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Ribeiro MTS, Conceição F, Pacheco MM. Proficiency Barrier in Track and Field: Adaptation and Generalization Processes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1000. [PMID: 38339717 PMCID: PMC10857757 DOI: 10.3390/s24031000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The literature on motor development and training assumes a hierarchy for learning skills-learning the "fundamentals"-that has yet to be empirically demonstrated. The present study addressed this issue by verifying (1) whether this strong hierarchy (i.e., the proficiency barrier) holds between three fundamental skills and three sport skills and (2) considering different transfer processes (generalization/adaptation) that would occur as a result of the existence of this strong hierarchy. Twenty-seven children/adolescents participated in performing the countermovement jump, standing long jump, leap, high jump, long jump, and hurdle transposition. We identified the proficiency barrier in two pairs of tasks (between the countermovement jump and high jump and between the standing long jump and long jump). Nonetheless, the transfer processes were not related to the proficiency barrier. We conclude that the proposed learning hierarchy holds for some tasks. The underlying reason for this is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa S. Ribeiro
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal;
- Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Matheus M. Pacheco
- Center for Investigation, Formation, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- GEDEM, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rondônia, Porto Velho 78900-000, Brazil
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2
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Stosic J, Veiga S, Trinidad A, Dopsaj M, Navarro E. Effect of breakout phase on the stroke kinematics and coordinative swimming variables. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1669-1682. [PMID: 35098886 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2033306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The first complete upper and lower limbswimming cycle after the underwater segment of start and turns represents the breakout phase in competitive swimming. The aim of the present research was to examine the effect of the breakout movements on the stroking variables and coordinative patterns of competitive swimmers. Thirty-three national-level male swimmers performed 4 x 25 m maximal efforts (one of each stroke in random order) from a push start and were recorded by two sequential cameras in the sagittal plane. The average velocity, stroke length, and stroke frequency; the relative duration (%) of the stroke phases; and the inter-limb discrete relative phases were calculated using direct linear transformation algorithms for the breakout and free-swimming phases. In general terms, swimming velocity during breakout was faster (δ 0.27 ± 0.04 m/s, p < 0.001, ES = 0.33) than free swimming (in all strokes but breaststroke), not because of a faster previous underwater kicking or a modified coordinative swimming pattern, but because of an increase in the stroke rate (δ 4.68 ± 0.79 cycles/min, p < 0.001, ES = 0.36). These results indicate how swimmers manage the changing constraints during breakout from underwater to surface swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Stosic
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Trinidad
- Faculty of Education and Humanities, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Kimura A, Nakashima H, Inaba Y. Biomechanical role can vary depending on the conditions of the motor task. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 92:103150. [PMID: 37776752 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Expert players in throwing sports may reduce the variability of projectile arrival position by systematically relating release parameters (e.g., release position, velocity, and angular velocity of the projectile). Reducing the variability of the projectile arrival position is often believed to increase the success rate of throwing task, but it may not be always true. Here, we experimentally illustrate that the systematic relationship between release parameters that reduce the variability of the ball arrival position may not increase the number of hitting trials during a throwing task. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the role of the release parameters in increasing successful trials can vary depending on the target size. Each participant threw balls at two different-sized targets (small and large target conditions). Additionally, they alternately threw balls with overhead and sidearm throwing for both the small and large targets. Our results showed that the release position and velocity in the left-right direction reduced the variability of the ball arrival position and increased the successful trials in the small target condition. In the large target condition, the two release parameters reduced the variability of the ball arrival position, but they did not increase the successful trials. Consequently, reducing the variability of the ball arrival position did not always equate to an increase in successful trials, as it depended on the target size. These findings indicate that the role of the release parameters in increasing hitting trials is not constant but varies depending on the condition of the motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Kimura
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Nakashima
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan
| | - Yuki Inaba
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan
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4
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Onodera K, Takeda M. Hand Selection in Dribbling Phases: An Analysis of Non-Dominant Hand Usage and Dribble Change in Basketball. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:226. [PMID: 37999443 PMCID: PMC10674553 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of different dribbling phases on hand selection among basketball players across various categories. A total of 33 guard players, including 11 from high school, college, and NBA teams each, were observed. Video data analysis was utilized to determine the frequency of players using their dominant hands (DHs) and non-dominant hands (NDHs) during in-game dribbling phases. The dribbling phases were classified into three categories: First (the initiation of the dribble), Middle (during the dribble but not in First and Last), and Last (the completion of the dribble). Percentage, means, and standard deviations were computed for each category within the First, Middle, and Last measurements. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, considering player category and dribbling phase as factors. The ANOVA revealed significant main effects of player category (p < 0.01) and dribbling phase (p < 0.01). Post hoc multiple comparisons using Holm's method indicated that, in the First phase, players exhibited a 6.5% higher preference for using their NDHs (43.4 ± 11.9%) compared to the Middle phase (36.9 ± 13.9%) (p < 0.05). Similarly, in the Last phase, players displayed a 5.3% greater inclination towards using their NDHs (42.2 ± 11.7%) compared to the Middle phase (p < 0.05). These findings provide quantitative evidence that the specific dribbling phase influences hand selection during gameplay. The implications of these results are significant for basketball coaches, as they can design targeted training programs and drills that simulate game scenarios and encourage NDH usage. By understanding the factors influencing hand choice, players can enhance their versatility and adaptability on the court. Furthermore, these findings contribute to player performance, skill development, and strategic decision making in dribbling phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Onodera
- Faculty of Education and Welfare, Biwako-Gakuin University, 29 Fuse-cho, Higashiomi 527-8533, Shiga, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara, Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara, Miyakodani, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Kyoto, Japan;
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Ben Kibler W, Lockhart JW, Cromwell R, Sciascia A. Managing Scapular Dyskinesis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2023; 34:427-451. [PMID: 37003662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Scapular dyskinesis, the impairment of optimal scapular position and motion, is common in association with shoulder injury. A comprehensive evaluation process can show the causative factors and lead to effective treatment protocols. The complexity of scapular motion and the integrated relationship between the scapula, humerus, trunk, and legs suggest a need to develop rehabilitation programs that involve all segments working as a unit rather than isolated components. This is best accomplished with an integrated rehabilitation approach that includes rectifying deficits in mobility, strength, and motor control but not overtly focusing on any one area.
