1
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Moharir S, Akotkar L, Aswar U, Kumar D, Gawade B, Pal K, Rane R. Improved Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Deuterium-Reinforced Tricyclic Antidepressants Doxepin, Dosulepin, and Clomipramine in Animal Models. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:181-190. [PMID: 38172422 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Doxepin, dosulepin, and clomipramine are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) that act as serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. The metabolites formed by N-dealkylation of these tricyclic antidepressants contribute to overall poor pharmacokinetics and efficacy. Deuteration of the methyl groups at metabolically active sites has been reported to be a useful strategy for developing more selective and potent antidepressants. This isotopic deuteration can lead to better bioavailability and overall effectiveness. The objective is to study the effect of site-selective deuteration of TCAs on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile by comparison with their nondeuterated counterparts. METHODS In the current study, the pharmacokinetic profile and antidepressant behavior of deuterated TCAs were evaluated using the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), using male Wistar rats and male Swiss albino mice, respectively; additionally, a synaptosomal reuptake study was carried out. RESULTS Compared with the nondeuterated parent drugs, deuterated forms showed improved efficacy in the behavior paradigm, indicating improved pharmacological activity. The pharmacokinetic parameters indicated increased maximum concentration in the plasma (Cmax), elimination half-life (t1/2), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in deuterated compounds. This can have a positive clinical impact on antidepressant treatment. Synaptosomal reuptake studies indicated marked inhibition of the reuptake mechanism of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS Deuterated TCAs can prove to be potentially better molecules in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders as compared with nondeuterated compounds. In addition, we have demonstrated a concept that metabolically active, site-selective deuteration can be beneficial for improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of TCAs. A further toxicological study of these compounds is needed to validate their future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyash Moharir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Likhit Akotkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Urmila Aswar
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India
| | - Bapu Gawade
- Cleanchem Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Kopar-Khairane, Navi Mumbai, 400710, India
| | - Kavita Pal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Rajesh Rane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, 411038, India.
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2
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Słoczyńska K, Orzeł J, Murzyn A, Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Pękala E. Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems, individual-level ecotoxicological effects: growth, survival and behavior. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106554. [PMID: 37167880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing consumption of antidepressant pharmaceuticals has resulted in their widespread occurrence in the environment, particularly in waterways with a typical concentration range from ng L-1 to μg L-1. An increasing number of studies have confirmed the ecotoxic potency of antidepressants, not only at high concentrations but also at environmentally relevant levels. The present review covers literature from the last decade on the individual-level ecotoxicological effects of the most commonly used antidepressants, including their impact on behavior, growth, and survival. We focus on the relationship between antidepressants physico-chemical properties and dynamics in the environment. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages of considering behavioral changes as sensitive endpoints in ecotoxicology, as well as some current methodological shortcomings in the field, including low standardization, reproducibility and context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Orzeł
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Murzyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Pittenger C. The Pharmacological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:107-119. [PMID: 36740347 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment is a mainstay of the care of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Robust evidence supports the use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the older tricyclic drug clomipramine. Other antidepressants are less effective (or have been insufficiently studied). When first-line treatment with these agents, and with appropriate psychotherapy, is ineffective, several augmentation strategies are available, though their evidentiary support is weaker. A substantial minority of patients have persistent symptoms despite optimal evidence-based treatment. Further work and more treatment options are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Child Study Center, and Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University.
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4
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Kee PS, Maggo SDS, Kennedy MA, Chin PKL. The pharmacogenetics of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in a case series of antidepressant responses. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1080117. [PMID: 36895946 PMCID: PMC9988947 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1080117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics has potential for optimizing use of psychotropics. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 are two clinically relevant pharmacogenes in the prescribing of antidepressants. Using cases recruited from the Understanding Drug Reactions Using Genomic Sequencing (UDRUGS) study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of genotyping CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in antidepressant response. Genomic and clinical data for patients who were prescribed antidepressants for mental health disorders, and experienced adverse reactions (ADRs) or ineffectiveness, were extracted for analysis. Genotype-inferred phenotyping of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 was carried out as per Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. A total of 52 patients, predominantly New Zealand Europeans (85%) with a median age (range) of 36 years (15-73), were eligible for analysis. Thirty-one (60%) reported ADRs, 11 (21%) ineffectiveness, and 10 (19%) reported both. There were 19 CYP2C19 NMs, 15 IMs, 16 RMs, one PM and one UM. For CYP2D6, there were 22 NMs, 22 IMs, four PMs, three UMs, and one indeterminate. CPIC assigned a level to each gene-drug pair based on curated genotype-to-phenotype evidence. We analyzed a subgroup of 45 cases, inclusive of response type (ADRs/ineffectiveness). Seventy-nine (N = 37 for CYP2D6, N = 42 for CYP2C19) gene-drug/antidepressant-response pairs with CPIC evidence levels of A, A/B, or B were identified. Pairs were assigned as 'actionable' if the CYP phenotypes potentially contributed to the observed response. We observed actionability in 41% (15/37) of CYP2D6-antidepressant-response pairs and 36% (15/42) of CYP2C19-antidepressant-response pairs. In this cohort, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes were actionable for a total of 38% pairs, consisting of 48% in relation to ADRs and 21% in relation to drug ineffectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Siu Kee
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Simran D S Maggo
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Martin A Kennedy
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paul K L Chin
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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5
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He Y, Miggiels P, Drouin N, Lindenburg PW, Wouters B, Hankemeier T. An automated online three-phase electro-extraction setup with machine-vision process monitoring hyphenated to LC-MS analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1235:340521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Zhao R, Sa X, Ouyang N, Zhang H, Yang J, Pan J, Gu J, Zhou Y. A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Transcriptome and Survival Reveals Prognostic Differentially Expressed LncRNAs and Predicts Novel Drugs for Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy. Front Genet 2021; 12:723725. [PMID: 34759954 PMCID: PMC8575119 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.723725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified various prognostic long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) in a specific cancer type, but a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis for prediction of LncRNAs that may serve as prognostic biomarkers is of great significance to be performed. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant adult primary brain tumor. There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies for GBM due to its poor prognosis and universal recurrence. Using available LncRNA expression data of 12 cancer types and survival data of 30 cancer types from online databases, we identified 48 differentially expressed LncRNAs in cancers as potential pan-cancer prognostic biomarkers. Two candidate LncRNAs were selected for validation in GBM. By the expression detection in GBM cell lines and survival analysis in GBM patients, we demonstrated the reliability of the list of pan-cancer prognostic LncRNAs obtained above. By constructing LncRNA-mRNA-drug network in GBM, we predicted novel drug-target interactions for GBM correlated LncRNA. This analysis has revealed common prognostic LncRNAs among cancers, which may provide insights into cancer pathogenesis and novel drug target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchuan Zhao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Sa
