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Li S, Kempe M, Brink M, Lemmink K. Effectiveness of Recovery Strategies After Training and Competition in Endurance Athletes: An Umbrella Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38753045 PMCID: PMC11098991 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recovery strategies are used to enhance performance and reduce injury risk in athletes. In previous systematic reviews, individual recovery strategies were investigated to clarify their effectiveness for mixed groups of athletes. However, the current evidence is ambiguous, and a clear overview of (training) recovery for endurance athletes is still lacking. METHODS We conducted an umbrella review based on a literature search in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science. Reviews published in English and before December 2022 were included. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were eligible if they investigated the effectiveness of one or more recovery strategies compared with a placebo or control group after a training session in endurance athletes. RESULTS Twenty-two reviews (nine systematic reviews, three meta-analyses, and ten systematic reviews with meta-analyses included) met the inclusion criteria. In total, sixty-three studies with 1100 endurance athletes were included in our umbrella review. Out of the sixty-three studies, eight provided information on training recovery time frame for data synthesis. Among them, cryotherapy and compression garments showed positive effects, while applying massage showed no effect. In general, none of the included recovery strategies showed consistent benefits for endurance athletes. CONCLUSION There is no particular recovery strategy that can be advised to enhance recovery between training sessions or competitions in endurance athletes. However, individual studies suggest that compression garments and cryotherapy are effective training recovery strategies. Further research should improve methodology and focus on the different time courses of the recovery process. REGISTRATION The review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with the number CRD42021260509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Kempe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Brink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Lemmink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zając B. Analysis of Course of Changes in Blood Lactate Concentration in Response to Graded Exercise Test and Modified Wingate Test in Adolescent Road Cyclists. J Clin Med 2024; 13:535. [PMID: 38256669 PMCID: PMC10816736 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the course of changes in the blood lactate (BL) concentration in response to the graded exercise test (GXT) and the modified Wingate test (MWT). METHODS This study involved 23 male highly trained road cyclists (age: 16.2 ± 1.1 years; experience: 5.0 ± 2.1 years; VO2max 59.0 ± 3.5 mL × kg-1 × min-1). The analysis of BL concentration was conducted using an enzymatic-amperometric electrochemical technique. RESULTS Our study provided the following information: (i) peak BL concentration in response to GXT (12.86 ± 2.32 mmol × L-1) and MWT (12.85 ± 1.47 mmol × L-1) is expected around the third minute after the completion of the trial; (ii) 60 min is not a sufficient period for BL concentration to return to resting values after GXT; (iii) post-GXT BL removal during the 60 min period is unsteady (3-20 min: -2.6 ± -0.6% × min-1; 20-60 min: -1.6 ± -0.3% × min-1; p-value for comparison < 0.01), whereas post-MWT BL removal during the 12 min period appears to be constant (3-6 min: -2.4 ± -5.6% × min-1, 6-9 min: -2.6 ± -1.8 % × min-1; 9-12 min: -3.1 ± -2.1 % × min-1; p-value for all comparisons < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS When aiming to obtain valuable data regarding the course of changes in BL concentration during the post-exertion period, it is essential to consider the number of measurements and the time points in sample collection for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Zając
- Laboratory of Functional Diagnostics, Central Scientific and Research Laboratory, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
