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Sulowska-Daszyk I, Zając B, Mika A. The influence of foot muscles exercises and minimalist shoes on lactate threshold velocity in long-distance amateur runners: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16496. [PMID: 39019999 PMCID: PMC11254916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The exercises of plantar foot muscles may have beneficial effects on the performance of the lower extremity muscles. The aim of this study was to compare two methods of foot muscle strengthening: direct short foot muscle exercises and indirect activation through training in minimalist footwear in regard to influence on lactate threshold velocity in long-distance runners. 55 recreational runners aged 21-45 years took part in that study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n = 25) with short foot muscle exercises, and Group 2 (n = 30) with training in minimalist shoes. The progressive running test was performed to determine heart rate (HR) and running velocity corresponding to lactate threshold (VLT). Two-way ANOVA was used to determine the significance of the differences regarding the evaluated variables. After the 8-week training program, higher values of VLT were observed in both groups. This change was significant only in Group 1 (p < 0.05). In Group 2, the higher value was noted but the changes were non-significant. Strengthening of the short foot muscles may improve lactate threshold velocity which is connected with running performance. Considering the obtained results, it is worth contemplating the implementation of these methods in the training of long-distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sulowska-Daszyk
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Zając
- Laboratory of Functional Diagnostics, Central Scientific and Research Laboratory, University of Physical Education, 31-571, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Mika
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, Al. Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Konopka MJ, Keizer H, Rietjens G, Zeegers MP, Sperlich B. A critical examination of sport discipline typology: identifying inherent limitations and deficiencies in contemporary classification systems. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1389844. [PMID: 39050482 PMCID: PMC11266029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1389844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise scientists (especially in the field of biomolecular research) frequently classify athletic cohorts into categories such as endurance, strength, or mixed, and create a practical framework for studying diverse athletic populations between seemingly similar groups. It is crucial to recognize the limitations and complexities of these classifications, as they may oversimplify the multidimensional characteristics of each sport. If so, the validity of studies dealing with such approaches may become compromised and the comparability across different studies challenging or impossible. This perspective critically examines and highlights the issues associated with current sports typologies, critiques existing sports classification systems, and emphasizes the imperative for a universally accepted classification model to enhance the quality of biomolecular research of sports in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Healthcare Management and Health Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans Keizer
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- MPB Holding, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Lee J, Wang Z, Chen M, Liu S, Yu Q, Hu M, Kong Z, Nie J. Allometric exponents for scaling running economy in human samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31211. [PMID: 38818143 PMCID: PMC11137408 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ratio-scaled VO2 is the widely used method for quantifying running economy (RE). However, this method should be criticized due to its theoretical defect and curvilinear relationship indicated by the allometric scaling, although no consensus has been achieved on the generally accepted exponent b value of body weight. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a quantitative synthesis of the reported exponents used to scale VO2 to body weight. Six electronic databases were searched based on related terms. Inclusion criteria involved human cardiopulmonary testing data, derived exponents, and reported precision statistics. The random-effects model was applied to statistically analyze exponent b. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to explore the potential factors contributing to variation in b values. The probability of the true exponent being below 1 in future studies was calculated. The estimated b values were all below 1 and aligned with the 3/4 power law, except for the 95 % prediction interval of the estimated fat-free body weight exponent b. A publication bias and a slightly greater I2 and τ statistic were also observed in the fat-free body weight study cohort. The estimated probabilities of the true body weight exponent, full body weight exponent, and fat-free body weight exponent being lower than 1 were 93.8 % (likely), 95.1 % (very likely), and 94.5 % (likely) respectively. 'Sex difference', 'age category', 'sporting background', and 'testing modality' were four potential but critical variables that impacted exponent b. Overall, allometric-scaled RE should be measured by full body weight with exponent b raised to 3/4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lee
- University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Public Courses, Guangdong University of Science and Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Mingjian Chen
- School of Humanities and Education, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- The Human Ergonomics Laboratory of 361 Degree (China) Co., Ltd, China
| | - Qian Yu
- University of Macau, Macao, China
| | | | | | - Jinlei Nie
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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5
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Knopp M, Appelhans D, Schönfelder M, Seiler S, Wackerhage H. Quantitative Analysis of 92 12-Week Sub-elite Marathon Training Plans. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:50. [PMID: 38695978 PMCID: PMC11065819 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A typical training plan is a mix of many training sessions with different intensities and durations to achieve a specific goal, like running a marathon in a certain time. Scientific publications provide little specific information to aid in writing a comprehensive training plan. This review aims to systematically and quantitatively analyse the last 12 weeks before a marathon as recommended in 92 sub-elite training plans. METHODS We retrieved 92 marathon training plans and linked their running training sessions to five intensity zones. Subsequently, each training plan was grouped based on the total running volume in peak week into high (> 90 km/week), middle (65-90 km/week), and low (< 65 km/week) training volume plan categories. RESULTS In the final 12 weeks before a race, recommended weekly running volume averaged 108 km, 59 km, and 43 km for high, middle, and low distance marathon training plans. The intensity distribution of these plans followed a pyramidal training structure with 15-67-10-5-3%, 14-63-18-2-3%, and 12-67-17-2-2% in zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, for high, middle, and low volume training plans, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By quantitatively analysing 92 recommended marathon training plans, we can specify typical recommendations for the last 12 weeks before a marathon race. Whilst this approach has obvious limitations such as no evidence for the effectiveness of the training plans investigated, it is arguably a useful strategy to narrow the gap between science and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Knopp
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Connollystraße 32, 80809, Munich, Germany.
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, Adi-Dassler-Str. 1, 91074, Herzogenaurach, Germany.
| | - Daniel Appelhans
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Connollystraße 32, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Connollystraße 32, 80809, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Connollystraße 32, 80809, Munich, Germany
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6
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Aolymat I, Almadani Y, Albarakat MM, Oleimat AK, Al-Nsour M, E’lemat M. Cross-sectional insights into exercise physiology knowledge among medical students in Jordan. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241226608. [PMID: 38283645 PMCID: PMC10812099 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241226608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exercise physiology is a branch of physiology that studies how physical activity and exercise alter the structure and function of living organisms. Knowledge of exercise physiology is crucial to improve athletic performance, improve people's ability to cope with extreme circumstances and approach chronic diseases. This research aimed to evaluate the knowledge of future healthcare professionals, namely, the medical students in Jordan regarding exercise physiology. Methods Responses were collected from 524 undergraduate medical students enrolled in clinical clerkship. An online survey that evaluated participants' basic understanding of various physiological concepts related to physical exercises, such as respiratory exchange ratio, physical fitness, V̇O2 max and exercise at high altitudes was employed in the study. Results 63.2% of participants had a poor level of exercise physiology knowledge. Misconceptions regarding V̇O2 max definition (93.3%), application (46.4%), significance (35.6%) and related physiological factors (48.7%) were observed. Students had misconceptions about physical fitness evaluation questions (52.5%, 39%, and 41.8%, respectively). Student proportions of 37%, 41%, 80.3% and 73.1% showed misconceptions about muscle groups and energy systems during training, training prescription variables, respiratory exchange ratio, and high-altitude performance, respectively. Significant differences in knowledge levels were found based on respondent characteristics (p < 0.05). Conclusions Knowledge of exercise physiology is more than desirable for medical professionals. Therefore, efforts must be made to increase awareness and improve knowledge about basic physiological fundamentals related to exercise physiology among medical students in Jordan, as they represent the backbone of healthcare professionals of the future who will deal with medical conditions related to physical activity and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Aolymat
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Yara Almadani
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Majd M. Albarakat
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Mass Al-Nsour
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Marah E’lemat
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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7
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Nolte S, Rein R, Quittmann OJ. Data Processing Strategies to Determine Maximum Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Scoping Review and Experimental Comparison with Guidelines for Reporting. Sports Med 2023; 53:2463-2475. [PMID: 37603201 PMCID: PMC10687136 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gas exchange data from maximum oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) testing typically require post-processing. Different processing strategies may lead to varying [Formula: see text] values affecting their interpretation. However, the exact processing strategies used in the literature have yet to be systematically investigated. Previous research investigated differences across methods at the group level only. METHODS Out of a random sample, we investigated 242 recently published articles that measured [Formula: see text] during ramp tests. Reported data processing methods and their rationale were extracted. We compared the most common processing strategies on a data set of 72 standardized exercise tests in trained athletes. RESULTS Half of the included studies did not report their data processing strategy and almost all articles failed to provide a rationale for the particular strategy chosen. Most studies use binned time averages to determine [Formula: see text], with a minority using moving time or moving breath averages. The processing strategies found in the literature can lead to mean differences in [Formula: see text] of more than 5% (range 0-7%) with considerable variation at the individual level. CONCLUSIONS We advise researchers to change their processing strategy and use moving averages or digital filters instead of binned averages. Researchers should report their data processing strategy used to determine [Formula: see text]. We provide a reporting checklist of seven items that can function as a template for reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nolte
