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Castro NR, Pinto CDSC, Dos Santos EP, Mansur CRE. Nanosystems with potential application as carriers for skin depigmenting actives. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:402001. [PMID: 38901412 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a skin disorder characterized by excessive production of melanin in the skin and includes dyschromias such as post-inflammatory hyperchromias, lentigens, melasma and chloasma. Topical products containing depigmenting agents offer a less aggressive treatment option for hyperpigmentation compared to methods like chemical peels and laser sessions. However, some of these agents can cause side effects such as redness and skin irritation. Encapsulating these actives in nanosystems shows promise in mitigating these effects and improving product safety and efficacy. In addition, nanocarriers have the ability to penetrate the skin, potentially allowing for targeted delivery of actives to the affected areas. The most commonly investigated nanosystems are nanoemulsions, vesicular nanosystems and nanoparticles, in which different materials can be used to generate different compositions in order to improve the properties of these nanocarriers. Nanocarriers have already been widely explored, but it is necessary to understand the evolution of these technologies when applied to the treatment of skin hyperchromias. Therefore, this literature review aims to present the state of the art over the last 15 years on the use of nanosystems as a potential strategy for encapsulating depigmenting actives for potential application in cosmetic products for skin hyperchromia. By providing a comprehensive overview of the latest research findings and technological advances, this article can contribute to improving the care and quality of life of people affected by this skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ruben Castro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Macromolecules, Center of Technology, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristal Dos Santos C Pinto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Macromolecules, Center of Technology, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisabete P Dos Santos
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Regina E Mansur
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Macromolecules, Center of Technology, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Khadivi Y, Shakeri S, Arjmandmazidi S, Shokri J, Monajjemzadeh F. The effect of emulgel preparation on the stability of Kojic acid in the topical anti-hyperpigmentation products. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2145-2155. [PMID: 38415395 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emulgel, a novel drug delivery system, merges emulsion and gel, offering advantages like enhanced stability, precise control over drug release kinetics, and increased drug absorption compared to emulsions alone. Kojic acid (KA) demonstrates potent inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme, a crucial player in the melanin synthesis pathway. AIMS The main objective of this experimental study is to formulate KA within an emulgel framework and assess its stability under various environmental conditions. METHODS One percent of KA emulgel and 1% simple gel, serving as the control product, were supplemented with varying concentrations of sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) for its antioxidant properties. The formulations were segregated into four groups and subjected to diverse maintenance and stress conditions over a three-month period. Monthly evaluations of physicochemical alterations were conducted, initially employing digital photography, followed by the extraction of KA and subsequent quantification of its concentration through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS The best formulations for retaining KA among the prepared ones were the 0.25% SMBS KA emulgel and the 0.1% SMBS KA simple gel, capable of retaining 86% and 76% of the initial KA content under stress conditions, respectively (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Regarding to this study, ideal storage condition for KA emulgel and simple gel is in the refrigerator temperatures. Moreover, optimal SMBS concentrations for stability enhancement are 0.25% for emulgel and 0.1% for the simple gel. A significant statistical difference was observed between refrigerated emulgel and simple gel in the retention of KA in the presence of optimum concentration of antioxidants (p < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Khadivi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saina Shakeri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shiva Arjmandmazidi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Shokri
- Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Monajjemzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Aayush K, Sharma K, Singh GP, Chiu I, Chavan P, Shandilya M, Roy S, Ye H, Sharma S, Yang T. Development and characterization of edible and active coating based on xanthan gum nanoemulsion incorporating betel leaf extract for fresh produce preservation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132220. [PMID: 38754654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Developing an edible and active coating, incorporating environmentally-friendly antimicrobial agents into edible polymers, provides an eco-friendly alternative to conventional packaging and exhibits significant potential in preserving the quality of postharvest food. Herein, we aim to develop a novel edible and active coating based on xanthan gum (XG) nanoemulsion (NE) incorporating betel leaf extract (BLE) for the preservation of fresh produce. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract of BLE at various concentrations were characterized. Further development of the active coating at different formulations of Tween 80 (1 % and 3 % w/v), XG (0.1 % to 0.5 % w/v), and BLE (1 % to 5 % w/v) was characterized by physical stability, viscosity, and antimicrobial properties. Results showed that the active coating at 1 % BLE showed significant antimicrobial properties against diverse bacterial and fungal foodborne pathogens (e.g., B. cereus, S. aureus) and fungal cultures (e.g., C. albicans). The study also examined the shelf-life of tomatoes coated with the BLE-XG NE solution, stored at 4 °C for 27 days. Analyses of weight retention, soluble solids, pH, texture, sensory attributes, and microbial populations showed that the coating effectively preserved tomato quality, highlighting its potential to preserve fresh produce and enhance food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Aayush
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India
| | - Gurvendra Pal Singh
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India
| | - Ivy Chiu
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Prafull Chavan
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India
| | - Mamta Shandilya
- School of Physics and Material Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India
| | - Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India; Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agricultural, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Haoxin Ye
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Somesh Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Distt Solan H.P 173229, India.