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6
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Haralabidis N, Colyer SL, Serrancolí G, Salo AIT, Cazzola D. Modifications to the net knee moments lead to the greatest improvements in accelerative sprinting performance: a predictive simulation study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15908. [PMID: 36151260 PMCID: PMC9508344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current body of sprinting biomechanics literature together with the front-side mechanics coaching framework provide various technique recommendations for improving performance. However, few studies have attempted to systematically explore technique modifications from a performance enhancement perspective. The aims of this investigation were therefore to explore how hypothetical technique modifications affect accelerative sprinting performance and assess whether the hypothetical modifications support the front-side mechanics coaching framework. A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model scaled to an international male sprinter was used in combination with direct collocation optimal control to perform (data-tracking and predictive) simulations of the preliminary steps of accelerative sprinting. The predictive simulations differed in the net joint moments that were left 'free' to change. It was found that the 'knee-free' and 'knee-hip-free' simulations resulted in the greatest performance improvements (13.8% and 21.9%, respectively), due to a greater knee flexor moment around touchdown (e.g., 141.2 vs. 70.5 Nm) and a delayed and greater knee extensor moment during stance (e.g., 188.5 vs. 137.5 Nm). Lastly, the predictive simulations which led to the greatest improvements were also found to not exhibit clear and noticeable front-side mechanics technique, thus the underpinning principles of the coaching framework may not be the only key aspect governing accelerative sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos Haralabidis
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK. .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Steffi L Colyer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Gil Serrancolí
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aki I T Salo
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,KIHU Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dario Cazzola
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,CAMERA-Centre for the Analysis of Motion, Entertainment Research and Applications, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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7
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Wilkins CA, Wheat JS, Protheroe L, Nankervis K, Draper SB. Coordination variability reveals the features of the 'independent seat' in competitive dressage riders. Sports Biomech 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35993195 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The rider's ability to consistently coordinate their movements to their horse is a key determinant of performance in equestrian sport. This study investigated the inter-segmental coordination variability between the vertical displacement of a riding simulator and the pitch rotation of 28 competitive female dressage riders' head, trunk, pelvis, and left foot, in simulated medium and extended trot. A statistical non-parametric mapping three-way repeated-measures ANOVA investigated the influence of gait, competition level and segment on coordination variability. There was a significant main effect of gait and segment (p = 0.05), however, no significant effect of competition level. In medium trot, simulator-pelvis coupling was significantly (p < 0.001) less variable than simulator-head, -trunk, and -foot couplings. Significantly greater coordination variability of simulator-head and -foot relative to the trunk and pelvis suggested that riders can maintain stability in the saddle with their trunk and pelvis while allowing greater variability of their head and foot coupling to the simulator's vertical displacement. It is proposed that stronger coupling of the rider's pelvis relative to their other segments is one facet of the equestrian dressage skill of the independent seat. However, greater perturbations during simulated extended trot may necessitate a decrease in the independence of the rider's seat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A Wilkins
- Equestrian Performance Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Jonathan S Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laurence Protheroe
- Sport & Exercise Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Kathryn Nankervis
- Equestrian Performance Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Stephen B Draper
- Sport & Exercise Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
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8
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Ghahramani M, Mason B, Pearsall P, Spratford W. An Analysis of Lower Limb Coordination Variability in Unilateral Tasks in Healthy Adults: A Possible Prognostic Tool. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:885329. [PMID: 35782503 PMCID: PMC9247147 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.885329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interlimb coordination variability analysis can shed light into the dynamics of higher order coordination and motor control. However, it is not clear how the interlimb coordination of people with no known injuries change in similar activities with increasing difficulty. This study aimed to ascertain if the interlimb coordination variability range and patterns of healthy participants change in different unilateral functional tasks with increasing complexity and whether leg dominance affects the interlimb coordination variability. In this cross-sectional study fourteen younger participants with no known injuries completed three repeated unilateral sit-to-stands (UniSTS), step-ups (SUs), and continuous-hops (Hops). Using four inertial sensors mounted on the lower legs and thighs, angular rotation of thighs and shanks were recorded. Using Hilbert transform, the phase angle of each segment and then the continuous relative phase (CRP) of the two segments were measured. The CRP is indicative of the interlimb coordination. Finally, the linear and the nonlinear shank-thigh coordination variability of each participant in each task was calculated. The results show that the linear shank-thigh coordination variability was significantly smaller in the SUs compared to both UniSTS and Hops in both legs. There were no significant differences found between the latter two tests in their linear coordination variability. However, Hops were found to have significantly larger nonlinear shank-thigh coordination variability compared to the SUs and the UniSTS. This can be due to larger vertical and horizontal forces required for the task and can reveal inadequate motor control during the movement. The combination of nonlinear and linear interlimb coordination variability can provide more insight into human movement as they measure different aspects of coordination variability. It was also seen that leg dominance does not affect the lower limb coordination variability in participants with no known injuries. The results should be tested in participants recovering from lower limb injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahramani
- Human-Centred Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Maryam Ghahramani,
| | - Billy Mason
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Canberra, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Pearsall
- School of Information Technology and Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Canberra, NSW, Australia
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9
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The Effect of a Coordinative Training in Young Swimmers' Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127020. [PMID: 35742277 PMCID: PMC9222770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a coordinative in-water training. Total 26 young swimmers (16 boys) were divided in a training group (that performed two sets of 6 × 25-m front crawl, with manipulated speed and stroke frequency, two/week for eight weeks) and a control group. At the beginning and end of the training period, swimmers performed 50-m front crawl sprints recorded by seven land and six underwater Qualisys cameras. A linear mixed model regression was applied to investigate the training effects adjusted for sex. Differences between sex were registered in terms of speed, stroke length, and stroke index, highlighting that an adjustment for sex should be made in the subsequent analysis. Between moments, differences were noticed in coordinative variables (higher time spent in anti-phase and push, and lower out-of-phase and recovery for training group) and differences between sex were noticed in performance (stroke length and stroke index). Interactions (group * time) were found for the continuous relative phase, speed, stroke length, and stroke index. The sessions exerted a greater (indirect) influence on performance than on coordinative variables, thus, more sessions may be needed for a better understanding of coordinative changes since our swimmers, although not experts, are no longer in the early learning stages.
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10
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Glazier PS. An ecological-dynamical approach to golf science: implications for swing biomechanics, club design and customisation, and coaching practice. Sports Biomech 2022:1-22. [PMID: 35484981 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2067075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been argued that science has only made a limited contribution to the sport of golf, particularly the human element. This lack of impact could, in part, be attributed to the absence of an appropriate theoretical framework in most empirical investigations of the golf swing. This position paper outlines an ecological-dynamical approach to golf science that is better able to capture the interactions among the many structural parts of a golfer, and the relations between a golfer, his or her equipment, and his or her surrounding environment than other theoretical approaches have hitherto. It is proposed that the conjoining of principles and concepts of ecological psychology and dynamical systems theory could make a significant contribution to the enhancement of knowledge and understanding of swing biomechanics, club design and customisation, and coaching practice. This approach could also provide a platform on which to integrate the various subdisciplines of sport and human movement science to gain a more holistic understanding of golf performance.