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Robert Rein
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Jan Quittmann
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Watts SP, Binnie MJ, Goods PSR, Hewlett J, Fahey-Gilmour J, Peeling P. Demarcation of Intensity From 3 to 5 Zones Aids in Understanding Physiological Performance Progression in Highly Trained Under-23 Rowing Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e593-e600. [PMID: 37463357 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Watts, SP, Binnie, MJ, Goods, PSR, Hewlett, J, Fahey-Gilmour, J, and Peeling, P. Demarcation of intensity from 3 to 5 zones aids in understanding physiological performance progression in highly trained under-23 rowing athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e593-e600, 2023-The purpose of this investigation was to compare 2 training intensity distribution models (3 and 5 zone) in 15 highly trained rowing athletes ( n = 8 male; n = 7 female; 19.4 ± 1.1 years) to determine the impact on primary (2,000-m single-scull race) and secondary (2,000-m ergometer time trial, peak oxygen consumption [V̇O 2 peak], lactate threshold 2 [LT2 power]) performance variables. Performance was assessed before and after 4 months training, which was monitored through a smart watch (Garmin Ltd, Olathe, KS) and chest-strap heart rate (HR) monitor (Wahoo Fitness, Atlanta, GA). Two training intensity distribution models were quantified and compared: a 3-zone model (Z1: between 50% V̇O 2 peak and lactate threshold 1 (LT1); Z2: between LT1 and 95% LT2; Z3: >95% LT2) and a 5-zone model (T1-T5), where Z1 and Z3 were split into 2 additional zones. There was significant improvement in LT2 power for both male (4.08% ± 1.83, p < 0.01) and female (3.52% ± 3.38, p = 0.02) athletes, with male athletes also demonstrating significant improvement in 2,000-m ergometer time trial (2.3% ± 1.92, p = 0.01). Changes in V̇O 2 peak significantly correlated with high-quality aerobic training (percent time in T2 zone; r = 0.602, p = 0.02), whereas changes in LT2 power significantly correlated with "threshold" training (percent time in T4 zone; r = 0.529, p = 0.04). These correlations were not evident when examining intensity distribution through the 3-zone model. Accordingly, a 5-zone intensity model may aid in understanding the progression of secondary performance metrics in rowing athletes; however, primary (on-water) performance remains complex to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Watts
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martyn J Binnie
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; and
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie Hewlett
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jack Fahey-Gilmour
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia, Australia
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Knechtle B, Cuk I, Villiger E, Forte P, Thuany M, Andrade MS, Nikolaidis PT, Weiss K. Performance and pacing of professional IRONMAN triathletes: the fastest IRONMAN World Championship ever-IRONMAN Hawaii 2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15708. [PMID: 37735607 PMCID: PMC10514275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pacing during cycling and running in an IRONMAN triathlon has been investigated in only one study with elite IRONMAN triathletes. We have, however, no knowledge of how professional triathletes pace during an IRONMAN World Championship. To investigate the split-by-split speed, pacing strategies and pacing variability in professional female and male IRONMAN World Championship participants in the fastest IRONMAN World Championship ever in IRONMAN Hawaii 2022. For both cycling and running, 25 specific split times were recorded in each discipline. The best 30 men and 30 women overall were chosen from the official IRONMAN website database for further analysis. They were divided into three performance groups: Top 10, 11-20th place, and 21st-30th place. Mean speed, individual linear regressions with the corresponding correlation coefficients, and coefficient of variation were calculated to assess split-by-split speed, pacing strategies, and pacing variability, respectively. In both men's and women's cycling and running segments, the top ten participants exhibited faster split times compared to the slower performance groups. Notably, no discernible differences existed between the 11-20th and 21st-30th place in men's cycling and women's running times. Conversely, in men's running and women's cycling segments, those in the 11-20th place displayed quicker times than those in the 21st-30th place. In the cycling segment across all groups, men demonstrated a more negative pacing pattern (indicating an increase in speed), whereas women exhibited more consistent pacing. In the running segment, the top 10 men and all women's groups showcased relatively similar slightly positive pacing profiles. However, men ranking 11-20th and 21st-30th displayed more pronounced positive pacing strategies, implying a more significant decline in speed over time. In terms of cycling, the variability in pacing remained relatively consistent across the three performance groups. Conversely, during the running segment, the top ten male triathletes and those in the 11-20th place displayed lower pacing variability than their counterparts in the 21st-30th position place and all women's groups. In summary, performance and pacing were examined in professional male and female IRONMAN World Championship participants during IRONMAN Hawaii 2022. Top performers showed faster cycling and running split times, with differences in pacing strategies between sexes. The pacing was more consistent in cycling, while running pacing varied more, particularly among male triathletes in different performance groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elias Villiger
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Forte
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Thuany M, Gomes TN, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Rolim R, Moura dos Santos MA. Beyond the border of the athlete-centered approach: a model to understand runners' performance. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1137023. [PMID: 37691794 PMCID: PMC10484714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1137023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Our purpose is to move beyond the borders of the athlete-centered approach by examining the runners' environment interplay as a key factor for performance. Based on the ecological systems theory, the micro-level (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and training characteristics), meso-level (a direct association with athletes is not observed, but the environment plays an influence on the relationships built at the micro-level), and macro-level (contextual features that influence athletic systems) were theorized and contextualized as important factors for the expression of different outcomes, including performance and participation. We also conceptualized the microtime, mesotime, and macrotime as a constraint. Through this model, we aimed to provide applications and conclusions about how this conceptual model provides advances in the scientific research field. By understanding how environmental factors influence their performance, runners can make informed decisions about where and how to train and compete. Furthermore, by recognizing the role of culture and social context in shaping runners' experiences and outcomes, we can work toward creating a more equitable and supportive running culture for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Physical Activity for Health Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ramiro Rolim
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcos André Moura dos Santos
- Associated Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco and Federal University of Paraiba, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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11
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Ma X, Cao Z, Zhu Z, Chen X, Wen D, Cao Z. VO 2max (VO 2peak) in elite athletes under high-intensity interval training: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16663. [PMID: 37346345 PMCID: PMC10279791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Consensus is lacking regarding whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) effectively improves VO2max (VO2peak) in elite athletes (Athlete must be involved in regular competition at the national level). This meta-analysis compared the effects of HIIT and conventional training methods (continuous training, repeated-sprint training, high volume low-intensity training, high-intensity continuous running, sprint-interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training)on VO2max in elite athletes. Nine studies were included, comprising 176 elite athletes (80 female). Compared to that with conventional training, VO2max was significantly increased after HIIT (overall: 0.58 [0.30, 0.87], I2 = 0.49, P = 0.03; males: 0.41 [0.06, 0.76], I2 = 0%, P = 0.89). VO2max had positive training effects when the HIIT recovery period had an interval time ≥2 min (0.44 [0.03, 0.84], I2 = 0%, P = 0.99) and recovery phase intensity ≤40% (0.38 [0.05, 0.71], I2 = 0%, P = 0.96). Thus, HIIT shows superiority over conventional training methods in improving VO2max, promoting aerobic capacity, in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Ma
- Shanghai University of Sport, China
- Xi'an Physical Education University, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Ziwei Cao
- Xi'an Physical Education University, China
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12
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Lindner R, Raj IS, Yang AWH, Zaman S, Larsen B, Denham J. Moderate to Vigorous-intensity Continuous Training versus High-intensity Interval Training for improving VO2max in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 37084758 DOI: 10.1055/a-2044-8952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Traditional continuous training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). However, there is conflicting evidence regarding which form of training demonstrates the greatest improvements to V̇O2max, and data in women is sparse. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess whether moderate to vigorous-intensity continuous training (MVICT) or HIIT was superior at improving V̇O2max in women. Randomised controlled and parallel studies examined the influence of MVICT and/or HIIT on V̇O2max in women. There was no statistical difference in V̇O2max improvements after training between women in the MVICT and HIIT cohorts (mean difference [MD]: -0.42, 95%CI: -1.43 to 0.60, p>0.05). Both MVICT and HIIT increased V̇O2max from baseline (MD: 3.20, 95% CI: 2.73 to 3.67 and MD: 3.16, 95% CI 2.09 to 4.24, respectively, p<0.001). Greater improvements in V̇O2max were observed in women who participated in more training sessions in both training formats. Long-HIIT was superior to short-HIIT protocols at increasing V̇O2max. Although MVICT and long-HIIT sessions elicited greater increases in V̇O2max in younger women compared to short-HIIT protocols, these differences were negligible in older women. Our findings suggest MVICT and HIIT are equally effective strategies for improving V̇O2max and indicate an effect of age on its response to training in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lindner