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Nan Ouyang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Pan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Gu
- Department of Anorectum, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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7
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Eap CB, Gründer G, Baumann P, Ansermot N, Conca A, Corruble E, Crettol S, Dahl ML, de Leon J, Greiner C, Howes O, Kim E, Lanzenberger R, Meyer JH, Moessner R, Mulder H, Müller DJ, Reis M, Riederer P, Ruhe HG, Spigset O, Spina E, Stegman B, Steimer W, Stingl J, Suzen S, Uchida H, Unterecker S, Vandenberghe F, Hiemke C. Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:561-628. [PMID: 33977870 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1878427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: More than 40 drugs are available to treat affective disorders. Individual selection of the optimal drug and dose is required to attain the highest possible efficacy and acceptable tolerability for every patient.Methods: This review, which includes more than 500 articles selected by 30 experts, combines relevant knowledge on studies investigating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics of 33 antidepressant drugs and of 4 drugs approved for augmentation in cases of insufficient response to antidepressant monotherapy. Such studies typically measure drug concentrations in blood (i.e. therapeutic drug monitoring) and genotype relevant genetic polymorphisms of enzymes, transporters or receptors involved in drug metabolism or mechanism of action. Imaging studies, primarily positron emission tomography that relates drug concentrations in blood and radioligand binding, are considered to quantify target structure occupancy by the antidepressant drugs in vivo. Results: Evidence is given that in vivo imaging, therapeutic drug monitoring and genotyping and/or phenotyping of drug metabolising enzymes should be an integral part in the development of any new antidepressant drug.Conclusions: To guide antidepressant drug therapy in everyday practice, there are multiple indications such as uncertain adherence, polypharmacy, nonresponse and/or adverse reactions under therapeutically recommended doses, where therapeutic drug monitoring and cytochrome P450 genotyping and/or phenotyping should be applied as valid tools of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Eap
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Gründer
- Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Ansermot
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Conca
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Service District Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, South Tyrolean Regional Health Service, Bolzano, Italy
| | - E Corruble
- INSERM CESP, Team ≪MOODS≫, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Universite Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - S Crettol
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M L Dahl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J de Leon
- Eastern State Hospital, University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Greiner
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Bonn, Germany
| | - O Howes
- King's College London and MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS)-Imperial College, London, UK
| | - E Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - R Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J H Meyer
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Mulder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wilhelmina Hospital Assen, Assen, The Netherlands.,GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Services Drenthe, Assen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Centre for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D J Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Reis
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - H G Ruhe
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - O Spigset
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - B Stegman
- Institut für Pharmazie der Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - W Steimer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Stingl
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - S Suzen
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Unterecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - F Vandenberghe
- Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Hiemke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Tran BN, Cheng YS, Xu M, Pradhan M, Henderson M, Zhu W, Oh E, Susumu K, Wolak M, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Carlos de la Torre J, Simeonov A, Michael SG, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effect Is Blocked by Lysosome Alkalizing Small Molecules. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1389-1408. [PMID: 33346633 PMCID: PMC7771250 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus’
pathways of infection,
virus–host–protein interactions, and mechanisms of virus-induced
cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the discovery and design of
new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine,
extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple
cellular effects including alkalizing lysosomes and blocking autophagy
as well as exhibiting dose-limiting toxicities in patients. Therefore,
we evaluated additional lysosomotropic compounds to identify an alternative
lysosome-based drug repurposing opportunity. We found that six of
these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero
E6 cells with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices
(SIs; SI = CC50/EC50) ranging from 1.5- to >10-fold.
The compounds (1) blocked lysosome functioning and autophagy, (2)
prevented pseudotyped particle entry, (3) increased lysosomal pH,
and (4) reduced (ROC-325) viral titers in the EpiAirway 3D tissue
model. Consistent with these findings, the siRNA knockdown of ATP6V0D1
blocked the HCoV-NL63 cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells. Moreover,
an analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cell lysate revealed significant
dysregulation of autophagy and lysosomal function, suggesting a contribution
of the lysosome to the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest
the lysosome as a potential host cell target to combat SARS-CoV-2
infections and inhibitors of lysosomal function could become an important
component of drug combination therapies aimed at improving treatment
and outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Mark Henderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - Mason Wolak
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IMM6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Sam G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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9
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Nobile B, Durand M, Olié E, Guillaume S, Molès JP, Haffen E, Courtet P. The Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Tricyclic Antidepressant Clomipramine and Its High Penetration in the Brain Might Be Useful to Prevent the Psychiatric Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:615695. [PMID: 33767623 PMCID: PMC7985338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.615695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At the time of writing (December 2020), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already caused more than one million deaths worldwide, and therefore, it is imperative to find effective treatments. The “cytokine storm” induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a good target to prevent disease worsening, as indicated by the results obtained with tocilizumab and dexamethasone. SARS-CoV-2 can also invade the brain and cause neuro-inflammation with dramatic neurological manifestations, such as viral encephalitis. This could lead to potentially incapacitating long-term consequences, such as the development of psychiatric disorders, as previously observed with SARS-CoV. Several pathways/mechanisms could explain the link between viral infection and development of psychiatric diseases, especially neuro-inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is important to find molecules with anti-inflammatory properties that penetrate easily into the brain. For instance, some antidepressants have anti-inflammatory action and pass easily through the blood brain barrier. Among them, clomipramine has shown very strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, in vivo (animal models) and human studies, especially in the brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential application of clomipramine to prevent post-infectious mental complications. Repositioning and testing antidepressants for COVID-19 management could help to reduce peripheral and especially central inflammation and to prevent the acute and particularly the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nobile
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Durand
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Olié
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - S Guillaume
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - J P Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infection, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Haffen
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France.,Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, Laboratoire de Neurosciences, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - P Courtet
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