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Sorgente V, Lopez-Hernandez A, Minciacchi D, González Ravé JM. Diving into Recovery. The Effects of Different Post-Competition Protocols for Enhancing Physio-Psychological Parameters in National Level Youth Swimmers. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:739-747. [PMID: 38045753 PMCID: PMC10690518 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether a specific approach regarding active swimming recovery could better promote psycho-physiological recovery right after competing in a high-level swimming race. To achieve this, we recruited 50 national level youth swimmers, randomly and equally assigning them to two groups, named "experimental" and "coach prescribed". Each group performed a specific post-competition recovery protocol, consisting of different swimming paces, rest times, self-management of the exercises. We gathered data about blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at two different moments, the first moment right after the swimming competition (named post-competition phase), the second moment right after swimming the respective recovery protocol assigned (named post-recovery phase). A mixed MANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis revealed no significant differences between the experimental and coach-prescribed groups in BL, HR, and RPE at the post-competition phase. At the post-recovery phase, however, the experimental group presented lower BL levels than the coach-prescribed group (2.40 ± 1.18 vs. 4.29 ± 2.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05). Finally, we found no interaction of swimming race ranking on recovery capacities. We conclude that for immediate improvement of BL in a wide range of high-level swimmers, an efficient recovery protocol should consist of several paces, high volumes, fixed and short rest times, whereas the widely popular self-managed, lower intensity approach does not seem as equally effective. Our study advances the development of novel recommendations for optimizing immediate fatigue management in competitive swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorgente
- Kinesiology and Motor Control (Ki.Mo.Co.) Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Diego Minciacchi
- Kinesiology and Motor Control (Ki.Mo.Co.) Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - José María González Ravé
- Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Effects of High-Intensity Exercise on Physiological Indicators of Recovery Period by Wearing Face Masks of Elite Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020268. [PMID: 36673636 PMCID: PMC9858813 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to maintain the necessary physical conditioning for sports performance while wearing face masks to reduce the risk of virus transmission during training and competition during the COVID-19 situation. The quantitative and physiological effects of face masks on exercise capacity needs to be reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate elite athletes to quantify, in detail, the effect of a KF94 face mask on changes in lactic acid during recovery after high-intensity aerobic exercise. Thirteen elite soft tennis athletes were recruited. A crossover design was used to examine the effects of using a disposable KF94 face mask compared with not masking during exercise. The participants completed a shuttle run test experiment two times during a 3-day period, including 5−10 min of warmup according to their personal preferences. The lactic acid concentration at 20 min of recovery after maximum exercise was 5.98 ± 1.53 mM/L without a mask and 7.61 ± 1.85 mM/L with a KF94 mask (p < 0.001). The maximum laps of shuttle run tests were 101.5 ± 22.5 laps without a mask and 94.2 ± 20.2 laps with a KF94 mask (p < 0.001). Intense exercise after wearing quarantine masks reduces the maximum aerobic exercise ability and decreases the ability to recover lactic acid.
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Ruan Y, Song SJ, Yin ZF, Wang M, Huang N, Gu W, Ling CQ. Comprehensive evaluation of military training-induced fatigue among soldiers in China: A Delphi consensus study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1004910. [PMID: 36523578 PMCID: PMC9745162 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1004910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Military training-induced fatigue (MIF) often results into non-combat attrition. However, standard evaluation of MIF is unavailable. This study aimed to provide credible suggestions about MIF-evaluation. Methods A 3-round Delphi study was performed. The authority of the experts was assessed by the authority coefficient (Aa). In round 1, categories of indicators were collected via anonymous survey of experts, then potential indicators were selected via literature search. In round 2, experts should evaluate the clinical implication, practical value, and importance of each potential indicators, or recommend new indicators