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11
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A Narrative Review of the Current State of Extended Reality Technology and How it can be Utilised in Sport. Sports Med 2022; 52:1473-1489. [PMID: 35286617 PMCID: PMC9213326 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Extended reality is an umbrella term used to describe three computer-generated technologies including virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality. Extended reality is an emerging technology that has been utilised in many high-performance domains including psychology, medicine and the military, with the aim of enhancing perceptual-cognitive skills and motor skills. However, the use of extended reality in sport, particularly at the elite level, has only recently started to receive attention. While the growth of extended reality technology continues to accelerate at a rapid rate, empirical evidence aimed at understanding how these devices can best be applied in high-performance sport has not followed suit. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide clarity for high-performance sport organisations, researchers, sport scientists, coaches and athletes about the current state of extended reality technology and how it has been utilised in sport. In doing so, we first define and give examples of the types of extended reality technology including virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality that are available at the present time. Second, we detail how skill acquisition principles underpinned by the theoretical framework of ecological dynamics can be used to help inform the design and assessment of extended reality training tools. Third, we describe how extended reality has been utilised in sport, including how extended reality tools have been assessed for their level of representativeness, and the effectiveness of extended reality training interventions for improving perceptual-cognitive skills and motor skills. Finally, we discuss the future utilisation of extended reality in sport, including the key learnings that can be drawn from other domains, future research directions, practical applications and areas for consideration related to the use of extended reality for training skills in sport.
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12
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Chan VCH, Welsh TN, Tremblay L, Frost DM, Beach TAC. A comparison of augmented feedback and didactic training approaches to reduce spine motion during occupational lifting tasks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 99:103612. [PMID: 34743974 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manual handling training may be improved if it relied on the provision of individualized, augmented feedback about key movement features. The purpose of this study was to compare the reduction in sagittal spine motion during manual lifting tasks following two training approaches: didactic (DID) and augmented feedback (AUG). Untrained participants (n = 26) completed lifting tests (box, medication bag, and paramedic backboard) and a randomly-assigned intervention involving 50 practice box lifts. Lifting tests were performed immediately before and after training, and one-week after interventions. Both groups exhibited reductions in spine motions immediately and one-week after the interventions. However, the AUG intervention group elicited significantly greater reductions in 5 of 12 between-group comparisons (3 tasks × 4 spine motion variables). The results of the current study support the use of augmented feedback-based approaches to manual handling training over education-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C H Chan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David M Frost
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tyson A C Beach
- Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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13
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Trindade LN, Popowczak M, Jaime MDO, Marques PG, Silva JFD, Ueda LS, Teixeira D, Borges PH. Combined effects of home advantage and match result on interactions performed by Brazilian handball players. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220001622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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McClymont J, Davids K, Crompton R. Variation, mosaicism and degeneracy in the hominin foot. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2021; 4:e2. [PMID: 37588898 PMCID: PMC10426032 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fossil record is scarce and incomplete by nature. Animals and ecological processes devour soft tissue and important bony details over time and, when the dust settles, we are faced with a patchy record full of variation. Fossil taxa are usually defined by craniodental characteristics, so unless postcranial bones are found associated with a skull, assignment to taxon is unstable. Naming a locomotor category based on fossil bone morphology by analogy to living hominoids is not uncommon, and when no single locomotor label fits, postcrania are often described as exhibiting a 'mosaic' of traits. Here, we contend that the unavoidable variation that characterises the fossil record can be described far more rigorously based on extensive work in human neurobiology and neuroanatomy, movement sciences and motor control and biomechanics research. In neurobiology, degeneracy is a natural mechanism of adaptation allowing system elements that are structurally different to perform the same function. This concept differs from redundancy as understood in engineering, where the same function is performed by identical elements. Assuming degeneracy, structurally different elements are able to produce different outputs in a range of environmental contexts, favouring ecological robusticity by enabling adaptations. Furthermore, as degeneracy extends to genome level, genetic variation is sustained, so that genes which might benefit an organism in a different environment remain part of the genome, favouring species' evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Davids
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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15
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Santos R, Passos P. A Multi-Level Interdependent Hierarchy of Interpersonal Synergies in Team Sports: Theoretical Considerations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:746372. [PMID: 34925151 PMCID: PMC8677664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Santos
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Pedro Passos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Hu M, Kobayashi T, Zhou J, Lam WK. Current application of continuous relative phase in running and jumping studies: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2021; 90:215-233. [PMID: 34520999 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous relative phase (CRP) has gained popularity to assess movement performances in recent decades. RESEARCH QUESTION The application and interpretation of CRP in common movements such as running and jumping are still unclear. METHODS This systematic review summarized the current applications, methodology, parameters of interest, and interpretations of CRP variables in running and jumping. Reviewed articles were found in five databases from January 1999 to December 2020, and 1613 records were obtained. After applying selection criteria and analysis of study quality to titles, abstracts, and full texts, 38 articles were identified for subsequent review. RESULTS Twenty-eight reviewed articles relating to running were found to compare the coordination among pathological gait, footwear designs, running speed, gender, age, running level, fatigue state, and treadmill effect. In addition, ten reviewed articles relating to jumping were found to compare the coordination among different types of jump (e.g., squat jump coordination, countermovement jump, single leg jump) and insole effect. SIGNIFICANCE The CRP and its variability (CRPv) are two common variables to describe the changes and differences of coordination patterns, respectively. These reviewed articles suggest that CRP tools are effective to assess the coordination and performances in running and jumping, as these values are related to external (environment/equipment) and internal (self-biological) changes. In the future, studying higher-order analysis of movement patterns using CRP tools can provide meaningful interpretation of movement behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, 110102, China; Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company, Beijing, 101111, China; Li Ning Sports Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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17
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Glazier PS. Beyond animated skeletons: How can biomechanical feedback be used to enhance sports performance? J Biomech 2021; 129:110686. [PMID: 34601218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical feedback technologies are becoming increasingly prevalent in elite athletic training environments but how the kinematic and kinetic data they produce can be best used to improve sports techniques and enhance sports performance is unclear. This paper draws on theoretical and empirical developments in the motor control, skill acquisition, and sports biomechanics literatures to offer practical guidance and strategic direction on this issue. It is argued that the information produced by biomechanical feedback technologies can only describe, with varying degrees of accuracy, what patterns of coordination and control are being adopted by the athlete but, crucially, it cannot prescribe how these patterns of coordination and control should be modified to enhance sports performance. As conventional statistical and theoretical modelling paradigms in applied sports biomechanics provide limited information about patterns of coordination and control, and do not permit the identification of athlete-specific optimum sports techniques, objective criteria on which to base technical modifications that will consistently lead to enhanced performance outcomes cannot reliably be established for individual athletes. Given these limitations, an alternative approach, which is harmonious with the tenets of dynamical systems theory and aligned with the pioneering insights of Bernstein (1967) on skill acquisition, is advocated. This approach involves using kinematic and kinetic data to channel the athlete's search towards their own unique 'optimum' pattern of coordination and control as they actively explore their perceptual-motor workspace during practice. This approach appears to be the most efficacious use of kinematic and kinetic data given current biomechanical knowledge about sports techniques and the apparent inability of existing biomechanical modelling approaches to accurately predict how technique changes will impact on performance outcomes for individual athletes.