| | - Tianxi Yang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Ghasemiyeh P, Fazlinejad R, Kiafar MR, Rasekh S, Mokhtarzadegan M, Mohammadi-Samani S. Different therapeutic approaches in melasma: advances and limitations. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1337282. [PMID: 38628650 PMCID: PMC11019021 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1337282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation skin disorder that is more common in the female gender. Although melasma is a multifactorial skin disorder, however, sun-exposure and genetic predisposition are considered as the main etiologic factors in melasma occurrence. Although numerous topical and systemic therapeutic agents and also non-pharmacologic procedural treatments have been considered in melasma management, however, the commonly available therapeutic options have several limitations including the lack of sufficient clinical effectiveness, risk of relapse, and high rate of unwanted adverse drug reactions. Recruitment of nanotechnology for topical drug delivery in melasma management can lead to enhanced skin penetration, targeted drug delivery to the site of action, longer deposition at the targeted area, and limit systemic absorption and therefore systemic availability and adverse drug reactions. In the current review, first of all, the etiology, pathophysiology, and severity classification of melasma have been considered. Then, various pharmacologic and procedural therapeutic options in melasma treatment have been discussed. Afterward, the usage of various types of nanoparticles for the purpose of topical drug delivery for melasma management was considered. In the end, numerous clinical studies and controlled clinical trials on the assessment of the effectiveness of these novel topical formulations in melasma management are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahil Fazlinejad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kiafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Rasekh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ponphaiboon J, Limmatvapirat S, Limmatvapirat C. Development and Evaluation of a Stable Oil-in-Water Emulsion with High Ostrich Oil Concentration for Skincare Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:982. [PMID: 38474494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the development of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion enriched with a high concentration of ostrich oil, recognized for its abundant content of oleic acid (34.60 ± 0.01%), tailored for skincare applications. Using Span and Tween emulsifiers, we formulated an optimized emulsion with 20% w/w ostrich oil and a 15% w/w blend of Span 20 and Tween 80. This formulation, achieved via homogenization at 3800 rpm for 5 min, yielded the smallest droplet size (5.01 ± 0.43 μm) alongside an appropriate zeta potential (-32.22 mV). Our investigation into the influence of Span and Tween concentrations, types, and ratios on the stability of 20% w/w ostrich oil emulsions, maintaining a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of 5.5, consistently demonstrated the superior stability of the optimized emulsion across various formulations. Cytotoxicity assessments on human dermal fibroblasts affirmed the safety of the emulsion. Notably, the emulsion exhibited a 52.20 ± 2.01% inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation, surpassing the 44.70 ± 1.94% inhibition observed for ostrich oil alone. Moreover, it demonstrated a superior inhibitory zone against Staphylococcus aureus (12.32 ± 0.19 mm), compared to the 6.12 ± 0.15 mm observed for ostrich oil alone, highlighting its enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties and strengthening its potential for skincare applications. The optimized emulsion also demonstrates the release of 78.16 ± 1.22% of oleic acid across the cellulose acetate membrane after 180 min of study time. This successful release of oleic acid further enhances the overall efficacy and versatility of the optimized emulsion. Stability assessments, conducted over 6 months at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 45 °C), confirmed the emulsion's sustained physicochemical and microbial stability, supporting its promise for topical applications. Despite minor fluctuations in acid values (AV) and peroxide values (PV), the results remained within the acceptable limits. This research elucidates the crucial role of emulsification in optimizing the efficacy and stability of ostrich oil in skincare formulations, providing valuable insights for practical applications where stability is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthaporn Ponphaiboon
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Sontaya Limmatvapirat
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Chutima Limmatvapirat
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
- Natural Products Research Center (NPRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Gao M, Guo H, Dong X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Shang Q, Wang Q. Regulation of inflammation during wound healing: the function of mesenchymal stem cells and strategies for therapeutic enhancement. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1345779. [PMID: 38425646 PMCID: PMC10901993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1345779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound takes a long time to heal and involves several steps. Following tissue injury, inflammation is the primary cause of tissue regeneration and repair processes. As a result, the pathophysiological processes involving skin damage, healing, and remodeling depend critically on the control of inflammation. The fact that it is a feasible target for improving the prognosis of wound healing has lately become clear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an innovative and effective therapeutic option for wound healing due to their immunomodulatory and paracrine properties. By controlling the inflammatory milieu of wounds through immunomodulation, transplanted MSCs have been shown to speed up the healing process. In addition to other immunomodulatory mechanisms, including handling neutrophil activity and modifying macrophage polarization, there may be modifications to the activation of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, several studies have shown that pretreating MSCs improves their ability to modulate immunity. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about how MSCs influence local inflammation in wounds by influencing immunity to facilitate the healing process. We also provide an overview of MSCs optimizing techniques when used to treat wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Monteiro EDS, da Silva FS, Gomes KO, do Prado BA, dos Santos RD, Gomes da Camara CA, de Moraes MM, da Silva ICR, de Macêdo VT, Gelfuso GM, de Sá Barreto LCL, Orsi DC. Characterization and Determination of the Antibacterial Activity of Baccharis dracunculifolia Essential-Oil Nanoemulsions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1677. [PMID: 38136711 PMCID: PMC10740613 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of nanoemulsions of Baccharis dracunculifolia essential oil. The volatile compounds of the essential oil were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The properties of the nanoemulsions (droplet size, polydispersity index, pH, and electrical conductivity) were determined. The antibacterial activities of the essential oil and its nanoemulsions were evaluated using MIC, MBC, and disk diffusion. The microorganisms used were: Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA-1706, Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922). The major volatile compounds of the B. dracunculifolia essential oil were limonene (19.36%), (E)-nerolidol (12.75%), bicyclogermacrene (10.76%), and β-pinene (9.60%). The nanoemulsions had a mean droplet size between 13.14 and 56.84 nm. The nanoemulsions presented lower and statistically significant MIC values compared to the essential oil, indicating enhancement of the bacteriostatic action. The disk diffusion method showed that both the nanoemulsions and the essential oil presented inhibition zones only for Gram-positive bacteria, while there were no results against Gram-negative bacteria, indicating that B. dracunculifolia essential oil has a better antimicrobial effect on Gram-positive microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika da Silva Monteiro
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | - Franklyn Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | - Karolina Oliveira Gomes
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | - Bruno Alcântara do Prado
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | - Rebeca Dias dos Santos
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | | | - Marcilio Martins de Moraes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil; (C.A.G.d.C.); (M.M.d.M.)
| | - Izabel Cristina Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | - Vinicius Teixeira de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
| | - Guilherme Martins Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (L.C.L.d.S.B.)
| | | | - Daniela Castilho Orsi
- Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Brasília, Brasília 72220-900, DF, Brazil; (E.d.S.M.); (F.S.d.S.); (K.O.G.); (B.A.d.P.); (R.D.d.S.); (I.C.R.d.S.); (V.T.d.M.)