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10
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Wu PC, Hung CS, Kang YN, Wu CC. Tolerability and Optimal Therapeutic Dosage of Clomipramine for Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sex Med 2020; 9:100283. [PMID: 33291044 PMCID: PMC7930847 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clomipramine is effective in treating premature ejaculation, a common form of male sexual dysfunction that affects individual's mental health and quality of life, but its optimal dosage remains controversial. AIM In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and optimal dose of clomipramine for treating premature ejaculation among men. METHODS Eligible studies of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were identified from the date of inception to June 21, 2020. We conducted the study according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data of the study characteristics, intravaginal latency ejaculatory time (IELT), adverse events, success rate, and satisfaction rate of clomipramine vs placebo were extracted and analyzed. The risk ratio and mean difference were used for quantitatively analyzing binary outcomes and continuous outcomes. The standardized mean difference was applied to the outcome of satisfaction rate. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used for meta-analysis under random-effects model. To assess dose effect of clomipramine, a meta-regression analysis was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes were the IELT and adverse events, and the secondary outcomes were the success rate and satisfaction rate of clomipramine treatment relative to the placebo. RESULTS A total 14 randomized controlled trials with 710 patients were included for quantitative analysis. Clomipramine significantly increased the IELT compared with the placebo (mean difference: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.73-2.21). However, clomipramine was associated with higher risks of overall adverse events and adverse events in the nervous and respiratory systems. Significant dosage effects on the IELT (estimate: 0.0637, 95% CI: 0.0074-0.12) and a slightly increasing slope on adverse events were revealed. CONCLUSION Clomipramine increased the IELT and yielded greater satisfaction than the placebo, and the higher dose results in a superior IELT without leading to higher risk of adverse events under a dosage of 50-mg clomipramine. Wu P-C, Hung C-S, Kang Y-N, et al. Tolerability and Optimal Therapeutic Dosage of Clomipramine for Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sex Med 2021;9:100283.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chien Wu
- Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shan Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-No Kang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Wu
- Department of Education and Humanities in Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Elkady EF, Fouad MA, Alshoba N, Tarek Mahmoud S. Validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of some prescribed CNS drugs: Application to an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of drug-herb metabolic interaction potential of khat. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Gorshkov K, Chen CZ, Bostwick R, Rasmussen L, Xu M, Pradhan M, Tran BN, Zhu W, Shamim K, Huang W, Hu X, Shen M, Klumpp-Thomas C, Itkin Z, Shinn P, Simeonov A, Michael S, Hall MD, Lo DC, Zheng W. The SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect is blocked with autophagy modulators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.16.091520. [PMID: 32511355 PMCID: PMC7259466 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.16.091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-02 is a new type of coronavirus capable of rapid transmission and causing severe clinical symptoms; much of which has unknown biological etiology. It has prompted researchers to rapidly mobilize their efforts towards identifying and developing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. Discovering and understanding the virus' pathways of infection, host-protein interactions, and cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. While it is known that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including inhibiting autophagy, there are also dose-limiting toxicities in patients that make clearly establishing their potential mechanisms-of-action problematic. Therefore, we evaluated a range of other autophagy modulators to identify an alternative autophagy-based drug repurposing opportunity. In this work, we found that 6 of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices ranging from 1.5 to >10-fold. Immunofluorescence staining for LC3B and LysoTracker dye staining assays in several cell lines indicated their potency and efficacy for inhibiting autophagy correlated with the measurements in the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect assay. Our data suggest that autophagy pathways could be targeted to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and become an important component of drug combination therapies to improve the treatment outcomes for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Robert Bostwick
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama, 35205
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Khalida Shamim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Xin Hu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Min Shen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Zina Itkin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Paul Shinn
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Sam Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Donald C. Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850
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13
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Bouchez J, Dumur V, Lhermitte M, Goudemand M. Genotypes of cytochrome P450 and clinical response to clomipramine in patients with major depression. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 10:410-2. [DOI: 10.1016/0924-9338(96)80347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/1995] [Accepted: 04/18/1995] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe genetic cytochrome P450 polymorphism is reported in factors affecting the individual response to drugs. The interindividual variation at steady-state levels or also in elimination of drugs, finds an explanation in genetic differences in the metabolism. In particular, activities of the P450-IID6 isoenzyme are related to the sparteine/debrisoquine oxidation polymorphism. Phenotyping such a system has been proposed to analyse variability in the tricyclic antidepressant level. To analyse clinical relevance of a pharmacogenetic approach, we studied the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 genotypes and the clinical responses to clomipramine in 21 hospitalised patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depression. Three patients were predicted as poor metabolizers. We suggested a limitation of clomipramine (CMI) hydroxylation in poor metaboliser (PM) patients which is balanced by a desmethylation. The clinical efficacy pattern does not differ in poor metaboliser and early metaboliser patients. Firstly, there is no significant differences in the evolution of scores on MADRS and specific retardation scale into the two groups. Secondly, outcome of side effects does not occur more frequently in PM patients. Clinical relevance of such an approach needs further study.
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14
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Lipponen A, Natunen T, Hujo M, Ciszek R, Hämäläinen E, Tohka J, Hiltunen M, Paananen J, Poulsen D, Kansanen E, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Levonen AL, Pitkänen A. In Vitro and In Vivo Pipeline for Validation of Disease-Modifying Effects of Systems Biology-Derived Network Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury-Lessons Learned. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215395. [PMID: 31671916 PMCID: PMC6861918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a pipeline for the discovery of transcriptomics-derived disease-modifying therapies and used it to validate treatments in vitro and in vivo that could be repurposed for TBI treatment. Desmethylclomipramine, ionomycin, sirolimus and trimipramine, identified by in silico LINCS analysis as candidate treatments modulating the TBI-induced transcriptomics networks, were tested in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures, using tumour necrosis factor α as a monitoring biomarker for neuroinflammation, nitrite for nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity and microtubule associated protein 2-based immunostaining for neuronal survival. Based on (a) therapeutic time window in silico, (b) blood-brain barrier penetration and water solubility, (c) anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in vitro (p < 0.05) and (d) target engagement of Nrf2 target genes (p < 0.05), desmethylclomipramine was validated in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. Despite the favourable in silico and in vitro outcomes, in vivo assessment of clomipramine, which metabolizes to desmethylclomipramine, failed to demonstrate favourable effects on motor and memory tests. In fact, clomipramine treatment worsened the composite neuroscore (p < 0.05). Weight loss (p < 0.05) and prolonged upregulation of plasma cytokines (p < 0.05) may have contributed to the worsened somatomotor outcome. Our pipeline provides a rational stepwise procedure for evaluating favourable and unfavourable effects of systems-biology discovered compounds that modulate post-TBI transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika Hujo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David Poulsen