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18
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Burdack J, Horst F, Aragonés D, Eekhoff A, Schöllhorn WI. Fatigue-Related and Timescale-Dependent Changes in Individual Movement Patterns Identified Using Support Vector Machine. Front Psychol 2020; 11:551548. [PMID: 33101124 PMCID: PMC7554555 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.551548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific and practical fields-especially high-performance sports-increasingly request a stronger focus be placed on individual athletes in human movement science research. Machine learning methods have shown efficacy in this context by identifying the unique movement patterns of individuals and distinguishing their intra-individual changes over time. The objective of this investigation is to analyze biomechanically described movement patterns during the fatigue-related accumulation process within a single training session of a high number of repeated executions of a ballistic sports movement-specifically, the frontal foot kick (mae-geri) in karate-in expert athletes. The two leading research questions presented for consideration are (1) Can characteristics of individual movement patterns be observed throughout the entire training session despite continuous changes, i.e., even as fatigue-related processes increase? and (2) How do intra-individual movement patterns change as fatigue-related processes increase throughout a training session? Sixteen expert karatekas performed 606 frontal foot kicks directed toward an imaginary target. The kicks were performed in nine sets at 80% (K-80) of the self-experienced maximal intensity. In addition, six kicks at maximal intensity (K-100) were performed after each of the nine sets. Between the sets, the participants took a 90-s break. Three-dimensional full-body kinematic data of all kicks were recorded with 10 infrared cameras. The normalized waveforms of nine upper- and lower-body joint angles were classified using a supervised machine learning method (support vector machine). The results of the classification revealed a disjunct distinction between the kinematic movement patterns of individual athletes. The identification of unique movement patterns of individual athletes was independent of the intensity and the degree of fatigue-related processes. In other words, even with the accumulation of fatigue-related processes, the unique movement patterns of an individual athlete can be clearly identified. During the training session, changes in intra-individual movement patterns could also be detected, indicating the occurrence of adaptations in individual movement patterns throughout the fatigue-related accumulation process. The results suggest that these adaptations can be modeled in terms of changes in patterns rather than increasing variance. Practical consequences are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burdack
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Horst
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Aragonés
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Eekhoff
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Immanuel Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Wushu, School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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19
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Hristovski R, Balagué N. Theory of Cooperative-Competitive Intelligence: Principles, Research Directions, and Applications. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2220. [PMID: 33041893 PMCID: PMC7518128 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a theory of cooperative-competitive intelligence (CCI), its measures, research program, and applications that stem from it. Within the framework of this theory, satisficing sub-optimal behavior is any behavior that does not promote a decrease in the prospective control of the functional action diversity/unpredictability (D/U) potential of the agent or team. This potential is defined as the entropy measure in multiple, context-dependent dimensions. We define the satisficing interval of behaviors as CCI. In order to manifest itself at individual or team level, this capacity harnesses properties such as degeneracy, pleiotropy (pluri-potentiality), synergies, and metastability. Intelligence is embodied because intelligent behavior is deeply dependent on body functionalities, defined as entropy measures. We base our theory on three principles: (a) relativity of functional entropy/information in agent (team)-environment systems, (b) tendency toward the satisficing level of D/U potential, and (c) tendency toward the non-decreasing D/U potential. The conjunction of these three principles provides existence of sub-optimal behaviors associated with CCI. First, we deal with the problem of how to reduce multidimensional behavior to a concept that accounts for the vast set of scenarios in which CCI is manifested. Secondly, we define and discuss the three interacting principles that underpin CCI behavior as well as providing an outline for a future CCI research program supported by agent-based modeling and empirical research. Finally, we provide some preliminary practical issues that stem from the theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Rice PE, Nimphius S. When Task Constraints Delimit Movement Strategy: Implications for Isolated Joint Training in Dancers. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:49. [PMID: 33345041 PMCID: PMC7739566 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance is determined by numerous variables that cannot always be controlled or modified. Due to aesthetic requirements during sports such as dance, body alignment constrains possible movement solutions. Increased power transference around the ankle-joint, coupled with lower hip-joint power, has become a preferential strategy in dancers during leaps and may be considered a dance-specific stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) demand. Newell's theoretical model of interacting constraints includes organismic (or individual), environmental, and task constraints describing the different endogenous and exogenous constraints individuals must overcome for movement and athletic performance. The unique task constraints imposed during dance will be used as a model to justify an isolated joint, single-targeted block progression training to improve physical capacity within the context of motor behavior to enhance dance-specific SSC performance. The suggested ankle-specific block progression consists of isometrics, dynamic constant external resistance, accentuated eccentrics, and plyometrics. Such programming tactics intend to collectively induce tendon remodeling, muscle hypertrophy, greater maximal strength, improved rate of force development, increased motor unit firing rates, and enhanced dynamic movement performance. The current perspective provides a dualistic approach and justification (physiological and motor behavioral) for specific strength and conditioning programming strategies. We propose implementation of a single-targeted block progression program, inspired by Newell's theoretical model of interacting constraints, may elicit positive training adaptations in a directed manner in this population. The application of Newell's theoretical model in the context of a strength and conditioning supports development of musculoskeletal properties and control and is conceptually applicable to a range of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Rice
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Woods CT, McKeown I, Rothwell M, Araújo D, Robertson S, Davids K. Sport Practitioners as Sport Ecology Designers: How Ecological Dynamics Has Progressively Changed Perceptions of Skill "Acquisition" in the Sporting Habitat. Front Psychol 2020; 11:654. [PMID: 32390904 PMCID: PMC7194200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over two decades ago, Davids et al. (1994) and Handford et al. (1997) raised theoretical concerns associated with traditional, reductionist, and mechanistic perspectives of movement coordination and skill acquisition for sport scientists interested in practical applications for training designs. These seminal papers advocated an emerging consciousness grounded in an ecological approach, signaling the need for sports practitioners to appreciate the constraints-led, deeply entangled, and non-linear reciprocity between the organism (performer), task, and environment subsystems. Over two decades later, the areas of skill acquisition, practice and training design, performance analysis and preparation, and talent development in sport science have never been so vibrant in terms of theoretical modeling, knowledge generation and innovation, and technological deployment. Viewed at an ecological level of analysis, the work of sports practitioners has progressively transitioned toward the facilitation of an evolving relationship between an organism (athlete and team) and its environment (sports competition). This commentary sets out to explore how these original ideas from Davids et al. (1994) and Handford et al. (1997) have been advanced through the theoretical lens of ecological dynamics. Concurrently, we provide case study exemplars, from applied practice in high-performance sports organizations, to illustrate how these contemporary perspectives are shaping the work of sports practitioners (sport ecology designers) in practice and in performance preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl T. Woods