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Zhao H, Sun J, Yang Y. Research Progress of Photodynamic Therapy in Wound Healing: A Literature Review. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1327-1333. [PMID: 37747820 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Light is an efficient technique that has a significant influence on contemporary medicine. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves the combined action of photosensitizers (PSs), oxygen, and light, has emerged as a therapeutically promising method for treating a broad variety of solid tumors and infectious diseases. Photodynamic therapy is minimally invasive, has few side effects, lightens scars, and reduces tissue loss while preserving organ structure and function. In particular, PDT has a high healing potential for wounds (PDT stimulates wound healing by enhancing re-epithelialization, promoting angiogenesis as well as modulating skin homeostasis). Wound healing involves interactions between many different processes, including coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, cellular migration, and proliferation. Poor wound healing with diabetes or extensive burns remains a difficult challenge. This review emphasizes PDT as a potential research field and summarizes PDT's role in wound healing, including normal wounds, chronic wounds, and aging wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Nanbu County People's Hospital, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637300, China
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
- Jinzhou Medical University, No. 40 Songpo Road, Taihe District, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province 121001, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuguang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
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Rathee J, Malhotra S, Pandey M, Jain N, Kaul S, Gupta G, Nagaich U. Recent Update on Nanoemulsion Impregnated Hydrogel: a Gleam into the Revolutionary Strategy for Diffusion-Controlled Delivery of Therapeutics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:151. [PMID: 37438613 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since earlier times, dermatological remedies have been utilized to treat diseases associated with pain, irritation, and skin conditions. Compared to other routes of drug delivery, topical delivery of drugs offers several benefits. Scientists are investigating different alterations in dosage forms in addition to existing topical formulations such as ointments, gels, creams, lotions, and ointments to significantly improve the permeation of drugs and enhance the pharmacological efficacy of medications that are poorly absorbed via the skin. Conventional formulations have a plethora of problems viz. poor absorption, no target specificity, low spreadability, and inadequate bioavailability which leads the researchers toward developing novel formulations like nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsion can enhance the gradient in concentration and thermodynamic movement toward the epidermis and enhance the penetration of its constituents. However, due to its difficult application, nanoemulsion's lower viscosity limited its use in transdermal delivery. Thus, the development of nanoemulsion-based hydrogels has shown to be a successful strategy for removing obstacles from existing drug formulations. The simple application, expedient spreadability, non-stickiness, safety, and effectiveness of nanoemulsion-based hydrogel have led to substantial growth in their research in recent years. This review gives a brief idea about the prevalence of skin diseases, skin as an obstacle for drug delivery, and recent research insights to combat these obstacles. The work highlights the mechanism of drug release via nanoemulsion, hydrogels, and nanoemulsion-based hydrogels with reference to recent research on hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Sakshi Malhotra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India.
| | - Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
| | - Shreya Kaul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, 302017, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
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Zolghadri S, Beygi M, Mohammad TF, Alijanianzadeh M, Pillaiyar T, Garcia-Molina P, Garcia-Canovas F, Luis Munoz-Munoz J, Akbar Saboury A. Targeting Tyrosinase in Hyperpigmentation: Current Status, Limitations and Future Promises. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115574. [PMID: 37127249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is a common and distressing dermatologic condition. Since tyrosinase (TYR) plays an essential role in melanogenesis, its inhibition is considered a logical approach along with other therapeutic methods to prevent the accumulation of melanin in the skin. Thus, TYR inhibitors are a tempting target as the medicinal and cosmetic active agents of hyperpigmentation disorder. Among TYR inhibitors, hydroquinone is a traditional lightening agent that is commonly used in clinical practice. However, despite good efficacy, prolonged use of hydroquinone is associated with side effects. To overcome these shortcomings, new approaches in targeting TYR and treating hyperpigmentation are desperately requiredessentialneeded. In line with this purpose, several non-hydroquinone lightening agents have been developed and suggested as hydroquinone alternatives. In addition to traditional approaches, nanomedicine and nanotheranostic platforms have been recently proposed in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. In this review, we discuss the available strategies for the management of hyperpigmentation with a focus on TYR inhibition. In addition, alternative treatment options to hydroquinone are discussed. Finally, we present nano-based strategies to improve the therapeutic effect of drugs prescribed to patients with skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Beygi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Alijanianzadeh
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Munoz-Munoz
- Microbial Enzymology Lab, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building A, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Chib S, Jamwal VL, Kumar V, Gandhi SG, Saran S. Fungal production of kojic acid and its industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2111-2130. [PMID: 36912905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Kojic acid has gained its importance after it was known worldwide that the substance functions primarily as skin-lightening agent. Kojic acid plays a vital role in skin care products, as it enhances the ability to prevent exposure to UV radiation. It inhibits the tyrosinase formation which suppresses hyperpigmentation in human skin. Besides cosmetics, kojic acid is also greatly used in food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals industries. Conversely, according to Global Industry Analysts, the Middle East, Asia, and in Africa especially, the demand of whitening cream is very high, and probably the market will reach to $31.2 billion by 2024 from $17.9 billion of 2017. The important kojic acid-producing strains were mainly belongs to the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its commercial potential, it continues to attract the attention for its green synthesis, and the studies are still widely conducted to improve kojic acid production. Thus, the present review is focused on the current production processes, gene regulation, and limitation of its commercial production, probable reasons, and possible solutions. For the first time, detailed information on the metabolic pathway and the genes involved in kojic acid production, along with illustrations of genes, are highlighted in the present review. Demand and market applications of kojic acid and its regulatory approvals for its safer use are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Kojic acid is an organic acid that is primarily produced by Aspergillus species. • It is mainly used in the field of health care and cosmetic industries. • Kojic acid and its derivatives seem to be safe molecules for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifali Chib
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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12
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Baptista S, Baptista F, Freitas F. Development of Emulsions Containing L-Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol Based on the Polysaccharide FucoPol: Stability Evaluation and Rheological and Texture Assessment. COSMETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics10020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The main function of vitamin C, as an antioxidant, is to combat free radicals and prevent premature aging, smoothing wrinkles and expression lines. In addition, it acts directly on depigmentation and prevention of blemishes on the skin. In this study, natural oils (30 wt.%) and α-tocopherol (2.5 wt.%) containing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with the bacterial fucose-rich polysaccharide FucoPol were formulated, adding L-ascorbic acid as an antioxidant. The optimized formulations were obtained with 8.0 wt.% L-ascorbic acid for the Olea europaea oil formulation (C1) with a ƞ value of 2.71 Pa.s (measured at shear rate of 2.3 s−1) and E24 = 96% and with 15 wt.% L-ascorbic acid for the Prunus amygdalus dulcis formulation (C2) with a ƞ value of 5.15 Pa.s (at a shear rate of 2.3 s−1) and E24 = 99%. The stability of the FucoPol-based formulations was investigated over 45 days at 4 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C. The results showed that all formulations maintained the organoleptic characteristics, with pH variations (5.7–6.8 for C1, and 5.5–6.03 for C2) within the regulations for cosmetic products (4 ≤ pH ≤ 7). The accelerated stability tests proved the formulations’ stability at 4 °C with EI = 95% for C1 and EI = 100% for C2. The rheological assessment demonstrated that the formulation presents a shear-thinning and liquid-like behavior. Regarding textural parameters, formulations C1 and C2 displayed an increase in firmness and consistency with similar spreadability during the shelf life. These findings further demonstrate FucoPol’s functional properties, acting as an emulsifier and stabilizer polysaccharide in cosmetic formulations containing L-ascorbic acid.
