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Wanigatunga AA, Liu F, Dougherty RJ, Roche KB, Urbanek JK, Zampino M, Simonsick EM, Tian Q, Schrack JA, Ferrucci L. Relationship between skeletal mitochondrial function and digital markers of free-living physical activity in older adults. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01212-1. [PMID: 38809390 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between in vivo skeletal mitochondrial function and digital free-living physical activity patterns-a measure that summarizes biological, phenotypic, functional, and environmental effects on mobility. Among 459 participants (mean age 68 years; 55% women) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, mitochondrial function was quantified as skeletal muscle oxidative capacity via post-exercise phosphocreatine recovery rate (τPCr) in the vastus lateralis muscle of the left thigh, using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Accelerometry was collected using a 7-day, 24-h wrist-worn protocol and summarized into activity amount, intensity, endurance, and accumulation patterning metrics. Linear regression, two-part linear and logistic (bout analyses), and linear mixed effects models (time-of-day analyses) were used to estimate associations between τPCr and each physical activity metric. Interactions by age, sex, and gait speed were tested. After covariate adjustment, higher τPCr (or poorer mitochondrial function) was associated with lower activity counts/day (β = - 6593.7, SE = 2406.0; p = 0.006) and activity intensity (- 81.5 counts, SE = 12.9; p < 0.001). For activity intensity, the magnitude of association was greater for men and those with slower gait speed (interaction p < 0.02 for both). Conversely, τPCr was not associated with daily active minutes/day (p = 0.15), activity fragmentation (p = 0.13), or endurance at any bout length (p > 0.05 for all). Time-of-day analyses show participants with high τPCr were less active from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. than those with low τPCr. Results indicate that poorer skeletal mitochondrial function is primarily associated with lower engagement in high intensity activities. Our findings help define the connection between laboratory-measured mitochondrial function and real-world physical activity behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Wanigatunga
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center On Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- , Baltimore, MD, 21025, USA.
| | - Fangyu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan J Dougherty
- Center On Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Bandeen Roche
- Center On Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacek K Urbanek
- Center On Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biostatistics and Data Management, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Marta Zampino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qu Tian
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center On Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University and Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute On Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tortu E, Ouergui I, Ulupinar S, Özbay S, Gençoğlu C, Ardigò LP. The contribution of energy systems during 30-second lower body Wingate anaerobic test in combat sports athletes: Intermittent versus single forms and gender comparison. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303888. [PMID: 38787849 PMCID: PMC11125558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Combat sports, encompassing a range of activities from striking and grappling to mixed and weapon-based disciplines, have witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. These sports are demanding, requiring athletes to harness energy from different metabolic pathways to perform short, high-intensity activities interspersed with periods of lower intensity. While it is established that the anaerobic alactic (ATP-PC) and anaerobic lactic systems are pivotal for high-intensity training sessions typical in combat sports, the precise contribution of these systems, particularly in varied training modalities such as single (SMT) and intermittent (IST) forms of the 30-second Wingate test, remains inadequately explored. This study aims at comparing performance outputs, physiological responses and gender differences during the SMT and IST forms of the 30-second Wingate test. Thirty-three highly trained combat sports athletes (17 women, 16 men; 10 boxing, 8 wrestling, 8 taekwondo and 7 karate) randomly performed SMT and IST. The IST consisted of three 10-second all-out attempts separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery, whereas the SMT was a single 30-second maximal effort. Resting, exercise and post-exercise oxygen uptake and peak blood lactate value were used to determine the metabolic energy demands via the PCr-LA-O2 method. The findings showed that total metabolic energy expenditure (TEE), ATP-PCr system contribution and the output of mechanical variables were higher in the IST than in the SMT form (all p<0.001). In contrast, the contribution of glycolytic and oxidative systems was higher in the SMT form (all p<0.001). However, exercise form and gender interaction were not significant (p>0.05). In combat sports, performance is not only determined by physiological and technical skills but also by metabolic energy input and efficiency. Therefore, our results can provide a comparison regarding the effects of exercise type and gender on metabolic energy metabolism to design the training of combat sports athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Tortu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ouergui
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
- Research Unit: Sports Science, Health and Movement, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia
| | - Süleyman Ulupinar
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serhat Özbay
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cebrail Gençoğlu
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
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Zhao C, Gong Y, Zheng L, Zhao M. Untargeted metabolomic reveals the changes in muscle metabolites of mice during exercise recovery and the mechanisms of whey protein and whey protein hydrolysate in promoting muscle repair. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114261. [PMID: 38609238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) showed effective anti-fatigue properties, but its regulatory mechanism on recovery from exercise in mice is unclear. In the present study, we divided the mice into control, WP, and WPH groups and allowed them to rest for 1 h and 24 h after exercise, respectively. The changes in muscle metabolites of mice in the recovery period were investigated using metabolomics techniques. The results showed that the WPH group significantly up-regulated 94 muscle metabolites within 1 h of rest, which was 1.96 and 2.61 times more than the control and WP groups, respectively. In detail, significant decreases in TCA cycle intermediates, lipid metabolites, and carbohydrate metabolites were observed in the control group during exercise recovery. In contrast, administration with WP and WPH enriched more amino acid metabolites within 1 h of rest, which might provide a more comprehensive metabolic environment for muscle repair. Moreover, the WPH group remarkably stimulated the enhancement of lipid, carbohydrate, and vitamin metabolites in the recovery period which might provide raw materials and energy for anabolic reactions. The result of the western blot further demonstrated that WPH could promote muscle repair via activating the Sestrin2/Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway within 1 h of rest. These findings deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by WPH to promote muscle recovery and may serve as a reference for comprehensive assessments of protein supplements on exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoya Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yurong Gong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Tsoukos A, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Zajac A, Panagiotopoulos MG, Psarras II, Petraki DP, Terzis G, Bogdanis GC. Fatigue and Metabolic Responses during Repeated Sets of Bench Press Exercise to Exhaustion at Different Ranges of Motion. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:61-76. [PMID: 38689577 PMCID: PMC11057609 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the acute effects of different ranges of motion (ROM) on fatigue and metabolic responses during repeated sets of bench press exercise. Ten resistance trained men performed three sets to momentary failure with two-min rest intervals at three different ROM: full ROM (FULL), and partial ROM in which the barbell was moved either at the bottom half (BOTTOM) or the top half (TOP) of the full barbell vertical displacement. In TOP, a higher load was lifted, and a higher total number of repetitions was performed compared to FULL and BOTTOM (130 ± 17.6 vs. 102.5 ± 15.9 vs. 98.8 ± 17.5 kg; 55.2 ± 9.8, 32.2 ± 6.5 vs. 49.1 ± 16.5 kg, respectively p < 0.01). Work per repetition was higher in FULL than TOP and BOTTOM (283 ± 43 vs. 205 ± 32 vs. 164 ± 31 J/repetition, p < 0.01). Mean barbell velocity at the start of set 1 was 21.7% and 12.8% higher in FULL compared to TOP and BOTTOM, respectively. The rate of decline in mean barbell velocity was doubled from set 1 to set 3 (p < 0.01) and was higher in FULL than both TOP and BOTTOM (p < 0.001). Also, the rate of mean barbell velocity decline was higher in BOTTOM compared to TOP (p = 0.045). Blood lactate concentration was similarly increased in all ROM (p < 0.001). Training at TOP ROM allowed not only to lift a higher load, but also to perform more repetitions with a lower rate of decline in mean barbell velocity. Despite the lower absolute load and work per repetition, fatigue was higher in BOTTOM than TOP and this may be attributed to differences in muscle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michail G. Panagiotopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias-Iason Psarras
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina P. Petraki
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Maliszewski K, Feldmann A, McCully KK, Julian R. A systematic review of the relationship between muscle oxygen dynamics and energy rich phosphates. Can NIRS help? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:25. [PMID: 38245757 PMCID: PMC10799478 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphocreatine dynamics provide the gold standard evaluation of in-vivo mitochondrial function and is tightly coupled with oxygen availability. Low mitochondrial oxidative capacity has been associated with health issues and low exercise performance. METHODS To evaluate the relationship between near-infrared spectroscopy-based muscle oxygen dynamics and magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based energy-rich phosphates, a systematic review of the literature related to muscle oxygen dynamics and energy-rich phosphates was conducted. PRISMA guidelines were followed to perform a comprehensive and systematic search of four databases on 02-11-2021 (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science). Beforehand pre-registration with the Open Science Framework was performed. Studies had to include healthy humans aged 18-55, measures related to NIRS-based muscle oxygen measures in combination with energy-rich phosphates. Exclusion criteria were clinical populations, laboratory animals, acutely injured subjects, data that only assessed oxygen dynamics or energy-rich phosphates, or grey literature. The Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool was used to assess methodological quality, and data extraction was presented in a table. RESULTS Out of 1483 records, 28 were eligible. All included studies were rated moderate. The studies suggest muscle oxygen dynamics could indicate energy-rich phosphates under appropriate protocol settings. CONCLUSION Arterial occlusion and exercise intensity might be important factors to control if NIRS application should be used to examine energetics. However, more research needs to be conducted without arterial occlusion and with high-intensity exercises to support the applicability of NIRS and provide an agreement level in the concurrent course of muscle oxygen kinetics and muscle energetics. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://osf.io/py32n/ . KEY POINTS 1. NIRS derived measures of muscle oxygenation agree with gold-standard measures of high energy phosphates when assessed in an appropriate protocol setting. 2. At rest when applying the AO protocol, in the absence of muscle activity, an initial disjunction between the NIRS signal and high energy phosphates can been seen, suggesting a cascading relationship. 3. During exercise and recovery a disruption of oxygen delivery is required to provide the appropriate setting for evaluation through either an AO protocol or high intensity contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maliszewski
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Andri Feldmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin K McCully
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Ross Julian
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, England.