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Port Adelaide Football Club, Football Department, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian McKeown
- Port Adelaide Football Club, Football Department, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Martyn Rothwell
- Centre for Sport and Human Performance, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Duarte Araújo
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sport and Human Performance, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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22
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Assessing the Internal Reliability and Construct Validity of the General Movement Competence Assessment for Children. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2018-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Validated assessment tools for movement competence typically involve the isolation and reproduction of specific movement forms, which arguably neglects individuals’ ability to combine and adapt movements to overcome constraints within a dynamic environment. A new movement assessment tool, the General Movement Competence Assessment (GMCA), was developed for this study using Microsoft Kinect. Movement competence of 83 children (36 boys and 47 girls), aged 8–10 years (9.06 ± 0.75 years) was measured using the GMCA. An exploratory approach was undertaken to examine the internal consistency reliability (McDonald’s omega coefficient) and factorial structure of the GMCA for the study sample. Factorial structure was determined using exploratory factor analysis by principal component analysis with varimax rotation. For the sample data, reliability for the GMCA games were acceptable (ω = 0.53–0.89) and indicated that combinations of movement attributes were measured by GMCA games. Factorial analysis extracted four movement constructs accounting for 71.31% of variance. Dexterity was tentatively identified as a new independent construct alongside currently accepted movement constructs (i.e., locomotion, object-control, stability). While further development of the GMCA is still required, initial results are encouraging in view of an objective and theoretically informed approach to assess general movement competence in children.
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23
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize handball from a social network analysis perspective by analyzing 22 professional matches from the 2018 European Men's Handball Championship. Social network analysis has proven successful in the study of sports dynamics to investigate the interaction patterns of sport teams and the individual involvement of players. In handball, passing is crucial to establish an optimal position for throwing the ball into the goal of the opponent team. Moreover, different tactical formations are played during a game, often induced by two-minute suspensions or the addition of an offensive player replacing the goalkeeper as allowed by the International Handball Federation since 2016. Therefore, studying the interaction patterns of handball teams considering the different playing positions under various attack formations contributes to the tactical understanding of the sport. Degree and flow centrality as well as density and centralization values were computed. As a result, quantification of the contribution of individual players to the overall organization was achieved alongside the general balance in interplay. We identified the backcourt as the key players to structure interplay across tactical formations. While attack units without a goalkeeper were played longer, they were either more intensively structured around back positions (7 vs. 6) or spread out (5 + 1 vs. 6). We also found significant differences in the involvement of wing players across formations. The additional pivot in the 7 vs. 6 formation was mostly used to create space for back players and was less involved in interplay. Social network analysis turned out as a suitable method to govern and quantify team dynamics in handball.
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24
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Sanders RH, Button C, McCabe CB. Variability of upper body kinematics in a highly constrained task - sprint swimming. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:624-632. [PMID: 31537166 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1658808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Before examining the effect of changing constraints on skill adaptation, it is useful to know the tolerable variability of a movement pattern for optimal performance. Tolerable variability may vary throughout the period of task performance as some parts of the movement pattern may be more important than others. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter-trial variability of performance variables, and hand path as the task-relevant parameter, of skilled front crawl swimmers during 25 m sprints. It was hypothesised that the wrist paths would have smaller inter-trial variability during the below water phase than during the above water phase. Twelve skilled swimmers performed four 25 m front crawl sprints which were recorded by six phased locked video cameras for three-dimensional analysis. Standard deviations and time series repeatability (R 2) of the right and left wrist displacement were determined. On average, swimmers varied their sprint speed between trials by <1.5%. The spatio-temporal patterns of wrist paths varied by <3 cm in all directions (horizontal, vertical & lateral). There was no significant difference in inter-trial variability between above and below water phases. Swimmers increased wrist path consistency at the critical events of water entry in the horizontal and lateral directions and at exit for the horizontal direction. This study established levels of variability in spatio-temporal movement patterns of the paths of the wrist in sprint swimming and provided evidence that swimmers minimise variability for key events, in this case, the position of the wrists at water entry and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross H Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Button
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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In search of sports biomechanics' holy grail: Can athlete-specific optimum sports techniques be identified? J Biomech 2019; 94:1-4. [PMID: 31427095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of methods that can identify athlete-specific optimum sports techniques-arguably the holy grail of sports biomechanics-is one of the greatest challenges for researchers in the field. This 'perspectives article' critically examines, from a dynamical systems theoretical standpoint, the claim that athlete-specific optimum sports techniques can be identified through biomechanical optimisation modelling. To identify athlete-specific optimum sports techniques, dynamical systems theory suggests that a representative set of organismic constraints, along with their non-linear characteristics, needs to be identified and incorporated into the mathematical model of the athlete. However, whether the athlete will be able to adopt, and reliably reproduce, his/her predicted optimum technique will largely be dependent on his/her intrinsic dynamics. If the attractor valley corresponding to the existing technique is deep, or if the attractor valleys corresponding to the existing technique and the predicted optimum technique are in different topographical regions of the dynamic landscape, technical modifications may be challenging or impossible to reliably implement even after extended practice. The attractor layout defining the intrinsic dynamics of the athlete, therefore, needs to be determined to establish the likelihood of the predicted optimum technique being reliably attainable by the athlete. Given the limited set of organismic constraints typically used in mathematical models of athletes, combined with the methodological challenges associated with mapping the attractor layout of an athlete, it seems unlikely that athlete-specific optimum sports techniques will be identifiable through biomechanical optimisation modelling for the majority of sports skills in the near future.