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13
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Baptista S, Pereira JR, Guerreiro BM, Baptista F, Silva JC, Freitas F. Cosmetic emulsion based on the fucose-rich polysaccharide FucoPol: Bioactive properties and sensorial evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113252. [PMID: 36931042 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical characteristics, bioactive properties, and sensorial evaluation of a O/W cosmetic formulation containing FucoPol, a fucose-containing bacterial polysaccharide, were assessed. The stability of the FucoPol-based cream, named F-cream, was demonstrated over a period of 2 months at different temperatures (4, 20 and 30 °C), during which it maintained the organoleptic characteristics and pH (5.88-6.19), with minimal variations on the apparent viscosity. Furthermore, no breaking mechanisms occurred upon centrifuging the samples (accelerated stability test) kept at 4 °C and at 30 °C for 60 days. The F-cream presented a shear-thinning and solid-liquid behavior consistent with its envisaged use for topical applications, proving to be a suitable candidate for an anti-aging application due to its antioxidant capacity and effective photoprotection, maintaining cellular preservation. Moreover, the formulation was proven non-cytotoxic for HaCaT cells at concentrations between 0.78 and 12.5 mg/mL, promoting HFFF2 cell migration (46-70 % of wound closure) at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, and HaCaT cell migration at a concentration of 10 mg/mL (95-98 % of wound closure). Upon application over the skin, the F-cream provided a hydration and softness with desired spreadability with no residues after application. These findings show that FucoPol has good potential to be used as a functional and/or active ingredient in cosmetic formulations, forming an emulsified cream with appealing sensorial properties that can act as a moisturizer with photoprotection, antioxidant, and regeneration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Baptista
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; 73100, Lda. Edifício Arcis, Rua Ivone Silva, 6, 4º piso, 1050-124 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João R Pereira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Bruno M Guerreiro
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Baptista
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jorge C Silva
- CENIMAT/I3N, Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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14
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Asmawi AA, Salim N, Abdulmalek E, Abdul Rahman MB. Size-Controlled Preparation of Docetaxel- and Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsions for Potential Pulmonary Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020652. [PMID: 36839974 PMCID: PMC9964819 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the deadliest pulmonary diseases in the world. Although docetaxel (DTX) has exhibited superior efficacy in lung cancer treatment, it has demonstrated numerous adverse effects and poor bioavailability. The natural product extract, curcumin (CCM), has reportedly reduced toxicity and synergistically improved DTX bioavailability. Nonetheless, the hydrophobic nature of DTX and CCM limits their clinical use. Nanoemulsion pulmonary delivery of DTX and CCM has demonstrated potential as a drug carrier to alleviate these drawbacks. The controlled preparation of inhalable DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions within the 100 to 200 nm range was explored in this study. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to fabricate the desired size of the nanoemulsion under optimized conditions. Different process parameters were employed to control the size of the nanoemulsions procured through a high-energy emulsification technique. The size of the resultant nanoemulsions decreased with increasing energy input. The actual response according to the targeted sizes for DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsion models exhibited excellent agreement with the predicted value at below 5% residual standard error under optimized conditions. The nanoemulsion of 100 nm particle size demonstrated better membrane permeability than their larger counterparts. Moreover, the formulations documented favorable physicochemical and aerodynamic pulmonary delivery properties and reduced toxicity in human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. Hence, this tunable size of nanoemulsions could be a suitable alternative drug delivery for pulmonary diseases with increased local lung concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azren Aida Asmawi
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.R.); Tel.: +60-397696798 (M.B.A.R.)
| | - Norazlinaliza Salim
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Emilia Abdulmalek
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.R.); Tel.: +60-397696798 (M.B.A.R.)
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15
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Zilles JC, Duarte LP, Ruaro TC, Zimmer AR, Kulkamp-Guerreiro IC, Contri RV. Nanoemulsion Containing Kojic Dipalmitate and Rosehip Oil: A Promising Formulation to Treat Melasma. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020468. [PMID: 36839792 PMCID: PMC9959276 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melasma is a hard-to-treat hyperpigmentation disorder. Combined incorporation of kojic dipalmitate (KDP), the esterified form of kojic acid, and rosehip oil, an oil with antioxidant and skin-regenerating properties, into nanocarrier systems appears to be a suitable strategy to develop high-performance formulations. A high-energy method (Ultra-Turrax®) was used to develop nanoemulsions containing up to 2 mg/mL KDP, 5% rosehip oil, and 7.5% surfactant. Formulations were characterized regarding droplet size, size distribution, pH, density, morphology, KDP content, incorporation efficiency, and stability under different temperature conditions. A scale-up study was conducted. Skin permeation, antioxidant potential, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were assessed in vitro. Cell viability studies were also performed. Results showed that nanoemulsions containing 1 and 2 mg/mL KDP had incorporation efficiencies greater than 95%, droplet size smaller than 130 nm, suitable size distribution, zeta potential of approximately -10 mV, and good stability over 30 days of refrigerated storage. The nanoemulsion containing 1 mg/mL KDP was chosen for further evaluation because it had lower nanocrystal formation, greater scale-up feasibility and allowed KDP permeation up to the epidermis similarly than observed for 2 mg/mL KDP. This formulation (1 mg/mL KDP) showed antioxidant and depigmenting efficacy, close to that of 1 mM ascorbic acid. No cytotoxicity was observed in formulations concentrations ranging from 0.06% to 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Capp Zilles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas–PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pedron Duarte
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Carine Ruaro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas–PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas–PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Irene Clemes Kulkamp-Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas–PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Vidor Contri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas–PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-51-3308-5416
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16
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Decrypting the Potential of Nanotechnology-Based Approaches as Cutting-Edge for Management of Hyperpigmentation Disorder. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010220. [PMID: 36615414 PMCID: PMC9822493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The abundant synthesis and accretion of melanin inside skin can be caused by activation of melanogenic enzymes or increase in number of melanocytes. Melasma is defined as hyperpigmented bright or dark brown spots which are symmetrically distributed and have serrated and irregular borders. The three general categories of pigmentation pattern include centro facial pattern, malar pattern, and mandibular pattern. Exposure to UV rays, heat, use of cosmetics and photosensitizing drugs, female sex hormonal therapies, aberrant production of melanocyte stimulating hormone, and increasing aesthetic demands are factors which cause the development of melasma disease. This review gives a brief overview regarding the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification system, life cycle of melanin, mechanism of action of anti-hyperpigmenting drugs, and existing pharmacotherapy strategies for the treatment of melasma. The objectives of this review are focused on role of cutting-edge nanotechnology-based strategies, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, i.e., lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, liposomes, ethosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, aspasomes, invasomes penetration-enhancing vesicles; inorganic nanocarriers, i.e., gold nanoparticles and fullerenes; and polymer-based nanocarriers i.e., polymeric nanoparticles, polymerosomes, and polymeric micelles for the management of hyperpigmentation.