based on feedback of round 1. Indicators with recommendation proportions ≥ 70% and new recommended indicators would be included in round 3 to be rated on a 5-point Likert scale. "Consensus in" was achieved when coefficient of concordance (Kendall's W) of a round was between 0.2 and 0.5 and the coefficient of variation (CV) of each aspect for an indicator was < 0.5. If round 3 could not achieve "consensus in," more rounds would be conducted iteratively based on round 3. Indicators included in the recommendation set were ultimately classified into grade I (highly recommended) or grade II (recommended) according to the mean score and CV of the aspects. Results Twenty-three experts participated with credible authority coefficient (mean Aa = 0.733). "Consensus in" was achieved in round 3 (Kendall's W = 0.435, p < 0.001; all CV < 0.5). Round 1 recommended 10 categories with 73 indicators identified from 2,971 articles. After 3-round consultation, consensus was reached on 28 indicators focusing on the cardiovascular system (n = 4), oxygen transport system (n = 5), energy metabolism/metabolite level (n = 6), muscle/tissue damage level (n = 3), neurological function (n = 2), neuropsychological/psychological function (n = 3), endocrine function (n = 3), and exercise capacity (n = 2). Among these, 11 indicators were recommended as grade I: basic heart rate, heart-rate recovery time, heart rate variability, hemoglobin, blood lactic acid, urine protein, creatine kinase, reaction time, Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale, testosterone/cortisol, and vertical jump height. Conclusion This study developed a reliable foundation for the comprehensive evaluation of MIF among soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ruan
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,PLA Naval Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang-jin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xingcheng Sanatorium of PLA Strategic Support Force, Xingcheng, China
| | - Zi-fei Yin
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Wang
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian Huang
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Wei Gu ;
| | - Chang-quan Ling
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Chang-quan Ling
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Comparison of 4 Different Cooldown Strategies on Lower-Leg Temperature, Blood Lactate Concentration, and Fatigue Perception After Intense Running. J Sport Rehabil 2022; 31:1052-1060. [PMID: 35894914 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although active recovery (AR) and cold application is recommended, many people take a shower after exercise. Therefore, a direct comparison between a shower and other recommended methods (AR and/or cold-water immersion) is necessary. To compare immediate effects of 4 postexercise cooldown strategies after running. DESIGN A crossover design. METHODS Seventeen young, healthy males (23 y; 174 cm; 73 kg) visited on 4 different days and performed a 10-minute intense treadmill run (5 km/h at a 1% incline, then a belt speed of 1 km/h, and an incline of 0.5% were increased every minute). Then, subjects randomly experienced 4 different 30-minute cooldown strategies each session-AR (10-min treadmill walk + 10-min static stretch + 10-min shower), cold-water walk (10-min shower + 20-min walk in cold water), cold-water sit (10-min shower + 20-min sit in cold water), and passive recovery (10-min shower + 20-min passive recovery). Across the cooldown conditions, the water temperatures for immersion and shower were set as 18 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Lower-leg muscle temperature, blood lactate concentration, and fatigue perception were statistically compared (P < .001 for all tests) and effect sizes (ES) were calculated. RESULTS The cold-water walk condition (F135,2928 = 69.29, P < .0001) was the most effective in reducing muscle temperature after running (-11.6 °C, ES = 9.46, P < .0001), followed by the cold-water sit (-8.4 °C, ES = 8.61, P < .0001), passive recovery (-4.5 °C, ES = 4.36, P < .0001), and AR (-4.0 °C, ES = 4.29, P < .0001) conditions. Blood lactate concentration (F6,176 = 0.86, P = .52) and fatigue perception (F6,176 = 0.18, P = .98) did not differ among the 4 conditions. CONCLUSIONS While the effect of lowering the lower-leg temperature was different, the effect of reducing blood lactate concentration and fatigue perception were similar in the 4 cooldown strategies. We suggest selecting the appropriate method while considering the specific goal, available time, facility, and accessibility.
