloacal and blood samples (n = 68), from several snake species, were cultured and molecularly screened for C. auris using molecular amplification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein-encoding genes and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Candida auris was isolated from the cloacal swab of one Egyptian cobra (Naja haje legionis) and molecularly identified in its cloaca and blood. The isolation of C. auris from wild animals is herein reported for the first time, thus suggesting the role that these animals could play as reservoirs of this emerging pathogen. The occurrence of C. auris in blood requires further investigation, although the presence of cationic antimicrobial peptides in the plasma of reptiles could play a role in reducing the vitality of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy , 70010
| | | | - Wafa Rhimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy, 70010
| | - Iniobong C I Ugochukwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy, 70010
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, 410001
| | - Mara Miglianti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy, 70010
| | | | - Letterio Giuffrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy, 98122
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy, 98122
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy, 70010
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 518057
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Alves V, de Andrade IB, Corrêa-Junior D, Avellar-Moura I, Passos K, Soares J, Pontes B, Almeida MA, Almeida-Paes R, Frases S. Revealing the impact of Rapamycin on the virulence factors of the Candida haemulonii complex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100247. [PMID: 38974670 PMCID: PMC11225706 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species is increasing, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This increasing incidence poses a dual challenge, comprising escalating antifungal resistance and the necessity for accurate fungal identification. The Candida haemulonii complex further complicates these challenges due to limited identification tools. Like some other Candida species, infections involving this complex show resistance to multiple antifungals, requiring innovative therapeutic approaches. Rapamycin, known for its antifungal properties and immunosuppressive characteristics, was investigated against the C. haemulonii complex species. Results revealed a rapamycin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.07 to >20 µM, with fungicidal effects in most strains. In vitro analyses using the rapamycin maximum plasma concentration (0.016 µM) showed reduced surface properties and decreased production of extracellular enzymes. Rapamycin also hindered biofilm formation by some strains. Even when treated at the human therapeutic dose, which is lower than the MIC, phenotypic variations in C. haemulonii were detected, hinting at the possible attenuation of some virulence factors when exposed to rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Alves
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Iara Bastos de Andrade
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dario Corrêa-Junior
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Igor Avellar-Moura
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Karini Passos
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana Soares
- Laboratório de Pinças Ópticas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas & Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pontes
- Laboratório de Pinças Ópticas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas & Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Tlapale-Lara N, López J, Gómez E, Villa-Tanaca L, Barrera E, Escalante CH, Tamariz J, Delgado F, Andrade-Pavón D, Gómez-García O. Synthesis, In Silico Study, and In Vitro Antifungal Activity of New 5-(1,3-Diphenyl-1 H-Pyrazol-4-yl)-4-Tosyl-4,5-Dihydrooxazoles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5091. [PMID: 38791130 PMCID: PMC11120875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in multi-drug resistant Candida strains has caused a sharp rise in life-threatening fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients, including those with SARS-CoV-2. Novel antifungal drugs are needed to combat multi-drug-resistant yeasts. This study aimed to synthesize a new series of 2-oxazolines and evaluate the ligands in vitro for the inhibition of six Candida species and in silico for affinity to the CYP51 enzymes (obtained with molecular modeling and protein homology) of the same species. The 5-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-tosyl-4,5-dihydrooxazoles 6a-j were synthesized using the Van Leusen reaction between 1,3-diphenyl-4-formylpyrazoles 4a-j and TosMIC 5 in the presence of K2CO3 or KOH without heating, resulting in short reaction times, high compound purity, and high yields. The docking studies revealed good affinity for the active site of the CYP51 enzymes of the Candida species in the following order: 6a-j > 4a-j > fluconazole (the reference drug). The in vitro testing of the compounds against the Candida species showed lower MIC values for 6a-j than 4a-j, and for 4a-j than fluconazole, thus correlating well with the in silico findings. According to growth rescue assays, 6a-j and 4a-j (like fluconazole) inhibit ergosterol synthesis. The in silico toxicity assessment evidenced the safety of compounds 6a-j, which merit further research as possible antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neively Tlapale-Lara
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.T.-L.); (J.L.); (E.B.); (J.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Julio López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.T.-L.); (J.L.); (E.B.); (J.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Gómez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.G.); (C.H.E.)