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17
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Adem AA, Belete A, Lai KK, Hage C, Neubert RH, Gebre-Mariam T. Nanoemulgel formulation for topical delivery of plant glucosylceramide: Characterization and optimization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Ali HSM, Ahmed SA, Alqurshi AA, Alalawi AM, Shehata AM, Alahmadi YM. Boosting Tadalafil Bioavailability via Sono-Assisted Nano-Emulsion-Based Oral Jellies: Box-Behnken Optimization and Assessment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122592. [PMID: 36559086 PMCID: PMC9781150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tadalafil (TAD) is a poorly soluble, phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction. The primary goal of this project was to prepare nano-emulsions using ultrasonic technology to address TAD bioavailability concerns. The Box−Behnken design was employed to find prominent correlations between factors impacting the sono-emulsification process. The emulsifier concentration, amplitude level, and ultrasonication time were the independent factors, whereas the average droplet size (ADS) and polydispersity index (PDI) were designated as the response variables. TAD-loaded nano-emulsions (93−289 nm) were generated and the emulsifier concentration showed a crucial role in directing emulsion droplet size. The model desirability function was utilized to optimize a nano-emulsion with a small ADS (99.67 ± 7.55 nm) and PDI (0.45 ± 0.04) by adjusting the emulsifiers concentration, amplitude level, and ultrasonication time at 9.85%, 33%, 49 s, respectively. The optimized nano-emulsions did not demonstrate any precipitation or phase separation after stability stress tests. TAD jellies were formulated based on the optimized nano-emulsion and subjected to in vitro evaluation for physical characteristics; TAD content, pH, spreadability, viscosity, syneresis, and taste-masking ability. An optimized nano-emulsion-based jelly (NEJ) formulation showed more than 96% drug dissolution in 30 min relative to 14% for the unprocessed TAD. In vivo assessment of NEJ in experimental rats demonstrated a significant enhancement (p < 0.05) of TAD bioavailability with an AUC0−24h of 2045 ± 70.2 vs. 259.9 ± 17.7 ng·h·mL−1 for the unprocessed TAD. Storage stability results revealed that NEJ remained stable with unremarkable changes in properties for 3 months. Overall, NEJ can be regarded as a successful therapeutic option for TAD administration with immediate-release properties and improved bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany S. M. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-50-286-4018; Fax: +966-4-847-5027
| | - Sameh A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Abdulmalik A. Alqurshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alalawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Shehata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Yaser M. Alahmadi
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah P.O. Box 344, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Formulation of the Polysaccharide FucoPol into Novel Emulsified Creams with Improved Physicochemical Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227759. [PMID: 36431860 PMCID: PMC9695255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Driven by the customers' growing awareness of environmental issues, the production of topical formulations based on sustainable ingredients is receiving widespread attention from researchers and the industry. Although numerous sustainable ingredients (natural, organic, or green chemistry-derived compounds) have been investigated, there is a lack of comparative studies between conventional ingredients and sustainable alternatives. In this study, olive oil (30 wt.%) and α-tocopherol (2.5 wt.%) containing oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with the bacterial fucose-rich polysaccharide FucoPol were formulated envisaging their validation as cosmetic creams. After formula composition design by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the optimized FucoPol-based emulsion was prepared with 1.5 wt.% FucoPol, 1.5 wt.% cetyl alcohol, and 3.0 wt.% glycerin. The resulting emulsions had an apparent viscosity of 8.72 Pa.s (measured at a shear rate 2.3 s-1) and droplet size and zeta potential values of 6.12 µm and -97.9 mV, respectively, which are within the values reported for cosmetic emulsified formulations. The optimized formulation displayed the desired criterium of a thin emulsion system, possessing the physicochemical properties and the stability comparable to those of commercially available products used in cosmeceutical applications.
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20
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Sevinç-Özakar R, Seyret E, Özakar E, Adıgüzel MC. Nanoemulsion-Based Hydrogels and Organogels Containing Propolis and Dexpanthenol: Preparation, Characterization, and Comparative Evaluation of Stability, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Properties. Gels 2022; 8:578. [PMID: 36135290 PMCID: PMC9498717 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanoemulsion-based gels have become very popular for dermal drug delivery, overcoming the disadvantages of conventional semi-solid drug forms. The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize nanoemulsion-based hydrogels and organogels containing combined propolis and dexpanthenol, and to compare their stability, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties. Within the scope of characterization studies, organoleptic properties, drug content, morphology, pH, gel-sol conversion temperature, spreadability, viscosity, FT-IR, and release properties were evaluated in hydrogels and organogels. The characterization studies carried out were subjected to short-term stability evaluation at room temperature and refrigerator for 3 months. While no phase separation was observed in any of the formulations kept in the refrigerator, phase separation was observed in four formulations kept at room temperature. The release study successfully obtained an extended release for propolis and dexpanthenol. In the antimicrobial susceptibility study, Hydrogel 1 showed activity against S. aureus, while Organogel 1 showed activity against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. In the cytotoxicity study against HDFa cells, both Hydrogel 1 and Organogel 1 were found to be nontoxic at low doses. These hydrogels and organogels, which contain propolis and dexpanthenol in combination for the first time, are promising systems that can be used in wound and burn models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Sevinç-Özakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emrah Seyret
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emrah Özakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cemal Adıgüzel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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21
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Saini A, Panesar PS, Dilbaghi N, Prasad M, Bera MB. Lutein extract loaded nanoemulsions: Preparation, characterization, and application in dairy product. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Saini
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal Punjab India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Rajasthan Jaipur India
| | - Parmjit Singh Panesar
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal Punjab India
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio & Nano Technology Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Haryana India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Hisar India
| | - Manab Bandhu Bera
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal Punjab India
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22