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Hinojosa JN, Hearon CM, Kowalsky RJ. Blood lactate response to active recovery in athletes vs. non-athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Janowski M, Zieliński J, Kusy K. Exercise Response to Real Combat in Elite Taekwondo Athletes Before and After Competition Rule Changes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2222-2229. [PMID: 30844985 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Janowski, M, Zieliński, J, and Kusy, K. Exercise response to real combat in elite taekwondo athletes before and after competition rule changes. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2222-2229, 2021-We hypothesize that recent (2017) changes in competition rules significantly affected kinematic (mechanical activity) and physiological (cardiopulmonary indices and lactate concentration) profile of the taekwondo combat, which is currently becoming more demanding in terms of exercise intensity and fatigue. Twenty two male and female elite taekwondo athletes were followed up for over 2 years. In total, 258 real tournament combats were included in the analysis (133 in old rules and 125 in new rules). Kinematic and physiological characteristics were recorded using a biomonitor (BioHarness 3; Zephyr Technologies) worn by athletes during tournaments. Blood samples were drawn after each combat for lactate concentration. Our research showed that recent amendments of competition rules were linked to a noticeable shift toward higher kinematic output and, consequently, increased physiological response. Significant increments in kinematic variables (3-8%), heart rate (HR) (1.5-1.8%), energy expenditure (EE) (3-5%), overall physiological load (2-4%), and lactate concentration (∼15% immediately after exercise and ∼25% in recovery) suggest that new rules are more demanding, although the statistical effect size is only small or moderate. In conclusion, after competition rule changes, there has been a shift in taekwondo combat profile toward greater body movement dynamics, higher intensity, and greater postexercise fatigue. The values of key indices of exercise response (mechanical activity, HR, EE, and lactate concentration) during tournaments are near or exceeding the maximum attained during progressive exercise until exhaustion. Therefore, more focus is needed on taekwondo-specific high-intensity training and postcombat recovery to adapt athletes to increased competition requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Janowski
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Divito B, McLaughlin M, Jacobs I. The Effects of L-Citrulline on Blood-Lactate Removal Kinetics Following Maximal-Effort Exercise. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:704-716. [PMID: 34013839 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1926392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of lactate in muscle and blood during high-intensity exercise is negatively correlated with the duration exercise can be sustained. Removal of lactate is a key component of acute recovery between consecutive bouts of such exercise. Low-intensity exercise enhances recovery by accelerating lactate turnover in metabolically active tissues, largely mediated by blood flow to these tissues. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to clarify if L-citrulline, a nutritional supplement purported to promote vasodilation via enhanced nitric oxide availability, would augment the removal of blood lactate during active recovery (AR). L-citrulline ingestion will augment the rate of blood lactate concentration decrease during AR, reduce the oxygen-cost of submaximal exercise, and increase time-to-exhaustion and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) during a test of maximal aerobic power. Healthy university students (five males & five females) participated in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants exercised on a cycle ergometer at submaximal steady-state intensities followed by progressively increasing intensity to exhaustion, 10 min of AR, and then supramaximal intensity exercise to exhaustion. Oxygen uptake was measured throughout the trial and blood lactate was sampled repeatedly during AR. The protocol elicited very high peak blood lactate concentrations after exercise (11.3 + 1.3 mmol/L). L-citrulline supplementation did not significantly alter blood lactate kinetics during AR, the oxygen cost of exercise, V̇O2peak, or time-to-exhaustion. Despite a strong theoretical basis by which L-citrulline could augment lactate removal from the blood, L-citrulline supplementation showed no effect as an exercise-recovery supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Divito
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie McLaughlin
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pratama AB, Yimlamai T. Effects of Active and Passive Recovery on Muscle Oxygenation and Swimming Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1289-1296. [PMID: 32942256 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effectiveness of 3 recovery protocols on muscle oxygenation, blood lactate, and subsequent performance during a 200-m repeated swim session. METHODS Twelve collegte swimmers completed 3 sessions of 2 consecutive 200-m front-crawl trials separated by 1 of 3 recovery protocols: a 15-minute active recovery (AR), a 15-minute passive recovery (PR), and a combination of 5-minute AR and 10-minute PR (CR) in a counterbalanced design. Tissue saturation index at biceps femoris, blood lactate concentration, arterial oxygen saturation, and heart rate were measured at rest, immediately after the trial, and at 5, 10, and 15 minutes of recovery. Two-way analysis of variance (recovery × time) with repeated measures was used to determine measurement variables. A level of significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS No significant changes in swimming time were observed between trials (AR: 156.79 [4.09] vs 157.79 [4.23] s, CR: 156.50 [4.89] vs 155.55 [4.86] s, PR: 156.54 [4.70] vs 156.30 [4.52] s) across recovery conditions. Interestingly, tissue saturation index rapidly declined immediately after a 200-m swim and then gradually returned to baseline, with a greater value observed during CR compared with AR and PR after 15-minute recovery (P = .04). These changes were concomitant with significant reductions in blood lactate and heart rate during the recovery period (P = .00). CONCLUSION The CR in the present study was more effective in enhancing muscle reoxygenation after a 200-m swim compared with AR and PR, albeit its beneficial effect on subsequent performance warrants further investigation.