| | - Lourdes Villa-Tanaca
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Edson Barrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.T.-L.); (J.L.); (E.B.); (J.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Carlos H. Escalante
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (E.G.); (C.H.E.)
| | - Joaquín Tamariz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.T.-L.); (J.L.); (E.B.); (J.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Francisco Delgado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.T.-L.); (J.L.); (E.B.); (J.T.); (F.D.)
| | - Dulce Andrade-Pavón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Bacterias y Levaduras, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Unidad Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Omar Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (N.T.-L.); (J.L.); (E.B.); (J.T.); (F.D.)
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Chávez-Tinoco M, García-Ortega LF, Mancera E. Genetic modification of Candida maltosa, a non-pathogenic CTG species, reveals EFG1 function. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001447. [PMID: 38456839 PMCID: PMC10999747 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Candida maltosa is closely related to important pathogenic Candida species, especially C. tropicalis and C. albicans, but it has been rarely isolated from humans. For this reason, through comparative studies, it could be a powerful model to understand the genetic underpinnings of the pathogenicity of Candida species. Here, we generated a cohesive assembly of the C. maltosa genome and developed genetic engineering tools that will facilitate studying this species at a molecular level. We used a combination of short and long-read sequencing to build a polished genomic draft composed of 14 Mbp, 45 contigs and close to 5700 genes. This assembly represents a substantial improvement from the currently available sequences that are composed of thousands of contigs. Genomic comparison with C. albicans and C. tropicalis revealed a substantial reduction in the total number of genes in C. maltosa. However, gene loss seems not to be associated to the avirulence of this species given that most genes that have been previously associated with pathogenicity were also present in C. maltosa. To be able to edit the genome of C. maltosa we generated a set of triple auxotrophic strains so that gene deletions can be performed similarly to what has been routinely done in pathogenic Candida species. As a proof of concept, we generated gene knockouts of EFG1, a gene that encodes a transcription factor that is essential for filamentation and biofilm formation in C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Characterization of these mutants showed that Efg1 also plays a role in biofilm formation and filamentous growth in C. maltosa, but it seems to be a repressor of filamentation in this species. The genome assembly and auxotrophic mutants developed here are a key step forward to start using C. maltosa for comparative and evolutionary studies at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chávez-Tinoco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Luis F. García-Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Mancera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
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Gandra RM, Pacheco CA, Sangenito LS, Ramos LS, Souza LO, McCarron P, McCann M, Devereux M, Branquinha MH, Santos AL. Manganese(II), copper(II) and silver(I) complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline/1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione against Candida species. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:385-395. [PMID: 38381028 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: New chemotherapeutics are urgently required to treat Candida infections caused by drug-resistant strains. Methods: The effects of 16 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)/1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione/dicarboxylate complexed with Mn(II), Cu(II) and Ag(I) were evaluated against ten different Candida species. Results: Proliferation of Candida albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida famata, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida kefyr, Candida krusei, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis was inhibited by three of six Cu(II) (MICs 1.52-21.55 μM), three of three Ag(I) (MICs 0.11-12.74 μM) and seven of seven Mn(II) (MICs 0.40-38.06 μM) complexes. Among these [Mn2(oda)(phen)4(H2O)2][Mn2(oda)(phen)4(oda)2].4H2O, where oda = octanedioic acid, exhibited effective growth inhibition (MICs 0.4-3.25 μM), favorable activity indexes, low toxicity against Vero cells and good/excellent selectivity indexes (46.88-375). Conclusion: [Mn2(oda)(phen)4(H2O)2][Mn2(oda)(phen)4(oda)2].4H2O represents a promising chemotherapeutic option for emerging, medically relevant and drug-resistant Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Gandra
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarissa A Pacheco
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Sangenito
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia S Ramos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucieri Op Souza
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pauraic McCarron
- Chemistry Department, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Malachy McCann
- Chemistry Department, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Michael Devereux