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Altinel R, Kilic-Erkek O, Kilic-Toprak E, Ozhan B, Yildirim A, Bor-Kucukatay M. HIIT serves as an efficient training strategy for basketball players by improving blood fluidity and decreasing oxidative stress. Biorheology 2024; 59:81-96. [PMID: 38461496 DOI: 10.3233/bir-230024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A challenge for coaches and athletes is to find the best combination of exercises during training. Considering its favorable effects, HIIT has been very popular recently. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate anthropometric features, performance, erythrocyte deformability, plasma viscosity (PV) and oxidative stress in response to acute and long-term (6 weeks) HIIT in adolescent basketball players. METHODS 22 sportsmen between the ages of 14-16 were included. Tabata protocol was applied to the HIIT group in addition to their routine training program 3 days/week, for 6 weeks. Erythrocyte deformability was determined using an ectacytometer (LORCA), PV with a rotational viscometer. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured by kits. RESULTS HIIT for 6 weeks induced an improvement in performance tests and waist circumference. 6 weeks of HIIT resulted in a decrement, while the last exercise session yielded an increment in RBC deformability. PV and TOS of HIIT groups were decreased on the 6th week. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that, HIIT in addition to the routine exercise program is beneficial for improving performance and blood fluidity as well as decreasing oxidative stress in basketball players. Therefore, HIIT seems as an efficient training strategy for highly-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Altinel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozgen Kilic-Erkek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Emine Kilic-Toprak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Bayram Ozhan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yildirim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Melek Bor-Kucukatay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Hackett DA, Wang B, Tran DL. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction during the Rest Periods of Squats on Accuracy of Estimated Repetitions to Failure. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 38251288 PMCID: PMC10820122 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of resistance training with blood flow restriction during rest (BFRrest) on the accuracy of estimated repetitions to failure (ERF). It also explored associations between error in ERF and mean concentric velocity (MCV) along with physiological responses. In a randomised cross-over study, 18 male trainers (23.4 ± 2.7 years) performed three sets of squats at 70% of their one-repetition maximum until failure. One session integrated BFRrest, while another employed traditional passive inter-set rest (TRAD) during the 3 min inter-set rest intervals. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic measures were taken in the inter-set recovery periods. The results revealed no significant differences between BFRrest and TRAD in terms of ERF and error in ERF. A notable set effect for ERF was observed, with a greater ERF during set 1 compared to sets 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Additionally, a lower error in ERF was observed during sets 2 and 3 compared to set 1 (p < 0.001). Error in ERF were strongly associated with the respiratory exchange ratio, and moderately associated with end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure, carbon dioxide output, and MCV variables. Notably, the precision of ERF seems to be predominantly influenced by indicators of physiological stress rather than the incorporation of BFRrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (B.W.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Boliang Wang
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (B.W.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Derek L. Tran
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (B.W.); (D.L.T.)
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Bouten J, Brick M, Saboua A, Hadjadj JL, Piscione J, Margot C, Doucende G, Bourrel N, Millet GP, Brocherie F. Effects of 2 Different Protocols of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in Elite Female Rugby Sevens Players During an Altitude Training Camp. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:953-959. [PMID: 37487586 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) is an effective way of improving physical performance compared with similar training in normoxia. RSH efficiency relies on hypoxia severity, but also on the oxidative-glycolytic balance determined by both sprint duration and exercise-to-rest ratio. This study investigated the effect of 2 types of RSH sessions during a classic altitude camp in world-class female rugby sevens players. METHODS Sixteen players performed 5 RSH sessions on a cycle ergometer (simulated altitude: 3000 m above sea level [asl]) during a 3-week natural altitude camp (1850 m asl). Players were assigned to 2 different protocols with either a high (RSH1:3, sprint duration: 8-10 s; exercise-to-rest ratios: 1:2-1:3; n = 7) or a low exercise-to-rest ratio (RSH1:5, sprint duration: 5-15 s; exercise-to-rest ratios: 1:2-1:5; n = 9). Repeated-sprint performances (maximal and mean power outputs [PPOmax, and PPOmean]) were measured before and after the intervention, along with physiological responses. RESULTS PPOmax (962 [100] to 1020 [143] W, P = .008, Cohen d = 0.47) and PPOmean (733 [71] to 773 [91] W, P = .008, d = 0.50) increased from before to after. A significant interaction effect (P = .048, d = 0.50) was observed for PPOmean, with a larger increase observed in RSH1:3 (P = .003). No interaction effects were observed (P > .05) for the other variables. CONCLUSION A classic altitude camp with 5 RSH sessions superimposed on rugby-sevens-specific training led to an improved repeated-sprint performance, suggesting that RSH effects are not blunted by prolonged hypoxic exposure. Interestingly, using a higher exercise-to-rest ratio during RSH appears to be more effective than when applying a lower exercise-to-rest ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bouten
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris,France
| | - Maxime Brick
- Research Department, French Rugby Union, Marcoussis,France
| | - Antoine Saboua
- Research Department, French Rugby Union, Marcoussis,France
| | | | | | - Chloé Margot
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Centre National d'Entraînement en Altitude, Font Romeu,France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font Romeu,France
| | - Nicolas Bourrel
- Centre National d'Entraînement en Altitude, Font Romeu,France
- Institut National du Sport (INS), Montreal, QC,Canada
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris,France
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de Wit-Verheggen VHW, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Brouwers K, Jörgensen JA, Schaart G, Gemmink A, Nascimento EBM, Hesselink MKC, Wildberger JE, Segers P, Montaigne D, Staels B, Schrauwen P, Lindeboom L, Hoeks J, van de Weijer T. PCr/ATP ratios and mitochondrial function in the heart. A comparative study in humans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8346. [PMID: 37221197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac energy status, measured as phosphocreatine (PCr)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio with 31P-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in vivo, is a prognostic factor in heart failure and is lowered in cardiometabolic disease. It has been suggested that, as oxidative phosphorylation is the major contributor to ATP synthesis, PCr/ATP ratio might be a reflection of cardiac mitochondrial function. The objective of the study was to investigate whether PCr/ATP ratios can be used as in vivo marker for cardiac mitochondrial function. We enrolled thirty-eight patients scheduled for open-heart surgery in this study. Cardiac 31P-MRS was performed before surgery. Tissue from the right atrial appendage was obtained during surgery for high-resolution respirometry for the assessment of mitochondrial function. There was no correlation between the PCr/ATP ratio and ADP-stimulated respiration rates (octanoylcarnitine R2 < 0.005, p = 0.74; pyruvate R2 < 0.025, p = 0.41) nor with maximally uncoupled respiration (octanoylcarnitine R2 = 0.005, p = 0.71; pyruvate R2 = 0.040, p = 0.26). PCr/ATP ratio did correlate with indexed LV end systolic mass. As no direct correlation between cardiac energy status (PCr/ATP) and mitochondrial function in the heart was found, the study suggests that mitochondrial function might not the only determinant of cardiac energy status. Interpretation should be done in the right context in cardiac metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera H W de Wit-Verheggen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Brouwers
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrique Segers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David Montaigne
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Lindeboom
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke van de Weijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Schega L. Acute performance, physiological, and perceptual changes in response to repeated cycling sprint exercise combined with systemic and local hypoxia in young males. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114217. [PMID: 37127074 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acute performance, physiological, and perceptual changes during repeated sprint exercise (RSE) under normobaric hypoxia and with blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen active males completed standardized RSE (6 × 10s cycling sprints with 30s passive rest) in three randomized conditions: under normobaric hypoxia (FiO2∼14.4%, HYP), normoxia (FiO2∼20.9%, SHAM), and with BFR (40% arterial occlusion pressure). The percentage decrement score of power output (Sdec) was used to quantify motor performance fatigue. During RSE, muscle oxygenation and activity of the right quadriceps were measured. Perceived motor fatigue, physical strain, affective valence, and arousal were queried after each sprint. Blood lactate concentration (BLC) and peripheral oxygenation (SpO2) were measured before and after RSE. Sdec was greater in HYP and BFR compared to SHAM (p≤0.008). BFR decreased mean power output (p<0.001) and muscle activity (p=0.027) compared to SHAM. Muscle oxygenation was lower in BFR during each rest (p≤0.005) and in HYP during rest 4 (p=0.006) compared to SHAM. HYP increased BLC and decreased SpO2 compared to BFR (p<0.001) and SHAM (p=0.002). There were no differences between conditions for any rating scale (p≥0.060). HYP and BFR increased motor performance fatigue but with different physiological responses, whereas perceptual responses were unaffected during RSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Mochizuki Y, Saito M, Homma H, Inoguchi T, Naito T, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Kikuchi N. Does resistance exercise lifting velocity change with different rest intervals? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:402-408. [PMID: 35912892 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the sex difference of the effect of rest intervals on lifting velocity during resistance exercise. METHODS Twenty-two trained subjects (11 men and 11 women) were included. Each protocol consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1- repetition maximum (1RM) with rest intervals of 90 s (R90), 150 s (R150), and 240 s (R240) in a crossover design. The exercise did parallel squats with free weights. The measurement items are lifting velocity (mean velocity) in each repetition and blood lactate concentration after exercise. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between changes in the average velocity of 10 repetition in each set (AV<inf>10rep</inf>) and sex in each protocol, indicating that AV<inf>10rep</inf> during squat exercise has decreased in men but not in women in each protocol (P=0.002-0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that short rest intervals will not recover lifting velocity between short rest intervals until the next set at men, while women will be able to recover even with short rest intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Saito