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26
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Abstract
Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are among the most common injuries incurred during participation in sport and physical activity, and it is estimated that up to 40% of individuals who experience a first-time LAS will develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). Chronic ankle instability is characterized by a patient's being more than 12 months removed from the initial LAS and exhibiting a propensity for recurrent ankle sprains, frequent episodes or perceptions of the ankle giving way, and persistent symptoms such as pain, swelling, limited motion, weakness, and diminished self-reported function. We present an updated model of CAI that aims to synthesize the current understanding of its causes and serves as a framework for the clinical assessment and rehabilitation of patients with LASs or CAI. Our goal was to describe how primary injury to the lateral ankle ligaments from an acute LAS may lead to a collection of interrelated pathomechanical, sensory-perceptual, and motor-behavioral impairments that influence a patient's clinical outcome. With an underpinning of the biopsychosocial model, the concepts of self-organization and perception-action cycles derived from dynamic systems theory and a patient-specific neurosignature, stemming from the Melzack neuromatrix of pain theory, are used to describe these interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Hertel
- Department of * Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Revay O Corbett
- Department of * Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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27
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Reply to Carson and Collins: Comment on: "Challenging Conventional Paradigms in Applied Sports Biomechanics Research". Sports Med 2019; 49:831-832. [PMID: 30798444 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Balagué N, Pol R, Torrents C, Ric A, Hristovski R. On the Relatedness and Nestedness of Constraints. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 30742241 PMCID: PMC6370894 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this opinion paper is providing a platform for explaining and discussing the relatedness and nestedness of constraints on the basis of four claims: (a) task constraints are distributed between the person and the environment and hence are relational variables, (b) being relational, task constraints are also emergent properties of the organism/environment system, (c) constraints are nested in timescales, and (d) a vast set of constraints are correlated through circular causality. Theoretical implications for improving the understanding of the constraints-led approach and practical applications for enhancing the manipulation of constraints in learning and training settings are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Av. de l'Estadi, 12-22, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Pol
- Real Federación Española de Fútbol (Spain), Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlota Torrents
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192, Lleida, Spain
| | - Angel Ric
- F.C. Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain), Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192, Lleida, Spain
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Dimche Mirchev, Skopje, 1000, Republic of Macedonia.
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29
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Słowiński P, Baldemir H, Wood G, Alizadehkhaiyat O, Coyles G, Vine S, Williams G, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Wilson M. Gaze training supports self-organization of movement coordination in children with developmental coordination disorder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1712. [PMID: 30737438 PMCID: PMC6368583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) struggle with the acquisition of coordinated motor skills. This paper adopts a dynamical systems perspective to assess how individual coordination solutions might emerge following an intervention that trained accurate gaze control in a throw and catch task. Kinematic data were collected from six upper body sensors from twenty-one children with DCD, using a 3D motion analysis system, before and after a 4-week training intervention. Covariance matrices between kinematic measures were computed and distances between pairs of covariance matrices calculated using Riemannian geometry. Multidimensional scaling was then used to analyse differences between coordination patterns. The gaze trained group revealed significantly higher total coordination (sum of all the pairwise covariances) following training than a technique-trained control group. While the increase in total coordination also significantly predicted improvement in task performance, the distinct post-intervention coordination patterns for the gaze trained group were not consistent. Additionally, the gaze trained group revealed individual coordination patterns for successful catch attempts that were different from all the coordination patterns before training, whereas the control group did not. Taken together, the results of this interdisciplinary study illustrate how gaze training may encourage the emergence of coordination via self-organization in children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Słowiński
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
- Translational Research Exchange @ Exeter, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
| | - Harun Baldemir
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
| | - Greg Wood
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
| | | | - Ginny Coyles
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
| | - Samuel Vine
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Genevieve Williams
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, UK
| | - Mark Wilson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
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30
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Glass SM, Rhea CK, Schmitz RJ, Ross SE. Potential Mediators of Load-Related Changes in Movement Complexity in Young, Healthy Adults. J Athl Train 2019; 54:70-80. [PMID: 30657719 PMCID: PMC6410978 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-529-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Movement screening has become increasingly popular among tactical professionals. This popularity has motivated the design of interventions that cater to improving outcomes on the screens themselves, which are often scored in reference to an objective norm. In contrast to the assumptions underlying this approach, dynamical systems theory suggests that movements arise as a function of continuously evolving constraints and that optimal movement strategies may not exist. To date, few data address behavioral complexity in the fundamental movement tasks commonly used in clinical screenings. OBJECTIVE To provide evidence of complex variability during movement screens and test the role of modifiable-that is, trainable-constraints in mediating loss of complexity during experimental-task manipulations. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-five male (age = 23.96 ± 3.74 years, height = 178.82 ± 7.51 cm, mass = 79.66 ± 12.66 kg) and 25 female (age = 22.00 ± 2.02 years, height = 165.40 ± 10.24 cm, mass = 63.98 ± 11.07 kg) recreationally active adults. INTERVENTION(S) Participants performed tests of balance, range of motion, and strength. Additionally, they performed cyclical movement tasks under a control (C) condition and while wearing an 18.10-kg weight vest (W). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Ground reaction forces were sampled at 1000 Hz and used to calculate center of pressure during cyclical movement tests. Multivariate multiscale entropy (MMSE) for the center-of-pressure signal was then calculated. Condition effects (C versus W) were analyzed using paired t tests, and penalized varying-coefficients regression was used to identify models predicting entropy outcomes from balance, range of motion, and strength. RESULTS The MMSE decreased during the W condition (MMSEC > MMSEW; t49 range = 3.17-5.21; all P values < .01). CONCLUSIONS Moderate evidence supported an association between modifiable constraints and behavioral complexity, but a role in mediating load-related loss of complexity was not demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Glass
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | | | - Randy J. Schmitz
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Scott E. Ross
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Guccione AA, Neville BT, George SZ. Optimization of Movement: A Dynamical Systems Approach to Movement Systems as Emergent Phenomena. Phys Ther 2019; 99:3-9. [PMID: 30329143 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The term "movement system" has been defined as "represent(ing) the collection of systems (cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, integumentary, nervous, and musculoskeletal) that interact to move the body or its component parts."5 Although we do not dispute the advantage of defining the "movement system" as a physiological system, we contend that how the profession is identified with a monolithic "movement system" is imprudent. We contend that our scientific expertise regarding "movement optimization" should move forward by reconsidering how movement is produced (and potentially optimized) as a behavioral phenomenon in itself and abandon further attempts to promote "the movement system" with a purportedly unique and static label. We believe that reframing diagnosis is possible if there is a move away from an exclusive emphasis on classification of anatomical and physiological deviations from "normal" based on organismic constraints when such data yield, at best, an incomplete insight into functional performance that includes environmental and task constraints. The recent application of complex systems approaches to disciplines as diverse as medicine, biology, economics, and meteorology warrants thoughtful consideration of the potential benefits of incorporating similar advances in conceptualization of the central questions in physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Guccione