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Isaac Selva Raj
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Shadman Zaman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brianna Larsen
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions Centre, Centre for Health Research, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
- Institute for Resilient Regions Centre, Centre for Health Research, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Zinner C, Gerspitzer A, Düking P, Boone J, Schiffer T, Holmberg HC, Sperlich B. The magnitude and time-course of physiological responses to 9 weeks of incremental ramp testing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023. [PMID: 36866970 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to assess (1) the day-to-day variability in, and (2) the magnitude and time-course of adaptation of physiological parameters (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake [VO2 max], heart rate [HR], blood lactate concentration, respiratory exchange ratio [RER], ratings of perceived exertion [RPE], and time-to-exhaustion [TTE]) in response to an intervention involving three incremental ramp tests per week for 9 weeks. METHODS Twelve participants (25 ± 4 yrs, VO2 max, 47.8 ± 5.2 mL∙min-1 ∙kg-1 (means ± SD)) completed the entire experimental procedure. The tests comprised a 5-min constant workload to obtain submaximal parameters followed by an incremental protocol until exhaustion. RESULTS The mean day-to-day variability for the maximal value of VO2 was 2.8%, 1.1% for HR, 18.1% for blood lactate concentration, 2.1% for RER, 1.1% for RPE, and 5.0% for TTE. The values for the corresponding submaximal variables were 3.8% for VO2 , 2.1% for HR, 15.6% for blood lactate concentration, 2.6% for RER and 6.0% for RPE. VO2 max (+4.7% ± 3.5%), TTE (+17.9% ± 8.6%), and submaximal HR (-3.2 ± 3.5%) improved significantly. Except for RPE (p < 0.01), there were no alterations in the coefficient of variation for any parameter. On the group level, the first changes greater than the day-to-day variability in VO2 max, TTE, and submaximal HR were observed after 21, 12, and 9 training sessions, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we recommend that training studies include assessment of the reliability of the measurements, for example, the CVs in the specific laboratory to be able to judge if the changes detected are actually physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Annika Gerspitzer
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Düking
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Boone
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Schiffer
- Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation|, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Yaserifar M, Oliveira AS. Inter-muscular coordination during running on grass, concrete and treadmill. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:561-572. [PMID: 36342514 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Running is an exercise that can be performed in different environments that imposes distinct foot-floor interactions. For instance, running on grass may help reducing instantaneous vertical impact loading, while compromising natural speed. Inter-muscular coordination during running is an important factor to understand motor performance, but little is known regarding the impact of running surface hardness on inter-muscular coordination. Therefore, we investigated whether inter-muscular coordination during running is influenced by running surface. Surface electromyography (EMG) from 12 lower limb muscles were recorded from young male individuals (n = 9) while running on grass, concrete, and on a treadmill. Motor modules consisting of weighting coefficients and activation signals were extracted from the multi-muscle EMG datasets representing 50 consecutive running cycles using non-negative matrix factorization. We found that four motor modules were sufficient to represent the EMG from all running surfaces. The inter-subject similarity across muscle weightings was the lowest for running on grass (r = 0.76 ± 0.11) compared to concrete (r = 0.81 ± 0.07) and treadmill (r = 0.78 ± 0.05), but no differences in weighting coefficients were found when analyzing the number of significantly active muscles and residual muscle weightings (p > 0.05). Statistical parametric mapping showed no temporal differences between activation signals across running surfaces (p > 0.05). However, the activation duration (% time above 15% peak activation) was significantly shorter for treadmill running compared to grass and concrete (p < 0.05). These results suggest predominantly similar neuromuscular strategies to control multiple muscles across different running surfaces. However, individual adjustments in inter-muscular coordination are required when coping with softer surfaces or the treadmill's moving belt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yaserifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Anderson Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, Building 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
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15
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Casado A, Foster C, Bakken M, Tjelta LI. Does Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training within a High-Volume Low-Intensity Approach Represent the "Next Step" in the Evolution of Distance Running Training? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3782. [PMID: 36900796 PMCID: PMC10000870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval training (LGTIT) within a high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes the training pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners and to review the potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness. This training model consists of performing three to four LGTIT sessions and one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low intensity running is performed up to an overall volume of 150-180 km/week. During LGTIT sessions, the training pace is dictated by a blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external training load), typically ranging from 2 to 4.5 mmol·L-1, measured every one to three repetitions. That intensity may allow for a more rapid recovery through a lower central and peripheral fatigue between high-intensity sessions compared with that of greater intensities and, therefore, a greater weekly volume of these specific workouts. The interval character of LGTIT allows for the achievement of high absolute training speeds and, thus, maximizing the number of motor units recruited, despite a relatively low metabolic intensity (i.e., threshold zone). This model may increase the mitochondrial proliferation through the optimization of both calcium and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | | | - Leif Inge Tjelta
- Departament of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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16
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Oyarzo-Aravena A, Arce-Alvarez A, Salazar-Ardiles C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Toledo C, Izquierdo M, Andrade DC. Cardiorespiratory optimal point as a submaximal evaluation tool in endurance athletes: An exploratory study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1087829. [PMID: 36860520 PMCID: PMC9969083 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1087829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) represents the lowest minute ventilation to oxygen consumption ratio (VE/VO2) and can be estimated during a CPET at submaximal intensity when an exercise test until volitional fatigue is not always advisable (i.e., a conflict zone where you cannot be confident of the security because near-competition, off-season, among other). COP's physiological components have not been wholly described yet. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the determinants of COP in highly trained athletes and its influence on maximum and sub-maximum variables during CPET through principal c omponent analysis (PCA) (explains the dataset's variance). Methods: Female (n = 9; age, 17.4 ± 3.1 y; maximal VO2 [VO2max]), 46.2 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min) and male (n = 24; age, 19.7 ± 4.0 y; VO2max, 56.1 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) athletes performed a CPET to determine the COP, ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2), and VO2max. The PCA was used to determine the relationship between variables and COP, explaining their variance. Results: Our data revealed that females and males displayed different COP values. Indeed, males showed a significant diminished COP compared to the female group (22.6 ± 2.9 vs. 27.2 ±3.4 VE/VO2, respectively); nevertheless, COP was allocated before VT1 in both groups. Discussion: PC analysis revealed that the COP variance was mainly explained (75.6%) by PC1 (expired CO2 at VO2max) and PC2 (VE at VT2), possibly influencing cardiorespiratory efficiency at VO2max and VT2. Our data suggest that COP could be used as a submaximal index to monitor and assess cardiorespiratory system efficiency in endurance athletes. The COP could be particularly useful during the offseason and competitive periods and the return to the sports continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Oyarzo-Aravena
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Magister en Fisiología Clínica de Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Arce-Alvarez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,*Correspondence: David C. Andrade,
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17
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Anthropometric, training, and social variables associated with performance in runners from 5 km to marathon. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Morita H, Kano C, Ishii C, Kagata N, Ishikawa T, Hirayama A, Uchiyama Y, Hara S, Nakamura T, Fukuda S. Bacteroides uniformis and its preferred substrate, α-cyclodextrin, enhance endurance exercise performance in mice and human males. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2120. [PMID: 36696509 PMCID: PMC9876546 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although gut microbiota has been linked to exercise, whether alterations in the abundance of specific bacteria improve exercise performance remains ambiguous. In a cross-sectional study involving 25 male long-distance runners, we found a correlation between Bacteroides uniformis abundance in feces and the 3000-m race time. In addition, we administered flaxseed lignan or α-cyclodextrin as a test tablet to healthy, active males who regularly exercised in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to increase B. uniformis in the gut (UMIN000033748). The results indicated that α-cyclodextrin supplementation improved human endurance exercise performance. Moreover, B. uniformis administration in mice increased swimming time to exhaustion, cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the gene expression of enzymes associated with gluconeogenesis in the liver while decreasing hepatic glycogen content. These findings indicate that B. uniformis enhances endurance exercise performance, which may be mediated by facilitating hepatic endogenous glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Morita
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations Ltd., 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Chie Kano
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations Ltd., 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishii
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Noriko Kagata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Uchiyama
- Aoyama Gakuin University Track and Field Club, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
- School of International Politics, Economics and Communication, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
| | - Susumu Hara
- Aoyama Gakuin University Track and Field Club, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