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Zilles JC, Dos Santos FL, Kulkamp-Guerreiro IC, Contri RV. Biological activities and safety data of kojic acid and its derivatives - a review. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1500-1521. [PMID: 35960194 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kojic acid presents a variety of applications for human use, especially as a depigmenting agent. Its derivatives are also proposed in order to prevent chemical degradation, prevent adverse effects and improve efficacy. The aim of this study was to peer review the current scientific literature concerning the biological activities and safety data of kojic acid or its derivatives, aiming at human use, and trying to elucidate the action mechanisms. Three different databases were assessed and the word "kojic" was crossed with "toxicity", "adverse effect", "efficacy", "effect", "activity" and "safety". Articles were selected according to pre-defined criteria. Besides the depigmenting activity, kojic acid and derivatives can act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, radioprotector, anticonvulsant and obesity management agents, and present potential as antitumor substances. Depigmenting activity is due to the molecules, after penetrating the cell, binding to tyrosinase active site, regulating melanogenesis factors, leucocytes modulation and free radical scavenging activity. Hence, polarity, size and ligands are also important factors for activity. Kojic acid and derivatives present cytotoxicity to some cancerous cell lines, including melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer. Regarding safety, kojic acid or its derivatives are safe molecules for human use in the concentrations tested. Kojic acid and its derivatives have great potential for cosmetic, pharmaceutical and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Capp Zilles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Irene Clemes Kulkamp-Guerreiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Vidor Contri
- Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - PPGCF, Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Qadir A, Ullah SNMN, Gupta DK, Khan N. Phytoconstituents loaded nanomedicines for the management of Acne. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:3240-3255. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadir
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of pharmaceutical education and research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062
- Department of Research and Developments Herbalfarm Health care Private Limited New Delhi 110020
| | | | - Dipak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of pharmaceutical education and research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062
| | - Nausheen Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry school of pharmaceutical education and research Jamia Hamdard New Delhi 110062
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24
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Baba Shekh AO, Abdul Wahab R, Yahya NA. Formulation of roselle extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion for controlled pulmonary delivery. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2046044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Omer Baba Shekh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Baharu, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Baharu, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azzanizawaty Yahya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Baharu, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Development and Optimization of Nanoemulsion from Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica (NanoSECA) Using D-Optimal Mixture Design to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3483511. [PMID: 35295926 PMCID: PMC8920630 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3483511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evidence on the neuroprotective impact of Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) has been greatly documented in recent years. However, a major obstacle that remains to be overcome is the capacity of the active molecules in C. asiatica to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we explored the possibilities of using a D-optimal mixture design to fabricate nanoemulsion of C. asiatica (NanoSECA) for better brain bioavailability. The parameters for optimization were the percentage of water (10–80% w/v) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) (10–80% w/v). Nanoemulsions were formulated using a high-pressure homogenization approach and were characterized for their physicochemical properties. The optimal VCO-based nanoemulsion (VBN: F2) conditions were found at 80% (w/v) of water and 10% (w/v) of VCO. Subsequently, viability tests were conducted on neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell lines. NanoSECA was distinguished for its antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), anti-inflammatory, and parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) activities in vitro. The NanoSECA has a particle size of 127.833 ± 8.280 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of −24.9 ± 0.011 mV, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.493 ± 4.681, percentage prediction error (PPE) of −12.02%, and pH of 6.0 ± 0.006 and is also stable under different storage conditions. Cell viability was improved in a dose-dependent manner on SH-SY5Y and RAW 264.7 cell lines. In addition, NanoSECA significantly reduced the AChE activity, suppressing the level of proinflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Moreover, NanoSECA showed high BBB permeation with a high value of experimental permeability to cross the BBB. Thus, NanoSECA could efficiently potentiate the central nervous system (CNS) therapeutic activities through enhanced penetration of BBB. These nano-delivery systems are crucial to unlock the full potential of C. asiatica for treating numerous CNS disorders.
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Formulation of a stable water-in-oil nanoemulsion rich in anti-diabetic components of the roselle extract for controlled release. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Saha P, Bose S, Javed MN, Srivastava AK. Clinical potential of nanotechnlogy as smart therapeutics: A step toward targeted drug delivery. ADVANCES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 2022:133-154. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88450-1.00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
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28
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In vitro cytotoxicity assay, mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity and release analysis of kojic monooleate nanodelivery system and in silico molecular docking study against 2Y9X target enzyme. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Romes NB, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Hamid M, Oyewusi HA, Huda N, Kobun R. Thermodynamic stability, in-vitro permeability, and in-silico molecular modeling of the optimal Elaeis guineensis leaves extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20851. [PMID: 34675286 PMCID: PMC8531315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsion is a delivery system used to enhance bioavailability of plant-based compounds across the stratum corneum. Elaeis guineensis leaves are rich source of polyphenolic antioxidants, viz. gallic acid and catechin. The optimal E. guineensis leaves extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion was stable against coalescence, but it was under significant influence of Ostwald ripening over 90 days at 25 °C. The in-vitro permeability revealed a controlled and sustained release of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) of EgLE with a cumulative amount of 1935.0 ± 45.7 µgcm-2 after 8 h. The steady-state flux and permeation coefficient values were 241.9 ± 5.7 µgcm-2 h-1 and 1.15 ± 0.03 cm.h-1, respectively. The kinetic release mechanism for TPC of EgLE was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model due to the highest linearity of R2 = 0.9961, indicating super case II transport mechanism. The in-silico molecular modelling predicted that the aquaporin-3 protein in the stratum corneum bonded preferably to catechin over gallic acid through hydrogen bonds due to the lowest binding energies of - 57.514 kcal/mol and - 8.553 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, the in-silico study further verified that catechin could improve skin hydration. Therefore, the optimal nanoemulsion could be used topically as moisturizer to enhance skin hydration based on the in-silico prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissha Bharrathi Romes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia.
