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de Koning JJ, Foster C. Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Essential Papers in Sports and Exercise Physiology. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38950887 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this survey was to create a list of essential historical and contemporary readings for undergraduate and graduate students in the field of exercise physiology. METHODS Fifty-two exercise physiologists/sport scientists served as referees, and each nominated ∼25 papers for inclusion in the list. In total, 396 papers were nominated by the referees. This list was then sent back to the referees, with the instructions to nominate the "100 essential papers in sports and exercise physiology." RESULTS The referees cast 4722 votes. The 100 papers with the highest number of votes received 51% (2406) of the total number of votes. A total of 37 papers in the list of "100 essential papers" were published >50 years ago, and 63 papers were published since 1973. CONCLUSIONS This list of essential studies will provide a perspective on contemporary studies, the "giant's shoulders" to enable young scholars to "see further" or to understand where they have "come from." This compilation is also meant to impress on students that, given the (lack of) technology available in the past, some of the early science required enormous intuitive leaps on the part of historical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J de Koning
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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Poffé C, Van Dael K, Van Schuylenbergh R. INSCYD physiological performance software is valid to determine the maximal lactate steady state in male and female cyclists. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1376876. [PMID: 38774278 PMCID: PMC11107085 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1376876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is defined as the highest workload that can be maintained without blood lactate accumulation over time. The power output at MLSS (PMLSS) is regularly implemented to define training zones, quantify training progress, or predict race performance. The gold standard methodology for MLSS determination requires two to five trials of constant-load exercise, which limits the practical application in training. The INSCYD software can calculate the PMLSS (PMLSSINSCYD) based on physiological data that can be obtained during a ∼1 h laboratory visit. However, to the best of our knowledge, the validity of the most recent software version has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to assess the validity of the software's calculations on PMLSS in cycling. Methods The data for this study were retrieved from two published scientific sources. Thirty-one cyclists (19 males, 12 females) performed a 15 s sprint to estimate the VLamax, a ramp test for the V ˙ O 2 max assessment, and two to five constant-load tests to determine the PMLSS. The INSCYD software was used to calculate the PMLSS based on the V ˙ O 2 max , VLamax, sex, body mass, and body composition. Results The PMLSSINSCYD was higher than the PMLSS in the entire sample (mean difference: 4.6 W, p < 0.05, 95% CI 0.8-8.3 W) and in men (mean difference: 6.6 W, p < 0.05, 95% CI 1.3-11.8 W), but not in women (mean difference: 0.8 W, n.s., 95% CI -3.7 to 5.3 W), which was within the typical error of the PMLSS estimations (∼3%). In 12 subjects (nine males, three females), the PMLSSINSCYD differed by 3.1-7.3% compared to the MLSS. The Pearson correlations between the measured PMLSS and the calculated PMLSS (PMLSSINSCYD) were very strong in men (r = 0.974, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.933-0.99), women (r = 0.984, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.931-0.996), and for the entire sample (r = 0.992, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.982-0.996). Discussion In conclusion, the PMLSS can be accurately calculated using the INSCYD software, but it still requires advanced testing equipment to collect valid V ˙ O 2 max and VLamax data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Van Dael
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinout Van Schuylenbergh
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- INSCYD GmbH, Salenstein, Switzerland
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Luches-Pereira G, Kalva-Filho CA, Bertucci DR, de Carvalho CD, Barbieri RA, Papoti M. Reliability of Anaerobic Contributions during a Single Exhaustive Knee-extensor Exercise. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:359-368. [PMID: 37940111 DOI: 10.1055/a-2207-2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The total anaerobic contribution (AC[La-]+PCr) is a valid and reliable methodology. However, the active muscle mass plays an important role in the AC[La-]+PCr determination, which might influence its reliability. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of two exhaustive intensities on the reliability of the AC[La-]+PCr during a one-legged knee extension (1L-KE) exercise. Thirteen physically active males were submitted to a graded exercise to determine the peak power output (PPO) in the 1L-KE. Then, two constant-load exercises were conducted to task failure at 100% (TTF100) and 110% (TTF110) of PPO, and the exercises were repeated on a third day. The blood lactate accumulation and the oxygen uptake after exercise were used to estimate the anaerobic lactic and alactic contributions, respectively. Higher values of AC[La-]+PCr were found after the TTF100 compared to TTF110 (p=0.042). In addition, no significant differences (p=0.432), low systematic error (80.9 mL), and a significant ICC (0.71; p=0.004) were found for AC[La-]+PCr in the TTF100. However, an elevated coefficient of variation was found (13.7%). In conclusion, we suggest the use of the exhaustive efforts performed at 100% of the PPO with the 1L-KE model, but its elevated individual variability must be carefully considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luches-Pereira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Danilo Rodrigues Bertucci
- Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Botella J, Shaw CS, Bishop DJ. Autophagy and Exercise: Current Insights and Future Research Directions. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:171-182. [PMID: 37582398 DOI: 10.1055/a-2153-9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process by which proteins and organelles are degraded inside the lysosome. Exercise is known to influence the regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle. However, as gold standard techniques to assess autophagy flux in vivo are restricted to animal research, important gaps remain in our understanding of how exercise influences autophagy activity in humans. Using available datasets, we show how the gene expression profile of autophagy receptors and ATG8 family members differ between human and mouse skeletal muscle, providing a potential explanation for their differing exercise-induced autophagy responses. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive view of autophagy regulation following exercise in humans by summarizing human transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic datasets that provide novel targets of potential relevance. These newly identified phosphorylation sites may provide an explanation as to why both endurance and resistance exercise lead to an exercise-induced reduction in LC3B-II, while possibly divergently regulating autophagy receptors, and, potentially, autophagy flux. We also provide recommendations to use ex vivo autophagy flux assays to better understand the influence of exercise, and other stimuli, on autophagy regulation in humans. This review provides a critical overview of the field and directs researchers towards novel research areas that will improve our understanding of autophagy regulation following exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Botella
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Quinn CP, McDougall RM, Aboodarda SJ, Murias JM, MacInnis MJ. Effects of carbohydrate availability on cycling endurance at the maximal lactate steady state. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R266-R275. [PMID: 38223937 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00178.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The impacts of carbohydrate (CHO) availability on time to task failure (TTF) and physiological responses to exercise at the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) have not been studied. Ten participants (3 females, 7 males) completed this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study that involved a ramp incremental test, MLSS determination, and four TTF trials at MLSS, all performed on a cycle ergometer. With the use of a combination of nutritional (CHO, 7 g/kg, and placebo, PLA, 0 g/kg drinks) and exercise interventions [no exercise (REST) and glycogen-reducing exercise (EX)], the four conditions were expected to differ in preexercise CHO availability (RESTCHO > RESTPLA > EXCHO > EXPLA). TTF at MLSS was not improved by CHO loading, as RESTCHO (57.1 [16.6] min) and RESTPLA (57.1 [15.6] min) were not different (P = 1.00); however, TTF was ∼50% shorter in EX conditions compared with REST conditions on average (P < 0.05), with EXCHO (39.1 [9.2] min) ∼90% longer than EXPLA (20.6 [6.9] min; P < 0.001). There were effects of condition for all perceptual and cardiometabolic variables when compared at isotime (P < 0.05) and task failure (TF; P < 0.05), except for ventilation, perceptual responses, and neuromuscular function measures, which were not different at TF (P > 0.05). Blood lactate concentration was stable in all conditions for participants who completed 30 min of exercise. These findings indicate that TTF at MLSS is not enhanced by preexercise CHO supplementation, but recent intense exercise decreases TTF at MLSS even with CHO supplementation. Extreme fluctuations in diet and strenuous exercise that reduce CHO availability should be avoided before MLSS determination.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carbohydrate (CHO) loading did not increase participants' ability to cycle at their maximal lactate steady state (MLSS); however, performing a glycogen depletion task the evening before cycling at MLSS reduced the time to task failure, even when paired with a high dose of CHO. These diet and exercise interventions influenced blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) but not the stability of [BLa]. Activities that reduce CHO availability should be avoided before MLSS determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton P Quinn
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachel M McDougall
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saied Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Sellés-Pérez S, Arévalo-Chico H, Fernández-Sáez J, Cejuela R. Training Characteristics, Performance, and Body Composition of Three U23 Elite Female Triathletes throughout a Season. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38393273 PMCID: PMC10892950 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: There is a lack of data on the long-term training characteristics and performance markers of elite young female endurance athletes. The aim of this study was to present the training load (ECOs), as well as the evolution of the anthropometric values and performance of three elite U23 female triathletes over a season. (2) Methods: General training data and performance data relating to the swimming, cycling, and running legs of the 2021 season were described. The training intensity distribution (TID) was presented using the triphasic model, while the training load was based on the ECO model. An anthropometric analysis was also conducted in accordance with the ISAK standards. (3) Results: Triathletes increased their VO2max in cycling (6.9-10%) and running (7.1-9.1%), as well as their power and speed associated with the VO2max (7.7-8.6% in cycling and 5.1-5.3% in running) and their swimming speed associated with the lactate thresholds (2.6-4.0% in LT2 and 1.2-2.5% in LT1). The triathletes completed more than 10 h of weekly average training time, with peak weeks exceeding 15 h. The average TID of the three triathletes was 82% in phase 1, 6% in phase 2, and 12% in phase 3. A decrease in the sum of skinfolds and fat mass percentage was observed during the season in the three triathletes, although the last measurement revealed a stagnation or slight rise in these parameters. (4) Conclusions: The triathletes performed a combination of two training periodization models (traditional and block periodization) with a polarized TID in most of the weeks of the season. Improvements in performance and physiological parameters were observed after the general preparatory period as well as a positive body composition evolution throughout the season, except at the end, where the last measurement revealed stagnation or a slight decline. This study can be useful as a general guide for endurance coaches to organize a training season with female U23 triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sellés-Pérez
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (H.A.-C.); (R.C.)
| | - Hector Arévalo-Chico
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (H.A.-C.); (R.C.)
| | - José Fernández-Sáez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut, Universitari per a la Recerca a l’atenció Primària de Salur Jordi Gol i Urina (IDIAPGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
- Facultat de Enfermería, Campus Terres de l’Ebre, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain; (H.A.-C.); (R.C.)