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St, 6071 CTRC, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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Marazziti D, Avella MT, Basile L, Mucci F, Dell'Osso L. Pharmacokinetics of serotonergic drugs: focus on OCD. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:261-273. [PMID: 30793987 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1584611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a common, chronic, and disabling psychiatric condition, has significantly improved in the last decades, with the demonstration of the specific effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), a large proportion of patients still show high relapse rates. In addition, pharmacological treatments should be maintained for years, so that the clinicians should take into account the pharmacokinetic changes in the long-term, which may be responsible for dangerous side effects or interactions. Areas covered: The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the pharmacokinetics of SSRIs and clomipramine, and on their pharmacokinetic parameters in OCD patients. Expert opinion: Although the literature on the pharmacokinetics of both clomipramine and SSRIs is consistent, data on pharmacokinetic parameters in OCD patients are very few. Given the impact of OCD, its chronicity requiring long-term treatments, together with the need to increase the clinical response rate, more studies in this field are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Avella
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Lucia Basile
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Federico Mucci
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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Mendonça AAS, Coelho CM, Veloso MP, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, Novaes RD. Relevance of Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors on Trypanosoma cruzi Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and In Silico Integrated Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8676578. [PMID: 30473742 PMCID: PMC6220389 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8676578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rudimentary antioxidant defenses in Trypanosoma cruzi, disruptors of redox balance are promising candidates for new antitrypanosomal drugs. We developed an integrated model based on systematic review, meta-analyses, and molecular modeling to evaluate the effect of trypanothione reductase (TR) inhibitors in T. cruzi infections. Our findings indicated that the TR inhibitors analyzed were effective in reducing parasitemia and mortality due to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in animal models. The most investigated drugs (clomipramine and thioridazine) showed no beneficial effects on the occurrence of infection-related electrocardiographic abnormalities or the affinity and density of cardiac β-adrenergic receptors. The affinity between the tested ligands and the active site of TR was confirmed by molecular docking. However, the molecular affinity score was unable to explain TR inhibition and T. cruzi death in vitro or the antiparasitic potential of these drugs when tested in preclinical models of T. cruzi infection. The divergence of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings indicated that the anti-T. cruzi effects of the analyzed drugs were not restricted to TR inhibition. As in vivo studies on TR inhibitors are still scarce and exhibit methodological limitations, mechanistic and highly controlled studies are required to improve the quality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Aparecida Santos Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Morais Coelho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcia Paranho Veloso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
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17
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Systematic screening of generic drugs for progressive multiple sclerosis identifies clomipramine as a promising therapeutic. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1990. [PMID: 29259169 PMCID: PMC5736601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is unsatisfactory. One reason is that the drivers of disease, which include iron-mediated neurotoxicity, lymphocyte activity, and oxidative stress, are not simultaneously targeted. Here we present a systematic screen to identify generic, orally available medications that target features of progressive MS. Of 249 medications that cross the blood–brain barrier, 35 prevent iron-mediated neurotoxicity in culture. Of these, several antipsychotics and antidepressants strongly reduce T-cell proliferation and oxidative stress. We focus on the antidepressant clomipramine and found that it additionally inhibits B-lymphocyte activity. In mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of MS, clomipramine ameliorates clinical signs of acute and chronic phases. Histologically, clomipramine reduces inflammation and microglial activation, and preserves axonal integrity. In summary, we present a systematic approach to identify generic medications for progressive multiple sclerosis with the potential to advance rapidly into clinical trials, and we highlight clomipramine for further development. Progressive multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system, for which effective treatment is lacking. The authors carry out a screen to identify orally available generic medications, and show that the antidepressant clomipramine reduces pathology in mouse models.
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18
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Interventional Spine and Pain Procedures in Patients on Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications (Second Edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 43:225-262. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Brown JT, Schneiderhan M, Eum S, Bishop JR. Serum clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine levels in a CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizer. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:601-605. [PMID: 28470111 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics within psychiatry has the potential to aid in the dose and selection of medications. A substantial number of psychiatric medications are metabolized through either of the highly polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. Of these, clomipramine is subject to metabolism by both CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, leaving individuals with deficiencies of these drug-metabolizing enzymes at risk of higher concentrations of the parent molecule. Herein, we present the case of a 29-year-old male with diagnoses of depression and obsessive compulsive disorder who had trialed and failed a dozen psychiatric medications, many of which are subject to metabolism by CYP2D6 and/or CYP2C19, and had most recently been taking clomipramine for approximately 2.5 years. Pharmacogenetic testing revealed this patient to be an intermediate metabolizer for both CYP2C19 (*1/*2) and CYP2D6 (*4/*41), which resulted in considerably elevated serum trough concentrations of clomipramine and its active metabolite desmethylclomipramine. This case provides a retrospective view of how the knowledge of an individual's pharmacogenetic test results can aid in their clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Brown
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Mark Schneiderhan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Seenae Eum
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN 55454, USA
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Abstract
This article will review the various agents affecting the central nervous system (CNS) such as the analgesics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. Most of the research in pharmacogenetics with the CNS agents have been conducted in the antidepressants. The cytochrome 450 IID6 isozyme system has been shown to influence the disposition of the antidepressants and antipsychotics. Amitriptyline metabolism to nortriptyline and nortriptyline conversion to its 10-OH metabolite were shown to be influenced by the IID6 isozyme. Interestingly, imipramine metabolism to desipramine is only partially related to the IID6 isozyme. Biotransformation of imipramine to its 2-OH metabolite was shown to be affected by the IID6 isozyme, but its metabolism to the 10-OH remains to be investigated. Of the antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol and thioridazine are two agents most studied. Haloperidol is converted to a reduced metabolite via a ketone reductase enzyme. The reduced metabolite is oxidized back to Haloperidol. This oxidation pathway was reported to be affected by the IID6 isozyme. Thioridazine metabolism to mesoridazine and conversion of codeine to morphine appear to be also influenced by CP-450 IID6. Other 450 isozymes are reported to be involved with other CNS agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Jann
- From the Southern School of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sara R. Grimsley
- From the Southern School of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA
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21