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Mariani Abdul Hamid
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Habeebat Adekilekun Oyewusi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Rovina Kobun
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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Influence of alkyl polyglucoside on physicochemical characteristics and in vitro studies of ibuprofen-loaded nanoemulsion formulations. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Kildaci I, Budama-Kilinc Y, Kecel-Gunduz S, Altuntas E. Linseed Oil Nanoemulsions for treatment of Atopic Dermatitis disease: Formulation, characterization, in vitro and in silico evaluations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Romes NB, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Hamid M. The role of bioactive phytoconstituents-loaded nanoemulsions for skin improvement: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2021.1915869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nissha Bharrathi Romes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mariani Abdul Hamid
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Nautiyal A, Wairkar S. Management of hyperpigmentation: Current treatments and emerging therapies. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:1000-1014. [PMID: 33998768 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation of the skin refers to a dermatological condition which alters the color of the skin, making it discolored or darkened. The treatments for hyperpigmentation disorders often take very long to show results and have poor patient compliance. The first-line treatment for hyperpigmentation involves topical formulations of conventional agents such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and glycolic acid followed by oral formulations of therapeutic agents such as tranexamic acid, melatonin, and cysteamine hydrochloride. The second-line approaches include chemical peels and laser therapy given under the observation of expert professionals. However, these therapies pose certain limitations and adverse effects such as erythema, skin peeling, and drying and require long treatment duration to show visible effects. These shortcomings of the conventional treatments provided scope for further research on newer alternatives for managing hyperpigmentation. Some of these therapies include novel formulations such as solid lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, phytochemicals, platelet-rich plasma, microneedling. This review focuses on elaborating on several hyperpigmentation disorders and their mechanisms, the current, novel and emerging treatment options for management of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avni Nautiyal
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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34
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Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Dermal and Transdermal Applications. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the most superficial layer of the skin, protects the body against environmental hazards and presents a highly selective barrier for the passage of drugs and cosmetic products deeper into the skin and across the skin. Nanomaterials can effectively increase the permeation of active molecules across the stratum corneum and enable their penetration into deeper skin layers, often by interacting with the skin and creating the distinct sites with elevated local concentration, acting as reservoirs. The flux of the molecules from these reservoirs can be either limited to the underlying skin layers (for topical drug and cosmeceutical delivery) or extended across all the sublayers of the epidermis to the blood vessels of the dermis (for transdermal delivery). The type of the nanocarrier and the physicochemical nature of the active substance are among the factors that determine the final skin permeation pattern and the stability of the penetrant in the cutaneous environment. The most widely employed types of nanomaterials for dermal and transdermal applications include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanovesicular carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles. The recent advances in the area of nanomaterial-assisted dermal and transdermal delivery are highlighted in this review.
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35
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Hatem S, El Hoffy NM, Elezaby RS, Nasr M, Kamel AO, Elkheshen SA. Background and different treatment modalities for melasma: Conventional and nanotechnology-based approaches. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Romes NB, Wahab RA, Abdul Hamid M, Hashim SE. D-optimal design-assisted Elaeis guineensis leaves extract in olive oil-sunflower seed nanoemulsions: development, characterization, and physical stability. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1839484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nissha Bharrathi Romes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Mariani Abdul Hamid
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Siti Ernieyanti Hashim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor, Bahru, Malaysia
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Effect of Addition of PVA/PG to Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Kojic Monooleate Formulation on Droplet Size: Three-Factors Response Surface Optimization and Characterization. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsion formulation containing kojic monooleate (KMO) in thin film system was developed. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize and analyzed the effect of three variables, namely concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (20–30% w/w), concentration of propylene glycol (PG) (1–10% w/w), and shear rate of high shear homogenizer (3000–9000 rpm) on droplet size as a response, while other compositions remained constant such as KMO (10.0% w/w), Tween 80 (3.19% w/w), castor oil (3.74% w/w), xanthan gum (0.70% w/w), and germall plus (0.7% w/w, PG (and) diazolidinyl urea (and) iodopropynyl butylcarbamate). The optimized KMO nanoemulsion formulation with desirable criteria was PVA (27.61% w/w) and PG (1.05% w/w), and shear rate (8656.17 rpm) with a predicted droplet size (110.21 nm) and actual droplet size (105.93 nm) with a residual standard error (RSE) of less than 2.0% was obtained. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the fitness of the quadratic polynomial fit the experimental data with a F-value of 65.30, p–value of p < 0.0001, and a non-significant lack-of-fit. The optimized KMO formulation shows the desired criteria of the thin film system and the physicochemical properties (Zeta potential −37.37 mV, PDI 0.13, pH 4.74) and stability at four different conditions indicate its suitability for cosmeceutical applications.
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Ab Aziz NA, Salim N, Zarei M, Saari N, Yusoff FM. Extraction, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of the collagen hydrolysate derived from Rhopilema hispidum. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:44-53. [PMID: 32701046 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1789991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of the extracted collagen hydrolysate (CH) derived from Malaysian jellyfish, Rhopilema hispidum. Collagen was extracted using 1:1 (w:v) 0.1 M NaOH solution at temperature 25 °C for 48 hr followed by treatment of 1:2 (w:v) distilled water for another 24 hr and freeze-dried. The extracted collagen was hydrolyzed using papain at optimum temperature, pH and enzyme/substrate ratio [E/S] of 60 °C, 7.0 and 1:50, respectively. CH was found to exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging and metal ion-chelating assays up to 64, 28, and 83%, respectively, after 8 hr of hydrolysis process. The molecular weight of CH was found <10 kDa consisting of mainly Gly (19.219%), Glu (10.428%), and Arg (8.848%). The UV-visible spectrum analysis showed a major and minor peak at 218 and 276 nm, accordingly. The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the amide groups in CH. The SEM images demonstrated spongy and porous structure of CH. In the cytotoxicity study, CH has no cytotoxicity against mouse embryonic 3T3 fibroblast cell line with IC50 value >500 µg/ml. Results revealed that the CH generated from this study has a potential to be developed as active ingredient in cosmeceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Atikah Ab Aziz
- Integrated Chemical Biophysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazlinaliza Salim
- Integrated Chemical Biophysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md Yusoff
- Department of Aquaculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Roselan MA, Ashari SE, Faujan NH, Mohd Faudzi SM, Mohamad R. An Improved Nanoemulsion Formulation Containing Kojic Monooleate: Optimization, Characterization and In Vitro Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112616. [PMID: 32512808 PMCID: PMC7321202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase inhibitors have become increasingly important targets for hyperpigmentation disease treatment. Kojic monooleate (KMO), synthesized from the esterification of kojic acid and oleic acid, has shown a better depigmenting effect than kojic acid. In this study, the process parameters include the speed of high shear, the time of high shear and the speed of the stirrer in the production of nanoemulsion containing KMO was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), as well as evaluated in terms of its physicochemical properties, safety and efficacy. The optimized condition for the formulation of KMO nanoemulsion was 8.04 min (time of high shear), 4905.42 rpm (speed of high shear), and 271.77 rpm (speed of stirrer), which resulted in a droplet size of 103.97 nm. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the fitness of the quadratic polynomial fit the experimental data with large F-values (148.79) and small p-values (p < 0.0001) and an insignificant lack of fit. The optimized nanoemulsion containing KMO with a pH value of 5.75, showed a high conductivity value (3.98 mS/cm), which indicated that the nanoemulsion containing KMO was identified as an oil-in-water type of nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion remains stable (no phase separation) under a centrifugation test and displays accelerated stability during storage at 4, 25 and 45 °C over 90 days. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the optimized nanoemulsion was less toxic, with a 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) > 500 μg/mL, and that it can inhibit 67.12% of tyrosinase activity. This study reveals that KMO is a promising candidate for the development of a safe cosmetic agent to prevent hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azimuddin Roselan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.R.); (N.H.F.); (S.M.M.F.)