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Prieto-Bellver G, Diaz-Lara J, Bishop DJ, Fernández-Sáez J, Abián-Vicén J, San-Millan I, Santos-Concejero J. A Five-Week Periodized Carbohydrate Diet Does Not Improve Maximal Lactate Steady-State Exercise Capacity and Substrate Oxidation in Well-Trained Cyclists compared to a High-Carbohydrate Diet. Nutrients 2024; 16:318. [PMID: 38276556 PMCID: PMC10820927 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in studies involving carbohydrate (CHO) manipulation and subsequent adaptations to endurance training. This study aimed to analyze whether a periodized carbohydrate feeding strategy based on a daily training session has any advantages compared to a high-carbohydrate diet in well-trained cyclists. Seventeen trained cyclists (VO2peak = 70.8 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1) were divided into two groups, a periodized (PCHO) group and a high-carbohydrate (HCHO) group. Both groups performed the same training sessions for five weeks. In the PCHO group, 13 training sessions were performed with low carbohydrate availability. In the HCHO group, all sessions were completed following previous carbohydrate intake to ensure high pre-exercise glycogen levels. In both groups, there was an increase in the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (PCHO: 244.1 ± 29.9 W to 253.2 ± 28.4 W; p = 0.008; HCHO: 235.8 ± 21.4 W to 246.9 ± 16.7 W; p = 0.012) but not in the time to exhaustion at MLSS intensity. Both groups increased the percentage of muscle mass (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.042) and decreased the percent body fat (PCHO: p = 0.021; HCHO: p = 0.012). We found no differences in carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, heart rate, and post-exercise lactate concentration. Periodizing the CHO intake in well-trained cyclists during a 5-week intervention did not elicit superior results to an energy intake-matched high-carbohydrate diet in any of the measured outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Prieto-Bellver
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - Javier Diaz-Lara
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray VIC 3011, Australia;
| | - José Fernández-Sáez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.P.-B.); (J.A.-V.)
| | - Iñigo San-Millan
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA;
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
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Dimmick HL, van Rassel CR, MacInnis MJ, Ferber R. Use of subject-specific models to detect fatigue-related changes in running biomechanics: a random forest approach. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1283316. [PMID: 38186400 PMCID: PMC10768007 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1283316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Running biomechanics are affected by fatiguing or prolonged runs. However, no evidence to date has conclusively linked this effect to running-related injury (RRI) development or performance implications. Previous investigations using subject-specific models in running have demonstrated higher accuracy than group-based models, however, this has been infrequently applied to fatigue. In this study, two experiments were conducted to determine whether subject-specific models outperformed group-based models to classify running biomechanics during non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. In the first experiment, 16 participants performed four treadmill runs at or around the maximal lactate steady state. In the second experiment, nine participants performed five prolonged runs using commercial wearable devices. For each experiment, two segments were extracted from each trial from early and late in the run. For each participant, a random forest model was applied with a leave-one-run-out cross-validation to classify between the early (non-fatigued) and late (fatigued) segments. Additionally, group-based classifiers with a leave-one-subject-out cross validation were constructed. For experiment 1, mean classification accuracies for the single-subject and group-based classifiers were 68.2 ± 8.2% and 57.0 ± 8.9%, respectively. For experiment 2, mean classification accuracies for the single-subject and group-based classifiers were 68.9 ± 17.1% and 61.5 ± 11.7%, respectively. Variable importance rankings were consistent within participants, but these rankings differed from each participant to those of the group. Although the classification accuracies were relatively low, these findings highlight the advantage of subject-specific classifiers to detect changes in running biomechanics with fatigue and indicate the potential of using big data and wearable technology approaches in future research to determine possible connections between biomechanics and RRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Dimmick
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cody R. van Rassel
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Sellés-Pérez S, Cejuela R, Fernández-Sáez J, Arévalo-Chico H. Does Pool Performance of Elite Triathletes Predict Open-Water Performance? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:165. [PMID: 38132720 PMCID: PMC10743982 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of laboratory tests to predict competition performance has been broadly researched across several endurance sports. The aim of the present study was to analyse how pool swimming performance can predict the result of the swimming segment in triathlon competitions and compare predictability differences based on competition level and distance. Eighteen male triathletes participated in the study. Three were ranked world-class, ten elite/international level, and five highly trained/national level. A total of sixty-one graded multi-stage swimming tests were conducted. Blood lactate was measured to calculate the following hypothetical predictor variables: speed at lactate threshold 1 (LT1), speed at lactate threshold 2 (LT2), and speed in the last repetition of the test (SL200). The following data were collected for a total of 75 races: time in the swimming leg (TSL); position after the swimming leg (PSL); time difference with the first triathlete after the swimming leg (DFT); and final race position. The race levels were divided according to participant levels as follows: world series (WS) (n = 22); World Cup (WC) (n = 22); Continental Cup (CC) (n = 19); national championship (N) (n = 5); and local race (L) (n = 5). Based on distance, they were divided into Olympic distance (OD) (n = 37) and sprint distance (SD) (n = 38). A moderate to strong positive association was found between LT1, LT2, SL200 and PSL and TSl at all race levels except for the SD CC, SD WC, and OD CC races, where no or weak-to-moderate correlations were found. The present study demonstrated that performance measured in a graded multi-stage pool lactate test can predict performance in a triathlon swimming segment. This finding is highly useful for coaches as it can help them to obtain a reliable measure of the triathlete's specific capabilities in the swimming leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sellés-Pérez
- Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (S.S.-P.); (H.A.-C.)
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (S.S.-P.); (H.A.-C.)
| | - José Fernández-Sáez
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Fundació Institut, Universitari per a la Recerca a l’atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPGol), 43500 Tortosa, Spain;
- Facultat de Enfermería, Campus Terres de l’Ebre, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Héctor Arévalo-Chico
- Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (S.S.-P.); (H.A.-C.)
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Succi PJ, Dinyer-McNeely TK, Voskuil CC, Abel MG, Clasey JL, Bergstrom HC. Responses to Exercise at the Critical Heart Rate vs. the Power Output Associated With the Critical Heart Rate. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2362-2372. [PMID: 37369084 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Succi, PJ, Dinyer-McNeely, TK, Voskuil, CC, Abel, MG, Clasey, JL, and Bergstrom, HC. Responses to exercise at the critical heart rate vs. the power output associated with the critical heart rate. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2362-2372, 2023-This study examined the physiological (volume of oxygen consumption [V̇ o2 ], heart rate [HR], power output [PO], respiration rate [RR], muscle oxygen saturation [%SmO 2 ]), neuromuscular (electromyographic and mechanomyographic amplitude [EMG AMP and MMG AMP] and mean power frequency [EMG MPF and MMG MPF]), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE]) responses during exercise anchored at the critical heart rate (CHR) vs. the PO associated with CHR (PCHR). Nine subjects (mean ± SD ; age = 26 ± 3 years) performed a graded exercise test and 4 constant PO trials to exhaustion at 85-100% of peak PO (PP) to derive CHR and PCHR on a cycle ergometer. Responses were recorded during trials at CHR (173 ± 9 b·min -1 , time to exhaustion [T Lim ] = 45.5 ± 20.2 minutes) and PCHR (198 ± 58 W, T Lim = 21.0 ± 17.8 minutes) and normalized to their respective values at PP in 10% intervals. There were significant ( p ≤ 0.05) mode (CHR vs. PCHR) × time (10%-100% T Lim ) interactions for all variables ( p < 0.001-0.036) except MMG AMP ( p > 0.05). Post hoc analyses indicated differences across time for CHR V̇ o2 (%change = -22 ± 16%), PCHR V̇ o2 (19 ± 5%), CHR RR (24 ± 23%), PCHR RR (45 ± 14%), CHR PO (-33 ± 11%), PCHR HR (22 ± 5%), CHR RPE (22 ± 14%), PCHR RPE (39 ± 6%), CHR %SmO 2 (41 ± 33%), PCHR %SmO 2 (-18 ± 40%), CHR EMG AMP (-13 ± 15%), PCHR EMG AMP (13 ± 13%), CHR EMG MPF (9 ± 8%), CHR MMG MPF (7 ± 11%), and PCHR MMG MPF (-3 ± 14%). The critical heart rate was more sustainable than PCHR but required adjustments in PO which traversed intensity domains and caused dissociations of the responses previously observed in exercise anchored to PO. These dissociations indicated the demands to exercise varied with anchoring scheme and provides an important consideration for practitioners prescribing endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health & Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Caleb C Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mark G Abel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jody L Clasey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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McDougall RM, Tripp TR, Frankish BP, Doyle-Baker PK, Lun V, Wiley JP, Aboodarda SJ, MacInnis MJ. The influence of skeletal muscle mitochondria and sex on critical torque and performance fatiguability in humans. J Physiol 2023; 601:5295-5316. [PMID: 37902588 DOI: 10.1113/jp284958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical torque (CT) represents the highest oxidative steady state for intermittent knee extensor exercise, but the extent to which it is influenced by skeletal muscle mitochondria and sex is unclear. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected from 12 females and 12 males -matched for relative maximal oxygen uptake normalized to fat-free mass (FFM) (F: 57.3 (7.5) ml (kg FFM)-1 min-1 ; M: 56.8 (7.6) ml (kg FFM)-1 min-1 ; P = 0.856) - prior to CT determination and performance fatiguability trials. Males had a lower proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I isoform (40.6 (18.4)%) compared to females (59.5 (18.9)%; P = 0.021), but MHC IIa and IIx isoform distributions and protein markers of mitochondrial content were not different between sexes (P > 0.05). When normalized to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the relative CT (F: 42.9 (8.3)%; M: 37.9 (9.0)%; P = 0.172) and curvature constant, W' (F: 26.6 (11.0) N m s (N m)-1 ; M: 26.4 (6.5) N m s (N m)-1 ; P = 0.962) were not significantly different between sexes. All protein biomarkers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, as well as the proportion of MHC I isoform, positively correlated with relative CT (0.48 < r < 0.70; P < 0.05), and the proportion of MHC IIx isoform correlated positively with relative W' (r = 0.57; P = 0.007). Indices of performance fatiguability were not different between males and females for MVC- and CT-controlled trials (P > 0.05). Greater mitochondrial protein abundance was associated with attenuated declines in potentiated twitch torque for exercise at 60% MVC (P < 0.05); however, the influence of mitochondrial protein abundance on performance fatiguability was reduced when exercise was prescribed relative to CT. Whether these findings translate to whole-body exercise requires additional research. KEY POINTS: The quadriceps critical torque represents the highest intensity of intermittent knee extensor exercise for which an oxidative steady state is attainable, but its relationship with skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance is unknown. Matching males and females for maximal oxygen uptake relative to fat-free mass facilitates investigations of sex differences in exercise physiology, but studies that have compared critical torque and performance fatiguability during intermittent knee extensor exercise have not ensured equal aerobic fitness between sexes. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance was correlated with critical torque and fatigue resistance for exercise prescribed relative to maximum voluntary contraction but not for exercise performed relative to the critical torque. Differences between sexes in critical torque, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance and performance fatiguability were not statistically significant. Our results suggest that skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein abundance may contribute to fatigue resistance by influencing the critical intensity of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas R Tripp
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Victor Lun
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Preston Wiley
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Jalal Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Best R, Williams JM, Pearce J. The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders. Nutrients 2023; 15:4977. [PMID: 38068833 PMCID: PMC10708571 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Te Pūkenga, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jane M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Hartpury Gl19 3BE, UK;
| | - Jeni Pearce
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
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13