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Immediate Effects of an Inverted Body Position on Energy Expenditure and Blood Lactate Removal after Intense Running. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We compared the immediate effects of a cool-down strategy including an inverted body position (IBP: continuous 30-s alternations of supine and IBP) after a short period of an intense treadmill run with active (walking) and passive (seated) methods. Fifteen healthy subjects (22 years, 172 cm, 67 kg) completed three cool-down conditions (in a counterbalanced order) followed by a 5-min static stretch on three separate days. Heart rate, energy expenditure, blood lactate concentration, fatigue perception, and circumference of thighs and calves were recorded at pre- and post-run at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min. At 5 min post-run, subjects performing the IBP condition showed (1) a 22% slower heart rate (p < 0.0001, ES = 2.52) and 14% lower energy expenditure (p = 0.01, ES = 0.48) than in the active condition, and (2) a 23% lower blood lactate than in the passive condition (p = 0.001, ES = 0.82). Fatigue perception and circumferences of thighs and calves did not differ between the conditions at any time point (F10,238 < 0.96, p < 0.99 for all tests). IBP appears to produce an effect similar to that of an active cool-down in blood lactate removal with less energy expenditure. This cool-down strategy is recommended for tournament sporting events with short breaks between matches, such as Taekwondo, Judo, and wrestling.
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Browne JD, Carter R, Robinson A, Waldrup B, Zhang G, Carrillo E, Dinh M, Arnold MT, Hu J, Neufeld EV, Dolezal BA. Not All HIFT Classes Are Created Equal: Evaluating Energy Expenditure and Relative Intensity of a High-Intensity Functional Training Regimen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:1206-1216. [PMID: 33042371 PMCID: PMC7523891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for efficient and effective exercises has grown in concert with increased attention to fitness as a determinant of overall health. While past studies have examined the benefits traditional conditioning exercises, there have been few investigations of high intensity functional training (HIFT). The aim of this study was to measure the energy expenditure and relative intensity from participation in a signature, 35-minute group-based HIFT regimen. During the HIFT session, 13 volunteers (aged 23-59 years, 6 females) donned a portable breath-by-breath gas analyzer and a heart rate monitor. Mean caloric expenditure (528 ± 62 kcal), maximum heart rate (172 ± 8 bpm), and metabolic equivalents (12.2 ± 1.4 kcal/kg/h) were characterized as a vigorous-intensity activity according to the Compendium of Physical Activities guidelines. Moreover, implementing this high energy expenditure session twice weekly may comport with Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans weekly physical activity recommendations. HIFT training may provide time-efficient exercise for those seeking exercise-related health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Browne
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Robert Carter
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Robinson
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brigette Waldrup
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey Zhang
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Carrillo
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minhsang Dinh
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Arnold
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hu
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric V Neufeld
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Brett A Dolezal
- Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Small Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) and Their Anti-Fatigue Effects in Mice. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010045. [PMID: 30583565 PMCID: PMC6337178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is unique for its extensive biological activities and pharmaceutical properties. There are few studies on walnut oligopeptides (WOPs), which are small molecule peptides extracted from walnuts. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of WOPs on ICR mice and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were randomly divided into four experimental sets and each set of mice were then randomly divided into four groups. The vehicle group was administered distilled water, and the three WOP intervention groups were orally administered WOP solution at a dose of 110, 220, and 440 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. After 30 days of WOP intervention, the anti-fatigue activity of WOPs were evaluated using the weight-loaded swimming test and by measuring the change of biochemical parameters, glycogen storage and energy metabolism enzymes, anti-oxidative capacity and mitochondrial function. It was observed that WOPs could significantly prolong the swimming time, decrease the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood lactic acid (BLA), and increased the glycogen storage of liver and gastrocnemius muscle. WOPs also markedly inhibited fatigue induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and decreasing the content malondialdehyde (MDA). Notably, WOPs improved the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Na+-K+-ATPase, and enhanced the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors and mitochondrial DNA content in skeletal muscles of mice. These results suggest that WOPs have beneficial anti-fatigue effects, which may be attributed to their positive effects on increasing glycogen storage, improving energy metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, and ameliorating the cell damage and the muscular injury.
