1
|
Rezaei A, Moqadami A, Khalaj-Kondori M. Minocycline as a prospective therapeutic agent for cancer and non-cancer diseases: a scoping review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2835-2848. [PMID: 37991540 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Minocycline is an FDA-approved secondary-generation tetracycline antibiotic. It is a synthetic antibiotic having many biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective functions. This study discusses the pharmacological mechanisms of preventive and therapeutic effects of minocycline. Specifically, it provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular pathways by which minocycline acts on the different cancers, including ovarian, breast, glioma, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, lung, prostate, melanoma, head and neck, leukemia, and non-cancer diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Huntington, polycystic ovary syndrome, and coronavirus disease 19. Minocycline may be a potential medication for these disorders due to its strong blood-brain barrier penetrance. It is also widely accepted as a specific medication, has a well-known side-effect characteristic, is reasonably priced, making it appropriate for continuous use in managing diseases, and has been demonstrated as an oral approach because it is effectively absorbed and accomplished almost all of the body's parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abedeh Rezaei
- Department of Animal Biology¸ Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Moqadami
- Department of Animal Biology¸ Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori
- Department of Animal Biology¸ Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shamim MA, Manna S, Dwivedi P, Swami MK, Sahoo S, Shukla R, Srivastav S, Thaper K, Saravanan A, Anil A, Varthya SB, Singh S, Shamim MA, Satapathy P, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Padhi BK, Sah R. Minocycline in depression not responding to first-line therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35937. [PMID: 37960804 PMCID: PMC10637431 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is often resistant to first-line treatment, with around 30% failing to respond to traditional therapy. Treatment-resistant depression results in prolonged hospitalization and healthcare costs. Anti-inflammatory drugs have shown promising results in depression not responding to initial therapy. Minocycline has anti-inflammatory properties and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It has demonstrated varied results in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS We assessed the efficacy of minocycline compared to placebo in depression not responding to one first-line antidepressant via a systematic review and meta-analysis. We performed a comprehensive literature search across PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus for RCTs. We visualized the results using forest plots and drapery plots. We assessed and explored heterogeneity using I2, prediction interval, and meta-regression. Then, we rated the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS Four RCTs revealed a non-significant difference in depression severity [-3.93; 95% CI: -16.14 to 8.28], rate of response [1.15; 0.33-4.01], and rate of remission [0.94; 0.44-2.01]. However, the reduction in depression severity is significant at a trend of P < .1. The high between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 78%) for depression severity could be answered by meta-regression (P = .02) for the duration of therapy. CONCLUSION There is no significant difference with minocycline compared to placebo for depression not responding to first-line antidepressant therapy. However, the treatment response varies with treatment duration and patients' neuroinflammatory state. Thus, larger and longer RCTs, especially in diverse disease subgroups, are needed for further insight. This is needed to allow greater precision medicine in depression and avoid elevated healthcare expenditure associated with hit-and-trial regimens. REGISTRATION CRD42023398476 (PROSPERO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pradeep Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Centre of Excellence for Tribal Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Swami
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Swapnajeet Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravindra Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shival Srivastav
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Kashish Thaper
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Aswini Saravanan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Abhishek Anil
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shoban Babu Varthya
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Muhammad Aasim Shamim
- Department of Hospital Administration, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prakisini Satapathy
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Soosanna Kumary Chattu
- Center for Evidence-Based Research, Global Health Research and Innovations Canada Inc. (GHRIC), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technological Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Bijaya K. Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orbe EB, Benros ME. Immunological Biomarkers as Predictors of Treatment Response in Psychotic Disorders. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1382. [PMID: 37763150 PMCID: PMC10532612 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders, notably schizophrenia, impose a detrimental burden on both an individual and a societal level. The mechanisms leading to psychotic disorders are multifaceted, with genetics and environmental factors playing major roles. Increasing evidence additionally implicates neuro-inflammatory processes within at least a subgroup of patients with psychosis. While numerous studies have investigated anti-inflammatory add-on treatments to current antipsychotics, the exploration of immunological biomarkers as a predictor of treatment response remains limited. This review outlines the current evidence from trials exploring the potential of baseline inflammatory biomarkers as predictors of the treatment effect of anti-inflammatory drugs as add-ons to antipsychotics and of antipsychotics alone. Several of the studies have found correlations between baseline immunological biomarkers and treatment response; however, only a few studies incorporated baseline biomarkers as a primary endpoint, and the findings thus need to be interpreted with caution. Our review emphasizes the need for additional research on the potential of repurposing anti-inflammatory drugs while utilizing baseline inflammatory biomarkers as a predictor of treatment response and to identify subgroups of individuals with psychotic disorders where add-on treatment with immunomodulating agents would be warranted. Future studies investigating the correlation between baseline inflammatory markers and treatment responses can pave the way for personalized medicine approaches in psychiatry centred around biomarkers such as specific baseline inflammatory biomarkers in psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Bayram Orbe
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ballaz S, Bourin M. Anti-Inflammatory Therapy as a Promising Target in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:459-486. [PMID: 36949322 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