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Orsi JB, Araujo LS, Scariot PPM, Polisel EEC, Cardoso LO, Gobatto CA, Manchado-Gobatto FB. Critical Velocity, Maximal Lactate Steady State, and Muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after Exhaustive Running in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15753. [PMID: 37958736 PMCID: PMC10648804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the critical velocity (CV) protocol has been used to determine the aerobic capacity in rodents, there is a lack of studies that compare CV with maximal lactate steady state intensity (iMLSS) in mice. As a consequence, their physiological and molecular responses after exercise until exhaustion at CV intensity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare and correlate CV with iMLSS in running mice, following different mathematical models for CV estimation. We also evaluated their physiological responses and muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after running until exhaustion at CV. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (exercised-E and control-C). Group E was submitted to a CV protocol (4 days), using linear (lin1 and lin2) and hyperbolic (hyp) mathematical models to determine the distance, velocity, and time to exhaustion (tlim) of each predictive CV trial, followed by an MLSS protocol. After a running effort until exhaustion at CV intensity, the mice were immediately euthanized, while group C was euthanized at rest. No differences were observed between iMLSS (21.1 ± 1.1 m.min-1) and CV estimated by lin1 (21.0 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.415), lin2 (21.3 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.209), and hyp (20.6 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.914). According to the results, CV was significantly correlated with iMLSS. After running until exhaustion at CV (tlim = 28.4 ± 8,29 min), group E showed lower concentrations of hepatic and gluteal glycogen than group C, but no difference in the content of MCT1 (p = 0.933) and MCT4 (p = 0.123) in soleus muscle. Significant correlations were not found between MCT1 and MCT4 and tlim at CV intensity. Our results reinforce that CV is a valid and non-invasive protocol to estimate the maximal aerobic capacity in mice and that the content of MCT1 and MCT4 was not decisive in determining the tlim at CV, at least when measured immediately after the running effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Orsi
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara S Araujo
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro P M Scariot
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emanuel E C Polisel
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa O Cardoso
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia B Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria Street, 1.300, Jardim Santa Luíza, Limeira 13484-350, São Paulo, Brazil
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van Rassel CR, Ajayi OO, Sales KM, Griffiths JK, Fletcher JR, Edwards WB, MacInnis MJ. Is Running Power a Useful Metric? Quantifying Training Intensity and Aerobic Fitness Using Stryd Running Power Near the Maximal Lactate Steady State. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8729. [PMID: 37960430 PMCID: PMC10649254 DOI: 10.3390/s23218729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine the utility of Stryd, a commercially available inertial measurement unit, to quantify running intensity and aerobic fitness. Fifteen (eight male, seven female) runners (age = 30.2 [4.3] years; V·O2max = 54.5 [6.5] ml·kg-1·min-1) performed moderate- and heavy-intensity step transitions, an incremental exercise test, and constant-speed running trials to establish the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). Stryd running power stability, sensitivity, and reliability were evaluated near the MLSS. Stryd running power was also compared to running speed, V·O2, and metabolic power measures to estimate running mechanical efficiency (EFF) and to determine the efficacy of using Stryd to delineate exercise intensities, quantify aerobic fitness, and estimate running economy (RE). Stryd running power was strongly associated with V·O2 (R2 = 0.84; p < 0.001) and running speed at the MLSS (R2 = 0.91; p < 0.001). Stryd running power measures were strongly correlated with RE at the MLSS when combined with metabolic data (R2 = 0.79; p < 0.001) but not in isolation from the metabolic data (R2 = 0.08; p = 0.313). Measures of running EFF near the MLSS were not different across intensities (~21%; p > 0.05). In conclusion, although Stryd could not quantify RE in isolation, it provided a stable, sensitive, and reliable metric that can estimate aerobic fitness, delineate exercise intensities, and approximate the metabolic requirements of running near the MLSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R. van Rassel
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.)
| | | | - Kate M. Sales
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.)
| | - James K. Griffiths
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.)
| | - Jared R. Fletcher
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - W. Brent Edwards
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.)
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.)
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Pelosi AC, Scariot PPM, Garbuio ALP, Kraemer MB, Priolli DG, Masselli Dos Reis IG, Messias LHD. A systematic review of exercise protocols applied to athymic mice in tumor-related experiments. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:719-729. [PMID: 37384946 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Athymic mice are unable to produce T-cells and are then characterized as immunodeficient. This characteristic makes these animals ideal for tumor biology and xenograft research. New non-pharmacological therapeutics are required owing to the exponential increase in global oncology costs over the last 10 years and the high cancer mortality rate. In this sense, physical exercise is regarded as a relevant component of cancer treatment. However, the scientific community lacks information regarding the effect of manipulating training variables on cancer in humans, and experiments with athymic mice. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to address the exercise protocols used in tumor-related experiments using athymic mice. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched without restrictions on published data. A combination of key terms such as athymic mice, nude mice, physical activity, physical exercise, and training was used. The database search retrieved 852 studies (PubMed, 245; Web of Science, 390; and Scopus, 217). After title, abstract, and full-text screening, 10 articles were eligible. Based on the included studies, this report highlights the considerable divergences in the training variables adopted for this animal model. No studies have reported the determination of a physiological marker for intensity individualization. Future studies are recommended to explore whether invasive procedures can result in pathogenic infections in athymic mice. Moreover, time-consuming tests cannot be applied to experiments with specific characteristics such as tumor implantation. In summary, non-invasive, low-cost, and time-saving approaches can suppress these limitations and improve the welfare of these animals during experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corazzi Pelosi
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Luíza Paula Garbuio
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maurício Beitia Kraemer
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Denise Gonçalves Priolli
- Coloproctology service of the Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo and Faculty of Health Sciences Pitágoras de Codó, Codó, Brazil
| | - Ivan Gustavo Masselli Dos Reis
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco Messias
- Research Group on Technology Applied to Exercise Physiology (GTAFE), Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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16
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Kaufmann S, Gronwald T, Herold F, Hoos O. Heart Rate Variability-Derived Thresholds for Exercise Intensity Prescription in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review of Interrelations and Agreement with Different Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:59. [PMID: 37462761 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a 'lower' and a 'higher' threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), and critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) are used. Various heart rate variability-derived thresholds (HRVTs) using different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but a systematic review of the proximity of HRVTs to established threshold concepts is lacking. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to provide an overview of studies that determined HRVTs during endurance exercise in healthy adults in comparison with a reference VT and/or LT concept. METHODS A systematic literature search for studies determining HRVTs in healthy individuals during endurance exercise and comparing them with VTs or LTs was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming to describe similar physiological boundaries to delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow and/or LTlow), and heavy from severe intensity zone (HRVThigh vs. VThigh and/or LThigh) were grouped and their results synthesized. RESULTS Twenty-seven included studies (461 participants) showed a mean difference in relative HR between HRVTlow and VTlow of - 0.6%bpm in weighted means and 0.02%bpm between HRVTlow and LTlow. Bias between HR at HRVTlow and VTlow was 1 bpm (limits of agreement (LoA): - 10.9 to 12.8 bpm) and 2.7 bpm (LoA: - 20.4 to 25.8 bpm) between HRVTlow and LTlow. Mean difference in HR between HRVThigh and VThigh was 0.3%bpm in weighted means and 2.9%bpm between HRVThigh and LThigh while bias between HR at HRVThigh and VThigh was - 4 bpm (LoA: - 17.9 to 9.9 bpm) and 2.5 bpm (LoA: - 12.1 to 17.1 bpm) between HRVThigh and LThigh. CONCLUSION HRVTlow seems to be a promising approach for the determination of a 'lower' threshold comparable to VTlow and potentially for HRVThigh compared to VThigh, although the latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA for both intensity zone boundaries indicates bias of HRVTs on an individual level. Taken together, HRVTs can be a promising alternative for prescribing exercise intensity in healthy, male athletes undertaking endurance activities but due to the heterogeneity of study design, threshold concepts, standardization, and lack of female participants, further research is necessary to draw more robust and nuanced conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kaufmann
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Sports Center, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Sports Center, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Blumkaitis J, Schmuttermair A, Wahl P, Haller N. Unraveling the mystery of isocaloric endurance training - Influence of exercise modality, biological sex, and physical fitness. Metabolism 2023; 144:155582. [PMID: 37169172 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sedentary lifestyle with low energy expenditure (EE) is associated with chronic diseases and mortality. Barriers such as "lack of time" or "lack of motivation" are common reasons why physical exercise is neglected in the general population. To optimize EE in the time available, time-efficient but also enjoyable types of exercise are required. We therefore used an isocaloric approach to systematically investigate the effects of six different endurance exercise modalities on metabolic, mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and subjective variables in relation to biological sex and physical fitness. METHODS Out of 104, 92 healthy participants (21 recreationally trained and 18 trained females, 25 recreationally trained and 28 trained males) were subjected to physiological exercise testing to determine the exercise intensities for six exercise modalities, i.e., three different high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols (5 × 4 min, 15 × 1 min, 30 × 30 sec intervals), threshold (THR), speed endurance production (SEP), and low-intensity training (LIT). One of three HIIT sessions served as the reference for the subsequent isocaloric exercise modalities which were completed in randomized order. Metabolic and mechanical variables, i.e., EE during exercise, time to isocaloric EE (Tiso), relative and absolute fat contribution, post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), mechanical energy, as well as cardiorespiratory and subjective variables, i.e., heart rate, oxygen uptake response, rating of perceived exertion, and enjoyment were assessed. Data were analyzed using a 6 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS All three versions of HIIT and THR achieved the same EE during exercise for the same training duration. We found that LIT had a 1.6-fold (p < 0.001) and SEP a 1.3-fold (p < 0.001) longer Tiso compared to HIIT with no effects of biological sex (p = 0.42, pη2 = 0.01) or physical fitness (p = 0.09, pη2 = 0.04). There was a main effect of exercise modality on EPOC (p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.76) with highest values for HIIT 30 × 30 (p = 0.032) and lowest for LIT (p < 0.001). The highest relative and absolute amounts of fatty acids were measured during LIT (p < 0.001), and the lowest values were obtained during HIIT modalities. HIIT 30 × 30 was the most enjoyable version of HIIT (p = 0.007), while THR was the least enjoyable exercise modality (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION HIIT modalities are time-saving and enjoyable, regardless of sex and physical fitness. The results illustrate the relationship between exercise modality and metabolic, physiological, and subjective responses, and are thus of great interest to healthy individuals seeking time-saving and enjoyable exercise options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leonhard Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Blumkaitis
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Schmuttermair
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; The German Research Centre of Elite Sport Cologne, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Schierbauer J, Wolf A, Wachsmuth NB, Maassen N, Schmidt WFJ. Relationship between Blood Volume, Blood Lactate Quantity, and Lactate Concentrations during Exercise. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050632. [PMID: 37233674 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We wanted to determine the influence of total blood volume (BV) and blood lactate quantity on lactate concentrations during incremental exercise. Twenty-six healthy, nonsmoking, heterogeneously trained females (27.5 ± 5.9 ys) performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer during which maximum oxygen uptake (V·O2max), lactate concentrations ([La-]) and hemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were determined. Hemoglobin mass and blood volume (BV) were determined using an optimised carbon monoxide-rebreathing method. V·O2max and maximum power (Pmax) ranged between 32 and 62 mL·min-1·kg-1 and 2.3 and 5.5 W·kg-1, respectively. BV ranged between 81 and 121 mL·kg-1 of lean body mass and decreased by 280 ± 115 mL (5.7%, p = 0.001) until Pmax. At Pmax, the [La-] was significantly correlated to the systemic lactate quantity (La-, r = 0.84, p < 0.0001) but also significantly negatively correlated to the BV (r = -0.44, p < 0.05). We calculated that the exercise-induced BV shifts significantly reduced the lactate transport capacity by 10.8% (p < 0.0001). Our results demonstrate that both the total BV and La- have a major influence on the resulting [La-] during dynamic exercise. Moreover, the blood La- transport capacity might be significantly reduced by the shift in plasma volume. We conclude, that the total BV might be another relevant factor in the interpretation of [La-] during a cardio-pulmonary exercise test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alina Wolf
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nadine B Wachsmuth
- Division of Exercise Physiology & Metabolism, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Norbert Maassen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Walter F J Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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19