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Homma
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Inoguchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuto Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Sakamaki-Sunaga
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan -
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12
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Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football. Sports Med 2023; 53:577-594. [PMID: 36380164 PMCID: PMC9667002 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Do Sports Compression Garments Alter Measures of Peripheral Blood Flow? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:481-501. [PMID: 36622554 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the proposed mechanisms underlying the benefits of sports compression garments may be alterations in peripheral blood flow. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine if sports compression garments alter measures of peripheral blood flow at rest, as well as during, immediately after and in recovery from a physiological challenge (i.e. exercise or an orthostatic challenge). METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search of databases including Scopus, SPORTDiscus and PubMed/MEDLINE. The criteria for inclusion of studies were: (1) original papers in English and a peer-reviewed journal; (2) assessed effect of compression garments on a measure of peripheral blood flow at rest and/or before, during or after a physiological challenge; (3) participants were healthy and without cardiovascular or metabolic disorders; and (4) a study population including athletes and physically active or healthy participants. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used. Changes in blood flow were quantified by standardised mean difference (SMD) [± 95% confidence interval (CI)]. RESULTS Of the 899 articles identified, 22 studies were included for the meta-analysis. The results indicated sports compression garments improve overall peripheral blood flow (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.13, 0.51, p = 0.001), venous blood flow (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI 0.14, 0.60, p = 0.002) and arterial blood flow (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI 0.01, 0.59, p = 0.04). At rest, sports compression garments did not improve peripheral blood flow (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI - 0.02, 0.39, p = 0.08). However, subgroup analyses revealed sports compression garments enhance venous (SMD = 0.31 95% CI 0.02, 0.60, p = 0.03), but not arterial (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI - 0.16, 0.40, p = 0.16), blood flow. During a physiological challenge, peripheral blood flow was improved (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI 0.19, 0.69, p = 0.0007), with subgroup analyses revealing sports compression garments enhance venous (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI 0.11, 0.85, p = 0.01) and arterial blood flow (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI 0.03, 0.86, p = 0.04). At immediately after a physiological challenge, there were no changes in peripheral blood flow (SMD = - 0.04, 95% CI - 0.43, 0.34, p = 0.82) or subgroup analyses of venous (SMD = - 0.41, 95% CI - 1.32, 0.47, p = 0.35) and arterial (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI - 0.26, 0.51, p = 0.53) blood flow. In recovery, sports compression garments did not improve peripheral blood flow (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI - 0.45, 0.95, p = 0.49). The subgroup analyses showed enhanced venous (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI 0.17, 1.17, p = 0.009), but not arterial blood flow (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI - 1.06, 1.09, p = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS Use of sports compression garments enhances venous blood flow at rest, during and in recovery from, but not immediately after, a physiological challenge. Compression-induced changes in arterial blood flow were only evident during a physiological challenge.
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Green R, West AT, Willems MET. Notational Analysis and Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Male Junior Badminton Match Play. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020035. [PMID: 36828320 PMCID: PMC9961854 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the game characteristics of badminton and the physiological and metabolic responses in highly trained male junior players. Players from a Badminton England accredited Performance Centre (n = 10, age: 14.0 ± 1.2 y, height: 1.69 ± 0.06 m, body mass: 59.1 ± 5.0 kg) completed a 20-m shuttle run test (V˙O2max: 64 ± 7 mL·kg-1·min-1) and a simulated ability-matched competitive singles badminton game consisting of two 12-min games with a 2-min break wearing the COSMED K5 metabolic system with notational analysis. In five games, 427 points were contested with a rally time of 5.7 ± 3.7 s, a rest time of 11.2 ± 5.9 s, shots per rally of 5.6 ± 3.6, work density of 0.50 ± 0.21, an effective playing time of 32.3 ± 8.4%, and shots frequency of 1.04 ± 0.29. During badminton play, heart rate was 151 ± 12 b·min-1 (82 ± 10% of maximum heart rate), oxygen uptake was 39.2 ± 3.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 (62 ± 7% of V˙O2max), and energy expenditure was 11.2 ± 1.1 kcal·min-1 with a post-game blood lactate of 3.33 ± 0.83 mmol·L-1. Compared to adult badminton play, the physiological responses of junior badminton are lower and may be due to the shorter rally durations. Male junior badminton players should be exposed to training methodologies which include rally durations in excess of what they encounter during match play so as to develop greater consistency. Our observations on game characteristics and physiological responses during junior badminton can be used to inform training practice.
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15
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Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood Flow Restriction: A Novel Approach to Improve Repeated-Sprint Ability? Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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16
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Beetroot Juice Produces Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Reduces Internal Load during Resistance Training in Men: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235119. [PMID: 36501148 PMCID: PMC9738238 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot juice (BJ) has been used as a sport supplement, improving performance in resistance training (RT). However, its effect on the modulation of the autonomic nervous system has not yet been widely studied. Therefore, the objective of this randomized double-blind crossover study was to assess the effect of acute BJ supplementation compared to placebo in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and internal load during RT measure as Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences between adjacent RR intervals Slope (RMSSD and RMSSD-Slope, respectively). Eleven men performed an incremental RT test (three sets at 60%, 70% and 80% of their repetition maximum) composed by back squat and bench press with. HR, HRV and RMSSD-Slope were measured during and post exercise. As the main results, RMSSD during exercise decrease in the BJ group compared to placebo (p = 0.023; ES = 0.999), there were no differences in RMSSD post-exercise, and there were differences in RMSSD-Slope between groups in favor of the BJ group (p = 0.025; ES = 1.104) with a lower internal load. In conclusion, BJ supplementation seems to be a valuable tool for the reduction in the internal load of exercise during RT measured as RMSSD-Slope while enhancing performance.
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Boullosa D, López-Belmonte Ó, Gay A, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Arellano R. Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:120. [PMID: 36153425 PMCID: PMC9509505 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In swimming, the beneficial effects of the in-water warm-up are often undermined by the long transition periods before competition (≥ 20 min). For that reason, studies comparing the effects of in-water warm-ups followed by dryland activities have been conducted in the swimming literature. This has brought conflicting evidence due to large combinations of supervised and unsupervised warm-up procedures used. Therefore, a scoping review was performed to discuss (1) why warm-up strategies are important for competitive swimming; to identify (2) what are the different warm-up approaches available in the literature, and; to establish (3) what are the main conclusions, considerations and gaps that should be addressed in further research to provide clearer guidance for interventions. The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. To be considered eligible, studies must have assessed acute short-term responses of warm-up procedures in swimmers by using randomized controlled trials or pre-post study designs. A total of 42 articles were included in this review. The effectiveness of warm-up responses was evaluated based on the inclusion or not of warm-up, the type of conditioning activity (in-water exercise, in-water exercise combined with dryland or dryland exercise only), its duration, and intensity. (1) Warm-up mechanisms have been mainly related to temperature changes associated to cardiovascular adaptations and short-term specific neuromuscular adaptations. Thus, maintaining muscle activity and body temperature during the transition phase immediately prior to competition could help swimmers' performance; (2) the most common approach before a race usually included a moderate mileage of in-water warm-up (~ 1000 m) performed at an intensity of ≤ 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption, followed by dryland protocols to keep the muscle activity and body temperature raised during the transition phase. Dryland activities could only optimize performance in sprint swimming if performed after the in-water warm-up, especially if heated clothing elements are worn. Using tethered swimming and hand-paddles during warm-ups does not provide superior muscular responses to those achieved by traditional in-water warm-ups, possibly because of acute alterations in swimming technique. In contrast, semi-tethered resisted swimming may be considered as an appropriate stimulus to generate post-activation performance enhancements; (3) nothing has yet been investigated in backstroke, butterfly or individual medley, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of experimental warm-ups over distances greater than 100 m. Women are very under-represented in warm-up research, which prevents conclusions about possible sex-regulated effects on specific responses to the warm-up procedures.