This chapter analyzes the therapeutic potential of current anti-inflammatory drugs in treating psychiatric diseases from a neuro-immunological perspective. Based on the bidirectional brain-immune system relationship, the rationale is that a dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurological disorders, while the immunology function is associated with psychological variables like stress, affective disorders, and psychosis. Under certain social, psychological, and environmental conditions and biological factors, a healthy inflammatory response and the associated "sickness behavior," which are aimed to resolve a physical injury and microbial threat, become harmful to the central nervous system. The features and mechanisms of the inflammatory response are described across the main mental illnesses with a special emphasis on the profile of cytokines and the function of the HPA axis. Next, it is reviewed the potential clinical utility of immunotherapy (cytokine agonists and antagonists), glucocorticoids, unconventional anti-inflammatory agents (statins, minocycline, statins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and particularly celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitor, as adjuvants of conventional psychiatric medications. The implementation of anti-inflammatory therapies holds great promise in psychiatry. Because the inflammatory background may account for the etiology and/or progression of psychiatric disorders only in a subset of patients, there is a need to elucidate the immune underpinnings of the mental illness progression, relapse, and remission. The identification of immune-related bio-signatures will ideally assist in the stratification of the psychiatric patient to predict the risk of mental disease, the prognosis, and the response to anti-inflammatory therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ballaz
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- Medical School, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Michel Bourin
- Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ben-Azu B, Adebayo OG, Jarikre TA, Oyovwi MO, Edje KE, Omogbiya IA, Eduviere AT, Moke EG, Chijioke BS, Odili OS, Omondiabge OP, Oyovbaire A, Esuku DT, Ozah EO, Japhet K. Taurine, an essential β-amino acid insulates against ketamine-induced experimental psychosis by enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission, inhibition of oxidative/nitrergic imbalances, and suppression of COX-2/iNOS immunoreactions in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2807-2826. [PMID: 36057735 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic, oxidative, nitrergic alterations, and neuroinflammation are some key neuropathological features common in schizophrenia disease. They involve complex biological processes that alter normal behavior. The present treatments used in the management of the disorder remain ineffective together with some serious side effects as one of their setbacks. Taurine is a naturally occurring essential β-amino acid reported to elicit antipsychotic property in first episode psychosis in clinical setting, thus require preclinical investigation. Hence, we set out to investigate the effects of taurine in the prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced psychotic-like behaviors and the associated putative neurobiological mechanisms underlying its effects. Adult male Swiss mice were sheared into three separate cohorts of experiments (n = 7): drug alone, preventive and reversal studies. Treatments consisted of saline (10 mL/kg/p.o./day), taurine (50 and 100 mg/kg/p.o./day) and risperidone (0.5 mg/kg/p.o./day) with concomitant ketamine (20 mg/kg/i.p./day) injections between days 8-14, or 14 days entirely. Behavioral hyperactivity, despair, cognitive impairment, and catalepsy were measured. Brain oxidative/nitrergic imbalance, immunoreactivity (COX-2 and iNOS), and cholinergic markers were determined in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex, and hippocampus. Taurine abates ketamine-mediated psychotic-like episodes without cataleptogenic potential. Taurine attenuated ketamine-induced decrease in glutathione, superoxide-dismutase and catalase levels in the striatum, prefrontal-cortex and hippocampus. Also, taurine prevented and reversed ketamine-mediated elevation of malondialdehyde, nitrite contents, acetylcholinesterase activity, and suppressed COX-2 and iNOS expressions in a brain-region dependent manner. Conclusively, taurine insulates against ketamine-mediated psychotic phenotype by normalizing brain central cholinergic neurotransmissions, oxidative, nitrergic and suppression of immunoreactive proteins in mice brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Thiophilus Aghogho Jarikre
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mega O Oyovwi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Kesiena Emmanuel Edje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Itivere Adrian Omogbiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Eduviere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri Goodies Moke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Bienose S Chijioke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Onyebuchi S Odili
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Osemudiame P Omondiabge
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Aghogho Oyovbaire
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Daniel T Esuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Esther O Ozah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Kelvin Japhet
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao F, Li B, Yang W, Ge T, Cui R. Brain-immune interaction mechanisms: Implications for cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13295. [PMID: 35860850 PMCID: PMC9528770 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cognitive dysfunction has been identified as a major symptom of a series of psychiatric disorders. Multidisciplinary studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is monitored by a two‐way interaction between the neural and immune systems. However, the specific mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in immune response and brain immune remain unclear. Materials and methods In this review, we summarized the relevant research to uncover our comprehension of the brain–immune interaction mechanisms underlying cognitive decline. Results The pathophysiological mechanisms of brain‐immune interactions in psychiatric‐based cognitive dysfunction involve several specific immune molecules and their associated signaling pathways, impairments in neural and synaptic plasticity, and the potential neuro‐immunological mechanism of stress. Conclusions Therefore, this review may provide a better theoretical basis for integrative therapeutic considerations for psychiatric disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:595. [PMID: 34802039 PMCID: PMC8606005 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the tryptophan degradation pathway in which dysfunction of neuroactive metabolites has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Inflammatory molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines could enhance the activity of IDO. There are few studies on the expression of IDO levels and its correlation with levels of inflammatory cytokines in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. One hundred inpatients (female = 33, male = 67) with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia entered a 6-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. All individuals were assigned celecoxib or placebo combined with risperidone. Serum levels of IDO and six inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α IL-17, IL-4, and INF-γ) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of psychotic symptoms. Compared to healthy subjects, patients had significantly elevated levels of IDO and six cytokines at baseline. Over the 6-week treatment period, the decrease in the levels of IDO and TNF-α and the improvement in the PANSS total score, positive scores, and negative scores in the celecoxib group were significantly greater than in the placebo group. There was a significantly positive correlation between IDO levels and the PANSS negative scores and between IDO levels and TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in the celecoxib group. These findings showed abnormal expression of IDO levels which correlated with negative symptoms and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia, suggesting the important role of IDO in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. Registration number: ChiCTR2000041403.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tikhonova MA, Amstislavskaya TG, Ho YJ, Akopyan AA, Tenditnik MV, Ovsyukova MV, Bashirzade AA, Dubrovina NI, Aftanas LI. Neuroprotective Effects of Ceftriaxone Involve the Reduction of Aβ Burden and Neuroinflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736786. [PMID: 34658774 PMCID: PMC8511453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceftriaxone (CEF) is a safe and multipotent antimicrobial agent that possesses neuroprotective properties. Earlier, we revealed the restoration of cognitive function in OXYS rats with signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology by CEF along with its modulating the expression of genes related to the system of amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism in the brain. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of CEF on behavior, Aβ deposition, and associated neuroinflammation using another model of an early AD-like pathology induced by Aβ. Mice were injected bilaterally i.c.v. with Aβ fragment 25-35 to produce the AD model, while the CEF treatment (100 mg/kg/day, i.p., 36 days) started the next day after the surgery. The open field test, T-maze, Barnes test, IntelliCage, and passive avoidance test were used for behavioral phenotyping. Neuronal density, amyloid accumulation, and the expression of neuroinflammatory markers were measured in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. CEF exhibited beneficial effects on some cognitive features impaired by Aβ neurotoxicity including complete restoration of the fear-induced memory and learning in the passive avoidance test and improved place learning in the IntelliCage. CEF significantly attenuated amyloid deposition and neuroinflammatory response. Thus, CEF could be positioned as a potent multipurpose drug as it simultaneously targets proteostasis network and neuroinflammation, as well as glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative pathways, and neurotrophic function as reported earlier. Together with previous reports on the positive effects of CEF in AD models, the results confirm the potential of CEF as a promising treatment against cognitive decline from the early stages of AD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Tikhonova
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Anna A Akopyan
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Michael V Tenditnik
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina V Ovsyukova
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alim A Bashirzade
- Laboratory of Translational Biopsychiatry, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina I Dubrovina
- Laboratory of the Experimental Models of Neurodegenerative Processes, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubomir I Aftanas
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Behavior and Neurotechnologies, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Romero-Miguel D, Casquero-Veiga M, MacDowell KS, Torres-Sanchez S, Garcia-Partida JA, Lamanna-Rama N, Romero-Miranda A, Berrocoso E, Leza JC, Desco M, Soto-Montenegro ML. A Characterization of the Effects of Minocycline Treatment During Adolescence on Structural, Metabolic, and Oxidative Stress Parameters in a Maternal Immune Stimulation Model of Neurodevelopmental Brain Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:734-748. [PMID: 34165516 PMCID: PMC8453277 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minocycline (MIN) is a tetracycline with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Given the likely involvement of inflammation and oxidative stress (IOS) in schizophrenia, MIN has been proposed as a potential adjuvant treatment in this pathology. We tested an early therapeutic window, during adolescence, as prevention of the schizophrenia-related deficits in the maternal immune stimulation (MIS) animal model. METHODS On gestational day 15, Poly I:C or vehicle was injected in pregnant Wistar rats. A total 93 male offspring received MIN (30 mg/kg) or saline from postnatal day (PND) 35-49. At PND70, rats were submitted to the prepulse inhibition test. FDG-PET and T2-weighted MRI brain studies were performed at adulthood. IOS markers were evaluated in frozen brain tissue. RESULTS MIN treatment did not prevent prepulse inhibition test behavioral deficits in MIS offspring. However, MIN prevented morphometric abnormalities in the third ventricle but not in the hippocampus. Additionally, MIN reduced brain metabolism in cerebellum and increased it in nucleus accumbens. Finally, MIN reduced the expression of iNOS (prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen) and increased the levels of KEAP1 (prefrontal cortex), HO1 and NQO1 (amygdala, hippocampus), and HO1 (caudate-putamen). CONCLUSIONS MIN treatment during adolescence partially counteracts volumetric abnormalities and IOS deficits in the MIS model, likely via iNOS and Nrf2-ARE pathways, also increasing the expression of cytoprotective enzymes. However, MIN treatment during this peripubertal stage does not prevent sensorimotor gating deficits. Therefore, even though it does not prevent all the MIS-derived abnormalities evaluated, our results suggest the potential utility of early treatment with MIN in other schizophrenia domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Casquero-Veiga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina S MacDowell
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense (UCM), IIS Imas12, IUIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Torres-Sanchez
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Antonio Garcia-Partida
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Esther Berrocoso
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense (UCM), IIS Imas12, IUIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain,Correspondence: Manuel Desco, PhD, Laboratorio de Imagen Médica, Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46. E-28007 Madrid, Spain ()
| | - María Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut), University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Afridi R, Seol S, Kang HJ, Suk K. Brain-immune interactions in neuropsychiatric disorders: Lessons from transcriptome studies for molecular targeting. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114532. [PMID: 33773976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders has been a challenging quest for neurobiologists. Recent years have witnessed enormous technological advances in the field of neuroimmunology, blurring boundaries between the central nervous system and the periphery. Consequently, the discipline has expanded to cover interactions between the nervous and immune systems in health and diseases. The complex interplay between the peripheral and central immune pathways in neuropsychiatric disorders has recently been documented in various studies, but the genetic determinants remain elusive. Recent transcriptome studies have identified dysregulated genes involved in peripheral immune cell activation, blood-brain barrier integrity, glial cell activation, and synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Herein, the key transcriptomic techniques applied in investigating differentially expressed genes and pathways responsible for altered brain-immune interactions in neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed. The application of transcriptomics that can aid in identifying molecular targets in various neuropsychiatric disorders is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sihwan Seol
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romero-Miguel D, Lamanna-Rama N, Casquero-Veiga M, Gómez-Rangel V, Desco M, Soto-Montenegro ML. Minocycline in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases: An update. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:1056-1081. [PMID: 33180965 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Minocycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, effective as a chronic treatment for recurrent bacterial infections. Beyond its antibiotic action, minocycline also has important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. Its efficacy has therefore been evaluated in many neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases that have an inflammatory basis. Our aim was to review preclinical and clinical studies performed in neurological and psychiatric diseases whose treatment involved the use of minocycline and thereby to discern the possible beneficial effect of minocycline in these disorders. METHODS Completed and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials of minocycline for both neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, published from January 1995 to January 2020, were identified through searching relevant databases (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, https://clinicaltrials.gov/). A total of 74 preclinical studies and 44 clinical trials and open-label studies were selected. RESULTS The results of the nearly 20 years of research identified are diverse. While minocycline mostly proved to be effective in animal models, clinical results showed divergent outcomes, with positive results in some studies counterbalanced by a number of cases with no significant improvements. Specific data for each disease are further individually described in this review. CONCLUSIONS Despite minocycline demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, discrepancies between preclinical and clinical data indicate that we should be cautious in analyzing the outcomes. Improving and standardizing protocols and refining animal models could help us to determine if minocycline really is a useful drug in the treatment of these pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Casquero-Veiga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid
| | | | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Pedersen EMJ, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C, Köhler-Forsberg O, Benros ME. Efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory agents in treatment of psychotic disorders - A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:364-380. [PMID: 32890697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antipsychotic effects of immunomodulating drugs have been suggested; however, a thorough, comprehensive meta-analysis on the effect and safety of anti-inflammatory add-on treatment on psychotic disorders is lacking. METHOD Multiple databases were searched up until February 2020. Only double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were included. Primary outcomes were change in total psychopathology and adverse events. Secondary outcomes included, amongst others, positive and negative symptoms, general psychopathology and cognitive domains. We performed random-effects meta-analyses estimating mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) for effect sizes. RESULTS Seventy RCTs (N = 4104) were included, investigating either primarily anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e. drugs developed for immunomodulation, such as NSAIDs, minocycline and monoclonal antibodies (k = 15), or drugs with potential anti-inflammatory properties (k = 55), e.g. neurosteroids, N-acetyl cysteine, estrogens, fatty acids, statins, and glitazones. Antipsychotics plus anti-inflammatory treatment, compared to antipsychotics plus placebo, was associated with a PANSS scale MD improvement of -4.57 (95%CI = -5.93 to -3.20) points, corresponding to a SMD effect size of -0.29 (95%CI = -0.40 to -0.19). Trials on schizophrenia (MD = -6.80; 95%CI, -9.08 to -4.52) showed greater improvement (p < 0.01) than trials also including other psychotic disorders. However, primarily anti-inflammatory drugs (MD = 4.00; 95%CI = -7.19 to -0.80) were not superior (p = 0.69) to potential anti-inflammatory drugs (MD = 4.71; 95%CI = -6.26 to -3.17). Furthermore, meta-regression found that smaller studies showed significantly larger effect sizes than the larger studies (p = 0.0085), and only 2 studies had low risk of bias on all domains. Small but significant effects were found on negative symptoms (MD = -1.29), positive symptoms (MD = -0.53), general psychopathology (MD = -1.50) and working memory (SMD = 0.21). No differences were found regarding adverse events, but only 26 studies reported hereon. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory add-on treatment to antipsychotics showed improvement of psychotic disorders; however, no superiority was found in primarily anti-inflammatory drugs, raising the question of the mechanism behind the effect, and treatment effect might be overestimated due to the large number of small studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Jeppesen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune H B Christensen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie M J Pedersen
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; iPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
| | - Carsten Hjorthøj
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; iPSYCH The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Denmark
| | - Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael E Benros
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health - CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lago SG, Tomasik J, van Rees GF, Ramsey JM, Haenisch F, Cooper JD, Broek JA, Suarez-Pinilla P, Ruland T, Auyeug B, Mikova O, Kabacs N, Arolt V, Baron-Cohen S, Crespo-Facorro B, Bahn S. Exploring the neuropsychiatric spectrum using high-content functional analysis of single-cell signaling networks. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2355-2372. [PMID: 30038233 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders overlap in symptoms and share genetic risk factors, challenging their current classification into distinct diagnostic categories. Novel cross-disorder approaches are needed to improve our understanding of the heterogeneous nature of neuropsychiatric diseases and overcome existing bottlenecks in their diagnosis and treatment. Here we employ high-content multi-parameter phospho-specific flow cytometry, fluorescent cell barcoding and automated sample preparation to characterize ex vivo signaling network responses (n = 1764) measured at the single-cell level in B and T lymphocytes across patients diagnosed with four major neuropsychiatric disorders: autism spectrum condition (ASC), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ; n = 25 each), alongside matched healthy controls (n = 100). We identified 25 nodes (individual cell subtype-epitope-ligand combinations) significantly altered relative to the control group, with variable overlap between different neuropsychiatric diseases and heterogeneously expressed at the level of each individual patient. Reconstruction of the diagnostic categories from the altered nodes revealed an overlapping neuropsychiatric spectrum extending from MDD on one end, through BD and SCZ, to ASC on the other end. Network analysis showed that although the pathway structure of the epitopes was broadly preserved across the clinical groups, there were multiple discrete alterations in network connectivity, such as disconnections within the antigen/integrin receptor pathway and increased negative regulation within the Akt1 pathway in CD4+ T cells from ASC and SCZ patients, in addition to increased correlation of Stat1 (pY701) and Stat5 (pY694) responses in B cells from BD and MDD patients. Our results support the "dimensional" approach to neuropsychiatric disease classification and suggest potential novel drug targets along the neuropsychiatric spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago G Lago
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jakub Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geertje F van Rees
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jordan M Ramsey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frieder Haenisch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason D Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jantine A Broek
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula Suarez-Pinilla
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
| | - Tillmann Ruland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie Auyeug
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Psychology Department, Edinburgh University, Scotland, UK
| | - Olya Mikova
- Foundation Biological Psychiatry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolett Kabacs