- School of Global Studies and Collaboration, Aoyama Gakuin University, 4-4-25 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations Ltd., 1-1-21, Midori, Moriya, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka-shi, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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19
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Peel J, John K, Page J, Scott G, Jeffries O, Heffernan S, Tallent J, Waldron M. Factors contributing to the change in thermoneutral maximal oxygen consumption after iso-intensity heat acclimation programmes. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36533403 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2160278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The factors explaining variance in thermoneutral maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) adaptation to heat acclimation (HA) were evaluated, with consideration of HA programme parameters, biophysical variables and thermo-physiological responses. Seventy-one participants consented to perform iso-intensity training (range: 45%-55% V˙O2max) in the heat (range: 30°C-38°C; 20%-60% relative humidity) on consecutive days (range: 5-days-14-days) for between 50-min and-90 min. The participants were evaluated for their thermoneutral V˙O2max change pre-to-post HA. Participants' whole-body sweat rate, heart rate, core temperature, perceived exertion and thermal sensation and plasma volume were measured, and changes in these responses across the programme determined. Partial least squares regression was used to explain variance in the change in V˙O2max across the programme using 24 variables. Sixty-three percent of the participants increased V˙O2max more than the test error, with a mean ± SD improvement of 2.6 ± 7.9%. A two-component model minimised the root mean squared error and explained the greatest variance (R2; 65%) in V˙O2max change. Eight variables positively contributed (P < 0.05) to the model: exercise intensity (%V˙O2max), ambient temperature, HA training days, total exposure time, baseline body mass, thermal sensation, whole-body mass losses and the number of days between the final day of HA and the post-testing day. Within the ranges evaluated, iso-intensity HA improved V˙O2max 63% of the time, with intensity - and volume-based parameters, alongside sufficient delays in post-testing being important considerations for V˙O2max maximisation. Monitoring of thermal sensation and body mass losses during the programme offers an accessible way to gauge the degree of potential adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Peel
- A-STEM Centre, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Kevin John
- A-STEM Centre, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Joe Page
- A-STEM Centre, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Georgia Scott
- A-STEM Centre, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shane Heffernan
- A-STEM Centre, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.,Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Waldron
- A-STEM Centre, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Mackala K, Mroczek D, Chmura P, Konefał M, Pawlik D, Ochman B, Chmura J, Paleczny B, Seredyński R, Wyciszkiewicz M, Nowicka-Czudak A, Łopusiewicz W, Adamiec D, Wiecha S, Ponikowski P, Ponikowska B. Impact of marathon performance on muscles stiffness in runners over 50 years old. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1069774. [PMID: 36910804 PMCID: PMC9998500 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1069774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The research examines the relationship between marathon performance and muscle stiffness changes from pre to marathon in recreational runners aged 50+ years. Methods Thirty-one male long-distance runners aged 50-73 years participated in the experiment. The muscle stiffness of quadriceps and calves was measured in two independent sessions: the day before the marathon and 30 min after the completed marathon run using a Myoton device. Results and Discussion The 42.195-km run was completed in 4.30,05 h ± 35.12 min, which indicates an intensity of 79.3% ± 7.1% of HRmax. The long-term, low-intensity running exercise (marathon) in older recreational runners and the low level of HRmax and VO2max showed no statistically significant changes in muscle stiffness (quadriceps and calves). There was reduced muscle stiffness (p = 0.016), but only in the triceps of the calf in the dominant (left) leg. Moreover, to optimally evaluate the marathon and adequately prepare for the performance training program, we need to consider the direct and indirect analyses of the running economy, running technique, and HRmax and VO2max variables. These variables significantly affect marathon exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mroczek
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Sport Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Damian Pawlik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ochman
- Department of Physiology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Paleczny
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Seredyński
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Wojciech Łopusiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Adamiec
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Ponikowska
- Center for Heart Diseases, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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21
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Dos Anjos Souza VR, Seffrin A, da Cunha RA, Vivan L, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Running economy in long-distance runners is positively affected by running experience and negatively by aging. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114032. [PMID: 36384169 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), the maximum rate of oxygen that can be sustained before the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and the metabolic cost of locomotion are the main physiological factors associated with long-distance running performance. The latter is known as the running economy. Generally, runners reach peak performance in long races between 25 and 30 years of age, with a progressive decline occurring thereafter. However, it is not known whether the running economy is affected or how it is affected by aging. AIM To investigate the effect of age and years of running experience on the running economy of amateur long-distance runners aged 20-80 years. METHODS Sixty-nine recreational long-distance runners, divided into five age groups according to decade of life, participated in this study: Group 1 (n= 9) 27.2 ± 1.3 years, Group 2 (n= 18) 35.9 ± 2.2 years, Group 3 (n= 17) 43.4 ± 2.8 years, Group 4 (n= 17) 53.0 ± 2.3 years, and Group 5 (n= 8) 65.5 ± 2.9 years. For running economy assessment, oxygen cost (OC) and energy cost (EC) were measured. Furthermore, the participants were interviewed on their running experience. RESULTS For EC, the two independent variables composing the regression model were age (ß = 0.703, t= 5.443, p < 0.001) and running experience (ß = -0.230, t = -1.785, p= 0.07), and 34% of the energy cost variation can be explained by these two factors. EC and OC were compared among the groups. There were no significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 (p= 0.999), Groups 1 and 3 (p= 1.000), and Groups 1 and 4 (p= 0.528). However, Group 5 had a significantly higher energy cost than Group 1 (p < 0.001), Group 2 (p < 0.001), Group 3 (p < 0.001) and Group 4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The number of years of running experience has a positive effect on running economy, but it is insufficient to overcome the negative effect of the aging process. Furthermore, running economy was significantly worse in participants aged ≥60 years compared with that in younger athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Konopka MJ, Zeegers MP, Solberg PA, Delhaije L, Meeusen R, Ruigrok G, Rietjens G, Sperlich B. Factors associated with high-level endurance performance: An expert consensus derived via the Delphi technique. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279492. [PMID: 36574415 PMCID: PMC9794057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little agreement on the factors influencing endurance performance. Endurance performance often is described by surrogate variables such as maximum oxygen consumption, lactate threshold, and running economy. However, other factors also determine success and progression of high-level endurance athletes. Therefore, the aim was to identify the relevant factors for endurance performance assessed by international experts by adhering to a structured communication method (i.e., Delphi technique). Three anonymous evaluation rounds were conducted initiated by a list of candidate factors (n = 120) serving as baseline input variables. The items that achieved ≥70% of agreement in round 1 were re-evaluated in a second round. Items with a level of agreement of ≥70% in round 2 reached consensus and items with a level of agreement of 40-69% in round 2 were re-rated in a third round followed by a consensus meeting. Round 1 comprised of 27 panellists (n = 24 male) and in round 2 and 3 18 (n = 15 male) of the 27 panellists remained. Thus, the final endurance expert panel comprised of 18 international experts (n = 15 male) with 20 years of experience on average. The consensus report identified the following 26 factors: endurance capacity, running economy, maximal oxygen consumption, recovery speed, carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis capacity, lactate threshold, fat metabolism, number of erythrocytes, iron deficiency, muscle fibre type, mitochondrial biogenesis, hydrogen ion buffering, testosterone, erythropoietin, cortisol, hydration status, vitamin D deficiency, risk of non-functional overreaching and stress fracture, healing function of skeletal tissue, motivation, stress resistance, confidence, sleep quality, and fatigue. This study provides an expert-derived summary including 26 key factors for endurance performance, the "FENDLE" factors (FENDLE = Factors for ENDurance Level). This consensus report may assist to optimize sophisticated diagnostics, personalized training strategies and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena J. Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Maurice P. Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Solberg
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Louis Delhaije
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium
| | - Geert Ruigrok
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany
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Haugen T, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S, Tønnessen E. The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:46. [PMID: 35362850 PMCID: PMC8975965 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, we describe how fundamental training characteristics and well-known training principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 and 10,000 m) and marathon specialists participate in 9 ± 3 and 6 ± 2 (mean ± SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance in the mid-preparation period is in the range 160–220 km for marathoners and 130–190 km for track runners. These differences are mainly explained by more running kilometers on each session for marathon runners. Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, and ≥ 80% of the total running volume is performed at low intensity throughout the training year. The training intensity distribution vary across mesocycles and differ between marathon and track runners, but common for both groups is that volume of race-pace running increases as the main competition approaches. The tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to the main competition. While the African runners live and train at high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most of the year, most lowland athletes apply relatively long altitude camps during the preparation period. Overall, this review offers unique insights into the training characteristics of world-class distance runners by integrating scientific literature and results-proven practice, providing a point of departure for future studies related to the training and development in the Olympic long-distance events.