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VAN Rassel CR, Ajayi OO, Sales KM, Azevedo RA, Murias JM, Macinnis MJ. A "Step-Ramp-Step" Protocol to Identify Running Speed and Power Associated with the Maximal Metabolic Steady State. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:534-547. [PMID: 36251387 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A previously established Step-Ramp-Step (SRS) exercise protocol was able to accurately predict the work rate associated with the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS) in cyclists. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified SRS protocol could predict the running speed and power associated with the MMSS. METHODS Fifteen (8 male; 7 female) runners (V̇O 2max 54.5 [6.5] mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) were recruited for this investigation composed of four to five visits. In the first visit, runners performed a moderate intensity step (MOD), an incremental exercise test, and a heavy intensity step (HVY), on a motorized treadmill. This SRS protocol was used to predict the running speed and power associated with the MMSS (i.e., the SRS-MMSS), where running power was assessed by a wearable device (Stryd) attached to each runner's shoe. Subsequent visits were used to confirm the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) as a proxy measure of the MMSS (i.e., the MLSS-MMSS) and to validate the SRS-MMSS speed and power estimates. RESULTS The estimated SRS-MMSS running speed (7.2 [0.6] mph) was significantly lower than confirmed running speed at MLSS-MMSS (7.5 [0.8] mph; bias = 3.6%, P = 0.005); however, the estimated SRS-MMSS running power (241 [35] W) was not different than the MLSS-MMSS confirmed running power (240 [37] W; bias = -0.6%; P = 0.435). V̇O 2 at SRS-MMSS (3.22 [0.49] L·min -1 ) was not different than respiratory compensation point (3.26 [0.58] L·min -1 ; P = 0.430). Similarly, V̇O 2 at MLSS-MMSS (3.30 [0.54] L·min -1 ) was not different than respiratory compensation point ( P = 0.438). CONCLUSIONS The SRS protocol allows MMSS, as measured by MLSS, to be accurately determined using running power (Stryd), but not speed, in a single laboratory visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R VAN Rassel
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA
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20
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Casado A, Foster C, Bakken M, Tjelta LI. Does Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training within a High-Volume Low-Intensity Approach Represent the "Next Step" in the Evolution of Distance Running Training? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3782. [PMID: 36900796 PMCID: PMC10000870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval training (LGTIT) within a high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes the training pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners and to review the potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness. This training model consists of performing three to four LGTIT sessions and one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low intensity running is performed up to an overall volume of 150-180 km/week. During LGTIT sessions, the training pace is dictated by a blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external training load), typically ranging from 2 to 4.5 mmol·L-1, measured every one to three repetitions. That intensity may allow for a more rapid recovery through a lower central and peripheral fatigue between high-intensity sessions compared with that of greater intensities and, therefore, a greater weekly volume of these specific workouts. The interval character of LGTIT allows for the achievement of high absolute training speeds and, thus, maximizing the number of motor units recruited, despite a relatively low metabolic intensity (i.e., threshold zone). This model may increase the mitochondrial proliferation through the optimization of both calcium and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | | | - Leif Inge Tjelta
- Departament of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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21
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Wong S, Burnley M, Mauger A, Fenghua S, Hopker J. Functional threshold power is not a valid marker of the maximal metabolic steady state. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2578-2584. [PMID: 36803419 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2176045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Functional Threshold Power (FTP) has been considered a valid alternative to other performance markers that represent the upper boundary of the heavy intensity domain. However, such a claim has not been empirically examined from a physiological perspective.This study examined the blood lactate and VO2 response when exercising at and 15 W above the FTP (FTP+15W). Thirteen cyclists participated in the study. The VO2 was recorded continuously throughout FTP and FTP+15W, with blood lactate measured before the test, every 10 minutes and at task failure. Data were subsequently analysed using two-way ANOVA. The time to task failure at FTP and FTP+15W were 33.7 ± 7.6 and 22.0 ± 5.7 minutes (p < 0.001), respectively. The VO2peak was not attained when exercising at FTP+15W (VO2peak: 3.61 ± 0.81 vs FTP+15W 3.33 ± 0.68 L·min-1, p < 0.001). The VO2 stabilised during both intensities. However, the end test blood lactate corresponding to FTP and FTP+15W was significantly different (6.7 ± 2.1 mM vs 9.2 ± 2.9 mM; p < 0.05). The VO2 response corresponding to FTP and FTP+15W suggests that FTP should not be considered a threshold marker between heavy and severe intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wong
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building, Canterbury Campus, Canterbury, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building, Canterbury Campus, Canterbury, UK
| | - Alexis Mauger
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building, Canterbury Campus, Canterbury, UK
| | - Sun Fenghua
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building, Canterbury Campus, Canterbury, UK
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Quittmann OJ, Foitschik T, Vafa R, Freitag FJ, Sparmann N, Nolte S, Abel T. Is Maximal Lactate Accumulation Rate Promising for Improving 5000-m
Prediction in Running? Int J Sports Med 2022; 44:268-279. [PMID: 36529130 PMCID: PMC10072929 DOI: 10.1055/a-1958-3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEndurance running performance can be predicted by maximal oxygen uptake
(V̇O2max), the fractional utilisation of oxygen uptake
(%V̇O2max) and running economy at lactate
threshold (REOBLA). This study aims to assess maximal lactate
accumulation rate (ċLamax) in terms of improving running
performance prediction in trained athletes. Forty-four competitive female and
male runners/triathletes performed an incremental step test, a 100-m
sprint test and a ramp test to determine their metabolic profile. Stepwise
linear regression was used to predict 5000-m time trial performance. Split times
were recorded every 200-m to examine the ‘finishing kick’.
Females had a slower t5k and a lower V̇O2max,
ċLamax, ‘finishing kick’ and
REOBLA. Augmenting Joyner’s model by means of
ċLamax explained an additional 4.4% of variance
in performance. When performing the same analysis exclusively for males,
ċLamax was not included. ċLamax
significantly correlated with %V̇O2max
(r=-0.439, p=0.003) and the ‘finishing kick’
(r=0.389, p=0.010). ċLamax allows for
significant (yet minor) improvements in 5000-m performance prediction in a
mixed-sex group. This margin of improvement might differ in middle-distance
events. Due to the relationship to the ‘finishing kick’,
ċLamax might be related to individual pacing strategies,
which should be assessed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Jan Quittmann
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
| | - Tina Foitschik
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ramin Vafa
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Finn Jannis Freitag
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nordin Sparmann
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simon Nolte
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Abel
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University
Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Research Group in Disability Sport (ERGiDS)
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Dockree S, O'Sullivan J, Shine B, James T, Vatish M. How should we interpret lactate in labour? A reference study. BJOG 2022; 129:2150-2156. [PMID: 35866444 PMCID: PMC9804290 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate maternal lactate concentrations in labour and the puerperium. DESIGN Reference study. SETTING Tertiary obstetric unit. POPULATION 1279 pregnant women with good perinatal outcomes at term. METHODS Electronic patient records were searched for women who had lactate measured on the day of delivery or in the following 24 hours, but who were subsequently found to have a very low likelihood of sepsis, based on their outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The normative distribution of lactate and C-reactive protein (CRP), differences according to the mode of birth, and the proportion of results above the commonly used cut-offs (≥2 and ≥4 mmol/l). RESULTS Lactate varied between 0.4-5.4 mmol/l (median 1.8 mmol/l, interquartile range [IQR] 1.3-2.5). It was higher in women who had vaginal deliveries than caesarean sections (median 1.9 vs. 1.6 mmol/l, pdiff < 0.001), demonstrating the association with labour (particularly active pushing in the second stage). In contrast, CRP was more elevated in women who had caesarean sections (median 71.8 mg/l) than those who had vaginal deliveries (33.4 mg/l, pdiff < 0.001). In total, 40.8% had a lactate ≥2 mmol/l, but 95.3% were <4 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS Lactate in labour and the puerperium is commonly elevated above the levels expected in healthy pregnant or non-pregnant women. There is a paucity of evidence to support using lactate or CRP to make decisions about antibiotics around the time of delivery but, as lactate is rarely higher than 4 mmol/l, this upper limit may still represent a useful severity marker for the investigation and management of sepsis in labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dockree
- Women's CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Joseph O'Sullivan
- Women's CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Brian Shine
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Tim James
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Women's CentreJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK,Women's CentreNuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive HealthJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Azevedo RDEA, Forot J, Iannetta D, Aboodarda SJ, Millet GY, Murias JM. Time Course of Performance Fatigability during Exercise below, at, and above the Critical Intensity in Females and Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1665-1677. [PMID: 35551406 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the time course and amplitude of performance fatigability during cycling at intensities around the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) until task failure (TTF). METHODS Ten females and 11 males were evaluated in eight visits: 1) ramp incremental test; 2-3) 30-min constant power output (PO) cycling for MLSS determination; and 4-8) cycling to TTF at PO relative to the MLSS of (i) -15%, (ii) -10 W, (iii) at MLSS, and (iv) +10 W, and (v) +15%. Performance fatigability was characterized by femoral nerve electrical stimulation of knee extensors at baseline; minutes 5, 10, 20, and 30; and TTF. Oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, muscle oxygen saturation, and perceived exertion were evaluated. RESULTS Approximately 75% of the total performance fatigability occurred within 5 min of exercise, independently of exercise intensity, followed by a further change at minute 30. Contractile function declined more in males than females (all P < 0.05). At task failure, exercise duration declined from MLSS -15% to MLSS +15% (all P < 0.05), accompanied by a greater rate of decline after MLSS +15% and MLSS +10 compared with MLSS, MLSS -10 , and MLSS -15% for voluntary activation (-0.005 and -0.003 vs -0.002, -0.001 and -0.001%·min -1 , respectively) and contractile function (potentiated single twitch force, -0.013 and -0.009 vs -0.006, -0.004 and -0.004%·min -1 , respectively). CONCLUSIONS Whereas the time course of performance fatigability responses was similar regardless of exercise intensity and sex, the total amplitude and rate of change were affected by the distinct metabolic disturbances around the MLSS, leading to different performance fatigability etiologies at task failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, CANADA
| | | | | | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, CANADA
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25
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mHealth system (ATOPE+) to support exercise prescription in breast cancer survivors: a reliability and validity, cross-sectional observational study (ATOPE study). Sci Rep 2022; 12:15217. [PMID: 36076044 PMCID: PMC9458651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to be beneficial for breast cancer survivors (BCS). However, avoiding nonfunctional overreaching is crucial in this population, as they are in physiological dysregulation. These factors could decrease their exercise capacity or facilitate nonfunctional overreaching, which can increase their risk of additional morbidities and even all-cause mortality. The focus of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the ATOPE+ mHealth system to estimate autonomic balance and specific wellness parameters associated with BCS’ perceived load, thereby informing nonlinear prescriptions in individualized physical exercise programs for BCS.Twenty-two BCS were included in the reliability and validity analysis. Measures were taken for four days, including morning autonomic balance by heart rate variability, self-reported perception of recovery from exercise, sleep satisfaction, emotional distress and fatigue after exertion. Measures were taken utilizing the ATOPE+ mHealth system application. The results of these measures were compared with criterion instruments to assess validity.The reliability results indicated that the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed an excellent correlation for recovery (0.93; 95% CI 0.85–0.96) and distress (0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.97) as well as good correlation for the natural logarithm of the mean square root differences of the standard deviation (LnRMSSD) (0.87; 95% CI 0.74–0.94). Sleep satisfaction also showed an excellent correlation with a weighted kappa of 0.83. The validity results showed no significant differences, except for fatigue. ATOPE+ is reliable and valid for remotely assessing autonomic balance, perception of recovery, sleep satisfaction and emotional distress in BCS; however, it is not for fatigue. This highlights that ATOPE+ could be an easy and efficient system used to assess readiness in BCS, and could help to improve their health by supporting the prescription of optimal and safe physical exercise. Trial registration NCT03787966 ClinicalTrials.gov, December 2019 [ATOPE project]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03787966.