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,CLASS Clinic, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zemba Cilic A, Zemba M, Cilic M, Balenovic I, Strbe S, Ilic S, Vukojevic J, Zoricic Z, Filipcic I, Kokot A, Drmic D, Blagaic AB, Tvrdeic A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts L-NAME-induced catalepsy. BPC 157, L-NAME, L-arginine, NO-relation, in the suited rat acute and chronic models resembling 'positive-like' symptoms of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112919. [PMID: 32956773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the suited rat-models, we focused on the stable pentadecapeptide BPC 157, L-NAME, NOS-inhibitor, and L-arginine, NOS-substrate, relation, the effect on schizophrenia-like symptoms. Medication (mg/kg intraperitoneally) was L-NAME (5), L-arginine (100), BPC 157 (0.01), given alone and/or together, at 5 min before the challenge for the acutely disturbed motor activity (dopamine-indirect/direct agonists (amphetamine (3.0), apomorphine (2.5)), NMDA-receptor non-competitive antagonist (MK-801 (0.2)), or catalepsy, (dopamine-receptor antagonist haloperidol (2.0)). Alternatively, BPC 157 10 μg/kg was given immediately after L-NAME 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally. To induce or prevent sensitization, we used chronic methamphetamine administration, alternating 3 days during the first 3 weeks, and challenge after next 4 weeks, and described medication (L-NAME, L-arginine, BPC 157) at 5 min before the methamphetamine at the second and third week. Given alone, BPC 157 or L-arginine counteracted the amphetamine-, apomorphine-, and MK-801-induced effect, haloperidol-induced catalepsy and chronic methamphetamine-induced sensitization. L-NAME did not affect the apomorphine-, and MK-801-induced effects, haloperidol-induced catalepsy and chronic methamphetamine-induced sensitization, but counteracted the acute amphetamine-induced effect. In combinations (L-NAME + L-arginine), as NO-specific counteraction, L-NAME counteracts L-arginine-induced counteractions in the apomorphine-, MK-801-, haloperidol- and methamphetamine-rats, but not in amphetamine-rats. Unlike L-arginine, BPC 157 maintains its counteracting effect in the presence of the NOS-blockade (L-NAME + BPC 157) or NO-system-over-stimulation (L-arginine + BPC 157). Illustrating the BPC 157-L-arginine relationships, BPC 157 restored the antagonization (L-NAME + L-arginine + BPC 157) when it had been abolished by the co-administration of L-NAME with L-arginine (L-NAME + L-arginine). Finally, BPC 157 directly inhibits the L-NAME high dose-induced catalepsy. Further studies would determine precise BPC 157/dopamine/glutamate/NO-system relationships and clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zemba Cilic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Zemba
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matija Cilic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Balenovic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Spomenko Ilic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jaksa Vukojevic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Zoricic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Filipcic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ante Tvrdeic
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barnes TR, Drake R, Paton C, Cooper SJ, Deakin B, Ferrier IN, Gregory CJ, Haddad PM, Howes OD, Jones I, Joyce EM, Lewis S, Lingford-Hughes A, MacCabe JH, Owens DC, Patel MX, Sinclair JM, Stone JM, Talbot PS, Upthegrove R, Wieck A, Yung AR. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: Updated recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:3-78. [PMID: 31829775 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119889296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology replace the original version published in 2011. They address the scope and targets of pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia. A consensus meeting was held in 2017, involving experts in schizophrenia and its treatment. They were asked to review key areas and consider the strength of the evidence on the risk-benefit balance of pharmacological interventions and the clinical implications, with an emphasis on meta-analyses, systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials where available, plus updates on current clinical practice. The guidelines cover the pharmacological management and treatment of schizophrenia across the various stages of the illness, including first-episode, relapse prevention, and illness that has proved refractory to standard treatment. It is hoped that the practice recommendations presented will support clinical decision making for practitioners, serve as a source of information for patients and carers, and inform quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Re Barnes
- Emeritus Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, and Joint-head of the Prescribing Observatory for Mental Health, Centre for Quality Improvement, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK
| | - Richard Drake
- Clinical Lead for Mental Health in Working Age Adults, Health Innovation Manchester, University of Manchester and Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Carol Paton
- Joint-head of the Prescribing Observatory for Mental Health, Centre for Quality Improvement, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK
| | - Stephen J Cooper
- Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Bill Deakin
- Professor of Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester and Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - I Nicol Ferrier
- Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine J Gregory
- Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, University of Manchester and Higher Trainee in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter M Haddad
- Honorary Professor of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK and Senior Consultant Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Professor of Molecular Psychiatry, Imperial College London and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Jones
- Professor of Psychiatry and Director, National Centre of Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eileen M Joyce
- Professor of Neuropsychiatry, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Shôn Lewis
- Professor of Adult Psychiatry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK, and Mental Health Academic Lead, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Lingford-Hughes
- Professor of Addiction Biology and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, Imperial College London and Central North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James H MacCabe
- Professor of Epidemiology and Therapeutics, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Beckenham, UK
| | - David Cunningham Owens
- Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh. Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maxine X Patel
- Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and Consultant Psychiatrist, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julia Ma Sinclair
- Professor of Addiction Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - James M Stone
- Clinical Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter S Talbot
- Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, University of Manchester and Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Professor of Psychiatry and Youth Mental Health, University of Birmingham and Consultant Psychiatrist, Birmingham Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angelika Wieck
- Honorary Consultant in Perinatal Psychiatry, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Alison R Yung
- Professor of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, School of Health Sciences, Manchester, UK and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia, and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang L, Zheng H, Wu R, Kosten TR, Zhang XY, Zhao J. The effect of minocycline on amelioration of cognitive deficits and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:92-98. [PMID: 31416745 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits of schizophrenia are predictors of poor function, but antipsychotic medication has limited efficacy for cognitive deficits. These deficits in learning and memory may result from activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which microglia produce. The microglia inhibitor minocycline might arrest this cytokine damage to the hippocampus and reverse the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled study involved 75 patients with schizophrenia who randomly received low dose (100 mg/day) or high dose minocycline (200 mg/day) or placebo added to risperidone. MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess the cognitive functioning, and serum levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assessed. RESULTS Minocyclinehigh dose group was significantly superior to minocyclinelow dose or placebo group not only for the improvements in cognitive tests' scores as well (P < 0.05), but for IL-1β and IL-6 serum levels reduction (P < 0.01). The amelioration of cognitive deficits with minocycline correlated not only with the remission of negative symptoms, but also with the reduction in serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline adjunctive treatment was effective in improving cognitive deficits of patients with schizophrenia. The beneficial effect of minocycline may be related to reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines through microglia inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Zheng