- The Centre for Biomimetic & Therapeutic Research, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Ls Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica (PPGBq), Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Babler K, Sharkey M, Arenas S, Amirali A, Beaver C, Comerford S, Goodman K, Grills G, Holung M, Kobetz E, Laine J, Lamar W, Mason C, Pronty D, Reding B, Schürer S, Schaefer Solle N, Stevenson M, Vidović D, Solo-Gabriele H, Shukla B. Detection of the clinically persistent, pathogenic yeast spp. Candida auris from hospital and municipal wastewater in Miami-Dade County, Florida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165459. [PMID: 37442462 PMCID: PMC10543605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) for detecting pathogens within communities has been growing since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic with early efforts investigating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater. Recent efforts have shed light on the utilization of WBS for alternative targets, such as fungal pathogens, like Candida auris, in efforts to expand the technology to assess non-viral targets. The objective of this study was to extend workflows developed for SARS-CoV-2 quantification to evaluate whether C. auris can be recovered from wastewater, inclusive of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and from a hospital with known numbers of patients colonized with C. auris. Measurements of C. auris in wastewater focused on culture-based methods and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results showed that C. auris can be cultured from wastewater and that levels detected by qPCR were higher in the hospital wastewater compared to the wastewater from the WWTP, suggesting either dilution or degradation of this pathogenic yeast at downstream collection points. The results from this study illustrate that WBS can extend beyond SARS-CoV-2 monitoring to evaluate additional non-viral pathogenic targets and demonstrates that C. auris isolated from wastewater is competent to replicate in vitro using fungal-specific culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Babler
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Mark Sharkey
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sebastian Arenas
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ayaaz Amirali
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Cynthia Beaver
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Samuel Comerford
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kenneth Goodman
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Institute for Data Science & Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - George Grills
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michelle Holung
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Erin Kobetz
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jennifer Laine
- Environmental Health and Safety, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Walter Lamar
- Division of Occupational Health, Safety & Compliance, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christopher Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY 10021, USA; The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Darryl Pronty
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brian Reding
- Environmental Health and Safety, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Institute for Data Science & Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Natasha Schaefer Solle
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dusica Vidović
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Bhavarth Shukla
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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11
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Clavijo-Giraldo DM, Pérez-García LA, Hernández-Chávez MJ, Martínez-Duncker I, Mora-Montes HM. Contribution of N-Linked Mannosylation Pathway to Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis Biofilm Formation. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6843-6857. [PMID: 37908782 PMCID: PMC10614665 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s431745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoses are a growing threat to human health, and systemic candidiasis caused by Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis is frequent in immunocompromised patients. Biofilm formation is a virulence factor found in these organisms, as sessile cells adhere to surfaces, the stratification and production of extracellular matrix provides protection and resistance to antifungal drugs. Previous evidence indicated that the N-linked mannosylation pathway is relevant to C. albicans biofilms, but its contribution to other species remains unknown. Methods C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis och1∆ mutants, which have a disrupted N-linked mannosylation pathway, were used to form biofilms. In addition, wild-type and mutant cells were also treated to remove N-linked mannans or block this pathway. Biofilms were analyzed by quantifying the included fungal biomass, and extracellular matrix components. Moreover, gene expression and secreted hydrolytic enzymes were also quantified in these biofilms. Results The och1∆ mutants showed a reduced ability to form biofilms in both fungal species when compared to the wild-type and control strains. This observation was confirmed by trimming N-linked mannans from walls or blocking the pathway with tunicamycin B. According to this observation, mutant, and treated cells showed an altered composition of the extracellular matrix and increased susceptibility to antifungal drugs when compared to control or untreated cells. The gene expression of secreted virulence factors, such as aspartyl proteinases and phospholipases, was normal in all the tested cells but the secreted activity was reduced, suggesting a defect in the secretory pathway, which was later confirmed by treating cells with brefeldin A. Conclusion Proper N-linked mannosylation is required for biofilm formation in both C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. Disruption of this posttranslational modification affected the secretory pathway, offering a link between glycosylation and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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12