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18
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Jabir NR, Firoz CK, Zughaibi TA, Alsaadi MA, Abuzenadah AM, Al-Asmari AI, Alsaieedi A, Ahmed BA, Ramu AK, Tabrez S. A literature perspective on the pharmacological applications of yohimbine. Ann Med 2022; 54:2861-2875. [PMID: 36263866 PMCID: PMC9590431 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2131330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phytochemicals have garnered much attention because they are useful in managing several human diseases. Yohimbine is one such phytochemical with significant pharmacological potential and could be exploited for research by medicinal chemists. It is an indole alkaloid obtained from various natural/synthetic sources.Aims and Results: The research on yohimbine started early, and its use as a stimulant and aphrodisiac by humans has been reported for a long time. The pharmacological activity of yohimbine is mediated by the combined action of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It selectively blocks the pre and postsynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors and has a moderate affinity for α1 and α2 subtypes. Yohimbine also binds to other behaviourally relevant monoaminergic receptors in the following order: α-2 NE > 5HT-1A>, 5HT-1B > 1-D > D3 > D2 receptors.Conclusion: The current review highlights some significant findings that contribute to developing yohimbine-based drugs. It also highlights the therapeutic potential of yohimbine against selected human diseases. However, further research is recommended on the pharmacokinetics, molecular mechanisms, and drug safety requirements using well-designed randomized clinical trials to produce yohimbine as a pharmaceutical agent for human use.Key MessagesYohimbine is a natural indole alkaloid with significant pharmacological potential.Humans have used it as a stimulant and aphrodisiac from a relatively early time.It blocks the pre- and postsynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors that could be exploited for managing erectile dysfunction, myocardial dysfunction, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasimudeen R Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, India
| | - Chelapram K Firoz
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, MIMS College of Allied Health Sciences, ASTER MIMS Academy, Malappuram, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Kerala, India
| | - Torki A Zughaibi
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alsaadi
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M Abuzenadah
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Asmari
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory Department, King Abdul-Aziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab Alsaieedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, India
| | - Arun Kumar Ramu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, India
| | - Shams Tabrez
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial remodeling in heart failure: An update on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Bartel C, Coswig VS, Protzen GV, Del Vecchio FB. Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13654. [PMID: 36039367 PMCID: PMC9419715 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bartel
- Superior School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victor S. Coswig
- Physical Education and Sports Institute, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil,Post Graduation Program in Human Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriel V. Protzen
- Superior School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Health Sciences Department, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B. Del Vecchio
- Superior School of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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21
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Kramer M, Thomas EJ, Pretorius C. Application of the Force-velocity-power Concept to the 3-Min all-out Running Test. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1196-1205. [PMID: 35952680 DOI: 10.1055/a-1873-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Force-velocity-power (FVP) profiling offers insights related to key factors that may enhance or hinder sprinting performances. Whether the same FVP principles could be applied to the sprinting portion of the 3-minute all-out test for running (3MT) has not been previously investigated. Twenty moderately trained participants volunteered for the study (age: 24.75 ± 3.58 yrs; height: 1.69±0.11 m; mass: 73.74±12.26 kg). After familiarization of all testing procedures, participants completed: (i) a 40-m all-out sprint test, and (ii) a 3MT. Theoretical maximal force and power, but not velocity, were significantly higher for the 40-m sprint test. Most FVP variables from the two tests were weakly to moderately correlated, with the exception of maximal velocity. Finally, maximal velocity and relative peak power were predictive of D', explaining approximately 51% of the variance in D'. Although similar maximal velocities are attained during both the 40-m sprint and the 3MT, the underlying mechanisms are markedly different. The FVP parameters obtained from either test are likely not interchangeable but do provide valuable insights regarding the potential mechanisms by which D' may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kramer
- Physical Activity, Sport, and Recreation, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Emma Jayne Thomas
- Human Movement Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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Volino-Souza M, de Oliveira GV, de Carvalho IH, Conte-Junior CA, da Silveira Alvares T. Capsaicin supplementation did not increase skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and muscular endurance during resistance exercise: a randomized and crossover study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Gonzalez AM, Pinzone AG, Lipes SE, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Allerton TD, Sell KM, Ghigiarelli JJ. Effect of watermelon supplementation on exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and vessel diameter in resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1627-1638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Effects of Acute Yohimbine Hydrochloride Supplementation on Repeated Supramaximal Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031316. [PMID: 35162339 PMCID: PMC8835515 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a single acute dose of yohimbine hydrochloride on repeated anaerobic sprint ability. Physically active females (n = 18) completed two separate repeated supramaximal sprint trials each with a different single-dose treatment: placebo (PL; gluten-free corn starch) or yohimbine hydrochloride (YHM; 2.5 mg). For each trial, participants consumed their respective treatment 20 min before exercise. Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs) separated by 2 min of active recovery. A capillary blood sample was obtained pre- and immediately post-exercise to measure blood concentrations of lactate (LA), epinephrine (EPI), and norepinephrine (NE). Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured following each WAnT. Findings showed that mean power (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.024), total work (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.061), and HR (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.046), were significantly higher with YHM supplementation versus PL. Fatigue index (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.054) and post-exercise LA (p < 0.001; d = 1.26) were significantly lower with YHM compared to PL. YHM resulted in significantly higher EPI concentrations versus PL (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.225) pre- and post-exercise while NE only increased as a function of time (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.227) and was unaffected by treatment. While RPE increased after each WAnT, no differences between treatments were observed (p = 0.539; η2 < 0.001). Together, these results suggest that acute YHM ingestion imparts ergogenic benefits which may be mediated by lower blood LA and fatigue concomitantly occurring with blood EPI increases. Thus, YHM may improve sprint performance although more mechanistic study is warranted to accentuate underlying processes mediating performance enhancement.
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Cardoso EA, Bottaro M, Júnior VR, Fernandes A, Gentil P, McManus Pimentel D, Oliveira Júnior SA, Carregaro RL. Acute effects of different rest intervals between agonist-antagonist paired-sets in the neuromuscular system performance of young adults. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 28:18-25. [PMID: 34776138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The agonist-antagonist paired-sets (APS) is a resistance training that involves alternating between exercises for agonist/antagonist muscles of a joint, with little or no rest between then. There is evidence that APS is more strenuous than traditional methods, but evidence on the optimal RI between agonist-antagonist actions is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare different rest intervals between agonist-antagonist actions during APS in young adults. METHOD Fifty healthy men (mean age 23.2 ± 2.8 years; 1.76 ± 0.1m height, 78.03 ± 8.1 kg) were included and performed three different agonist-antagonist paired-sets protocols separated by 72h, consisting of 4 sets of 10 repetitions. The protocols differed in terms of the rest interval between the knee flexion and extension movements: 0s (no rest); 60s and 120s. The rest intervals between exercise sets were standardized at 60s. Total work, peak torque, neuromuscular efficiency, surface EMG amplitude (sEMG, root mean square) and fatigue index obtained by processing of sEMG signal, were compared between rest intervals and exercise sets within each protocol. RESULTS There were no significant differences between rest intervals for total work, peak torque and neuromuscular efficiency (P > 0.05), but significant differences were found for sEMG and fatigue (P < 0.01), in which the protocol with 60s interval resulted in greater fatigue. CONCLUSION We showed that peak torque, total work and neuromuscular efficiency were not different between RI. The 60s RI showed a lower sEMG and a greater muscle fatigue. Although there were no significant differences, the NME was higher in the 60s interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euler Alves Cardoso
- Master and PhD in Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- Master and PhD in Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Valdinar Rocha Júnior
- Master and PhD in Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Adailson Fernandes
- Master in Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Daniel McManus Pimentel
- Master and PhD in Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz Carregaro
- Master and PhD in Physical Education, College of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil; Master in Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, Brazil.