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Alves V, Gonçalves J, Conceição C, Teixeira HM, Câmara JS. An improved analytical strategy combining microextraction by packed sorbent combined with ultra high pressure liquid chromatography for the determination of fluoxetine, clomipramine and their active metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Mauri MC, Fiorentini A, Paletta S, Altamura AC. Pharmacokinetics of antidepressants in patients with hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 53:1069-81. [PMID: 25248846 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate use of antidepressant in patients with hepatic impairment requires careful consideration of how the hepatic illness may affect pharmacokinetics. This review aims to analyze pharmacokinetic profile, plasma level variations so as the metabolism of several antidepressants relating to their use in patients with an hepatic impairment. Due to the lack of data regarding hepatic impairment itself, the review is focused mainly on studies investigating pharmacokinetics in hepatic cirrhosis or alcohol-related conditions. More data on reduced hepatic metabolism can be extrapolated by drug studies conducted in elderly populations. Dose adjustment of antidepressants in these patients is important as most of these drugs are predominantly metabolized by the liver and many of them are associated with dose-dependent adverse reactions. As no surrogate parameter is available to predict hepatic metabolism of drugs, dose adjustment according to pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs is proposed. There is a need for a more balanced assessment of the benefits and risks associated with antidepressants use in patients with hepatic impairment, particularly considering pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs to ensure that patients, who would truly benefit from these agents, are not denied appropriate treatment. In conclusion, kinetic studies for centrally acting drugs including antidepressants with predominant hepatic metabolism should be carried out in patients with liver disease to allow precise dose recommendations for enhanced patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Carlo Mauri
- Clinical Psychiatry, Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy,
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Balsevich G, Namendorf C, Gerlach T, Uhr M, Schmidt MV. The bio-distribution of the antidepressant clomipramine is modulated by chronic stress in mice: effects on behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 8:445. [PMID: 25610380 PMCID: PMC4285108 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, severely affecting the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. Despite the availability of several classes of antidepressants, treatment efficacy is still very variable and many patients do not respond to the treatment. Clomipramine (CMI), a classical and widely used antidepressant, shows widespread interindividual variability of efficacy, while the environmental factors contributing to such variability remain unclear. We investigated whether chronic stress modulates the bio-distribution of CMI, and as a result the behavioral response to CMI treatment in a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Our results show that stress exposure increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors and altered the stress response. Chronic defeat stress furthermore significantly altered CMI bio-distribution. Interestingly, CMI bio-distribution highly correlated with anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors only under basal conditions. Taken together, we provide first evidence demonstrating that chronic stress exposure modulates CMI bio-distribution and behavioral responses. This may contribute to CMI’s broad interindividual variability, and is especially relevant in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Balsevich
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Namendorf
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Gerlach
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
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Interventional Spine and Pain Procedures in Patients on Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 40:182-212. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kobuchi S, Ito Y, Okada K, Imoto K, Takada K. Pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and increased hepatic dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity levels in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer model rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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ter Horst PGJ, van der Linde S, Smit JP, den Boon J, van Lingen RA, Jansman FGA, De Jong-van den Berg LTW, Wilffert B. Clomipramine concentration and withdrawal symptoms in 10 neonates. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:295-302. [PMID: 21801198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM After in utero exposure to tricyclic antidepressants, neonatal withdrawal symptoms have been reported with an estimated incidence between 20 and 50%; however, few data are available for clomipramine. This could also be the case for neonatal pharmacokinetic clomipramine parameters and so this study was set up. METHODS Babies exposed to clomipramine in utero were included in an observational study, approved by the local ethics committee, after written informed consent. Withdrawal symptoms were scored at 12, 24 and 48 h after birth using the Finnegan score. Plasma concentrations were determined using an in-house-developed, validated liquid chromatography with mass detection (LC-MSMS) method at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h after birth. RESULTS We found that three of 11 pregnancies were complicated with pre-eclampsia. Ten neonates were observed for clomipramine withdrawal symptoms. The observed withdrawal symptoms were too short a period of sleep after feeding (6), poor feeding (3), mild to severe tremors (6), hyperactive Moro reflex (3) and respiratory rate >60 breaths min(-1). Serious withdrawal reactions, such as tachycardia and cyanosis, were seen. We calculated a half-life value of 42 ± 16 h for clomipramine in neonates. Only a weak correlation was found between withdrawal reactions and clomipramine plasma concentration or desmethylclomipramine plasma concentration. CONCLUSIONS In neonates, clomipramine is eliminated with a half-life value of 42 h, compared with 20 h in adults. In two of 10 neonates, tachycardia and cyanosis were seen as serious withdrawal symptoms after maternal use of clomipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G J ter Horst
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Therapeutic drug monitoring of clomipramine and amitriptyline in a depressed patient with upper digestive tract resection. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 33:467-8. [PMID: 21743378 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318226396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 55-year-old woman with extensive digestive resection and recurrent depressive disorder resistant to oral clomipramine tablets but not to an oral solution of amitriptyline. In the light of this case report, the potential mechanisms of drug resistance after digestive resection are discussed, including the importance of drug monitoring.
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Kobuchi S, Fukushima K, Shibata M, Ito Y, Sugioka N, Takada K. Pharmacokinetics of clomipramine, an antidepressant, in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidaemic model rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:515-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of hyperlipidaemia on the pharmacokinetics of clomipramine, an antidepressant, particularly addressing the change of clomipramine distribution to plasma components in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidaemia model rats.
Methods
Clomipramine pharmacokinetic studies in hyperlipidaemic rats were performed with clomipramine continuous infusion. Furthermore, clomipramine protein binding and distribution to the brain and plasma components such as lipoproteins were investigated.
Key findings
Mean plasma concentration of clomipramine at steady state during continuous infusion (17.5 µg/min/kg) in hyperlipidaemic rats (0.45 ± 0.01 µg/ml) was significantly higher than that in the control rats (0.30 ± 0.02 µg/ml). However, the amount of clomipramine in the brain in hyperlipidaemic rats (0.31 ± 0.06 µg/g) was dramatically lower than in the control rats (1.89 ± 0.13 µg/g). However, the plasma unbound fraction in hyperlipidaemic rats (0.98 ± 0.05%) was significantly lower than that of the control rats (6.51 ± 0.62%).
Conclusions
Lower distribution to the brain and lower plasma clearance of clomipramine in hyperlipidaemic rats resulted from lower plasma unbound fraction because of higher lipid-rich protein contents in blood. Results of this study provide useful information for dosage adjustment of clomipramine in hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kobuchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Fukushima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Chuo-ku Kobe, Japan
| | - Masakazu Shibata
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sugioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Chuo-ku Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanji Takada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Bio-sample preparation and analytical methods for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:97-118. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An extended and comprehensive review is presented herein, focusing on sample preparation (pretreatment and extraction) and different analytical methods applied for the quantification of tricyclic antidepressants. These procedures are relevant tools in clinical and forensic toxicology. It is revealed that SPE, for sample preparation, and HPLC, using reversed-phase alkyl (C18) or cyanopropyl-bonded silica columns for the analytes separation, are effective and versatile methods for assay of tricyclic antidepressants. These methods enable achievable detection limits using UV/diode array detection, readily available in most laboratories, down to 1–8 ng ml-1, and using electron capture detection better than 1 ng ml-1, which is lower than that for nitrogen–phosphorus detector. MS interfaced with electrospray ionization offered similar sensitivity, whilst sonic spray ionization provided detection down to 0.03 ng ml-1. A brief discussion on chemical structures, metabolism and mechanism of action of this group of drugs is also presented.