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26
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Predicting maximal lactate steady state from lactate thresholds determined using methods based on an incremental exercise test in beagle dogs: A study using univariate and multivariate approaches. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:289-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Is the maximal lactate steady state concept really relevant to predict endurance performance? Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2259-2269. [PMID: 35849182 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no convincing evidence for the idea that a high power output at the maximal lactate steady state (PO_MLSS) and a high fraction of [Formula: see text]O2max at MLSS (%[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS) are decisive for endurance performance. We tested the hypotheses that (1) %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS is positively correlated with the ability to sustain a high fraction of [Formula: see text]O2max for a given competition duration (%[Formula: see text]O2_TT); (2) %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS improves the prediction of the average power output of a time trial (PO_TT) in addition to [Formula: see text]O2max and gross efficiency (GE); (3) PO_MLSS improves the prediction of PO_TT in addition to [Formula: see text]O2max and GE. METHODS Twenty-one recreationally active participants performed stepwise incremental tests on the first and final testing day to measure GE and check for potential test-related training effects in terms of changes in the minimal lactate equivalent power output (∆PO_LEmin), 30-min constant load tests to determine MLSS, a ramp test and verification bout for [Formula: see text]O2max, and 20-min time trials for %[Formula: see text]O2_TT and PO_TT. Hypothesis 1 was tested via bivariate and partial correlations between %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS and %[Formula: see text]O2_TT. Multiple regression models with [Formula: see text]O2max, GE, ∆PO_LEmin, and %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS (Hypothesis 2) or PO_MLSS instead of %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS (Hypothesis 3), respectively, as predictors, and PO_TT as the dependent variable were used to test the hypotheses. RESULTS %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS was not correlated with %[Formula: see text]O2_TT (r = 0.17, p = 0.583). Neither %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS (p = 0.424) nor PO_MLSS (p = 0.208) did improve the prediction of PO_TT in addition to [Formula: see text]O2max and GE. CONCLUSION These results challenge the assumption that PO_MLSS or %[Formula: see text]O2_MLSS are independent predictors of supra-MLSS PO_TT and %[Formula: see text]O2_TT.
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Manchado-Gobatto FB, Torres RS, Marostegan AB, Rasteiro FM, Hartz CS, Moreno MA, Pinto AS, Gobatto CA. Complex Network Model Reveals the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Pre-Activation on Interactions among Physiological Responses and Muscle Oxygenation during Running and Passive Recovery. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070963. [PMID: 36101345 PMCID: PMC9311794 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Different warm-ups can be used to improve physical and sports performance. Among these strategies, we can include the pre-activation of the inspiratory muscles. Our study aimed to investigate this pre-activation model in high-intensity running performance and recovery using an integrative computational analysis called a complex network. The participants in this study underwent four sessions. The first and second sessions were performed to explain the procedures, characterize them and determine the individualized pre-activation intensity (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure). Subsequently, on different days, the subjects were submitted to high-intensity tethered runs on a non-motorized treadmill with monitoring of the physiological responses during and after this effort. To understand the impacts of the pre-activation of inspiratory muscles on the organism, we studied the centrality metrics obtained by complex networks, which help in the interpretation of data in a more integrated way. Our results revealed that the graphs generated by this analysis were altered when inspiratory muscle pre-activation was applied, emphasizing muscle oxygenation responses in the leg and arm. Blood lactate also played an important role, especially after our inspiratory muscle strategy. Our findings confirm that the pre-activation of inspiratory muscles promotes modulations in the organism, better integrating physiological responses, which could increase performance and improve recovery. Abstract Although several studies have focused on the adaptations provided by inspiratory muscle (IM) training on physical demands, the warm-up or pre-activation (PA) of these muscles alone appears to generate positive effects on physiological responses and performance. This study aimed to understand the effects of inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMPA) on high-intensity running and passive recovery, as applied to active subjects. In an original and innovative investigation of the impacts of IMPA on high-intensity running, we proposed the identification of the interactions among physical characteristics, physiological responses and muscle oxygenation in more and less active muscle to a running exercise using a complex network model. For this, fifteen male subjects were submitted to all-out 30 s tethered running efforts preceded or not preceded by IMPA, composed of 2 × 15 repetitions (1 min interval between them) at 40% of the maximum individual inspiratory pressure using a respiratory exercise device. During running and recovery, we monitored the physiological responses (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and muscle oxygenation (in vastus lateralis and biceps brachii) by wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Thus, we investigated four scenarios: two in the tethered running exercise (with or without IMPA) and two built into the recovery process (after the all-out 30 s), under the same conditions. Undirected weighted graphs were constructed, and four centrality metrics were analyzed (Degree, Betweenness, Eigenvector, and Pagerank). The IMPA (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure) was effective in increasing the peak and mean relative running power, and the analysis of the complex networks advanced the interpretation of the effects of physiological adjustments related to the IMPA on exercise and recovery. Centrality metrics highlighted the nodes related to muscle oxygenation responses (in more and less active muscles) as significant to all scenarios, and systemic physiological responses mediated this impact, especially after IMPA application. Our results suggest that this respiratory strategy enhances exercise, recovery and the multidimensional approach to understanding the effects of physiological adjustments on these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Silva Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 Ålesund, Norway;
| | - Anita Brum Marostegan
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Felipe Marroni Rasteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Charlini Simoni Hartz
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13400-000, Brazil; (C.S.H.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Marlene Aparecida Moreno
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13400-000, Brazil; (C.S.H.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Allan Silva Pinto
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil;
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
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Dimmick HL, van Rassel CR, MacInnis MJ, Ferber R. Between-Day Reliability of Commonly Used IMU Features during a Fatiguing Run and the Effect of Speed. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114129. [PMID: 35684750 PMCID: PMC9185649 DOI: 10.3390/s22114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if fatigue-related changes in biomechanics derived from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed at the center of mass (CoM) are reliable day-to-day. Sixteen runners performed two runs at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) on a treadmill, one run 5% above MLSS speed, and one run 5% below MLSS speed while wearing a CoM-mounted IMU. Trials were performed to volitional exhaustion or a specified termination time. IMU features were derived from each axis and the resultant. Feature means were calculated for each subject during non-fatigued and fatigued states. Comparisons were performed between the two trials at MLSS and between all four trials. The only significant fatigue state × trial interaction was the 25th percentile of the results when comparing all trials. There were no main effects for trial for either comparison method. There were main effects for fatigue state for most features in both comparison methods. Reliability, measured by an intraclass coefficient (ICC), was good-to-excellent for most features. These results suggest that fatigue-related changes in biomechanics derived from a CoM-mounted IMU are reliable day-to-day when participants ran at or around MLSS and are not significantly affected by slight deviations in speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Dimmick
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-2874
| | - Cody R. van Rassel
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Whitehead A, Montgomery C, Swettenham L, Robinson NJ. The Effect of Think Aloud on Performance and Brain Oxygenation During Cycling – An Exploratory Study. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1115-1136. [PMID: 35603877 PMCID: PMC9301168 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221104769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Think Aloud (TA) on performance in
trained and untrained participants, using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy, during
incrementally paced cycling. A mixed design was implemented with cycling expertise (10
untrained vs. 9 trained) as the between groups variable and trial stage (5 stages of
increasing effort), and condition (silent vs. TA) as within groups independent variables
(IVs). Dependent measures were changes in cortical oxygenation (O2Hb) in 12
areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and physiological indicators of percentage heart rate
maximum (%HRmax), average power output (APO), peak power output (PPO), rate of perceived
exertion (RPE) and blood lactate ([La]b) over time. Trained cyclists had higher APO and
significantly higher PPO from stages 2–5, in addition to a greater increase in PPO over
the duration of the test (range 168W–480 W vs. 133W–313 W). There were significant main
effects of stage on %HRmax, Bla and RPE (p < .001), with effect sizes
(ήp2) ranging from .31 to .97. On average, HRmax%, [La]b and RPE were
significantly lower after stage 2 onwards within the TA trial than the silent trial, even
though similar power outputs were obtained. Thus, the TA trial elicited a better pacing
strategy. There was no main effect of group on changes in O2Hb, though
O2Hb did change as a function of stage in four areas of the PFC, and as a
function of condition in one area. In this first study to assess the effects of TA on
performance during self-paced cycling, TA did not disrupt performance outcomes at low
through to high levels of physical exertion for either untrained or trained
participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Whitehead
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Laura Swettenham