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de Wit-Verheggen VHW, van de Weijer T. Changes in Cardiac Metabolism in Prediabetes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1680. [PMID: 34827678 PMCID: PMC8615987 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), even when corrected for atherosclerosis and other CVD risk factors. Diastolic dysfunction is one of the early changes in cardiac function that precedes the onset of cardiac failure, and it occurs already in the prediabetic state. It is clear that these changes are closely linked to alterations in cardiac metabolism; however, the exact etiology is unknown. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the early cardiac changes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism in prediabetes and its consequences on cardiac function. A better understanding of the relationship between metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cardiac function will lead to insights into the etiology of the declined cardiac function in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera H. W. de Wit-Verheggen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Tineke van de Weijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Jumping performance (e.g., countermovement jump [CMJ]), as a measure of neuromuscular performance, has been suggested as an easy-to-use tool which simultaneously provides neuromuscular and metabolic information and, thereby, allows coaches to confidently monitor the status of their athletes during a workout. This hypothesis has been satisfactorily tested with sprint athletes. However, the rationale for the use of CMJ height loss as an index to monitor the workload during an endurance running session is not sufficiently evidence-based. First, it is assumed that a CMJ height loss occurs during typical interval training for endurance runners. Second, it is also assumed that a significant relationship between metabolic stress and the neuromuscular strain induced during these endurance workouts exists. These two assumptions will be questioned in this review by critically analyzing the kinetics of CMJ performance during and after running workouts, and the relationship between neuromuscular and physiological stress induced during different protocols in endurance runners. The current evidence shows that fatigue induced by common running workouts for endurance runners does not counterbalance the potentiation effect in the CMJ height. Additionally, the findings reported among different studies are consistent regarding the lack of association between CMJ height loss and physiological stress during interval sessions in endurance runners. In practical terms, the authors suggest that this marker of neuromuscular fatigue may not be used to regulate the external training load during running workouts in endurance runners. Nevertheless, the analysis of CMJ height during running workouts may serve to monitor chronic adaptations to training in endurance runners.
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Pinto Damo NL, Modesto KA, Neto IVDS, Bottaro M, Babault N, Durigan JLQ. Effects of different electrical stimulation currents and phase durations on submaximal and maximum torque, efficiency, and discomfort: a randomized crossover trial. Braz J Phys Ther 2021; 25:593-600. [PMID: 33840592 PMCID: PMC8536851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an important therapeutic tool for rehabilitation. However, best stimulation parameters remain to be determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of different electrical stimulation currents and phase durations on torque, efficiency, and discomfort. METHODS Using a cross-over design, kHz frequency alternating currents (KFAC) and pulsed currents (PC) with narrow (200 µs) or wide (500 µs) phase durations were randomly applied on knee extensor muscles of healthy participants with a minimum of seven days between sessions. The NMES-evoked torque, NMES-efficiency, and discomfort (visual 0-10 cm analogue scale) were measured for each stimulation intensity increments (10 mA). Statistics were conducted using a three-way analysis of variances (phase duration x current x intensity), followed by Tukey post-hoc. RESULTS Twenty-four males (age 22.3 ± 3.5years) were included. No effect of NMES current was observed for torque, efficiency, and discomfort. For wide phase durations (500 µs), torque significantly increased for all stimulation intensities. For narrow phase durations (200 µs) evoked torque significantly increased only after 40% of maximal stimulation intensity. Phase durations of 500 µs produced greater torque than 200 µs. Discomfort was greater with 500 µs when compared to 200 µs. Submaximal relative torque, for example 40% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), was obtained with ∼ 60% and ∼ 80% of the maximal current intensity for 500 µs and 200 µs, respectively. CONCLUSION KFAC and PC current applied with the same phase duration induced similar relative submaximal and maximum evoked-torque, efficiency, and perceived discomfort. However, currents with 500 µs induced higher evoked-torque, current efficiency, and perceived discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Martim Bottaro
- College of Physical Education Department, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM U1093 CAPS, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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Kelly DT, Cregg CJ, O'Connor PL, Cullen BD, Moyna NM. Physiological and performance responses of sprint interval training and endurance training in Gaelic football players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2265-2275. [PMID: 33914154 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While ideal for developing aerobic capacity, traditional endurance training (ET) is extremely time-consuming and may lack the specificity to maintain indices of speed and power in team sport athletes. In contrast, low-volume short-duration sprint interval training (SIT) has been shown to improve [Formula: see text]O2max to a similar extent as ET. However, to date, few studies have compared the effects of running-based SIT and ET, on aerobic capacity and indices of speed and power of trained team sport athletes. METHODS Club level male Gaelic football players were randomly assigned to SIT (n = 13; 26.5 ± 4.87 years) or ET (n = 12; 25.4 ± 2.58 years) groups. Participants trained 3 days week-1 for 6 weeks. [Formula: see text]O2max, RE, v[Formula: see text]O2max, blood lactate concentrations, Wingate test performance, running speed, jump performance and intermittent endurance performance (IEP) were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks. RESULTS An increase in [Formula: see text]O2max (p < 0.05), v[Formula: see text]O2max (p < 0.001) and IEP (p < 0.001) following 6 weeks of both SIT and ET was observed. Wingate mean power (p < 0.001), peak power (p < 0.001) and fatigue index (p < 0.005) were all significantly improved following training in both groups. Velocity at LT was significantly higher and performance in the 20-m running speed and VJ tests were significantly reduced post training in the ET group (all p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Despite the large difference in total training time, a running-based protocol of SIT is a time efficient training method for improving aerobic capacity and IEP while maintaining indices of lower body power and running speed in team-sport players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Kelly
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
- SHE Research Group, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland.
| | - Cathal J Cregg
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Connacht Gaelic Athletic Association, Centre of Excellence, Bekan, Ireland
| | - Paul L O'Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Bryan D Cullen
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niall M Moyna
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Ferland PM, Marcotte-L'Heureux V, Roy P, Carey VD, Charron J, Lagrange S, Leone M, Comtois AS. Maximal Oxygen Consumption Requirements in Professional North American Ice Hockey. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1586-1592. [PMID: 33555827 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ferland, P-M, Marcotte-L'Heureux, V, Roy, P, Carey, V, Charron, J, Lagrange, S, Leone, M, and Comtois, AS. Maximal oxygen consumption requirements in professional North American ice hockey. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1586-1592, 2021-This study was designed to measure preseason on-ice relative V̇o2max of professional ice-hockey players (n = 101 National Hockey League [NHL], 42 American Hockey League [AHL], 4 East Coast Hockey League [ECHL], and 15 Canadian Hockey League [CHL]) throughout 17 years and compare it between generations, league level, and position, and to verify if it was related to season and NHL career statistics. Relative V̇o2max was measured on ice with a portable metabolic analyzer (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome) with full hockey equipment, except for the helmet with either the Skating Multistage Aerobic Test or the 30-15 intermittent ice test tests. Relative V̇o2max results from both tests were compared between players of the same generation with an independent-samples T-test and were not significantly different. A one-way analysis of variance and post hoc pairwise tests were performed to detect significant differences between groups. Pearson correlations (two-tailed) were also performed between selected variables. All statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results show that there are no significant differences for relative V̇o2max between generations (2001-2003 vs. 2006 vs. 2015-2017), league level (NHL vs. AHL vs. ECHL vs. CHL), and position (winger, center, and defense), other than the ECHL being lower. There are also no significant relationships between V̇o2max values and hockey season and NHL career statistics. Thus, the results show that there is a minimal relative V̇o2max requirement to play North American ice hockey at the elite level (55.9 ± 5.2 ml·kg-1·min-1; n = 162). Future research should be directed toward comparing V̇o2max of elite and amateur ice-hockey players to confirm the minimal relative V̇o2max requirement to play North American ice hockey at the elite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marc Ferland
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Viviane Marcotte-L'Heureux
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Philippe Roy
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Vincent D Carey
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Jérémie Charron
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Sébastien Lagrange
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
| | - Mario Leone
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Steve Comtois
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; and
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Impact of Red Spinach Extract Supplementation on Bench Press Performance, Muscle Oxygenation, and Cognitive Function in Resistance-Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060077. [PMID: 34071862 PMCID: PMC8227312 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation, in the form of red spinach extract (RSE), on bench press performance, muscle oxygenation, and cognitive function in resistance-trained males. Ten resistance-trained males participated in this randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind investigation. Each participant completed 7 days of either RSE (2 g; 180 mg NO3−) or a maltodextrin placebo (PL) in a counterbalanced fashion with a 14-day washout between treatments. During experimental visits, participants were provided their 8th and last dose of RSE or PL 40 min before completing 5 sets of the barbell bench press exercise to failure at 75% of a predetermined 1-repetition maximum with 2 min rest intervals. Mean and peak power were recorded via a linear transducer. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was implemented to estimate muscle oxygenation, a Stroop Test was used to assess cognitive function, and subjective performance ratings were obtained in relation to the acute resistance exercise sessions. Data were analyzed via separate repeated measures analyses of variance. There were no time by group interactions for bench press repetitions (p = 0.549), peak power (p = 0.061), or mean power (p = 0.877) across the 5 sets of bench press. Additionally, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for any measure of muscle oxygenation, Stroop performance, or subjective performance ratings. It appears that 7 days of RSE supplementation did not alter performance, muscle oxygenation, nor Stroop scores during or following the bench press exercise in resistance-trained males.