- GuangzhouBaiyun Psychiatric Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rengrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China; The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Approximately 20%-30% of schizophrenia patients are resistant to current standard pharmacotherapies. Recent schizophrenia research aims to identify specific pathophysiological abnormalities and novel targets in the disease, with the goals of identifying at-risk individuals, facilitating diagnosis, prompting early and personalized interventions, and helping predict response to treatment. Metabolomics involves the systematic study of the profile of biochemical alterations early in the course of a given disorder. Major aspects of the schizophrenia metabolome have been characterized, uncovering potential selective biomarkers for the disease that may change how the disorder is diagnosed, and how patients are stratified and treated. This review focuses on the most common metabolomic fingerprints of the different pathways involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and the potential development of novel metabolomic-related pharmacotherapies for improved treatment of schizophrenia and other related idiopathic psychotic disorders.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zheng P, Zeng B, Liu M, Chen J, Pan J, Han Y, Liu Y, Cheng K, Zhou C, Wang H, Zhou X, Gui S, Perry SW, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wei H, Xie P. The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8317. [PMID: 30775438 PMCID: PMC6365110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a devastating mental disorder with poorly defined underlying molecular mechanisms. The gut microbiome can modulate brain function and behaviors through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Here, we found that unmedicated and medicated patients with SCZ had a decreased microbiome α-diversity index and marked disturbances of gut microbial composition versus healthy controls (HCs). Several unique bacterial taxa (e.g., Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae) were associated with SCZ severity. A specific microbial panel (Aerococcaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Brucellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Rikenellaceae) enabled discriminating patients with SCZ from HCs with 0.769 area under the curve. Compared to HCs, germ-free mice receiving SCZ microbiome fecal transplants had lower glutamate and higher glutamine and GABA in the hippocampus and displayed SCZ-relevant behaviors similar to other mouse models of SCZ involving glutamatergic hypofunction. Together, our findings suggest that the SCZ microbiome itself can alter neurochemistry and neurologic function in ways that may be relevant to SCZ pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Benhua Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junxi Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Siwen Gui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Seth W. Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Julio Licinio
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hong Wei
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lago SG, Bahn S. Clinical Trials and Therapeutic Rationale for Drug Repurposing in Schizophrenia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:58-78. [PMID: 29944339 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of efficacious novel drugs to address high rates of treatment resistance and refractory symptoms in schizophrenia. The identification of novel therapeutic indications for approved drugs-drug repurposing-has the potential to expedite clinical trials and reduce the costly risk of failure which currently limits central nervous system drug discovery efforts. In the present Review we discuss the historical role of drug repurposing in schizophrenia drug discovery and review the main classes of repurposing candidates currently in clinical trials for schizophrenia in terms of their therapeutic rationale, mechanisms of action, and preliminary results from clinical trials. Subsequently we outline the challenges and limitations which face the clinical repurposing pipeline and how novel technologies might serve to address these.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago G. Lago
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu F, Zhang B, Xie L, Ruan Y, Xu X, Zeng Y, Messina L, Zhao J, Fan X. Changes in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites and negative symptoms after 16-week minocycline treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018. [PMID: 29526457 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of adjunctive minocycline on psychopathology and possibly relevant biomarkers in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD In a 16-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects received either minocycline (200mg per day) or placebo. Psychopathology was assessed using the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and week 16. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide metabolites were assessed at both time points. RESULTS Fifty-five patients completed the study (27 in the minocycline group, 28 in the placebo group). The minocycline group had significant decreases in the SANS total sore, the PANSS total score and the PANSS negative symptoms score at week 16 compared to the placebo group. In addition, the minocycline group had a significant decrease in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites, but no significant difference in changes in plasma levels of IL-1β or TNF-α, compared to the placebo group at week 16. Further, the more decrease in plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites was associated with less improvement in negative symptoms. CONCLUSION The beneficial effect of adjunctive minocycline treatment on negative symptoms might be through mechanisms other than the nitric oxide pathway. The implications for future studies were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingkui Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liqin Xie
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Ruan
- Mental Health Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - XiuFeng Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Louis Messina
- Division of vascular surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaoduo Fan
- Psychotic Disorders Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arezoomandan R, Riahi E, Haghparast A. Minocycline increases firing rates of accumbal neurons and modifies the effects of morphine on neuronal activity. Addict Biol 2018; 23:1055-1066. [PMID: 28961365 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicated that minocycline, a glial cell modulator, is able to modify a variety of morphine effects. Here, we investigated minocycline effects on electrical activity of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons using single unit recording in urethane-anesthetized rats. In addition, we investigated whether minocycline can modify the effects of morphine on NAc neural activity during reinstatement of morphine-seeking behavior. Minocycline increased the NAc firing activity in intact animals. Electrophysiological recording in morphine-treated animals was performed, following the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (5 mg/kg, s.c., 3 days) and a drug-free extinction period. In acutely minocycline- treated animals, the neurons were recorded for 40 minutes following a single injection of either minocycline (50 μg/5 μl, i.c.v.) or saline. Then a priming dose of morphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was injected while the recording was continued for an additional 40 minutes. Minocycline significantly increased the firing rates of neurons and significantly modified morphine inhibitory effects on NAc neurons. In subchronically minocycline-treated groups, the rats were given daily injections of minocycline (50 μg/5 μl, i.c.v) during the extinction period. Then, on the reinstatement day, NAc neurons were recorded for 10 minutes, the priming dose of morphine was administered and the recording was continued for 45 minutes. Our results showed the failure of minocycline to significantly modify the inhibitory effects of morphine. In conclusion, our findings indicated that minocycline modifies morphine-induced decreases in the firing rates of NAc neurons in the reinstatement phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Arezoomandan
- Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry); Iran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Esmail Riahi
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang L, Zheng H, Wu R, Zhu F, Kosten TR, Zhang XY, Zhao J. Minocycline adjunctive treatment to risperidone for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Association with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 85:69-76. [PMID: 29678772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We attempted to replicate the efficacy of minocycline, a second-generation tetracycline, as adjunctive therapy for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and to investigate its association with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. METHODS Seventy-five schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms entered a 3-month, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Subjects were assigned low dose (100 mg per day) or high dose minocycline (200 mg per day) or placebo combined with risperidone. The outcomes used the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)-negative subscale. We assessed three pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum: interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). RESULTS Subjects receiving high dose minocycline not only had greater improvements on the SANS total scores and PANSS negative subscale scores (P < 0.01), but also had greater reductions in IL-1β and IL-6 serum levels (P < 0.01) when compared with those receiving low dose minocycline or placebo. The improvement in negative symptoms with minocycline was significantly correlated with the reduction of IL-1β and IL-6 serum levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia patients showed a significant improvement in negative symptoms with the addition of minocycline to risperidone. Reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines may play an important role in the potential mechanism for efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbo Zheng
- Guangzhou Baiyun Psychiatric Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rengrong Wu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.; The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Herrero-Zazo M, Brauer R, Gaughran F, Howard LM, Taylor D, Barlow DJ. Examining the potential preventative effects of minocycline prescribed for acne on the incidence of severe mental illnesses: A historical cohort study. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:559-568. [PMID: 29215319 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117743483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that the antibiotic and microglial activation inhibitor, minocycline, is likely to have a protective effect against the emergence of psychosis but evidence from human studies is lacking. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of exposure to minocycline during adolescence on the later incidence of severe mental illness (SMI). METHODS A historical cohort study using electronic primary care data was conducted to assess the association between exposure to minocycline during adolescence and incidence of SMI. The Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was measured using Poisson regression adjusted for age, gender, time of exposure, socioeconomic deprivation status, calendar year and co-medications. RESULTS Early minocycline prescription ( n=13,248) did not affect the incidence of SMI compared with non-prescription of minocycline ( n=14,393), regardless of gender or whether or not the data were filtered according to a minimum exposure period (minimum period: IRR 0.96; 95% CI 0.68-1.36; p=0.821; no minimum period: IRR 1.08; 95% CI 0.83-1.42; p=0.566). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to minocycline for acne treatment during adolescence appears to have no effect on the incidence of SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herrero-Zazo
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Ruth Brauer
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,3 Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - David Taylor
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK.,2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,4 South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, Kent, UK
| | - David J Barlow
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Forensic Science, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Evidence of microglial activation following exposure to serum from first-onset drug-naïve schizophrenia patients. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:364-373. [PMID: 28988033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of brain microglial cells is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Previously the pathophysiology of microglial activation was considered to be intrinsic to the central nervous system. We hypothesised that due to their perivascular localization, microglia can also be activated by factors present in circulating blood. Through application of high-content functional screening, we show that peripheral blood serum from first-onset drug-naïve schizophrenia patients is sufficient to provoke microglial cell signalling network responses in vitro which are indicative of proinflammatory activation. We further explore the composition of the serum for the presence of analytes, with the potential to activate microglia, and the utility of the resultant microglial cellular phenotype for novel drug discovery.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of adjunctive minocycline as a treatment of schizophrenia. METHODS We conducted a PubMed/Scopus database search from inception to 3 February 2016 for randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs), open non-randomized studies, and case reports/series evaluating minocycline in patients with schizophrenia. Random-effects meta-analysis of positive, negative, depressive, and cognitive symptom rating scales, discontinuation and adverse effects rates calculating standardized mean difference (SMD), and risk ratios±95% confidence intervals (CI 95%) were calculated. RESULTS Six RCTs were eligible (minocycline n=215, placebo n=198) that demonstrated minocycline's superiority versus placebo for reducing endpoint Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores (SMD=-0.59; CI 95%=[1.15, -0.03]; p=0.04), negative (SMD=-0.76; CI 95%=[-1.21, -0.31]; p=0.001); general subscale scores (SMD=-0.44; CI 95%=[-0.88, -0.00]; p=0.05), Clinical Global Impressions scores (SMD=-0.50; CI 95%=[-0.78, -0.22]; p<0.001); and executive functioning (SMD=0.22; CI 95%=[0.01, 0.44]; p=0.04). Endpoint PANSS positive symptom scores (p=0.13), depression rating scale scores (p=0.43), attention (p=0.47), memory (p=0.52), and motor speed processing (p=0.50) did not significantly differ from placebo, before execution of a trim-and-fill procedure. Minocycline did not differ compared to placebo on all-cause discontinuation (p=0.56), discontinuation due to inefficacy (p=0.99), and intolerability (p=0.51), and due to death (p=0.32). Data from one open-label study (N=22) and three case series (N=6) were consistent with the metaanalytic results. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline appears to be an effective adjunctive treatment option in schizophrenia, improving multiple relevant disease dimensions. Moreover, minocycline has an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. However, more methodologically sound and larger RCTs remain necessary to confirm and extend these results.