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Plenis A, Bączek T. Modern chromatographic and electrophoretic measurements of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:164-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aitchison K, Datla K, Rooprai H, Fernando J, Dexter D. Regional distribution of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in rat brain and peripheral organs on chronic clomipramine administration. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1261-8. [PMID: 19553387 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine has been widely used in psychiatry for over 40 years. More recently, its therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic drug has been identified. However, there are no prior data on regional distribution in the brain of clomipramine and its primary metabolite (desmethylclomipramine) after chronic oral administration. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in different rat-brain regions and to compare those with levels in plasma and peripheral organs after chronic oral treatment of Sprague Dawley rats (15 mg/kg) for 14 days. The levels of both parent TCA and metabolite were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography in six brain regions (cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, brainstem and cerebellum), five peripheral organs and in plasma. Our data show that the cerebral cortex had the highest concentration of clomipramine (2.9 microg/mg), with successively lower concentrations in the hypothalamus, striatum, cerebellum, hippocampus and brainstem. Of the peripheral organs, the lungs and liver, had the highest levels of clomipramine, while in the heart, only the metabolite was detected. The plasma concentration (0.17 microg/ml or 0.48 microM) was comparable to that in the hippocampus and cerebellum (approximately 0.20 microg/mg). The differential distribution of clomipramine in different brain regions and the regional variation in clomipramine to desmethylclomipramine ratios have implications for the use of clomipramine in psychiatry and neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aitchison
- Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK.
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Cho W, Brenner M, Peters N, Messing A. Drug screening to identify suppressors of GFAP expression. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3169-78. [PMID: 20538881 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament protein of astrocytes in the vertebrate central nervous system. Increased levels of GFAP are the hallmark feature of gliosis, a non-specific response of astrocytes to a wide variety of injuries and disorders of the CNS, and also occur in Alexander disease where the initial insult is a mutation within the coding region of GFAP itself. In both settings, excess GFAP may cause or exacerbate astrocyte dysfunction. With the goal of finding drugs that reduce the expression of GFAP, we have devised screens to detect changes in GFAP promoter activity or protein levels in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes in a 96-well format. We have applied these screens to libraries enriched in compounds that are already approved for human use by the FDA. We report that several compounds are active at micromolar levels in suppressing the expression of GFAP. Treatment of mice for 3 weeks with one of these drugs, clomipramine, causes nearly 50% reduction in the levels of GFAP protein in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosung Cho
- Waisman Center and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Abstract
Oral antidepressants are currently the first-line pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but response rates can often be low and with delayed onset of therapeutic action. Some reports have suggested that intravenous (i.v.) anti-obsessive agents may have faster onset of action and greater efficacy. A Medline search was conducted for all reports pertaining to the use of i.v. antidepressants for OCD. Search terms included: 'intravenous', 'clomipramine', 'selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor', 'tricyclic', 'citalopram', 'sertraline', 'paroxetine', 'fluvoxamine', 'SSRIs' and 'intravenous antidepressants'. Relevant articles mainly investigated clomipramine (CMI) with one open trial examining citalopram. Intravenous agents appear to be well-tolerated, particularly in those who have failed oral agents, and may act more rapidly to produce initial clinical response, although this advantage is often lost over time. Preliminary evidence suggests subgroups of patients with severe treatment-refractory OCD may benefit from i.v. anti-obsessive agents, CMI and citalopram. Larger, controlled trials are needed for more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Ravindran
- Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Health Care System, San Diego, California, USA.
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Inhibition of serotonin but not norepinephrine transport during development produces delayed, persistent perturbations of emotional behaviors in mice. J Neurosci 2008; 28:199-207. [PMID: 18171937 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3973-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) acts as a neurotransmitter, but also modulates brain maturation during early development. The demonstrated influence of genetic variants on brain function, personality traits, and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders suggests a critical importance of developmental mechanisms. However, little is known about how and when developmentally perturbed 5-HT signaling affects circuitry and resulting behavior. The 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) is a key regulator of extracellular 5-HT levels and we used pharmacologic strategies to manipulate 5-HTT function during development and determine behavioral consequences. Transient exposure to the 5-HTT inhibitors fluoxetine, clomipramine, and citalopram from postnatal day 4 (P4) to P21 produced abnormal emotional behaviors in adult mice. Similar treatment with the norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor, desipramine, did not adversely affect adult behavior, suggesting that 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) do not share the same effects on brain development. Shifting our period of treatment/testing to P90/P185 failed to mimic the effect of earlier exposure, demonstrating that 5-HT effects on adult behavior are developmentally specific. We have hypothesized that early-life perturbations of 5-HT signaling affect corticolimbic circuits that do not reach maturity until the peri-adolescent period. In support of this idea, we found that abnormal behaviors resulting from postnatal fluoxetine exposure have a post-pubescent onset and persist long after reaching adult age. A better understanding of the underlying 5-HT sensitive circuits and how they are perturbed should lead to new insights into how various genetic polymorphisms confer their risk to carriers. Furthermore, these studies should help determine whether in utero exposure to 5-HTT blocking drugs poses a risk for behavioral abnormalities in later life.
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Khandelwal A, Bahadduri PM, Chang C, Polli JE, Swaan PW, Ekins S. Computational models to assign biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification from molecular structure. Pharm Res 2007; 24:2249-62. [PMID: 17846869 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9435-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We applied in silico methods to automatically classify drugs according to the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Models were developed using machine learning methods including recursive partitioning (RP), random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms with ChemDraw, clogP, polar surface area, VolSurf and MolConnZ descriptors. The dataset consisted of 165 training and 56 test set molecules. RESULTS RF model 3, RP model 1, and SVM model 1 can correctly predict 73.1, 63.6 and 78.6% test compounds in classes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Both RP and SVM models can be used for class 4 prediction. The inclusion of consensus analysis resulted in improved test set predictions for class 2 and 4 drugs. CONCLUSIONS The models can be used to predict BDDCS class for new compounds from molecular structure using readily available molecular descriptors and software, representing an area where in silico approaches could aid the pharmaceutical industry in speeding drugs to the patient and reducing costs. This could have significant applications in drug discovery to identify molecules that may have future developability issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Khandelwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Gruwez B, Poirier MF, Dauphin A, Olié JP, Tod M. A kinetic-pharmacodynamic model for clinical trial simulation of antidepressant action: Application to clomipramine–lithium interaction. Contemp Clin Trials 2007; 28:276-87. [PMID: 17059901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A generic kinetic-pharmacodynamic (K-PD) model to describe the response to treatment assessed by a clinical score for depressed patients treated by antidepressants alone or combined with a drug that shortens the lag-time before effect was developed. The aims of this study were: (1) to verify model's ability to characterize clinical data, (2) to evaluate several statistics to summarize the clinical effect, (3) to compare the analysis based on these statistics to the conventional intent-to-treat analysis and (4) to determine the optimal dates of clinical assessment. The population K-PD model was fitted to the individual data from a randomized clinical trial assessing the efficacies of clomipramine and placebo or clomipramine and lithium to treat major depression in 141 patients. The K-PD model was able to fit the individual data even in the case of oscillating score profiles. The interindividual coefficient of variation of the model parameters ranged from 33 to 161%. The statistical analysis based on the secondary parameters yielded conclusions comparable to those of the conventional intent-to-treat analysis. The population model was then used for a clinical trial simulation. According to the simulation, the most sensitive summary statistics for detecting a difference between lithium and placebo were the fractional reduction of depression and the proportion of responders. The optimal dates to assess these parameters were day 9 and 11 respectively. The K-PD model might serve as a tool for clinical trial planning in the field of research on antidepressants and their facilitators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Gruwez