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Lagerwaard B, Janssen JJE, Cuijpers I, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ, Nieuwenhuizen AG. Muscle mitochondrial capacity in high- and low-fitness females using near-infrared spectroscopy. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14838. [PMID: 33991439 PMCID: PMC8123566 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of muscle oxygen consumption (m V ˙ O2 ) after exercise measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a measure of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity. Nevertheless, due to sex differences in factors that can influence scattering and thus penetration depth of the NIRS signal in the tissue, e.g., subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness and intramuscular myoglobin and hemoglobin, it is unknown whether results in males can be extrapolated to a female population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity in females at different levels of aerobic fitness to test whether NIRS can measure relevant differences in mitochondrial capacity. Mitochondrial capacity was analyzed in the gastrocnemius muscle and the wrist flexors of 32 young female adults, equally divided in relatively high ( V ˙ O2 peak ≥ 47 ml/kg/min) and relatively low aerobic fitness group ( V ˙ O2 peak ≤ 37 ml/kg/min). m V ˙ O2 recovery was significantly faster in the high- compared to the low-fitness group in the gastrocnemius, but not in the wrist flexors (p = 0.009 and p = 0.0528, respectively). Furthermore, V ˙ O2 peak was significantly correlated to m V ˙ O2 recovery in both gastrocnemius (R2 = 0.27, p = 0.0051) and wrist flexors (R2 = 0.13, p = 0.0393). In conclusion, NIRS measurements can be used to assess differences in mitochondrial capacity within a female population and is correlated to V ˙ O2 peak. This further supports NIRS assessment of muscle mitochondrial capacity providing additional evidence for NIRS as a promising approach to monitor mitochondrial capacity, also in an exclusively female population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lagerwaard
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle J E Janssen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Cuijpers
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arie G Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Arazi H, Eghbali E. Possible Effects of Beetroot Supplementation on Physical Performance Through Metabolic, Neuroendocrine, and Antioxidant Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Front Nutr 2021; 8:660150. [PMID: 34055855 PMCID: PMC8155490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.660150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes often seek to use dietary supplements to increase performance during exercise. Among various supplements, much attention has been paid to beetroot in recent years. Beetroot is a source of carbohydrates, fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins; also, it is a natural source of nitrate and associated with improved sports performance. Nitrates can the modification of skeletal muscle contractile proteins or calcium handling after translation. The time to reach the peak plasma nitrate is between 1 and 3 h after consumption of a single dose of nitrate. Nitrate is metabolized by conversion to nitrite and subsequently nitric oxide. Beetroot can have various effects on athletic performance through nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is an intracellular and extracellular messenger for regulating certain cellular functions and causes vasodilation of blood vessels and increases blood flow. Nitric oxide seems to be effective in improving athletic performance by increasing oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients for better muscle fueling. Nitric oxide plays the main role in anabolic hormones, modulates the release of several neurotransmitters and the major mediators of stress involved in the acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to exercise. Beetroot is an important source of compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, betaline, and highly active phenolics and has high antioxidant properties. Beetroot supplement provides an important source of dietary polyphenols and due to the many health benefits. Phytochemicals of Beetroot through signaling pathways inhibit inflammatory diseases. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for these effects were examined and the research in this regard was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ehsan Eghbali
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Vardarli E, Satiroglu R, Allen JR, Bjellquist-Ledger R, Burton HM, Coyle EF. Physiological responses to maximal 4 s sprint interval cycling using inertial loading: the influence of inter-sprint recovery duration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2295-2304. [PMID: 33974126 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interval exercise allows very high-power outputs to be maintained, a key for stimulating training adaptations. The main purpose of this study was to develop a sprint interval protocol that stimulated both anaerobic and aerobic systems while maximizing power output and minimizing fatigue. The secondary goal was to investigate the influence of inter-sprint recovery duration. METHODS Sixteen (8 females) participants (age: 23.5 ± 3.4 years, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak): 45.6 ± 9.2 ml kg-1 min-1) took part in this study. The exercise protocol involved 30 bouts of 4 s maximal cycling sprints using an 'Inertial Load Ergometer'. Recovery durations between sprints of 15, 30 and 45 s were studied in three trials. RESULTS Peak power output (PPO) was maintained while taking 45 and 30 s of recovery, although it was 9% higher (p < 0.05) during 45 vs. 30 s. PPO with 15 s recovery declined 18% (p < 0.05) and then stabilized as did oxygen consumption (72±2% VO2peak) at a level that might reflect the peak rate of ATP-PC resynthesis from oxidative metabolism. The 15-, 30-, and 45 s trials elicited 72, 56, and 49% VO2peak and 86, 80, and 75% of maximal heart rate (all p<0.001). Perceived exertion increased with shorter recovery periods but remained at 12.6-14.7 and never became 'very hard'. CONCLUSION The present study describes the use of an inertial-load ergometer to accommodate repeated 4 s maximal cycling sprints that elicit 72% VO2peak when the recovery period is 15 s. However, a recovery duration of 15 s was insufficient for the maintenance of power generation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE NCT04448925, 26 Jun 2020; retrospectively registered to clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Vardarli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Remzi Satiroglu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jacob R Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ryan Bjellquist-Ledger
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Heath M Burton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Edward F Coyle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, One University Station, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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The Acute Physiological and Perceptual Effects of Individualizing the Recovery Interval Duration Based Upon the Resolution of Muscle Oxygen Consumption During Cycling Exercise. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1580-1588. [PMID: 33848976 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There has been paucity in research investigating the individualization of recovery interval duration during cycling-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The main aim of the study was to investigate whether individualizing the duration of the recovery interval based upon the resolution of muscle oxygen consumption would improve the performance during work intervals and the acute physiological response of the HIIT session, when compared with a standardized (2:1 work recovery ratio) approach. METHODS A total of 16 well-trained cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption: 60 [7] mL·kg-1·min-1) completed 6 laboratory visits: (Visit 1) incremental exercise test, (Visit 2) determination of the individualized (IND) recovery duration, using the individuals' muscle oxygen consumption recovery duration to baseline from a 4- and 8-minute work interval, (Visits 3-6) participants completed a 6 × 4- and a 3 × 8-minute HIIT session twice, using the IND and standardized recovery intervals. RESULTS Recovery duration had no effect on the percentage of the work intervals spent at >90% and >95% of maximal oxygen consumption, maximal minute power output, and maximal heart rate, during the 6 × 4- and 3 × 8-minute HIIT sessions. Recovery duration had no effect on mean work interval power output, heart rate, oxygen consumption, blood lactate, and rating of perceived exertion. There were no differences in reported session RPE between recovery durations for the 6 × 4- and 3 × 8-minute HIIT sessions. CONCLUSION Individualizing HIIT recovery duration based upon the resolution of muscle oxygen consumption to baseline levels does not improve the performance of the work intervals or the acute physiological response of the HIIT session, when compared with standardized recovery duration.