Collapse
|
27
|
Erny D, Hrabě de Angelis AL, Prinz M. Communicating systems in the body: how microbiota and microglia cooperate. Immunology 2016; 150:7-15. [PMID: 27392533 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their key tasks are immune surveillance as well as responding to infections or other pathological states such as neurological diseases or injury. In recent years it has been discovered that microglia are additionally crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis during development and adulthood by adjusting the neuronal network and phagocytosing neuronal debris. Microglia persist in the CNS throughout the life of the organism and self-renew without engraftment of bone-marrow-derived cells. Until recently it remained unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. In this review we discuss new aspects of the interaction between host microbiota and brain function with special focus on the brain-resident innate immune cells, the microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kalkman HO, Feuerbach D. Modulatory effects of α7 nAChRs on the immune system and its relevance for CNS disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2511-30. [PMID: 26979166 PMCID: PMC4894934 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of selective alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonists has hitherto been focused on disorders characterized by cognitive deficits (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia). However, α7 nAChRs are also widely expressed by cells of the immune system and by cells with a secondary role in pathogen defense. Activation of α7 nAChRs leads to an anti-inflammatory effect. Since sterile inflammation is a frequently observed phenomenon in both psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, melancholic and bipolar depression) and neurological disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis), α7 nAChR agonists might show beneficial effects in these central nervous system disorders. In the current review, we summarize information on receptor expression, the intracellular signaling pathways they modulate and reasons for receptor dysfunction. Information from tobacco smoking, vagus nerve stimulation, and cholinesterase inhibition is used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of selective α7 nAChR agonists in these inflammation-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
- , Gänsbühlgartenweg 7, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - Dominik Feuerbach
- Neuroscience Research, NIBR, Fabrikstrasse 22-3.001.02, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
An emerging role of cGMP in the treatment of schizophrenia: A review. Schizophr Res 2016; 170:226-31. [PMID: 26706197 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a progressive psychotic disorder with devastating effects on the broad aspects of human emotion, perception, thought, and psychosocial interactions. Although treatment with antipsychotic drugs, the mainstay in the treatment of schizophrenia, the large number of patients with schizophrenia respond poorly to the pharmacological and, the large number of patients with schizophrenia poorly respond to the pharmacological treatment. Although a variety of novel therapeutics have long been tested, to date, no drugs clinically efficacious for schizophrenia are available. The multiple lines of evidence strongly suggest that the modulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a promising target in promoting the novel therapeutic strategies of schizophrenia beyond the "receptor-dependent" psychopharmacology. cGMP is modulated via regulating its synthesis by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and nitric oxide (NO), which regulate guannylyl cyclase (GC), the enzyme producing cGMP. cGMP is also regulated by phosphodiesterase (PDE), the enzyme hydrolyzing cGMP. In this review, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of agents modulating cGMP activity by regulating cGMP synthesis including NMDAR enhancers, NO enhancers, NO inhibitors including minocycline with anti-inflammatory properties and PDE inhibitors in improving the negative, cognitive and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. We also discuss the possible mechanisms by which these agents produce therapeutic effects on schizophrenia including cGMP signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deficiency of maternally inherited UBE3A, an ubiquitin E3 ligase. Despite recent progress in understanding the mechanism underlying UBE3A imprinting, there is no effective treatment. Further investigation of the roles played by UBE3A in the central nervous system (CNS) is needed for developing effective therapies. AREA COVERED This review covers the literature related to genetic classifications of AS, recent discoveries regarding the regulation of UBE3A imprinting, alterations in cell signaling in various brain regions and potential therapeutic approaches. Since a large proportion of AS patients exhibit comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD), potential common molecular bases are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Advances in understanding UBE3A imprinting provide a unique opportunity to induce paternal UBE3A expression, thus targeting the syndrome at its 'root.' However, such efforts have yielded less-than-expected rescue effects in AS mouse models, raising the concern that activation of paternal UBE3A after a critical period cannot correct all the CNS defects that developed in a UBE3A-deficient environment. On the other hand, targeting abnormal downstream cell signaling pathways has provided promising rescue effects in preclinical research. Thus, combined reinstatement of paternal UBE3A expression with targeting abnormal signaling pathways should provide better therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Bi
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| | - Jiandong Sun
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| | - Angela X Ji
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, COMP , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| | - Michel Baudry
- b Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences , Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smith HK, Gil CD, Oliani SM, Gavins FNE. Targeting formyl peptide receptor 2 reduces leukocyte-endothelial interactions in a murine model of stroke. FASEB J 2015; 29:2161-71. [PMID: 25690650 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following stroke can worsen patient outcome through excess inflammation. This study investigated the pharmacologic potential of targeting an endogenous anti-inflammatory circuit via formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2/lipoxin receptor (ALX) (Fpr2/3 in mouse) in global cerebral I/R. Mice (C57BL/6 and Fpr2/3(-/-)) were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion and treatment with FPR agonists: AnxA1Ac2-26 [Annexin A1 mimetic peptide (Ac-AMVSEFLKQAWFIENEEQEYVQTVK), 2.5 μg/kg] and 15-epimer-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4; FPR2/ALX specific, 12.5 and 100 ng/kg). Leukocyte-endothelial (L-E) interactions in the cerebral microvasculature were then quantified in vivo using intravital fluorescence microscopy. 15-epi-LXA4 administration at the start of reperfusion reduced L-E interactions after 40 min (which was sustained at 2 h with high-dose 15-epi-LXA4) to levels seen in sham-operated animals. AnxA1Ac2-26 treatment decreased leukocyte adhesion at 40 min and all L-E interactions at 2 h (up to 95%). Combined treatment with AnxA1Ac2-26 plus FPR antagonists t-Boc-FLFLF (250 ng/kg) or WRW4 (FPR2/ALX selective, 1.4 μg/kg) abrogated the effects of AnxA1Ac2-26 fully at 40 min. Antagonists were less effective at 2 h, which we demonstrate is likely because of their impact on early L-E interactions. Our findings indicate that FPR2/ALX activity elicits considerable control over vascular inflammatory responses during cerebral I/R and, therefore, provide evidence that targeting FPR2/ALX may be beneficial for patients who suffered from stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Smith
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia M Oliani
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- *Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and Departments of Morphology and Genetics and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mattei D, Schweibold R, Wolf SA. Brain in flames - animal models of psychosis: utility and limitations. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1313-29. [PMID: 26064050 PMCID: PMC4455860 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s65564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that schizophrenia is a psychopathological condition resulting from aberrations in neurodevelopmental processes caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors which proceed long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Many studies discuss an immunological component in the onset and progression of schizophrenia. We here review studies utilizing animal models of schizophrenia with manipulations of genetic, pharmacologic, and immunological origin. We focus on the immunological component to bridge the studies in terms of evaluation and treatment options of negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms. Throughout the review we link certain aspects of each model to the situation in human schizophrenic patients. In conclusion we suggest a combination of existing models to better represent the human situation. Moreover, we emphasize that animal models represent defined single or multiple symptoms or hallmarks of a given disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mattei
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Schweibold
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany ; Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|