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Konopka MJ, van den Bunder JCML, Rietjens G, Sperlich B, Zeegers MP. Genetics of long-distance runners and road cyclists-A systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1414-1429. [PMID: 35839336 PMCID: PMC9544934 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the genetic variants of (inter)national competing long-distance runners and road cyclists compared with controls. The Medline and Embase databases were searched until 15 November 2021. Eligible articles included genetic epidemiological studies published in English. A homogenous group of endurance athletes competing at (inter)national level and sedentary controls were included. Pooled odds ratios based on the genotype frequency with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using random effects models. Heterogeneity was addressed by Q-statistics, and I2 . Sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression and risk of bias was assessed with the Clark Baudouin scale. This systematic review comprised of 43 studies including a total of 3938 athletes and 10 752 controls in the pooled analysis. Of the 42 identified genetic variants, 13 were investigated in independent studies. Significant associations were found for five polymorphisms. Pooled odds ratio [95%CI] favoring athletes compared with controls was 1.42 [1.12-1.81] for ACE II (I/D), 1.66 [1.26-2.19] for ACTN3 TT (rs1815739), 1.75 [1.34-2.29] for PPARGC1A GG (rs8192678), 2.23 [1.42-3.51] for AMPD1 CC (rs17602729), and 2.85 [1.27-6.39] for HFE GG + CG (rs1799945). Risk of bias was low in 25 (58%) and unclear in 18 (42%) articles. Heterogeneity of the results was low (0%-20%) except for HFE (71%), GNB3 (80%), and NOS3 (76%). (Inter)national competing runners and cyclists have a higher probability to carry specific genetic variants compared with controls. This study confirms that (inter)national competing endurance athletes constitute a unique genetic make-up, which likely contributes to their performance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Rietjens
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports MedicineVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative & Experimental Exercise Science & Training, Institute of Sport ScienceUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of EpidemiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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25
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Šuc A, Šarko P, Pleša J, Kozinc Ž. Resistance Exercise for Improving Running Economy and Running Biomechanics and Decreasing Running-Related Injury Risk: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10070098. [PMID: 35878109 PMCID: PMC9319953 DOI: 10.3390/sports10070098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-accepted that at least a certain amount of resistance exercise (RE) is recommended for most endurance athletes. In this review, we aim to summarize the evidence regarding the effects of RE on running economy, running biomechanics, and running-related injury risk in endurance runners. The evidence robustly shows that lower limb RE is effective for improving running economy and performance, with a combination of strength and plyometric training being recommended to improve RE. Isometric training is also emerging as a possible alternative to implement during periods of high overall training load. Lower limb RE may change some aspects of joint kinematics during running; however, the evidence regarding the effects on kinetics is limited. Lower limb RE may help reduce running-related injury risk, but further evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Šuc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (A.Š.); (P.Š.); (J.P.)
| | - Pija Šarko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (A.Š.); (P.Š.); (J.P.)
| | - Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (A.Š.); (P.Š.); (J.P.)
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia; (A.Š.); (P.Š.); (J.P.)
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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26
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Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:820-833. [PMID: 35418513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Highly trained/elite distance runners typically follow a pyramidal TID approach, characterized by a decreasing training volume from zone 1 (at or below speed at first ventilatory/lactate threshold [LT]) to zone 2 (between speeds associated with either both ventilatory thresholds or 2 and 4 mmol·L-1 LTs [vLT1 and vLT2, respectively]) and zone 3 (speed above vVT2/vLT2). Continuous-tempo runs or interval training sessions at vLT2 in zone 2 (ie, medium and long aerobic intervals) and those in zone 3 (ie, anaerobic or short-interval training) were both used at least once per week each in elite runners, and they were used to increase the number of either vLT2 or z3 sessions to adopt either a pyramidal or a polarized approach, respectively. More pyramidal- and polarized-oriented approaches were used by marathoners and 1500-m runners, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Highly trained and elite middle- and long-distance runners are encouraged to adopt a traditional periodization pattern with a hard day-easy day basis, consisting in a shift from a pyramidal TID used during the preparatory and precompetitive periods toward a polarized TID during the competitive period.
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TANJI F, TSUJI T, SHIMAZU W, NABEKURA Y. Distance running performance and physiological variables in highly trained female distance runners. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Performance Determinants in Trail-Running Races of Different Distances. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:844-851. [PMID: 35213820 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the physiological determinants of road running have been widely studied, there is a lack of research in trail-running racing performance. The aim of our study was to determine the physiological predictors of trail-running performance in races of different distances in similar terrain and weather conditions. METHODS Seventy-five trail runners participating in one of the races of the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc were recruited. Previous to the race, each runner was evaluated with (1) an incremental treadmill test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory thresholds, cost of running, and substrate utilization; (2) a power-force-velocity profile on a cycle ergometer; (3) maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors and plantar flexors; and (4) anthropometric characteristics. Neuromuscular fatigue was evaluated after the races. Twenty-four runners finished a SHORT (<55 km), 16 finished a MEDIUM (101 km), and 14 finished a LONG (>145 km) race. Correlations and multiple linear regressions were used to find the determinants of performance in each race distance. RESULTS Performance in SHORT was explained by maximal oxygen uptake and lipid utilization at 10 km/h (r2 = .825, P < .001). Performance in MEDIUM was determined by maximal oxygen uptake, maximal isometric strength, and body fat percentage (r2 = .917, P < .001). A linear model could not be applied in LONG, but performance was correlated to peak velocity during the incremental test. CONCLUSIONS Performance in trail running is mainly predicted by aerobic capacity, while lipid utilization also influences performance in races <60 km and performance in approximately 100 km is influenced by muscle strength and body composition.
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Who Is Running in the D-A-CH Countries? An Epidemiological Approach of 2455 Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Recreational Runners-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 1). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030677. [PMID: 35277039 PMCID: PMC8839653 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accompanied by the growing popularity of distance running, the prevalence of vegan and vegetarian diets in endurance runners has increased across the globe and especially in German-speaking (D-A-CH: Germany, Austria, Switzerland) countries. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the epidemiological characteristics associated with diet types and running behaviors of recreational endurance runners. From a total number of 7422 runners who started to fill in the online survey, 3835 runners completed the questionnaire. After data clearance, 2455 distance runners (mean age: 37 years; 56% females, 44% males) were selected as the final sample and classified as 1162 omnivores (47.4%), 529 vegetarians (21.5%), and 764 vegans (31.1%). Sociodemographic information and general characteristics in training and competition were evaluated using a questionnaire-based approach. A significant association was found between diet type and race distance (p < 0.001). In females, vegan ultra-marathoners and omnivorous half-marathoners had better individual running records among dietary groups. Sex differences in running performance had a minimizing trend with increasing race distance. Most runners reported independent race preparation (90%) over less than four months (73%). From an epidemiological viewpoint, the present findings suggest a central role of plant-based diets in running performance and behaviors among active distance runners in D-A-CH countries and that vegetarian and vegan diets are compatible with competitive running.