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Scaricamazza S, Salvatori I, Ferri A, Valle C. Skeletal Muscle in ALS: An Unappreciated Therapeutic Opportunity? Cells 2021; 10:525. [PMID: 33801336 PMCID: PMC8000428 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and by the progressive weakness and paralysis of voluntary muscles. Despite intense research efforts and numerous clinical trials, it is still an incurable disease. ALS had long been considered a pure motor neuron disease; however, recent studies have shown that motor neuron protection is not sufficient to prevent the course of the disease since the dismantlement of neuromuscular junctions occurs before motor neuron degeneration. Skeletal muscle alterations have been described in the early stages of the disease, and they seem to be mainly involved in the "dying back" phenomenon of motor neurons and metabolic dysfunctions. In recent years, skeletal muscles have been considered crucial not only for the etiology of ALS but also for its treatment. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that targeted skeletal muscles and discuss the different approaches, including pharmacological interventions, supplements or diets, genetic modifications, and training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scaricamazza
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Illari Salvatori
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Liu F, Wanigatunga AA, Zampino M, Knuth ND, Simonsick EM, Schrack JA, Ferrucci L. Association of Mitochondrial Function, Substrate Utilization, and Anaerobic Metabolism With Age-Related Perceived Fatigability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:426-433. [PMID: 32803242 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that poorer mitochondrial function is associated with age-related perceived fatigability. However, whether glucose oxidation and anaerobic metabolism are intermediate factors underlying this association remains unclear. We examined the total cross-sectional association between mitochondrial function and perceived fatigability in 554 adults aged 22-99 years. Mitochondrial function was assessed by skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (kPCr) using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Perceived fatigability was measured by rating of perceived exertion after a 5-minute (0.67 m/s) treadmill walk. The intermediate role of glucose oxidation (measured by the rate of change of respiratory exchange ratio [RER change rate] during the 5-minute treadmill walk) and anaerobic metabolism (measured by ventilatory threshold [VeT] during a maximal treadmill test) was evaluated by examining their cross-sectional associations with kPCr and perceived exertion. For each 0.01/s lower kPCr, perceived fatigability was 0.47 points higher (p = .002). A 0.01/s lower kPCr was also associated with 8.3 L/min lower VeT (p < .001). Lower VeT was associated with higher fatigability at lower levels of kPCr but not at higher kPCr levels (β for interaction = 0.017, p = .002). kPCr and RER change rate were not significantly associated (p = .341), but a 0.01/min higher RER change rate was associated with 0.12-point higher fatigability (p = .001). Poorer mitochondrial function potentially contributes to higher perceived fatigability through higher glucose oxidation and higher anaerobic metabolism. Future studies to further explore the longitudinal mechanisms between these metabolic changes and fatigability are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amal A Wanigatunga
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marta Zampino
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer A Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Drury B, Peacock D, Moran J, Cone C, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Different Inter-Set Rest Intervals during the Nordic Hamstring Exercise in Young Male Athletes. J Athl Train 2021; 56:952-959. [PMID: 33406234 DOI: 10.4085/318-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is known to reduce hamstrings injury (HIS) risk in athletes. In order to optimise the NHE it is important to understand how acute resistance training variables influence its performance. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of different inter-set rest intervals (ISRI) on force indices during performance of the NHE. Design: Crossover Study. SETTING Laboratory based. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Ten (age = 20.7 ± 2.3 years; height = 179.4 ± 5.5 cm; body mass = 83.9 ± 12.4 kg) well-trained young male team-sport athletes. INTERVENTION Participants performed 2 x 6 repetitions of the NHE with either a SHORT (one-minute) or LONG (three-minute) ISRI. All sets were performed on the NordBord. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S) Peak force (N), average force (N), percent maintenance (%) and percent decline (%) were recorded for both dominant and non-dominant limbs as well as inter-limb force asymmetries (%) calculated. RESULTS Analyses revealed no statistically significant interactions or main effects (p > 0.05) between conditions and sets in all variables. However, analysis of individual repetitions showed significant reductions (p < 0.05, ES = 0.58-1.28) in peak force from repetition four onwards. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a one-minute ISRI is sufficient to maintain force production qualities and inter-limb asymmetries between sets during the NHE in well-trained athletes. However, practitioners should be aware of the potentially high decrements in peak force production that may occur within the set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- 1Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Hartpury, England, United Kingdom,
| | - Daniel Peacock
- 2Sport Science Department, Bristol City Football Club, Ashton Rd, Bristol, United Kingdom,
| | - Jason Moran
- 3School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,
| | - Chris Cone
- 4Sport Science Department, Bristol Rovers Football Club, Filton Avenue, Bristol, United Kingdom,
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- 5Laboratory of Human Performance. Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group. Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile,
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Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Ozaki H, Abe T, Loenneke JP, Katamoto S. Stepwise Load Reduction Training: A New Training Concept for Skeletal Muscle and Energy Systems. Sports Med 2020; 50:2075-2081. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Williams TD, Martin MP, Mintz JA, Rogers RR, Ballmann CG. Effect of Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Bench Press Power, Velocity, and Repetition Volume. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:924-928. [PMID: 31913252 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Williams, TD, Martin, MP, Mintz, JA, Rogers, RR, and Ballmann, CG. Effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on bench press power, velocity, and repetition volume. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 924-928, 2020-The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on power, velocity, and repetitions to failure (RTF) during bench press exercise. Resistance-trained male subjects (n = 11) were recruited for this study. Using a double-blinded, counterbalanced, crossover study design, subjects were supplemented with either 70 ml of BRJ or placebo (PL; black currant juice) 2 hours before exercise. During each exercise trial, subjects began by completing 2 sets × 2 repetitions of bench press at 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with maximum explosive intent. Barbell velocity and power were measured using a linear position transducer. Subjects then completed 3 sets × RTF at 70% 1RM separated by 2 minutes of rest between each set. Maximum mean power, velocity, and repetitions were analyzed. Mean velocity (p = 0.011; effect size [ES] = 0.54) and mean power (p = 0.015; ES = 0.51) were significantly higher with BRJ when compared with PL. Total RTF (p = 0.002; ES = 0.46) was higher during the BRJ condition vs. PL. Results indicate that acute BRJ supplementation positively impacts velocity, power, and total repetitions during free-weight bench press exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama
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Callender NA, Hayes TN, Tiller NB. Cardiorespiratory demands of competitive rock climbing. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:161-168. [PMID: 32813982 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rock climbing has become a mainstream sport, contested on the Olympic stage. The work/rest pattern of bouldering is unique among disciplines, and little is known about its physiological demands. This study characterised the cardiorespiratory responses to simulated competition. Eleven elite boulderers (7 male) volunteered to participate (age = 23.3 ± 4.5 years; mass = 68.2 ± 9.7 kg; stature = 1.73 ± 0.06 m; body fat = 10.4% ± 5%). Subjects completed incremental treadmill running to determine maximal capacities. On a separate day, they undertook a simulated Olympic-style climbing competition comprising 5 boulder problems, each separated by 5 min of rest. Pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and heart rate were assessed throughout. Total climbing time was 18.9 ± 2.7 min. Bouldering elicited a peak oxygen uptake of 35.8 ± 7.3 mL·kg-1·min-1 (∼75% of treadmill maximum) and a peak heart rate of 162 ± 14 beats·min-1 (∼88% of maximum). Subjects spent 22.9% ± 8.6% of climbing time above the gas exchange threshold. At exercise cessation, there was an abrupt and significant increase in tidal volume (1.4 ± 0.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.4 L; p = 0.006, d = 0.83) despite unchanged minute ventilation. Cardiorespiratory parameters returned to baseline within 4 min of the rest period. In conclusion, competitive bouldering elicits substantial cardiorespiratory demand and evidence of tidal volume constraint. Further studies are warranted to explore the effect of cardiorespiratory training on climbing performance. Novelty: Competitive bouldering evokes a high fraction of maximal oxygen uptake and prolonged periods above the gas exchange threshold. Climbing appears to impose a constraint on tidal volume expansion. Cardiorespiratory indices in elite climbers return to baseline within 2-4 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Callender
- Department of Anaesthetics, Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Cramlington, Northumberland, NE23 6NZ, UK.,School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
| | - Tara N Hayes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Centre, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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The Use of Acute Exercise Interventions as Game Day Priming Strategies to Improve Physical Performance and Athlete Readiness in Team-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 50:1943-1962. [PMID: 32779102 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of exercise as a priming strategy to enhance sport performance is becoming increasingly popular in professional sports and as an area of research interest. Early research suggests that the acute physiological responses to exercise can positively influence performance for up to 48 h. There is yet to be a comprehensive review of exercise strategies which could be implemented specifically on the day of competition. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to provide a synthesis of research investigating acute exercise interventions as game day priming strategies for team-sport athletes to improve physical performance and athlete readiness when implemented in the 1-12 h prior to competition. METHODS A literature search of SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials was conducted. A total of 6428 studies were retrieved and assessed against the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomised controlled trials and non-randomised comparative studies with reported pre-post intervention outcomes; (2) exercise interventions were applied 1-12 h prior to the assessment of outcome measures. Studies were excluded if they used nutrition, supplementation, pre-heating, pre-cooling, stretching, massage or vibration training as the priming strategies, or if interventions were performed at altitude or in hypoxic environments. Studies were assessed for methodological quality at the study level using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies satisfied the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Studies were categorised as resistance training; cycling; running; and other strategies. Resistance training using heavy loads at low volumes increased strength and power measures following a 4-6 h recovery, with limited improvements observed following shorter (1-3 h) and longer (6-12 h) recovery periods. Running-based sprint priming led to improvements in subsequent sprint and repeat sprint performance following a 5-6 h recovery, whereas cycling improved counter-movement jump height in a single study only. No significant differences were reported in any performance measures following endurance-based running or cycling strategies. Physiological markers, such a hormone and blood lactate responses, showed mixed results between studies. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity low-volume resistance training leads to a greater physiological and performance response than high-volume resistance training. Maximal running sprints may be more effective than maximal cycling sprints due to an increased physiological demand; however, loading protocols must also be considered in conjunction with exercise volume and movement specificity to achieve a beneficial response for subsequent performance. There is limited evidence to suggest endurance cycling or running exercise is beneficial as a priming strategy.