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicola J. Robinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Caen K, Bourgois JG, Stassijns E, Boone J. A longitudinal study on the interchangeable use of whole-body and local exercise thresholds in cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1657-1670. [PMID: 35435465 PMCID: PMC9014408 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study longitudinally examined the interchangeable use of critical power (CP), the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP) (i.e., whole-body thresholds), and breakpoints in muscle deoxygenation (m[HHb]BP) and muscle activity (iEMGBP) (i.e., local thresholds). Methods Twenty-one participants were tested on two timepoints (T1 and T2) with a 4-week period (study 1: 10 women, age = 27 ± 3 years, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak = 43.2 ± 7.3 mL min−1kg−1) or a 12-week period (study 2: 11 men, age = 25 ± 4 years, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak = 47.7 ± 5.9 mL min−1 kg−1) in between. The test battery included one ramp incremental test (to determine RCP, m[HHb]BP and iEMGBP) and a series of (sub)maximal constant load tests (to determine CP and MLSS). All thresholds were expressed as oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2) and equivalent power output (PO) for comparison. Results None of the thresholds were significantly different in study 1 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2: P = 0.143, PO: P = 0.281), but differences between whole-body and local thresholds were observed in study 2 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2: P < 0.001, PO: P = 0.024). Whole-body thresholds showed better 4-week test–retest reliability (TEM = 88–125 mL min−1 or 6–10 W, ICC = 0.94–0.98) compared to local thresholds (TEM = 189–195 mL min−1 or 15–18 W, ICC = 0.58–0.89). All five thresholds were strongly associated at T1 and T2 (r = 0.75–0.99), but their changes from T1 to T2 were mostly uncorrelated (r = − 0.41–0.83). Conclusion Whole-body thresholds (CP/MLSS/RCP) showed a close and consistent coherence taking into account a 3–6%-bandwidth of typical variation. In contrast, local thresholds (m[HHb]BP/iEMGBP) were characterized by higher variability and did not consistently coincide with the whole-body thresholds. In addition, we found that most thresholds evolved independently of each other over time. Together, these results do not justify the interchangeable use of whole-body and local exercise thresholds in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Caen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Center of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan G Bourgois
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Center of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Stassijns
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Center of Sports Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Exercise and Training Regulation of Autophagy Markers in Human and Rat Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052619. [PMID: 35269762 PMCID: PMC8910616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a key intracellular mechanism by which cells degrade old or dysfunctional proteins and organelles. In skeletal muscle, evidence suggests that exercise increases autophagosome content and autophagy flux. However, the exercise-induced response seems to differ between rodents and humans, and little is known about how different exercise prescription parameters may affect these results. The present study utilised skeletal muscle samples obtained from four different experimental studies using rats and humans. Here, we show that, following exercise, in the soleus muscle of Wistar rats, there is an increase in LC3B-I protein levels immediately after exercise (+109%), and a subsequent increase in LC3B-II protein levels 3 h into the recovery (+97%), despite no change in Map1lc3b mRNA levels. Conversely, in human skeletal muscle, there is an immediate exercise-induced decrease in LC3B-II protein levels (−24%), independent of whether exercise is performed below or above the maximal lactate steady state, which returns to baseline 3.5 h following recovery, while no change in LC3B-I protein levels or MAP1LC3B mRNA levels is observed. SQSTM1/p62 protein and mRNA levels did not change in either rats or humans following exercise. By employing an ex vivo autophagy flux assay previously used in rodents we demonstrate that the exercise-induced decrease in LC3B-II protein levels in humans does not reflect a decreased autophagy flux. Instead, effect size analyses suggest a modest-to-large increase in autophagy flux following exercise that lasts up to 24 h. Our findings suggest that exercise-induced changes in autophagosome content markers differ between rodents and humans, and that exercise-induced decreases in LC3B-II protein levels do not reflect autophagy flux level.
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VO2 kinetics and bioenergetic responses to sets performed at 90%, 92.5%, and 95% of 400-m front crawl speed in male swimmers. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Azevedo RDA, Forot J, Millet GY, Murias JM. Comparing muscle VO 2 from near-infrared spectroscopy desaturation rate to pulmonary VO 2 during cycling below, at and above the maximal lactate steady state. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:641-652. [PMID: 35112926 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00754.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle oxygen uptake (V̇O2m) evaluated from changes in the near-infrared spectroscopy oxygen desaturation slope during a 5-s arterial blood flow occlusion has been proposed as an estimation of the actual V̇O2m. However, its correspondence with pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2p) during exercise remains unknown. PURPOSE to investigate the V̇O2m and V̇O2p relationship in females and males in response to prolonged constant-load cycling exercise at different intensities. METHODS Eighteen participants (8 females) visited the laboratory on six occasions: 1) ramp incremental test; 2-3) 30-min constant power output (constant-PO) exercise bout to determine the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS); 4-6) constant-PO exercise bouts to task failure at (i) 15% below MLSS (MLSS-15%); (ii) MLSS; (iii) 15% above MLSS (MLSS+15%). V̇O2m was estimated at baseline, at min 5, 10, 20, 30, and at task failure. V̇O2p was continuously recorded during the constant-PO bouts. RESULTS V̇O2pand V̇O2m significantly increased from min 5 to min 30 in MLSS condition (all p < 0.05) and from min 5 to min 10 in MLSS+15% condition (all p < 0.05). V̇O2pand V̇O2m were correlated (r2 adj range of 0.70-0.98, all p < 0.001) amongst exercise intensities in both females and males. Additionally, both variables were also correlated when expressed as percent (r2 adj range of 0.52-0.77, all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION V̇O2p and V̇O2m responses were similar when exercising below, at, and above the MLSS independently of sex. Most importantly, V̇O2p andV̇O2m were correlated regardless the exercise intensity and sex of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Forot
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Almeida Azevedo R, Keir DA, Forot J, Iannetta D, Millet GY, Murias JM. The effects of exercise intensity and duration on the relationship between the slow component of V̇O 2 and peripheral fatigue. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13776. [PMID: 34985184 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM If the development of the oxygen uptake slow component (V̇O2SC ) and muscle fatigue are related, these variables should remain coupled in a time- and intensity-dependent manner. METHODS 16 participants (7 females) visited the laboratory on 7 separate occasions: (1) three 6-minutes moderate-intensity cycling exercise bouts proceeded by a ramp incremental test; (2-3) 30-minutes constant power output (PO) exercise bout to determine the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS); (4-7) constant-PO exercise bouts to task failure (TTF), pseudorandomized order, at (i) 15% below the PO at MLSS; (ii) 10 W below MLSS; (iii) MLSS; (iv) 10 W above MLSS (first intensity and randomized order thereafter). Neuromuscular fatigue was characterized by isometric maximal voluntary contractions and femoral nerve electrical stimulation of knee extensors to measure peripheral fatigue at baseline, at min 5, 10, 20, 30 and TTF. Pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ) was continuously recorded during the constant-PO bouts and V̇O2SC was characterized based on each individual V̇O2 kinetics during moderate transitions. RESULTS The development of V̇O2SC and peripheral fatigue were correlated across time (r2 adj range of 0.64-0.80) and amongst each exercise intensity (r2 adj range of 0.26-0.30) (all P < .001). Also, TTF was correlated with V̇O2SC and neuromuscular fatigue parameters (r2 adj range of 0.52-0.82, all P < .001). CONCLUSION The V̇O2SC and peripheral fatigue development are correlated throughout the exercise in a time- and intensity-dependent manner, suggesting that the V̇O2SC may depend on muscle fatigue even if the mechanisms of reduced contractile function are different amongst intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A. Keir
- School of Kinesiology The University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Medicine Toronto General Hospital Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jonas Forot
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- The Sport Performance Reserch Group National Ski‐Nordic Center Premanon France
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Inter‐University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology UJM‐Saint‐Etienne Univ Lyon Saint‐Etienne France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) Paris France
| | - Juan M. Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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Effect of acute swimming exercise at different intensities but equal total load over metabolic and molecular responses in swimming rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:35-44. [PMID: 35084659 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute metabolic and molecular response to exercise may vary according to exercise's intensity and duration. However, there is a lack regarding specific tissue alterations after acute exercise with aerobic or anaerobic predominance. The present study investigated the effects of acute exercise performed at different intensities, but with equal total load on molecular and physiological responses in swimming rats. Sixty male rats were divided into a control group and five groups performing an acute bout of swimming exercise at different intensities (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of anaerobic threshold [AnT]). The exercise duration of each group was balanced so all groups performed at the same total load. Gene expression (HIF-1α, PGC-1α, MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA), blood biomarkers and tissue glycogen depletion were analyzed after the exercise session. ANOVA One-Way was used to indicate statistical mean differences considering 5% significance level. Blood lactate concentration was the only biomarker sensitive to acute exercise, with a significant increase in rats exercised above AnT intensities (p < 0.000). Glycogen stores of gluteus muscle were significantly reduced in all exercised animals in comparison to control group (p = 0.02). Hepatic tissue presented significant reduction in glycogen in animals exercised above AnT (p = 0.000, as well as reduced HIF-1α mRNA and increased MCT1 mRNA, especially at the highest intensity (p = 0.002). Physiological parameters did not alter amongst groups for most tissues. Our results indicate the hepatic tissue alterations (glycogen stores and gene expressions) in response to different exercise intensities of exercise, even with the total load matched.