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Efliza Ashari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.R.); (N.H.F.); (S.M.M.F.)
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nur Hana Faujan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.R.); (N.H.F.); (S.M.M.F.)
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Munirah Mohd Faudzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.A.R.); (N.H.F.); (S.M.M.F.)
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rosfarizan Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Cellulose nanocrystals/nanofibrils loaded astaxanthin nanoemulsion for the induction of apoptosis via ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells under photobiomodulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:165-177. [PMID: 31987944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated effects of low-level laser therapy with cellulose nanocrystals/cellulose nanofibrils loaded in nanoemulsion (NE) against skin cancer cells on apoptosis. The nanoemulsion was fabricated and characterized by the standard methods. The toxicity level by cytotoxicity assays, generation of reactive singlet oxygen (ROS) and antioxidant potential, cell proliferation and migration were confirmed by using standard assays. The cellular uptake efficacy was evaluated by differential staining. The protein levels of EGFR, PI3K, AKT, ERK, GAPDH, and β-actin were detected by western blot. The samples showed a spherical shaped structure with the average size confirmed strong and stable hydrogen bonding forces with high degradation temperature and endothermic transition peaks. The fabricated samples showed no toxicity and high cell proliferation by generating more singlet oxygen levels and antioxidants. The intracellular signaling pathways was regulated with high protein expression levels, which was stimulated by specific molecules for cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in cancer cells. The results proved that combined treatment regulated the intracellular signaling pathways in cancer cells. The current study showed a novel strategy for improving therapeutic efficacy of nanoemulsion by using low-level laser therapy. Further, the current favorable outcomes will be evaluated in in vivo animal models.
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Wahgiman NA, Salim N, Abdul Rahman MB, Ashari SE. Optimization of nanoemulsion containing gemcitabine and evaluation of its cytotoxicity towards human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC5) and human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7323-7338. [PMID: 31686809 PMCID: PMC6751780 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s212635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine (GEM) is a chemotherapeutic agent, which is known to battle cancer but challenging due to its hydrophilic nature. Nanoemulsion is water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsion shows potential as a carrier system in delivering gemcitabine to the cancer cell. METHODS The behaviour of GEM in MCT/surfactants/NaCl systems was studied in the ternary system at different ratios of Tween 80 and Span 80. The system with surfactant ratio 3:7 of Tween 80 and Span 80 was chosen for further study on the preparation of nanoemulsion formulation due to the highest isotropic region. Based on the selected ternary phase diagram, a composition of F1 was chosen and used for optimization by using the D-optimal mixture design. The interaction variables between medium chain triglyceride (MCT), surfactant mixture Tween 80: Span 80 (ratio 3:7), 0.9 % sodium chloride solution and gemcitabine were evaluated towards particle size as a response. RESULTS The results showed that NaCl solution and GEM gave more effects on particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of 141.57±0.05 nm, 0.168 and -37.10 mV, respectively. The optimized nanoemulsion showed good stability (no phase separation) against centrifugation test and storage at three different temperatures. The in vitro release of gemcitabine at different pH buffer solution was evaluated. The results showed the release of GEM in buffer pH 6.5 (45.19%) was higher than GEM in buffer pH 7.4 (13.62%). The cytotoxicity study showed that the optimized nanoemulsion containing GEM induced cytotoxicity towards A549 cell and at the same time reduced cytotoxicity towards MRC5 when compared to the control (GEM solution).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiatul Atiqah Wahgiman
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor43400, Malaysia
| | - Norazlinaliza Salim
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor43400, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor43400, Malaysia
| | - Siti Efliza Ashari
- Integrated Chemical BioPhysics Research, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor43400, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor43400, Malaysia
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Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs. Sci Pharm 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm87030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NEs) are colloidal dispersions of two immiscible liquids, oil and water, in which one is dispersed in the other with the aid of a surfactant/co-surfactant mixture, either forming oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) nanodroplets systems, with droplets 20–200 nm in size. NEs are easy to prepare and upscale, and they show high variability in their components. They have proven to be very viable, non-invasive, and cost-effective nanocarriers for the enhanced transdermal delivery of a wide range of active compounds that tend to metabolize heavily or suffer from undesirable side effects when taken orally. In addition, the anti-microbial and anti-viral properties of NE components, leading to preservative-free formulations, make NE a very attractive approach for transdermal drug delivery. This review focuses on how NEs mechanistically deliver both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs through skin layers to reach the blood stream, exerting the desired therapeutic effect. It highlights the mechanisms and strategies executed to effectively deliver drugs, both with o/w and w/o NE types, through the transdermal way. However, the mechanisms reported in the literature are highly diverse, to the extent that a definite mechanism is not conclusive.
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de Matos SP, Teixeira HF, de Lima ÁAN, Veiga-Junior VF, Koester LS. Essential Oils and Isolated Terpenes in Nanosystems Designed for Topical Administration: A Review. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040138. [PMID: 30959802 PMCID: PMC6523335 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are natural products with a complex composition. Terpenes are the most common class of chemical compounds present in essential oils. Terpenes and the essential oils containing them are widely used and investigated by their pharmacological properties and permeation-enhancing ability. However, many terpenes and essential oils are sensitive to environmental conditions, undergoing volatilization and chemical degradation. In order to overcome the chemical instability of some isolated terpenes and essential oils, the encapsulation of these compounds in nanostructured systems (polymeric, lipidic, or molecular complexes) has been employed. In addition, nanoencapsulation can be of interest for pharmaceutical applications due to its capacity to improve the bioavailability and allow the controlled release of drugs. Topical drug administration is a convenient and non-invasive administration route for both local and systemic drug delivery. The present review focuses on describing the current status of research concerning nanostructured delivery systems containing isolated terpenes and/or essential oils designed for topical administration and on discussing the use of terpenes and essential oils either for their biological activities or as permeation enhancers in pharmaceutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila P de Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Helder F Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Ádley A N de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Cordeiro de Farias, s/n, Petrópolis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - Valdir F Veiga-Junior
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Praça Gen. Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Letícia S Koester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
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