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 (USA)
| | - Brian T Neville
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University
| | - Steven Z George
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Glazier PS, Mehdizadeh S. Challenging Conventional Paradigms in Applied Sports Biomechanics Research. Sports Med 2018; 49:171-176. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pol R, Hristovski R, Medina D, Balague N. From microscopic to macroscopic sports injuries. Applying the complex dynamic systems approach to sports medicine: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:1214-1220. [PMID: 29674346 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of how sports injuries occur in order to improve their prevention is needed for medical, economic, scientific and sports success reasons. This narrative review aims to explain the mechanisms that underlie the occurrence of sports injuries, and an innovative approach for their prevention on the basis of complex dynamic systems approach. First, we explain the multilevel organisation of living systems and how function of the musculoskeletal system may be impaired. Second, we use both, a constraints approach and a connectivity hypothesis to explain why and how the susceptibility to sports injuries may suddenly increase. Constraints acting at multiple levels and timescales replace the static and linear concept of risk factors, and the connectivity hypothesis brings an understanding of how the accumulation of microinjuries creates a macroscopic non-linear effect, that is, how a common motor action may trigger a severe injury. Finally, a recap of practical examples and challenges for the future illustrates how the complex dynamic systems standpoint, changing the way of thinking about sports injuries, offers innovative ideas for improving sports injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafel Pol
- Futbol Club Barcelona. Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, INEFC, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Saints Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
| | - Daniel Medina
- Futbol Club Barcelona. Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Balague
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, INEFC, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Murphy AC, Muldoon SF, Baker D, Lastowka A, Bennett B, Yang M, Bassett DS. Structure, function, and control of the human musculoskeletal network. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002811. [PMID: 29346370 PMCID: PMC5773011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is a complex organism, the gross mechanical properties of which are enabled by an interconnected musculoskeletal network controlled by the nervous system. The nature of musculoskeletal interconnection facilitates stability, voluntary movement, and robustness to injury. However, a fundamental understanding of this network and its control by neural systems has remained elusive. Here we address this gap in knowledge by utilizing medical databases and mathematical modeling to reveal the organizational structure, predicted function, and neural control of the musculoskeletal system. We constructed a highly simplified whole-body musculoskeletal network in which single muscles connect to multiple bones via both origin and insertion points. We demonstrated that, using this simplified model, a muscle's role in this network could offer a theoretical prediction of the susceptibility of surrounding components to secondary injury. Finally, we illustrated that sets of muscles cluster into network communities that mimic the organization of control modules in primary motor cortex. This novel formalism for describing interactions between the muscular and skeletal systems serves as a foundation to develop and test therapeutic responses to injury, inspiring future advances in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Murphy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah F. Muldoon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David Baker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adam Lastowka
- Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brittany Bennett
- Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Muzhi Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Applied Mathematical and Computational Science Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Towards a Grand Unified Theory of sports performance. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 56:139-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Perception and action in swimming: Effects of aquatic environment on upper limb inter-segmental coordination. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kiely J. The Robust Running Ape: Unraveling the Deep Underpinnings of Coordinated Human Running Proficiency. Front Psychol 2017; 8:892. [PMID: 28659838 PMCID: PMC5466974 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In comparison to other mammals, humans are not especially strong, swift or supple. Nevertheless, despite these apparent physical limitations, we are among Natures most superbly well-adapted endurance runners. Paradoxically, however, notwithstanding this evolutionary-bestowed proficiency, running-related injuries, and Overuse syndromes in particular, are widely pervasive. The term 'coordination' is similarly ubiquitous within contemporary coaching, conditioning, and rehabilitation cultures. Various theoretical models of coordination exist within the academic literature. However, the specific neural and biological underpinnings of 'running coordination,' and the nature of their integration, remain poorly elaborated. Conventionally running is considered a mundane, readily mastered coordination skill. This illusion of coordinative simplicity, however, is founded upon a platform of immense neural and biological complexities. This extensive complexity presents extreme organizational difficulties yet, simultaneously, provides a multiplicity of viable pathways through which the computational and mechanical burden of running can be proficiently dispersed amongst expanded networks of conditioned neural and peripheral tissue collaborators. Learning to adequately harness this available complexity, however, is a painstakingly slowly emerging, practice-driven process, greatly facilitated by innate evolutionary organizing principles serving to constrain otherwise overwhelming complexity to manageable proportions. As we accumulate running experiences persistent plastic remodeling customizes networked neural connectivity and biological tissue properties to best fit our unique neural and architectural idiosyncrasies, and personal histories: thus neural and peripheral tissue plasticity embeds coordination habits. When, however, coordinative processes are compromised-under the integrated influence of fatigue and/or accumulative cycles of injury, overuse, misuse, and disuse-this spectrum of available 'choice' dysfunctionally contracts, and our capacity to safely disperse the mechanical 'stress' of running progressively diminishes. Now the running work burden falls increasingly on reduced populations of collaborating components. Accordingly our capacity to effectively manage, dissipate and accommodate running-imposed stress diminishes, and vulnerability to Overuse syndromes escalates. Awareness of the deep underpinnings of running coordination enhances conceptual clarity, thereby informing training and rehabilitation insights designed to offset the legacy of excessive or progressively accumulating exposure to running-imposed mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central LancashirePreston, United Kingdom
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Caron RR, Coey CA, Dhaim AN, Schmidt RC. Investigating the social behavioral dynamics and differentiation of skill in a martial arts technique. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 54:253-266. [PMID: 28577395 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordinating interpersonal motor activity is crucial in martial arts, where managing spatiotemporal parameters is emphasized to produce effective techniques. Modeling arm movements in an Aikido technique as coupled oscillators, we investigated whether more-skilled participants would adapt to the perturbation of weighted arms in different and predictable ways compared to less-skilled participants. Thirty-four participants ranging from complete novice to veterans of more than twenty years were asked to perform an Aikido exercise with a repeated attack and response, resulting in a period of steady-state coordination, followed by a take down. We used mean relative phase and its variability to measure the steady-state dynamics of both the inter- and intrapersonal coordination. Our findings suggest that interpersonal coordination of less-skilled participants is disrupted in highly predictable ways based on oscillatory dynamics; however, more-skilled participants overcome these natural dynamics to maintain critical performance variables. Interestingly, the more-skilled participants exhibited more variability in their intrapersonal dynamics while meeting these interpersonal demands. This work lends insight to the development of skill in competitive social motor activities.