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Van Hooren B, Peake JM. Do We Need a Cool-Down After Exercise? A Narrative Review of the Psychophysiological Effects and the Effects on Performance, Injuries and the Long-Term Adaptive Response. Sports Med 2018; 48:1575-1595. [PMID: 29663142 PMCID: PMC5999142 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that an active cool-down is more effective for promoting post-exercise recovery than a passive cool-down involving no activity. However, research on this topic has never been synthesized and it therefore remains largely unknown whether this belief is correct. This review compares the effects of various types of active cool-downs with passive cool-downs on sports performance, injuries, long-term adaptive responses, and psychophysiological markers of post-exercise recovery. An active cool-down is largely ineffective with respect to enhancing same-day and next-day(s) sports performance, but some beneficial effects on next-day(s) performance have been reported. Active cool-downs do not appear to prevent injuries, and preliminary evidence suggests that performing an active cool-down on a regular basis does not attenuate the long-term adaptive response. Active cool-downs accelerate recovery of lactate in blood, but not necessarily in muscle tissue. Performing active cool-downs may partially prevent immune system depression and promote faster recovery of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. However, it is unknown whether this reduces the likelihood of post-exercise illnesses, syncope, and cardiovascular complications. Most evidence indicates that active cool-downs do not significantly reduce muscle soreness, or improve the recovery of indirect markers of muscle damage, neuromuscular contractile properties, musculotendinous stiffness, range of motion, systemic hormonal concentrations, or measures of psychological recovery. It can also interfere with muscle glycogen resynthesis. In summary, based on the empirical evidence currently available, active cool-downs are largely ineffective for improving most psychophysiological markers of post-exercise recovery, but may nevertheless offer some benefits compared with a passive cool-down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
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Travassos PB, Godoy G, De Souza HM, Curi R, Bazotte RB. Performance during a strenuous swimming session is associated with high blood lactate: pyruvate ratio and hypoglycemia in fasted rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7057. [PMID: 29590261 PMCID: PMC5886545 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lactatemia elevation and glycemia reduction on strenuous swimming performance in fasted rats. Three rats were placed in a swimming tank at the same time. The first rat was removed immediately (control group) and the remaining ones were submitted to a strenuous swimming session. After the second rat was exhausted (Exh group), the third one was immediately removed from the water (Exe group). According to the period of time required for exhaustion, the rats were divided into four groups: low performance (3–7 min), low-intermediary performance (8–12 min), high-intermediary performance (13–17 min), and high performance (18–22 min). All rats were removed from the swimming tanks and immediately killed by decapitation for blood collection or anesthetized for liver perfusion experiments. Blood glucose, lactate, and pyruvate concentrations, blood lactate/pyruvate ratio, and liver lactate uptake and its conversion to glucose were evaluated. Exhaustion in low and low-intermediary performance were better associated with higher lactate/pyruvate ratio. On the other hand, exhaustion in high-intermediary and high performance was better associated with hypoglycemia. Lactate uptake and glucose production from lactate in livers from the Exe and Exh groups were maintained. We concluded that there is a time sequence in the participation of lactate/pyruvate ratio and hypoglycemia in performance during an acute strenuous swimming section in fasted rats. The liver had an important participation in preventing hyperlactatemia and hypoglycemia during swimming through lactate uptake and its conversion to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Travassos
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - G Godoy
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - H M De Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - R Curi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R B Bazotte
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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ASSESSING ACTION MECHANISMS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENT BASED ON SUCCINIC ACID DERIVATIVE UNDER PHYSICAL LOADS OF SUBMAXIMAL INTENSITY. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-3-65-28-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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