- Department of Pharmacy-Toxicology, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75679 Paris cedex 14, France
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Sternieri E, Coccia CPR, Pinetti D, Guerzoni S, Ferrari A. Pharmacokinetics and interactions of headache medications, part II: prophylactic treatments. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:981-1007. [PMID: 17125412 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.6.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present part II review highlights pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (excluding those of minor severity) of medications used in prophylactic treatment of the main primary headaches (migraine, tension-type and cluster headache). The principles of pharmacokinetics and metabolism, and the interactions of medications for acute treatment are examined in part I. The overall goal of this series of two reviews is to increase the awareness of physicians, primary care providers and specialists regarding pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of headache medications. The aim of prophylactic treatment is to reduce the frequency of headache attacks using beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, antidepressants, antiepileptics, lithium, serotonin antagonists, corticosteroids and muscle relaxants, which must be taken daily for long periods. During treatment the patient often continues to take symptomatic drugs for the attack, and may need other medications for associated or new-onset illnesses. DDIs can, therefore, occur. As a whole, DDIs of clinical relevance concerning prophylactic drugs are a limited number. Their effects can be prevented by starting the treatment with low dosages, which should be gradually increased depending on response and side effects, while frequently monitoring the patient and plasma levels of other possible coadministered drugs with a narrow therapeutic range. Most headache medications are substrates of CYP2D6 (e.g., beta-blockers, antidepressants) or CYP3A4 (e.g., calcium-channel blockers, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, corticosteroids). The inducers and, especially, the inhibitors of these isoenzymes should be carefully coadministered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sternieri
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Division of Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Headache Centre, University Centre for Adaptive Disorders and Headache, Section Modena II, Largo del Pozzo 71, Modena, Italy
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Jaquenoud Sirot E, van der Velden JW, Rentsch K, Eap CB, Baumann P. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacogenetic Tests as Tools in Pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 2006; 29:735-68. [PMID: 16944962 DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200629090-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacogenetic tests play a major role in minimising adverse drug reactions and enhancing optimal therapeutic response. The response to medication varies greatly between individuals, according to genetic constitution, age, sex, co-morbidities, environmental factors including diet and lifestyle (e.g. smoking and alcohol intake), and drug-related factors such as pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions. Most adverse drug reactions are type A reactions, i.e. plasma-level dependent, and represent one of the major causes of hospitalisation, in some cases leading to death. However, they may be avoidable to some extent if pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic factors are taken into consideration. This article provides a review of the literature and describes how to apply and interpret TDM and certain pharmacogenetic tests and is illustrated by case reports. An algorithm on the use of TDM and pharmacogenetic tests to help characterise adverse drug reactions is also presented. Although, in the scientific community, differences in drug response are increasingly recognised, there is an urgent need to translate this knowledge into clinical recommendations. Databases on drug-drug interactions and the impact of pharmacogenetic polymorphisms and adverse drug reaction information systems will be helpful to guide clinicians in individualised treatment choices.
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Lindenberg M, Kopp S, Dressman JB. Classification of orally administered drugs on the World Health Organization Model list of Essential Medicines according to the biopharmaceutics classification system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 58:265-78. [PMID: 15296954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception in 1995, the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) has become an increasingly important tool for regulation of drug products world-wide. Until now, application of the BCS has been partially hindered by the lack of a freely available and accurate database summarising solubility and permeability characteristics of drug substances. In this report, orally administered drugs on the Model list of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization (WHO) are assigned BCS classifications on the basis of data available in the public domain. Of the 130 orally administered drugs on the WHO list, 61 could be classified with certainty. Twenty-one (84%) of these belong to class I (highly soluble, highly permeable), 10 (17%) to class II (poorly soluble, highly permeable), 24 (39%) to class III (highly soluble, poorly permeable) and 6 (10%) to class IV (poorly soluble, poorly permeable). A further 28 drugs could be provisionally assigned, while for 41 drugs insufficient or conflicting data precluded assignment to a specific BCS class. A total of 32 class I drugs (either certain or provisional classification) were identified. These drugs can be further considered for biowaiver status (drug product approval based on dissolution tests rather than bioequivalence studies in humans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lindenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Gaultier E, Bonnafous L, Bougrat L, Lafont C, Pageat P. Comparison of the efficacy of a synthetic dog-appeasing pheromone with clomipramine for the treatment of separation-related disorders in dogs. Vet Rec 2005; 156:533-8. [PMID: 15849342 DOI: 10.1136/vr.156.17.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-seven dogs that showed signs of distress when separated from their owners (destructiveness, excessive vocalisation and house soiling) and hyperattachment were used in a randomised, blind trial to assess the potential value of a dog-appeasing pheromone in reducing the unacceptable behaviours. For ethical reasons, there was no placebo group and the effects of the pheromone were compared with the effects of clomipramine which is regularly used to treat this type of problem. The undesirable behaviours decreased in both groups, but the overall assessment by the owners indicated that there was no significant difference between the two treatments, although there were fewer undesirable events in the dogs treated with the pheromone, and the administration of the pheromone appeared to be more convenient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gaultier
- Phérosynthèse, Le Rieu Neuf, 84490, Saint-Saturin-les-Apt, France
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Yu AM, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. Polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6: humanized mouse model and endogenous substrates. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:243-77. [PMID: 15237854 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120034000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is the first well-characterized polymorphic phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme, and more than 80 allelic variants have been identified for the CYP2D6 gene, located on human chromosome 22q13.1. Human debrisoquine and sparteine metabolism is subdivided into two principal phenotypes--extensive metabolizer and poor metabolizer--that arise from variant CYP2D6 genotypes. It has been estimated that CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism and disposition of more than 20% of prescribed drugs, and most of them act in the central nervous system or on the heart. These drug substrates are characterized as organic bases containing one nitrogen atom with a distance about 5, 7, or 10 A from the oxidation site. Aspartic acid 301 and glutamic acid 216 were determined as the key acidic residues for substrate-enzyme binding through electrostatic interactions. CYP2D6 transgenic mice, generated using a lambda phage clone containing the complete wild-type CYP2D6 gene, exhibits enhanced metabolism and disposition of debrisoquine. This transgenic mouse line and its wild-type control are models for human extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers, respectively, and would have broad application in the study of CYP2D6 polymorphism in drug discovery and development, and in clinical practice toward individualized drug therapy. Endogenous 5-methoxyindole- thylamines derived from 5-hydroxytryptamine were identified as high-affinity substrates of CYP2D6 that catalyzes their O-demethylations with high enzymatic capacity and specificity. Thus, polymorphic CYP2D6 may play an important role in the interconversions of these psychoactive tryptamines, including a crucial step in a serotonin-melatonin cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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44