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Ramos LS, Parra-Giraldo CM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Cell Aggregation Capability of Clinical Isolates from Candida auris and Candida haemulonii Species Complex. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:382. [PMID: 37624320 PMCID: PMC10460019 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogens belonging to the Candida haemulonii complex and the phylogenetically related species Candida auris are well-known for causing infections that are difficult to treat due to their multidrug-resistance profiles. Candida auris is even more worrisome due to its ability to cause outbreaks in healthcare settings. These emerging yeasts produce a wide range of virulence factors that facilitate the development of the infectious process. In recent years, the aggregative phenotype has been receiving attention, as it is mainly associated with defects in cellular division and its possible involvement in helping the fungus to escape from the host immune responses. In the present study, we initially investigated the aggregation ability of 18 clinical isolates belonging to the C. haemulonii species complex (C. haemulonii sensu stricto, C. duobushaemulonii, and C. haemulonii var. vulnera) and C. auris. Subsequently, we evaluated the effects of physicochemical factors on fungal aggregation competence. The results demonstrated that cell-to-cell aggregation was a typically time-dependent event, in which almost all studied fungal isolates of both the C. haemulonii species complex and C. auris exhibited high aggregation after 2 h of incubation at 37 °C. Interestingly, the fungal cells forming the aggregates remained viable. The aggregation of all isolates was not impacted by pH, temperature, β-mercaptoethanol (a protein-denaturing agent), or EDTA (a chelator agent). Conversely, proteinase K, trypsin, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) significantly diminished the fungal aggregation. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the aggregation ability of these opportunistic yeast pathogens is time-dependent, and surface proteins and hydrophobic interactions seem to mediate cell aggregation since the presence of proteases and anionic detergents affected the aggregation capability. However, further studies are necessary to better elucidate the molecular aspects of this intriguing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia S. Ramos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.S.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Claudia M. Parra-Giraldo
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Marta H. Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.S.R.); (M.H.B.)
- Rede Micologia RJ—Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes (LEAMER), Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.S.R.); (M.H.B.)
- Unidad de Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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13
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Gatica S, Fuentes B, Rivera-Asín E, Ramírez-Céspedes P, Sepúlveda-Alfaro J, Catalán EA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Simon F, Riedel CA, Melo-Gonzalez F. Novel evidence on sepsis-inducing pathogens: from laboratory to bedside. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1198200. [PMID: 37426029 PMCID: PMC10327444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition and a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Among the leading causative agents of sepsis are bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pyogenes, along with fungal pathogens of the Candida species. Here, we focus on evidence from human studies but also include in vitro and in vivo cellular and molecular evidence, exploring how bacterial and fungal pathogens are associated with bloodstream infection and sepsis. This review presents a narrative update on pathogen epidemiology, virulence factors, host factors of susceptibility, mechanisms of immunomodulation, current therapies, antibiotic resistance, and opportunities for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics, through the perspective of bloodstream infection and sepsis. A list of curated novel host and pathogen factors, diagnostic and prognostic markers, and potential therapeutical targets to tackle sepsis from the research laboratory is presented. Further, we discuss the complex nature of sepsis depending on the sepsis-inducing pathogen and host susceptibility, the more common strains associated with severe pathology and how these aspects may impact in the management of the clinical presentation of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gatica
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brandon Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Rivera-Asín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Ramírez-Céspedes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Sepúlveda-Alfaro
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A. Catalán
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Melo-Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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