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30
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Manoel FDA, Peserico CS, Machado FA. Novel track field test to determine Vpeak, relationship with treadmill test and 10-km running performance in trained endurance runners. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260338. [PMID: 35085265 PMCID: PMC8794091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the peak running velocity on the track field (Vpeak_TF) based on the laboratory treadmill test (Vpeak_T), and relate the Vpeak values as well as their correlation with the 10-km running performance in trained endurance runners. Method Twenty male trained endurance runners (age: 29.5 ± 5.3 years; V̇O2max: 67.5±17.6 ml · kg-1·min-1) performed three maximum incremental tests to determine the Vpeak: one for Vpeak_T determination and two to obtain Vpeak_TF on the official track field (400 m), and a 10-km running performance. During the incremental tests, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal rating of perceived exertion (RPEmax), and peak lactate concentration (LApeak) were determined. Results The results showed significant difference between the Vpeak_TF and Vpeak_T (18.1 ± 1.2 vs. 19.2 ± 1.5 km·h-1, respectively), as well as the total time of the tests, the distance traveled and the RPEmax determined during the tests. A high correlation was observed between the Vpeak values (r = 0.94), and between Vpeak_TF and Vpeak_T with 10-km running performance (r = -0.95 vs. r = -0.89, respectively). Conclusions The good agreement and association with Vpeak_T and high correlation with 10-km running performance demonstrate that the novel track field test is efficient for Vpeak_TF determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de A. Manoel
- Department of Physical Education, Cesumar University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cecilia S. Peserico
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiana A. Machado
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Associate Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Post-Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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31
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Komkova MA, Eliseev AA, Poyarkov AA, Daboss EV, Evdokimov PV, Eliseev AA, Karyakin AA. Simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate content and sweat secretion rate by wearable remote biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113970. [PMID: 35032921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate concentration and sweat secretion rate. For this aim lactate oxidase-Prussian Blue enzyme-nanozyme type lactate biosensors were elaborated. The use of siloxane-perfluorosulfonated ionomer composite membrane for enzyme-nanozyme immobilization results in the biosensor displaying flux independence in the whole range of physiological sweat secretion rates (0.025-2 μl cm-2 min-1). On the contrary, current response of the biosensor based on solely siloxane membranes becomes saturated at physiological sweat lactate concentration, depending mostly on the flow rate. Accordingly, for simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate concentration and its secretion rate both flow-through biosensors were integrated with high-accuracy wearable electronic devices allowing real-time remote monitoring. As found, during exhaustive physical exercise sweat secretion rate and lactate content are independent of each other, thus, confirming that this excretory liquid is suitable for non-invasive diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Materials Science faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Daboss
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel V Evdokimov
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Materials Science faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Arkady A Karyakin
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Training and Racing Behaviors of Omnivorous, Vegetarian, and Vegan Endurance Runners-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 1). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103521. [PMID: 34684522 PMCID: PMC8537760 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key modulator of training adaptations and racing performance, nutrition plays a critical role in endurance runners' success, and the training/racing behaviors of runners are potentially affected by their diet types. The present study aimed to investigate whether distance runners with a vegan diet (i.e., devoid of foods or ingredients from animal sources), vegetarian diet (i.e., devoid of meat and flesh foods), and omnivorous diet (i.e., a mixed diet with no restriction on food sources) have different training and racing patterns in general and based on race distance subgroups. A total of 3835 recreational runners completed an online survey. Runners were assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan) and race distance (<21 km, half-marathon, and marathon/ultra-marathon) groups. In addition to sociodemographic information, a complete profile of data sets focusing on running and racing behaviors/patterns was evaluated using a questionnaire-based epidemiological approach. There were 1272 omnivores (47% females), 598 vegetarians (64% females), and 994 vegans (65% females). Compared to vegans and vegetarians, omnivorous runners prepared for a longer time period for running events, had a higher number of half-marathons and marathons completed with a better finish time, and had more reliance on training under supervision (p < 0.05). The present findings indicate an important association of diet types with patterns of training and racing amongst endurance runners that may be related to different motives of omnivorous, vegetarian, and vegan runners for participating in events.
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Follador L, de Borba EF, da Silva SG. Relationship of critical speed derived from a 10-minute submaximal treadmill test to 5-km and 10-km running performances. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 47:159-164. [PMID: 34610270 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the critical speed (CS) predicted from a perceptually self-regulated 10-min submaximal treadmill test (T10) is reliable and closely matches the CS estimated from conventional methods. To assess the relationship between the T10 and 5-km and 10-km running performances, 36 recreational runners (mean SD: age: 32.2 ± 6.2 years, height: 173.2 ± 7.3 cm, weight: 70.9 ± 8.8 kg, V̇O2max: 53.3 ± 6.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) performed a ramp incremental test and two T10 tests (the first as a familiarization trial). Results showed that the T10 CS (3.9 ± 0.44 m.s-1) was significantly correlated with runners' last 6 months best performances in 5-km (20.3 ± 2.7 min; r = -0.90) and 10-km (42.7 ± 5.7 min; r = -0.91), the V̇O2max (r = 0.75), the speed associated with the gas exchange threshold (vGET: 3.38 ± 0.36 m.s-1; r = 0.76), the speed associated with the second ventilatory threshold (vVT2: 4.15 ± 0.49 m.s-1; r = 0.84), and the speed associated with the V̇O2max (vV̇O2max: 4.78 ± 0.54 m.s-1; r = 0.87). Moreover, 79% and 83% of the variance in 5-km and 10-km performances could be explained solely by the CS predicted from the T10. Results evidenced the strong relationship and practical performance relevance of the T10 CS test. Novelty: • Critical speed derived from a 10-min submaximal treadmill test (T10) is significantly correlated with 5-km and 10-km running performances • The T10 critical speed test may represent a useful tool for assessing running performance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Follador
- Universidade Federal do Parana, 28122, Curitiba, Brazil;
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Casado A, Hanley B, Santos-Concejero J, Ruiz-Pérez LM. World-Class Long-Distance Running Performances Are Best Predicted by Volume of Easy Runs and Deliberate Practice of Short-Interval and Tempo Runs. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2525-2531. [PMID: 31045681 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Casado, A, Hanley, B, Santos-Concejero, J, and Ruiz-Pérez, LM. World-class long-distance running performances are best predicted by volume of easy runs and deliberate practice of short-interval and tempo runs. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2525-2531, 2021-The aim of this novel study was to analyze the effect of deliberate practice (DP) and easy continuous runs completed by elite-standard and world-class long-distance runners on competitive performances during the first 7 years of their sport careers. Eighty-five male runners reported their best times in different running events and the amounts of different DP activities (tempo runs and short- and long-interval sessions) and 1 non-DP activity (easy runs) after 3, 5, and 7 years of systematic training. Pearson's correlations were calculated between performances (calculated using the International Association of Athletics Federations' scoring tables) and the distances run for the different activities (and overall total). Simple and multiple linear regression analysis calculated how well these activities predicted performance. Pearson's correlations showed consistently large effects on performance of total distance (r ≥ 0.75, p < 0.001), easy runs (r ≥ 0.68, p < 0.001), tempo runs (r ≥ 0.50, p < 0.001), and short-interval training (r ≥ 0.53, p < 0.001). Long-interval training was not strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.22). Total distance accounted for significant variance in performance (R2 ≥ 0.57, p < 0.001). Of the training modes, hierarchical regression analysis showed that easy runs and tempo runs were the activities that accounted for significant variance in performance (p < 0.01). Although DP activities, particularly tempo runs and short-interval training, are important for improving performance, coaches should note that the non-DP activity of easy running was crucial in better performances, partly because of its contribution to total distance run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ; and
| | - Luis M Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Social Sciences of Physical Activity and Sports, Polytechnic University of Madrid UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Etxebarria N, Spratford W, Iriberri J, Ross M, Gomez-Ezeiza J, Pyne D. Energetics in elite race walkers. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1149-1155. [PMID: 34379572 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1948615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Race walkers must conform to a unique gait pattern with no visible loss of contact with the ground. However, how the gait pattern affects the race walking economy is unclear. We investigated the energy cost (amount of energy spent per distance unit) at different race walking velocities and over a 25 km hybrid walk. Twenty-one international-level male race walkers (V˙O2peak 63.8 ± 4.3 ml kg-1 min-1, age 31 ± 5 y, body mass 68.1 ± 7.0 kg) performed an incremental treadmill test consisting of 4 × 4 min submaximal stages with 1 km h-1 increments, and a 25 km submaximal hybrid walk (treadmill-overground) on separate days. Energy cost was measured continuously during the submaximal test and at km 0-1, 6-7, 12-13, 18-19, 23-24 of the 25 km hybrid walk. The CRW was similar across the four submaximal stages where half the athletes completed them at a higher (1 km h-1) absolute velocity (-0.01-0.15 ± ∼0.65); range of standardised differences ±90% CL, with a tendency for higher performing athletes to have a lower CRW when this was analysed during absolute race walking velocities of 12, 13 and 14 km-1 for the entire cohort (0.46-0.49 ± ∼0.67). There was no substantial change in CRW from the start to the end of the 25 km walk for the entire cohort (0.08 ± 2.2; standardised change ±90% CL). Elite race walkers are characterised by having a similar energy cost among athletes who perform at the same relative exercise intensity, and substantially higher energetics than counterpart elite endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Etxebarria
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Meg Ross
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Josu Gomez-Ezeiza
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - David Pyne
- University of Canberra Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
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Effect of Seasonal Variation during Annual Cyclist Training on Somatic Function, White Blood Cells Composition, Immunological System, Selected Hormones and Their Interaction with Irisin. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153299. [PMID: 34362082 PMCID: PMC8348623 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic, hormonal and immunological changes during the macrocycle of cyclists (9 well-trained men, age 25.6 ± 5.2 years and body weight 72.4 ± 7.35 kg). During the training macrocycle, four exercise control tests were carried out, and biochemical markers were measured in the laboratory. Seasonal training changes did not significantly disturb resting somatic and functional parameters, physical capacity (VO2max), body weight, the number of leukocytes and selected hormones. The secretory system of the organism did not respond significantly to the exercise stress in the training process, even with the increasing share of anaerobic processes in the subsequent periods of the macrocycle. Irisin and other parameters globally did not correlate with training volume. Irisin showed a significant correlation only with cortisol in the first period and human growth hormone in the second, and it showed a weak correlation in the third period with body mass and BMI. The lack of interactions between irisin level and other variables practically excludes its use in monitoring cyclist training. Future research would be complemented by the assessment of stress and postexercise changes in the cyclists’ macrocycle and expanding the research group to other athletes, including women.