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Tienpont B, David F, Benijts T, Sandra P. Stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary GC-MS for profiling and target component analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:569-79. [PMID: 12899947 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) in combination with thermal desorption (TD) on-line coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CGC-MS) was applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical drug compounds and metabolites in urine. SBSE implies stirring of the aqueous sample (urine, blood, etc.) with a glass stir bar coated with a thick layer (24 microl) of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for sorptive enrichment of the analytes of interest. In combination with quantitative TD, on-line coupled with CGC-MS, the technique showed to be very versatile and sensitive for the analysis of a wide range of drug substances. Moreover, the relative high enrichment efficiencies of SBSE allow to use mass spectrometric detection (MSD) in the full scan mode. In situ derivatization of polar compounds before SBSE is demonstrated for the analysis of paracetamol and this resulted in both improved chromatographic behavior and higher sensitivity. The quantitative performance of SBSE-TD-CGC-MS is illustrated with the analysis of some barbiturates in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tienpont
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S,4 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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45
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Giorgi O, Piras G, Lecca D, Hansson S, Driscoll P, Corda MG. Differential neurochemical properties of central serotonergic transmission in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. J Neurochem 2003; 86:422-31. [PMID: 12871583 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The selective breeding of Roman high- (RHA/Verh) and low-avoidance (RLA/Verh) rats for rapid versus poor acquisition of active avoidant behaviour has produced two behavioural phenotypes with different performances in a variety of animal models of anxiety, in which RLA/Verh rats are consistently more fearful than RHA/Verh rats. In addition, these two lines display different functional properties of brain neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT), known to be involved in the expression of anxiety- and depression-related behaviours. Therefore, we used brain microdialysis and [3H]-citalopram binding autoradiography to characterize further the neurochemical properties of 5-HTergic transmission in the two lines. No significant line-related differences were detected in the basal 5-HT output in the frontoparietal cortex (FPCx). In contrast, the increase in the cortical 5-HT output elicited by the systemic administration or the local application, via reverse dialysis, of chlorimipramine and fluoxetine was more robust in RHA/Verh than in RLA/Verh rats. Moreover, the binding signal of [3H]-citalopram to 5-HT re-uptake sites was more intense in the FPCx of RHA/Verh rats than in their RLA/Verh counterparts. These findings suggest that the functional tone of the 5-HTergic projection to the FPCx is stronger in the RHA/Verh line relative to the RLA/Verh line. It is proposed that RLA/Verh rats may be used as a model with heuristic value for studying the role of 5-HTergic transmission in anxiety and in the anxiolytic effects of monoamine re-uptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Giorgi
- Department of Toxicology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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46
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Kelley SP, Moynihan JA, Stevens SY, Grota LJ, Felten DL. Sympathetic nerve destruction in spleen in murine AIDS. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17:94-109. [PMID: 12676572 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In susceptible strains of mice, the LP-BM5 mixture of murine retroviruses induces the fatal immunodeficiency disease known as murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (murine AIDS or MAIDS). We have previously reported that murine AIDS produces a profound depletion of splenic norepinephrine (NE). Here, we demonstrate that NE depletion is limited to the spleen, a major site affected by LP-BM5 infection. NE depletion in the spleen is first observed at two weeks following LP-BM5 inoculation, concurrent with the onset of splenomegaly, and continues through 12 weeks post-infection. Neuroanatomical studies revealed that the reduction in NE is due to destruction of splenic sympathetic nerve fibers. Administration of the NE reuptake blocker desipramine did not prevent LP-BM5-induced NE depletion, suggesting that destruction is not caused by excess release and reuptake of NE. Elucidating the mechanism of MAIDS-induced sympathetic nerve destruction may provide insight into autonomic and peripheral neuropathies reported in people with AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila P Kelley
- Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, 14642, Rochester, NY, USA
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47
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Tolosa Vilella C, Duñó Ambròs R, Escoté Llobet S. [Tricyclic antidepressive drugs: adverse effects and benefits of its therapeutic drug monitoring]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 119:620-6. [PMID: 12433339 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)73517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Tolosa Vilella
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí. Sabadell. Barcelona. Spain
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48
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Abstract
The isomorphism of dorsal periaqueductal gray-evoked defensive behaviors and panic attacks was appraised in the present study. Thresholds of electrically induced immobility, trotting, galloping, jumping, exophthalmus, micturition and defecation were recorded before and after acute injections of anxiolytic, anxiogenic and antidepressant drugs. Antidepressant effects were further assessed 24h after injections of 7-14- and 21-day treatments. Chronic administration of clomipramine (CLM, 5-10mg/kg) a clinically effective antipanic drug increased the thresholds of immobility (24%), trotting (138%) galloping (75%), jumping (45%) and micturition (85%). The 21-day treatment with fluoxetine (FLX, 1mg/kg) virtually abolished galloping without changing the remaining responses. Galloping thresholds were also increased by 5mg/kg acute injections of CLM (19%) and FLX (25%). In contrast, chronically administered maprotiline (10mg/kg), a noradrenaline (NE) selective reuptake inhibitor, selectively increased the thresholds of immobility (118%). Diazepam (1.8mg/kg) and midazolam (MDZ, 2.5mg/kg) failed in attenuating the somatic defensive responses. Yet, the sedative dose of MDZ (5mg/kg) attenuated immobility. The panicogenic drug, pentylenetetrazole (50mg/kg), markedly decreased the thresholds of galloping (-51%) and micturition (-66%). These results suggest that whereas immobility is a NE-mediated attentional response, galloping is the panic-like behavior best candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Schenberg
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Roofthooft DWE, Bloem BR, Brouwer OF, Lammers GJ, Beaufort AJ. Neonatale myoclonieën na maternaal clomipramine-gebruik tijdens de zwangerschap. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Herrera D, Mayet L, Galindo MDC, Jung H. Pharmacokinetics of a Sustained‐Release Dosage Form of Clomipramine. J Clin Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/009127000004001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dea Herrera
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Conjunto E
- Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. MEXICO
| | - Lourdes Mayet
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Conjunto E
- Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. MEXICO
| | - María del Carmen Galindo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Conjunto E
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Departamento de Neuropsicofarmacología, México, D.F. MEXICO
| | - Helgi Jung
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Conjunto E
- Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. MEXICO
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Departamento de Neuropsicofarmacología, México, D.F. MEXICO
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