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Perrier-Melo RJ, D'Amorim I, Meireles Santos T, Caldas Costa E, Rodrigues Barbosa R, DA Cunha Costa M. Effect of active versus passive recovery on performance-related outcome during high-intensity interval exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:562-570. [PMID: 32744041 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that recovery mode may contribute to performance during high-intensity interval exercise. However, there is no consensus regarding the effects of active and passive recovery modes on subsequent performance. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of active versus passive recovery on performance during repeated high-intensity interval exercise. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Two reviewers independently conducted a search using the PRISMA systematic approach in three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Central) searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of recovery mode on performance (until February 2020). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty-six studies were included for analysis (17 for power output, nine for repeated-sprint ability and two for distance covered). Four studies found higher mechanical performance for passive recovery compared with active recovery. Six out of nine studies reported faster sprinting performance with passive recovery compared to active recovery. Two studies demonstrated that passive recovery resulted in a greater distance covered during intermittent sprint exercise. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review suggests that performing high-intensity interval exercise with passive recovery results in greater performance when compared with active recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor D'Amorim
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caldas Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Duggan JD, Moody J, Byrne PJ, Ryan L. Strength and Conditioning Recommendations for Female GAA Athletes: The Camogie Player. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Ranchal-Sanchez A, Diaz-Bernier VM, De La Florida-Villagran CA, Llorente-Cantarero FJ, Campos-Perez J, Jurado-Castro JM. Acute Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplements on Resistance Training: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1912. [PMID: 32605284 PMCID: PMC7401280 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ingestion of beetroot juice (BJ) has been associated with improvements in physical performance in endurance sports, however the literature on resistance training (RT) is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of BJ compared to a placebo (PLA) on muscular endurance and movement concentric velocity during RT. Twelve healthy men performed an incremental RT test (back squat and bench press) with three sets, at 60%, 70%, and 80% of their repetition maximum (1-RM). Movement velocity variables, total number of repetitions performed until concentric failure, blood lactate, and ratings of perceived effort post-training were measured. A higher number of repetitions were recorded with BJ compared to those with PLA (13.8 ± 14.4; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.6). Differences were found at 60% 1-RM (9 ± 10; p < 0.05; ES = 0.61) and 70% 1-RM (3.1 ± 4.8; p < 0.05; ES = 0.49), however, no differences were found at 80% 1-RM (1.7 ± 1; p = 0.12; ES = 0.41). A greater number of repetitions was performed in back squat (13.4 ± 13; p < 0.01; ES = 0.77), but no differences were observed in bench press (0.4 ± 5.1; p = 0.785; ES = 0.03). No differences were found for the rest of the variables (p > 0.05). Acute supplementation of BJ improved muscular endurance performance in RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ranchal-Sanchez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.D.-B.); (C.A.D.L.F.-V.)
| | - Victor Manuel Diaz-Bernier
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (V.M.D.-B.); (C.A.D.L.F.-V.)
| | | | - Francisco Jesus Llorente-Cantarero
- Department of Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
- CIBEROBN, (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition) Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Campos-Perez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Rabanales University Campus, University of Cordoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Sakamoto A, Naito H, Chow CM. Hyperventilation-Aided Recovery for Extra Repetitions on Bench Press and Leg Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1274-1284. [PMID: 32329989 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sakamoto, A, Naito, H, and Chow, CM. Hyperventilation-aided recovery for extra repetitions on bench press and leg press. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1274-1284, 2020-Hyperventilation (HV)-induced alkalosis, an ergogenic strategy, improved repeated pedaling sprint performance through enhanced H removal. However, it did not confer beneficial effects on other forms of exercises. This study investigated the benefits of HV-aided recovery on lifting repetitions and joint velocity during resistance training involving multiple joints and both concentric and eccentric contractions. Eleven power-trained men (mean ± SD age: 22.5 ± 4.3 years, training experience: 8.3 ± 3.6 years) performed 6 sets each of bench press and leg press at 80% 1 repetition maximum. Each set was continued until failure, with a 5-minute recovery between sets. In protocol A, HV was implemented for 30 seconds before the first, third, and fifth sets of each exercise (HV-aided recovery), whereas spontaneous breathing continued throughout the recovery before the second, fourth, and sixth sets (control recovery). In protocol B, the order of the HV and control recoveries was reversed. For both protocols, reductions in repetitions (range: -4.7% to -22.5%) and velocity (range: -23.1% to -37.7%) were consistently observed after control recovery (p < 0.05), whereas HV-aided recovery resulted in increased repetitions (range: +21.3% to +55.7%) and velocity (range: +6.3% to +15.3%) (p < 0.05) or no reductions in these measures from the previous set. The total repetitions performed across 6 sets (protocols A and B combined) were greater after the HV-aided than control recovery (p ≤ 0.001) in bench press (44 ± 10 vs. 36 ± 10 reps, increased by 27.1 ± 24.1%) and leg press (64 ± 9 vs. 50 ± 15 reps, increased by 35.2 ± 29.5%). Hyperventilation-aided recovery may boost the effectiveness of resistance training through increased training volume and lifting velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Chin Moi Chow
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
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Lapointe J, Paradis-Deschênes P, Woorons X, Lemaître F, Billaut F. Impact of Hypoventilation Training on Muscle Oxygenation, Myoelectrical Changes, Systemic [K +], and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Basketball Players. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:29. [PMID: 33345021 PMCID: PMC7739750 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of repeated-sprint (RS) training with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL) on RS ability (RSA) and on performance in a 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT). Over 4 weeks, 17 basketball players included eight sessions of straight-line running RS and RS with changes of direction into their usual training, performed either with normal breathing (CTL, n = 8) or with VHL (n = 9). Before and after the training, athletes completed a RSA test (12 × 30-m, 25-s rest) and a 30-15IFT. During the RSA test, the fastest sprint (RSAbest), time-based percentage decrement score (RSASdec), total electromyographic intensity (RMS), and spectrum frequency (MPF) of the biceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles, and biceps femoris NIRS-derived oxygenation were assessed for every sprint. A capillary blood sample was also taken after the last sprint to analyse metabolic and ionic markers. Cohen's effect sizes (ES) were used to compare group differences. Compared with CTL, VHL did not clearly modify RSAbest, but likely lowered RSASdec (VHL: −24.5% vs. CTL: −5.9%, group difference: −19.8%, ES −0.44). VHL also lowered the maximal deoxygenation induced by sprints ([HHb]max; group difference: −2.9%, ES −0.72) and enhanced the reoxygenation during recovery periods ([HHb]min; group difference: −3.6%, ES −1.00). VHL increased RMS (group difference: 18.2%, ES 1.28) and maintained MPF toward higher frequencies (group difference: 9.8 ± 5.0%, ES 1.40). These changes were concomitant with a lower potassium (K+) concentration (group difference: −17.5%, ES −0.67), and the lowering in [K+] was largely correlated with RSASdec post-training in VHL only (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). However, VHL did not clearly alter PO2, hemoglobin, lactate and bicarbonate concentration and base excess. There was no difference between group velocity gains for the 30-15IFT (CTL: 6.9% vs. VHL: 7.5%, ES 0.07). These results indicate that RS training combined with VHL may improve RSA, which could be relevant to basketball player success. This gain may be attributed to greater muscle reoxygenation, enhanced muscle recruitment strategies, and improved K+ regulation to attenuate the development of muscle fatigue, especially in type-II muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lapointe
- Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Xavier Woorons
- University of Lille, University of Artois, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Vachon A, Berryman N, Mujika I, Paquet JB, Arvisais D, Bosquet L. Effects of tapering on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:300-311. [PMID: 32172680 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the effects of a taper strategy on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sport athletes, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method: To be included in this meta-analysis, studies had to involve competitive team sport athletes and a tapering intervention providing details about the procedures used to decrease the training load, as well as competition or field-based criterion performance and all necessary data to calculate effect sizes. Four databases were searched according to these criteria, which led to the identification of 895 potential studies and the subsequent inclusion of 14 articles. Independent variables were training intensity, volume and frequency, as well as the pattern of taper and its duration. The dependent variable was performance obtained in various neuromuscular and metabolic tests. Results: There was limited evidence of a moderate taper-induced improvement in repeated sprint ability (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) (95%IC;I2) = 0.41 (0.26-0.55;0%)) and moderate evidence of a moderate increase in maximal power (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.44 (0.32-0.56;15%)), change of direction speed (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.38 (0.15-0.60;28%)) and maximal oxygen uptake (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.76 (0.43-1.09;37%)). Conclusion: Tapering is an effective training strategy to improve maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, repeated sprint ability and change of direction speed in team sports. However, the literature lacks studies using various tapering strategies to compare their effectiveness and make evidence-based recommendations. Future original studies should focus on this major issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Vachon
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Stade Rochelais Rugby, La Rochelle, France
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke QC, Canada.,Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal QC, Canada.,Département des Science de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country.,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Denis Arvisais
- Direction of Libraries, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
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