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Association between endurance performance, oxidative stress, and antioxidant markers during a running training program in untrained men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Associations between Vpeak, vLT and 10-km running performance in recreational runners. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effect of Uphill Running on VO 2, Heart Rate and Lactate Accumulation on Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmills. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9040051. [PMID: 33917341 PMCID: PMC8067390 DOI: 10.3390/sports9040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPTs) as a strategy to reduce musculoskeletal load are becoming more common as part of sports conditioning, although the requisite physiological parameters are unclear. To elucidate their role, ten well-trained runners (30.2 ± 3.4 years; VO2max: 60.3 ± 4.2 mL kg-1 min-1) ran at 70% of their individual velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) on a LBPPT at 80% body weight support (80% BWSet) and 90% body weight support (90% BWSet), at 0%, 2% and 7% incline. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate accumulation (LA) were monitored. It was found that an increase in incline led to increased VO2 values of 6.8 ± 0.8 mL kg-1 min-1 (0% vs. 7%, p < 0.001) and 5.4 ± 0.8 mL kg-1 min-1 (2% vs. 7%, p < 0.001). Between 80% BWSet and 90% BWSet, there were VO2 differences of 3.3 ± 0.2 mL kg-1 min-1 (p < 0.001). HR increased with incline by 12 ± 2 bpm (0% vs. 7%, p < 0.05) and 10 ± 2 bpm (2% vs. 7%, p < 0.05). From 80% BWSet to 90% BWSet, HR increases of 6 ± 1 bpm (p < 0.001) were observed. Additionally, LA values showed differences of 0.10 ± 0.02 mmol l-1 between 80% BWSet and 90% BWSet. Those results suggest that on a LBPPT, a 2% incline (at 70% vVO2max) is not yet sufficient to produce significant physiological changes in VO2, HR and LA-as opposed to running on conventional treadmills, where significant changes are measured. However, a 7% incline increases VO2 and HR significantly. Bringing together physiological and biomechanical factors from previous studies into this practical context, it appears that a 7% incline (at 80% BWSet) may be used to keep VO2 and HR load unchanged as compared to unsupported running, while biomechanical stress is substantially reduced.
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Physiological Determinants of Ultramarathon Trail-Running Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1454-1461. [PMID: 33691287 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The physiological determinants of ultramarathon success have rarely been assessed and likely differ in their contributions to performance as race distance increases. PURPOSE To examine predictors of performance in athletes who completed either a 50-, 80-, or 160-km trail race over a 20-km loop course on the same day. METHODS Measures of running history, aerobic fitness, running economy, body mass loss, hematocrit alterations, age, and cardiovascular health were examined in relation to race-day performance. Performance was defined as the percentage difference from the winning time at a given race distance, with 0% representing the fastest possible time. RESULTS In the 50-km race, training volumes, cardiovascular health, aerobic fitness, and a greater loss of body mass during the race were all related to better performance (all P < .05). Using multiple linear regression, peak velocity achieved in the maximal oxygen uptake test (β = -11.7, P = .002) and baseline blood pressure (β = 3.1, P = .007) were the best performance predictors for the men's 50-km race (r = .98, r2 = .96, P < .001), while peak velocity achieved in the maximal oxygen uptake test (β = -13.6, P = .001) and loss of body mass (β = 12.8, P = .03) were the best predictors for women (r = .94, r2 = .87, P = .001). In the 80-km race, only peak velocity achieved in the maximal oxygen uptake test predicted performance (β = -20.3, r = .88, r2 = .78, P < .001). In the 160-km race, there were no significant performance determinants. CONCLUSIONS While classic determinants of running performance, including cardiovascular health and running fitness, predict 50-km trail-running success, performance in longer-distance races appears to be less influenced by such physiological parameters.
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Alves J, Barrientos G, Toro V, Sánchez E, Muñoz D, Maynar M. Changes in Anthropometric and Performance Parameters in High-Level Endurance Athletes during a Sports Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052782. [PMID: 33803383 PMCID: PMC7967258 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several anthropometric and performance parameters related to aerobic metabolism are associated with performance in endurance runners and are modified according to the training performed. The objective of this study was to investigate the ergospirometric and body composition changes in endurance runners during a sports season in relation to their training. Twenty highly trained men endurance runners performed an incremental test until exhaustion (initial, and at 3, 6, and 9 months) on a treadmill to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), and their associated running speeds. Skinfolds, perimeters, and weights were measured. No changes were obtained in VO2 max or VT2 during the study, although their associated running speeds increased (p < 0.05) after 3 months of the study. Decreases in fat mass (p < 0.05) and muscle mass (p < 0.05) were observed at the end of the season (9 months). Changes occurred in the different skinfolds according to the characteristics of the training performed during the season. In conclusion, vVO2 max and vVT2 increase with a greater volume of kilometres trained and can be adversely affected by loss of muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alves
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Barrientos
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.A.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923-125-027
| | - Víctor Toro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (V.T.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Esther Sánchez
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (V.T.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcos Maynar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (V.T.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
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Brady AJ, Langton HM, Mulligan M, Egan B. Effects of 8 wk of 16:8 Time-restricted Eating in Male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:633-642. [PMID: 32796255 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eight weeks of time-restricted eating (TRE) in concert with habitual exercise training was investigated for effects on body composition, energy and macronutrient intakes, indices of endurance running performance, and markers of metabolic health in endurance athletes. METHODS Male middle- and long-distance runners (n = 23) were randomly assigned to TRE (n = 12) or habitual dietary intake (CON; n = 11). TRE required participants to consume all of their dietary intake within an 8-h eating window (so-called 16:8 TRE), but dietary patterns, food choices, and energy intake were ad libitum during this window. Participants continued their habitual training during the intervention period. Participants completed an incremental exercise test before (PRE) and after (POST) the 8-wk intervention for the assessment of blood lactate concentrations, running economy, and maximal oxygen uptake. Fasted blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations. Dietary intake was assessed at PRE, MID (week 4), and POST using a 4-d semiweighed food diary. RESULTS Seventeen participants (TRE, n = 10; CON, n = 7) completed the intervention. Training load did not differ between groups for the duration of the intervention period. TRE resulted in a reduction in body mass (mean difference of -1.92 kg, 95% confidence interval = -3.52 to -0.32, P = 0.022). Self-reported daily energy intake was lower in TRE at MID and POST (group-time interaction, P = 0.049). No effect of TRE was observed for oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, running economy, blood lactate concentrations, or heart rate during exercise, nor were there any effects on glucose, insulin, or triglyceride concentrations observed. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of 16:8 TRE in middle- and long-distance runners resulted in a decrease in body mass commensurate with a reduction in daily energy intake, but it did not alter indices of endurance running performance or metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Brady
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
| | - Henry M Langton
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, IRELAND
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TAKAO K, UENO H, HAMAGUCHI K, ISAKA T. Comparison of aerobic profiles between the field-based 20 m-shuttle run test and the laboratory-based bike ergometer test in runners. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Parmar A, Jones TW, Hayes PR. The dose-response relationship between interval-training and VO 2max in well-trained endurance runners: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1410-1427. [PMID: 33605843 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1876313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Success in endurance running is primarily determined by maximal aerobic power (VO2max), fractional utilization, and running economy (RE). Within the literature, two training modalities have been identified to improve VO2max; continuous training (CT) and interval-training (IT). The efficacy of IT to improve VO2max in well-trained runners remains equivocal, as does whether a dose-response relationship exists between the IT training load performed and changes in VO2max. A keyword search was performed in five electronic databases. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The training impulse (TRIMP) was calculated to analyse relationships between training load and changes in VO2max, by calculating the time accumulated in certain intensity domains throughout a training intervention. Non-significant (P>0.05) improvements in VO2max were reported in six studies, with only one study reporting a significant (P<0.05) improvement following the IT interventions. A relationship between the training session impulse of the interval-training performed (IT STRIMP) and VO2max improvements were observed. The efficacy of IT to improve VO2max in well-trained runners remains equivocal, nevertheless, the novel method of training-load analysis demonstrates a relationship between the IT STRIMP and VO2max improvements. This provides practical application for the periodization of IT within the training regime of well-trained distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arran Parmar