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Salas-Montoro JA, Mateo March M, Sánchez-Muñoz C, Zabala M. Determination of second lactate threshold using near-infrared spectroscopy in elite cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:721-728. [PMID: 35021246 DOI: 10.1055/a-1738-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of near-infrared spectroscopy could be an interesting alternative to other invasive or expensive methods to estimate the second lactate threshold. Our objective was to compare the intensities of the muscle oxygen saturation breakpoint obtained with the Humon Hex and the second lactate threshold in elite cyclists. Ninety cyclists performed a maximal graded exercise test. Blood capillary lactate was obtained at the end of steps and muscle oxygenation was continuously monitored. There were no differences (p>0.05) between muscle oxygen oxygenation breakpoint and second lactate threshold neither in power nor in heart rate, nor when these values were relativized as a percentage of maximal aerobic power or maximum heart rate. There were also no differences when men and women were studied separately. Both methods showed a highly correlation in power (r=0.914), percentage of maximal aerobic power (r=0.752), heart rate (r=0.955), and percentage of maximum heart rate (r=0.903). Bland-Altman resulted in a mean difference of 0.05±0.27 W·kg-1, 0.91±4.93%, 0.63±3.25 bpm, and 0.32±1.69% for power, percentage of maximal aerobic power, heart rate and percentage of maximum heart rate respectively. These findings suggest that Humon may be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to estimate the second lactate threshold intensity in elite cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio Salas-Montoro
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Mateo March
- Health Psichology, Sport Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain.,BMX, Spanish Cycling Federation, Alicante, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (University of Granada), Granada, Spain
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (University of Granada), Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Granada, Spain
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Salleh SZ, Hamid AA, Jaafar AH, Abdul Majid ND, Saari N, Halim HH, Ismail A, Abdul Razis AF, Ramli NS, Pak Dek MS. Ergogenic property of Morinda citrifolia L. leaf extract affects energy metabolism in obese Sprague Dawley rats. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14027. [PMID: 34914111 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ergogenic property is the ability to enhance capacity for physical activities through efficient production of energy and is potentially beneficial in weight management for the obese. In this study, ergogenic property of Morinda citrifolia leaf's extract (MCL) was evaluated using AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and high fat diet-induced obese rats. Findings from the study showed that MCL demonstrated ergogenic activity via enhancement of AMPK activity using L6 skeletal muscle cell line. Interestingly, the result also revealed that rats treated with the intermediate dosage of MCL experienced the lowest % weight gain. The rats fed the highest dose of 200 mg/kg BW MCL demonstrated the longest swimming time of approximately three times that of green tea and caffeine-fed rats. The highest dose fed rats were also found to have lower glucose and lactate levels, suggesting that energy metabolism was more effective in these rats. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase activities, the muscle injury indicators, were found to be the lowest in rats fed the highest MCL dose. The same effect was not seen in rats fed either caffeine or green tea, indicating that MCL treatment is may be protective of the rats' muscles. It was also shown that MCL consisted of various flavonoids with epicatechin, catechin, and quercetin that may be responsible for the effects measured. In conclusion, improvements were seen in rats fed MCL in terms of weight management, endurance capacity, energy metabolism, and muscle injury parameters. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Results of the study revealed that Morinda citrifolia leaf has great potential to be used as functional ingredient in the development of designer food/drink as ergogenic aid for both obese and non-obese individuals. Morinda citrifolia leaf could help in the weight management of obese people and enhance endurance capacity and energy metabolism in active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Zikri Salleh
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Haniff Jaafar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Diana Abdul Majid
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hani Hafeeza Halim
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdul Razis
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Shazini Ramli
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sabri Pak Dek
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Iannetta D, Ingram CP, Keir DA, Murias JM. Methodological Reconciliation of CP and MLSS and Their Agreement with the Maximal Metabolic Steady State. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 54:622-632. [PMID: 34816811 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The critical power (CP) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) are operational surrogates of the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS). However, their concordance and their agreement with MMSS remains variable likely due to methodological factors. PURPOSE To compare the concordance between CP and MLSS estimated by various models and criteria and their agreement with MMSS. METHODS After a ramp-test, ten recreationally active males performed four-to-five severe-intensity constant-power output (PO) trials to estimate CP, and three-to-four constant-PO trials to determine MLSS and identify MMSS. CP was computed using the 3-parameter hyperbolic (CP3-hyp), 2-parameter hyperbolic (CP2-hyp), linear (CPlin), and inverse of time (CP1/Tlim) models. In addition, the model with lowest combined parameter error identified the "best-fit" CP (CPbest-fit). MLSS was determined as an increase in blood lactate concentration ≤ 1 mM during constant-PO cycling from the 5th (MLSS10-30), 10th (MLSS10-30), 15th (MLSS15-30), 20th (MLSS20-30), or 25th (MLSS25-30) to 30th minute. MMSS was identified as the greatest PO associated with the highest submaximal steady state V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (MV[Combining Dot Above]O2ss). RESULTS Concordance between the various CP and MLSS estimates was greatest when MLSS was identified as MLSS15-30, MLSS20-30, and MLSS25-30. The PO at MV[Combining Dot Above]O2ss was 243 ± 43 W. Of the various CP models and MLSS criteria, CP2-hyp (244 ± 46 W) and CPlin (248 ± 46 W) and MLSS15-30 and MLSS20-30 (both 245 ± 46 W), respectively displayed, on average, the greatest agreement with MV[Combining Dot Above]O2ss. Nevertheless, all CP models and MLSS criteria demonstrated some degree of inaccuracies with respect to MV[Combining Dot Above]O2ss. CONCLUSIONS Differences between CP and MLSS can be reconciled with optimal methods of determination. When estimating MMSS, from CP the error margin of the model-estimate should be considered. For MLSS, MLSS15-30 and MLSS20-30 demonstrated the highest degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, CANADA
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Moore K. A Coaching Perspective on Modern Training Metrics and Return from Injury and Illness. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2021; 33:173-186. [PMID: 34798998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Guiding cyclists in their return from illness and injury can be managed in many ways. Understanding how cyclists use power-derived training metrics can give care providers a common language to aid in this return. A general understanding of these metrics may be used to monitor cyclists for signs of nonfunctional overreaching or overtraining. Understanding aspects of training and detraining, particularly hematological, is helpful in communicating fitness expectations. Three populations of cyclists are discussed in terms of their expected knowledge of these metrics, typical training volume and intensity, and relationship with a coach or coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolie Moore
- 132 S Main Street, White River Junction, VT 05001, USA.
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Pomili T, Donati P, Pompa PP. Paper-Based Multiplexed Colorimetric Device for the Simultaneous Detection of Salivary Biomarkers. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110443. [PMID: 34821659 PMCID: PMC8615519 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a monolithic and fully integrated paper-based device for the simultaneous detection of three prognostic biomarkers in saliva. The pattern of the proposed multiplexed device is designed with a central sample deposition zone and three identical arms, each containing a pre-treatment and test zone. Its one-step fabrication is realized by CO2 laser cutting, providing remarkable parallelization and rapidity (ca. 5 s/device). The colorimetric detection is based on the sensitive and selective target-induced reshaping of plasmonic multibranched gold nanoparticles, which exhibit a clear spectral shift (and blue-to-pink color change) in case of non-physiological concentrations of the three salivary biomarkers. A rapid and multiplexed naked-eye or smartphone-based readout of the colorimetric response is achieved within 10 min. A prototype kit for POCT testing is also reported, providing robustness and easy handling of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Pomili
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (T.P.); (P.D.)
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Donati
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (T.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (T.P.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Leo P, Spragg J, Podlogar T, Lawley JS, Mujika I. Power profiling and the power-duration relationship in cycling: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:301-316. [PMID: 34708276 PMCID: PMC8783871 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emerging trends in technological innovations, data analysis and practical applications have facilitated the measurement of cycling power output in the field, leading to improvements in training prescription, performance testing and race analysis. This review aimed to critically reflect on power profiling strategies in association with the power-duration relationship in cycling, to provide an updated view for applied researchers and practitioners. The authors elaborate on measuring power output followed by an outline of the methodological approaches to power profiling. Moreover, the deriving a power-duration relationship section presents existing concepts of power-duration models alongside exercise intensity domains. Combining laboratory and field testing discusses how traditional laboratory and field testing can be combined to inform and individualize the power profiling approach. Deriving the parameters of power-duration modelling suggests how these measures can be obtained from laboratory and field testing, including criteria for ensuring a high ecological validity (e.g. rider specialization, race demands). It is recommended that field testing should always be conducted in accordance with pre-established guidelines from the existing literature (e.g. set number of prediction trials, inter-trial recovery, road gradient and data analysis). It is also recommended to avoid single effort prediction trials, such as functional threshold power. Power-duration parameter estimates can be derived from the 2 parameter linear or non-linear critical power model: P(t) = W′/t + CP (W′—work capacity above CP; t—time). Structured field testing should be included to obtain an accurate fingerprint of a cyclist’s power profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - James Spragg
- Health Physical Activity Lifestyle Sport Research Centre (HPALS), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim Podlogar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sport Science, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Keir DA, Iannetta D, Mattioni Maturana F, Kowalchuk JM, Murias JM. Identification of Non-Invasive Exercise Thresholds: Methods, Strategies, and an Online App. Sports Med 2021; 52:237-255. [PMID: 34694596 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During incremental exercise, two thresholds may be identified from standard gas exchange and ventilatory measurements. The first signifies the onset of blood lactate accumulation (the lactate threshold, LT) and the second the onset of metabolic acidosis (the respiratory compensation point, RCP). The ability to explain why these thresholds occur and how they are identified, non-invasively, from pulmonary gas exchange and ventilatory variables is fundamental to the field of exercise physiology and requisite to the understanding of core concepts including exercise intensity, assessment, prescription, and performance. This review is intended as a unique and comprehensive theoretical and practical resource for instructors, clinicians, researchers, lab technicians, and students at both undergraduate and graduate levels to facilitate the teaching, comprehension, and proper non-invasive identification of exercise thresholds. Specific objectives are to: (1) explain the underlying physiology that produces the LT and RCP; (2) introduce the classic non-invasive measurements by which these thresholds are identified by connecting variable profiles to underlying physiological behaviour; (3) discuss common issues that can obscure threshold detection and strategies to identify and mitigate these challenges; and (4) introduce an online resource to facilitate learning and standard practices. Specific examples of exercise gas exchange and ventilatory data are provided throughout to illustrate these concepts and a novel online application tool designed specifically to identify the estimated LT (θLT) and RCP is introduced. This application is a unique platform for learners to practice skills on real exercise data and for anyone to analyze incremental exercise data for the purpose of identifying θLT and RCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Keir
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, AHB 3G18, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada. .,Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - John M Kowalchuk
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, AHB 3G18, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Jeffries O, Simmons R, Patterson SD, Waldron M. Functional Threshold Power Is Not Equivalent to Lactate Parameters in Trained Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2790-2794. [PMID: 31269000 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Jeffries, O, Simmons, R, Patterson, SD, and Waldron, M. Functional threshold power is not equivalent to lactate parameters in trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2790-2794, 2021-Functional threshold power (FTP) is derived from a maximal self-paced 20-minute cycling time trial whereby the average power output is scaled by 95%. However, the physiological basis of the FTP concept is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship of FTP with a range of laboratory-based blood lactate parameters derived from a submaximal threshold test. Twenty competitive male cyclists completed a maximal 20-minute time trial and an incremental exercise test to establish a range of blood lactate parameters. Functional threshold power (266 ± 42 W) was strongly correlated (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) with the power output associated with a fixed blood lactate concentration 4.0 mmol·L-1 (LT4.0) (268 ± 30 W) and not significantly different (p > 0.05). While mean bias was 2.9 ± 24.6 W, there were large limits of agreement (LOA) between FTP and LT4.0 (-45 to 51 W). All other lactate parameters, lactate threshold (LT) (236 ± 32 W), individual anaerobic threshold (244 ± 33 W), and LT thresholds determined using the Dmax method (221 ± 25 W) and modified Dmax method (238 ± 32 W) were significantly different from FTP (p < 0.05). While FTP strongly correlated with LT4.0, the large LOA refutes any equivalence as a measure with physiological basis. Therefore, we would encourage athletes and coaches to use alternative field-based methods to predict cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Jeffries
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Simmons
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Mark Waldron
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, London, United Kingdom ; and
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, Australia
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45
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Power Guerra N, Parveen A, Bühler D, Brauer DL, Müller L, Pilz K, Witt M, Glass Ä, Bajorat R, Janowitz D, Wolkenhauer O, Vollmar B, Kuhla A. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 as a Potential Biomarker for Improved Locomotion and Olfaction Detection Ability after Weight Reduction in Obese Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092916. [PMID: 34578793 PMCID: PMC8470262 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most challenging diseases of the 21st century and is accompanied by behavioural disorders. Exercise, dietary adjustments, or time-restricted feeding are the only successful long-term treatments to date. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a key role in dietary regulation, but FGF21 resistance is prevalent in obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate in obese mice whether weight reduction leads to improved behaviour and whether these behavioural changes are associated with decreased plasma FGF21 levels. After establishing a model for diet-induced obesity, mice were subjected to three different interventions for weight reduction, namely dietary change, treadmill exercise, or time-restricted feeding. In this study, we demonstrated that only the combination of dietary change and treadmill exercise affected all parameters leading to a reduction in weight, fat, and FGF21, as well as less anxious behaviour, higher overall activity, and improved olfactory detection abilities. To investigate the interrelationship between FGF21 and behavioural parameters, feature selection algorithms were applied designating FGF21 and body weight as one of five highly weighted features. In conclusion, we concluded from the complementary methods that FGF21 can be considered as a potential biomarker for improved behaviour in obese mice after weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Power Guerra
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.P.G.); (A.P.); (D.B.); (L.M.); (B.V.)