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Mercier Q, Aftalion A, Hanley B. A Model for World-Class 10,000 m Running Performances: Strategy and Optimization. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:636428. [PMID: 33554112 PMCID: PMC7854691 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.636428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of energetic resources in world-class distance running is a key aspect of performance, with athletes relying on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to greater extents during different parts of the race. The purpose of this study is to model 10,000 m championship performances to enable a deeper understanding of the factors affecting running speed and, given that more than half the race is run on curves, to establish the effect of the bends on performance. Because a limitation of time split data is that they are typically averaged over 100-m or 1,000-m segments, we simulate two 10,000 m runners' performances and thus get access to their instantaneous speed, propulsive force and anaerobic energy. The numerical simulations provide information on the factors that affect performance, and we precisely see the effect of parameters that influence race strategy, fatigue, and the ability to speed up and deal with bends. In particular, a lower anaerobic capacity leads to an inability to accelerate at the end of the race, and which can accrue because of a reliance on anaerobic energy to maintain pace in an athlete of inferior running economy. We also see that a runner with a worse running economy is less able to speed up on the straights and that, in general, the bends are run slower than the straights, most likely because bend running at the same pace would increase energy expenditure. Notwithstanding a recommendation for adopting the accepted practices of improving aerobic and anaerobic metabolism through appropriate training methods, coaches are advised to note that athletes who avoid mid-race surges can improve their endspurt, which are the differentiating element in closely contested championship races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Mercier
- Centre d'Analyse et de Mathématique Sociales, CNRS UMR-8557, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Aftalion
- Centre d'Analyse et de Mathématique Sociales, CNRS UMR-8557, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Okamoto T, Kobayashi R, Hashimoto Y, Kikuchi N, Ogoh S. Is individual day-to-day variation of arterial stiffness associated with variation of maximal aerobic performance? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33422135 PMCID: PMC7797097 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Maximal aerobic capacity, e.g. maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), is not constant, and it has a time-dependent variation based on the condition of individual. On the other hand, arterial properties play an important role in determining aerobic performance, and lower arterial stiffness is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels. This study examined whether individual variations in maximal aerobic performance are associated with arterial stiffness. Methods Twenty-four (mean age, 19.8 ± 0.2 y) and 10 (mean age, 21.2 ± 0.2 y) recreationally active young men and women participated in Experiment 1 (Ex1) and in Experiment 2 (Ex2), respectively. Aerobic performance was assessed using a graded power test (Ex1) or a 1500-m time trial (Ex2). Simultaneously, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured as an index of arterial stiffness in both Ex1 and Ex2 before the exercise trials. In both experiments, subjects returned for measurement of baPWV and V̇O2max or 1500-m time trial at 1 month after first measurements. Results No significant differences in mean baPWV, V̇O2max or 1500-m run time were seen between first and second visits. Mean baPWV was significantly lower on days when participants showed higher V̇O2max or better 1500-m run time (P = 0.001 each) than on days when participants showed lower V̇O2max or worse 1500-m run time. In addition, a significant relationship was seen between individual changes in baPWV from first to second visits and changes in V̇O2max (P=0.0001) or 1500-m run time (P=0.04). Conclusion These findings suggest that individual day-to-day variations in maximal aerobic performance are associated with variations in arterial stiffness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-021-00231-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Okamoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan.
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Center for Fundamental Education, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
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Association between peak velocity and time limit across different endurance performance levels. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Alvero-Cruz JR, Carnero EA, García MAG, Alacid F, Correas-Gómez L, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Predictive Performance Models in Long-Distance Runners: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218289. [PMID: 33182485 PMCID: PMC7665126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max), running economy (RE) and changes in lactate levels are considered the main factors determining performance in long-distance races. The aim of this review was to present the mathematical models available in the literature to estimate performance in the 5000 m, 10,000 m, half-marathon and marathon events. Eighty-eight articles were identified, selections were made based on the inclusion criteria and the full text of the articles were obtained. The articles were reviewed and categorized according to demographic, anthropometric, exercise physiology and field test variables were also included by athletic specialty. A total of 58 studies were included, from 1983 to the present, distributed in the following categories: 12 in the 5000 m, 13 in the 10,000 m, 12 in the half-marathon and 21 in the marathon. A total of 136 independent variables associated with performance in long-distance races were considered, 43.4% of which pertained to variables derived from the evaluation of aerobic metabolism, 26.5% to variables associated with training load and 20.6% to anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype components. The most closely associated variables in the prediction models for the half and full marathon specialties were the variables obtained from the laboratory tests (VO2max, vVO2max), training variables (training pace, training load) and anthropometric variables (fat mass, skinfolds). A large gap exists in predicting time in long-distance races, based on field tests. Physiological effort assessments are almost exclusive to shorter specialties (5000 m and 10,000 m). The predictor variables of the half-marathon are mainly anthropometric, but with moderate coefficients of determination. The variables of note in the marathon category are fundamentally those associated with training and those derived from physiological evaluation and anthropometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elvis A. Carnero
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital Sanford, Orlando, FL 32804, USA;
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Fernando Alacid
- Department of Education, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | - Lorena Correas-Gómez
- Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía TECH, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6977-8202-98
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; (T.R.); (B.K.)
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Blagrove RC, Brown N, Howatson G, Hayes PR. Strength and Conditioning Habits of Competitive Distance Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1392-1399. [PMID: 29023328 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Blagrove, RC, Brown, N, Howatson, G, and Hayes, PR. Strength and conditioning habits of competitive distance runners. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1392-1399, 2020-Targeted strength and conditioning (S&C) programs can potentially improve performance and reduce injury risk factors in competitive runners. However, S&C practices of distance runners are unknown. This study aimed to explore S&C practices of competitive middle- and long-distance runners and examined whether reported frequency of injuries was influenced by training behaviors. One thousand eight hundred eighty-three distance runners (≥15 years old) completed an online survey. All runners who raced competitively were included in data analysis (n = 667). Distance runners mainly engaged with S&C activities to lower risk of injury (63.1%) and improve performance (53.8%). The most common activities used were stretching (86.2%) and core stability exercises (70.2%). Resistance training (RT) and plyometric training (PT) were used by 62.5 and 35.1% of runners, respectively. Junior (under-20) runners include PT, running drills, and circuit training more so than masters runners. Significantly more international standard runners engaged in RT, PT, and fundamental movement skills training compared with competitive club runners. Middle-distance (800-3,000 m) specialists were more likely to include RT, PT, running drills, circuit training, and barefoot exercises in their program than longer-distance runners. Injury frequency was associated with typical weekly running volume and run frequency. Strength and conditioning did not seem to confer a protection against the number of injuries the runners experienced. Practitioners working with distance runners should critically evaluate the current S&C practices of their athletes, to ensure that activities prescribed have a sound evidence-based rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Blagrove
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Brown
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Düking P, Holmberg HC, Kunz P, Leppich R, Sperlich B. Intra-individual physiological response of recreational runners to different training mesocycles: a randomized cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2705-2713. [PMID: 32918588 PMCID: PMC7674349 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency. METHODS Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak ([Formula: see text]) and submaximal ([Formula: see text]) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V2, V4)] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed. RESULTS [Formula: see text], V2, V4 and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). [Formula: see text] improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4%); and HFT (15.4%) than HVLIT (7.6%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5%) than HFT (23%) or HIIT (7.7%). 46% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. CONCLUSION On a group level, none of the interventions altered [Formula: see text], V2, V4 or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved [Formula: see text]. The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum C5, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Kunz
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Leppich
- Chair of Software Engineering, Department of Computer Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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