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Centre, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Alisha Parveen
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.P.G.); (A.P.); (D.B.); (L.M.); (B.V.)
| | - Daniel Bühler
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.P.G.); (A.P.); (D.B.); (L.M.); (B.V.)
| | - David Leon Brauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Ulmenstraße 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.L.B.); (O.W.)
| | - Luisa Müller
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.P.G.); (A.P.); (D.B.); (L.M.); (B.V.)
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Rostock University Medical Centre, Gehlsheimerstraße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Centre, Gehlsheimerstraße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kristin Pilz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Centre, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Änne Glass
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Straße 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Rika Bajorat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.P.); (D.J.)
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Ulmenstraße 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (D.L.B.); (O.W.)
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.P.G.); (A.P.); (D.B.); (L.M.); (B.V.)
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Centre, Gehlsheimerstraße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Centre, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.P.G.); (A.P.); (D.B.); (L.M.); (B.V.)
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Centre, Gehlsheimerstraße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-494-2503
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Smyth B, Lawlor A, Berndsen J, Feely C. Recommendations for marathon runners: on the application of recommender systems and machine learning to support recreational marathon runners. USER MODELING AND USER-ADAPTED INTERACTION 2021; 32:787-838. [PMID: 36452939 PMCID: PMC9701182 DOI: 10.1007/s11257-021-09299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Every year millions of people, from all walks of life, spend months training to run a traditional marathon. For some it is about becoming fit enough to complete the gruelling 26.2 mile (42.2 km) distance. For others, it is about improving their fitness, to achieve a new personal-best finish-time. In this paper, we argue that the complexities of training for a marathon, combined with the availability of real-time activity data, provide a unique and worthwhile opportunity for machine learning and for recommender systems techniques to support runners as they train, race, and recover. We present a number of case studies-a mix of original research plus some recent results-to highlight what can be achieved using the type of activity data that is routinely collected by the current generation of mobile fitness apps, smart watches, and wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Smyth
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aonghus Lawlor
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jakim Berndsen
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Feely
- Insight SFI Centre for Data Analytics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Functional Threshold Power (FTP) in cycling is increasingly used in exercise prescription, particularly with the rise in use of home trainers and virtual exercise platforms. FTP testing does not require biological sampling and is considered a more practical test than others. This scoping review investigated what is known about the 20-minute FTP (FTP20) test. A three-step search strategy was used to identify studies in relevant databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SportDiscus, Google Scholar, Web of Science) and grey literature. Data were extracted and common themes identified which allowed for descriptive analysis and thematic summary. Fifteen studies were included. The primary focus fitted broadly into four themes: reliability, association with other physiological markers, other power-related concepts and performance prediction. The FTP20 test was reported as a reliable test. Studies investigating the relationship of FTP20 with other physiological markers and power-related concepts reported large limits of agreement suggesting parameters cannot be used interchangeably. Some findings indicate that FTP20 may be useful in performance prediction. The majority of studies involved trained male cyclists. Overall, existing literature on the FTP20 test is limited. Further investigation is needed to provide physiological justification for FTP20 and inform use in exercise prescription in a range of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mackey
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science and Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katy Horner
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science and Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Effect of Online Training during the COVID-19 Quarantine on the Aerobic Capacity of Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126195. [PMID: 34201095 PMCID: PMC8229218 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Motor abilities, such as endurance and the optimal level of physical activity, play a fundamental role in football as they are necessary to maintain the high effectiveness of the training process. The aim of this study was the observation of the trend of changes in the level of cardiorespiratory endurance of young football players in a one-year cycle overlapping with the COVID-19 lockdown and an assessment of the impact of the training intervention during home confinement. The participants of the study were 24 young football players. We analysed the results of the study in a one-year training cycle (lockdown from 11 March 2020 to 6 May 2020). The cardiorespiratory endurance was measured using the Multistage 20 m Shuttle Run test—Beep Test. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used in the study. Detailed comparisons were made using Tukey’s HSD test. Statistically significant differences were noted in endurance in a one year cycle: F(5.115) = 22.65; p < 0.001; partial Eta-squared = 0.50. An increase in the level of endurance by mean = 179.17 m, SD ± 189.87 m was noted between T1 and T6. After the break caused by the COVID-19 restrictions, a decrease in the level of cardiorespiratory endurance was noted. Only after two training mesocycles was a significant increase in the mean value noted compared to the period before the pandemic (p < 0.05). With the negative impact of restrictions in mind, coaches and physiotherapists should exercise caution when planning training, taking into consideration the level of physical activity during the pandemic.
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Reverse lactate threshold test accurately predicts maximal lactate steady state and 5 km performance in running. Biol Sport 2021; 38:285-290. [PMID: 34079174 PMCID: PMC8139357 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.99326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the accuracy of the reverse lactate threshold (RLT) and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA; 4 mmol·L-1) to determine the running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and 5 km running performance in a field test approach. Study 1: 16 participants performed an RLT test, and 2 or more constant-speed tests, lasting 30 minutes each, to determine running speed at the MLSS. Study 2: 23 participants performed an RLT test and a 5000 m all-out run as an indicator of performance. The RLT test consisted of an initial lactate-priming segment, in which running speed was increased stepwise up to ~5% above the estimated MLSS, followed by a reverse segment in which speed was decreased by 0.1 m·s-1 every 180 s. RLT was determined using the highest lactate equivalent ([La-]/running speed) during the reverse segment. OBLA was determined during the priming segment and was set at a value of 4 mmol∙L1. The mean difference in MLSS was +0.06 ± 0.05 m·s-1 for RLT, and +0.13 ± 0.23 m·s-1 for OBLA. OBLA showed a good concordance with the MLSS (ICC = 0.83), whereas RLT revealed excellent concordance with the MLSS with an ICC = 0.98. RLT showed a very high correlation with 5000 m speed (r = 0.97). The RLT exhibited exceptional agreement to MLSS and 5000 m running performance. Due to this high accuracy, especially concerning the small intraindividual differences, the RLT test may be superior to common threshold concepts. Further research is needed to evaluate its sensitivity during the training process.
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50
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Azevedo RDA, Forot J, Iannetta D, MacInnis MJ, Millet GY, Murias JM. Slight power output manipulations around the maximal lactate steady state have a similar impact on fatigue in females and males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1879-1892. [PMID: 33914658 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00892.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) and exercise performance are affected by exercise intensity and sex differences. However, whether slight changes in power output (PO) below and above the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) impact NMF and subsequent performance (time to task failure, TTF) is unknown. This study compared NMF and TTF in females and males in response to exercise performed at MLSS, 10 W below (MLSS-10) and above (MLSS+10). Twenty participants (9 females) performed three 30-min constant-PO exercise bouts followed (1-min delay) by a TTF at 80% of the peak-PO. NMF was characterized by isometric maximal voluntary contractions (IMVC) and femoral nerve electrical stimulation of knee extensors [e.g., peak torque of potentiated high-frequency (Db100) and single twitch (TwPt)] before and immediately after the constant-PO and TTF bouts. IMVC declined less after MLSS-10 (-18 ± 10%) compared to MLSS (-26 ± 14%) and MLSS+10 (-31 ± 11%; all P < 0.05), and the Db100 decline was greater after MLSS+10 (-24 ± 14%) compared to the other intensities (MLSS-10: -15 ± 9%; MLSS: -18 ± 11%; all P < 0.05). Females showed smaller reductions, relative to baseline, in IMVC and TwPt compared to males after constant-PO bouts (all P < 0.05), this difference being not dependent on intensity. TTF was negatively impacted by increasing the PO in the constant-PO (P < 0.001), with no differences in end-exercise NMF (P > 0.05). Slight manipulations in PO around MLSS elicited great changes in the reduction of maximal voluntary force and impairments in contractile function. Although NMF was lower in females compared to males, the changes in PO around the MLSS impacted both sexes similarly.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is unknown whether minimum changes in power output (PO) below and above the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) affect neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) development in females and males. The present data showed that a decrease or increase of 10 W in PO in relation to MLSS elicited lower and greater impairments in contractile function, respectively. Even though females had less of an overall decline in NMF than males, similar exercise intensity-dependent response occurred independently of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Forot
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Danilo Iannetta
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Juan M Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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