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Castañer M, Barreira D, Camerino O, Anguera MT, Fernandes T, Hileno R. Mastery in Goal Scoring, T-Pattern Detection, and Polar Coordinate Analysis of Motor Skills Used by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. Front Psychol 2017; 8:741. [PMID: 28553245 PMCID: PMC5427849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in soccer has traditionally given more weight to players' technical and tactical skills, but few studies have analyzed the motor skills that underpin specific motor actions. The objective of this study was to investigate the style of play of the world's top soccer players, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, and how they use their motor skills in attacking actions that result in a goal. We used and improved the easy-to-use observation instrument (OSMOS-soccer player) with 9 criteria, each one expanded to build 50 categories. Associations between these categories were investigated by T-pattern detection and polar coordinate analysis. T-pattern analysis detects temporal structures of complex behavioral sequences composed of simpler or directly distinguishable events within specified observation periods (time point series). Polar coordinate analysis involves the application of a complex procedure to provide a vector map of interrelated behaviors obtained from prospective and retrospective sequential analysis. The T-patterns showed that for both players the combined criteria were mainly between the different aspects of motor skills, namely the use of lower limbs, contact with the ball using the outside of the foot, locomotion, body orientation with respect to the opponent goal line, and the criteria of technical actions and the right midfield. Polar coordinate analysis detected significant associations between the same criteria included in the T-patterns as well as the criteria of turning the body, numerical equality with no pressure, and relative numerical superiority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Castañer
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, Observation Laboratory in Physical Activity and Sports, University of LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Training, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Oleguer Camerino
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, Observation Laboratory in Physical Activity and Sports, University of LleidaLleida, Spain
| | | | - Tiago Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Training, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Raúl Hileno
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, Observation Laboratory in Physical Activity and Sports, University of LleidaLleida, Spain
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40
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Buszard T, Reid M, Masters R, Farrow D. Scaling the Equipment and Play Area in Children's Sport to improve Motor Skill Acquisition: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2017; 46:829-43. [PMID: 26780345 PMCID: PMC4887542 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background This review investigated the influence
of scaling sports equipment and play area (e.g., field size) on children’s motor skill acquisition. Methods Peer-reviewed studies published prior to February 2015 were searched using SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE. Studies were included if the research (a) was empirical, (b) involved participants younger than 18 years, (c) assessed the efficacy of scaling in relation to one or more factors affecting skill learning (psychological factors, skill performance and skill acquisition factors, biomechanical factors, cognitive processing factors), and (d) had a sport or movement skills context. Risk of bias was assessed in relation to selection bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias and other bias. Results Twenty-five studies involving 989 children were reviewed. Studies revealed that children preferred using scaled equipment over adult equipment (n = 3), were more engaged in the task (n = 1) and had greater self-efficacy to execute skills (n = 2). Eighteen studies demonstrated that children performed skills better when the equipment and play area were scaled. Children also acquired skills faster in such conditions (n = 2); albeit the practice interventions were relatively short. Five studies showed that scaling led to children adopting more desirable movement patterns, and one study associated scaling with implicit motor learning. Conclusion Most of the studies reviewed provide evidence in support of equipment and play area scaling. However, the conclusions are limited by the small number of studies that examined learning (n = 5), poor ecological validity and skills tests of few trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Buszard
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living/College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia. .,Tennis Australia, Private Bag 6060, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia.
| | - Machar Reid
- Tennis Australia, Private Bag 6060, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia
| | - Rich Masters
- Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Damian Farrow
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living/College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.,Australian Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, ACT, 2617, Australia
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Guignard B, Rouard A, Chollet D, Seifert L. Behavioral Dynamics in Swimming: The Appropriate Use of Inertial Measurement Units. Front Psychol 2017; 8:383. [PMID: 28352243 PMCID: PMC5348530 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control in swimming can be analyzed using low- and high-order parameters of behavior. Low-order parameters generally refer to the superficial aspects of movement (i.e., position, velocity, acceleration), whereas high-order parameters capture the dynamics of movement coordination. To assess human aquatic behavior, both types have usually been investigated with multi-camera systems, as they offer high three-dimensional spatial accuracy. Research in ecological dynamics has shown that movement system variability can be viewed as a functional property of skilled performers, helping them adapt their movements to the surrounding constraints. Yet to determine the variability of swimming behavior, a large number of stroke cycles (i.e., inter-cyclic variability) has to be analyzed, which is impossible with camera-based systems as they simply record behaviors over restricted volumes of water. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) were designed to explore the parameters and variability of coordination dynamics. These light, transportable and easy-to-use devices offer new perspectives for swimming research because they can record low- to high-order behavioral parameters over long periods. We first review how the low-order behavioral parameters (i.e., speed, stroke length, stroke rate) of human aquatic locomotion and their variability can be assessed using IMUs. We then review the way high-order parameters are assessed and the adaptive role of movement and coordination variability in swimming. We give special focus to the circumstances in which determining the variability between stroke cycles provides insight into how behavior oscillates between stable and flexible states to functionally respond to environmental and task constraints. The last section of the review is dedicated to practical recommendations for coaches on using IMUs to monitor swimming performance. We therefore highlight the need for rigor in dealing with these sensors appropriately in water. We explain the fundamental and mandatory steps to follow for accurate results with IMUs, from data acquisition (e.g., waterproofing procedures) to interpretation (e.g., drift correction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Guignard
- Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS EA3832), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint AignanFrance; Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), Department Sciences and Mountain (SceM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-LacFrance
| | - Annie Rouard
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), Department Sciences and Mountain (SceM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac France
| | - Didier Chollet
- Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS EA3832), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint AignanFrance; Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), Department Sciences and Mountain (SceM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-LacFrance
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Centre d'Etudes des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS EA3832), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont Saint Aignan France
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Guignard B, Rouard A, Chollet D, Hart J, Davids K, Seifert L. Individual-Environment Interactions in Swimming: The Smallest Unit for Analysing the Emergence of Coordination Dynamics in Performance? Sports Med 2017; 47:1543-1554. [PMID: 28181208 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Displacement in competitive swimming is highly dependent on fluid characteristics, since athletes use these properties to propel themselves. It is essential for sport scientists and practitioners to clearly identify the interactions that emerge between each individual swimmer and properties of an aquatic environment. Traditionally, the two protagonists in these interactions have been studied separately. Determining the impact of each swimmer's movements on fluid flow, and vice versa, is a major challenge. Classic biomechanical research approaches have focused on swimmers' actions, decomposing stroke characteristics for analysis, without exploring perturbations to fluid flows. Conversely, fluid mechanics research has sought to record fluid behaviours, isolated from the constraints of competitive swimming environments (e.g. analyses in two-dimensions, fluid flows passively studied on mannequins or robot effectors). With improvements in technology, however, recent investigations have focused on the emergent circular couplings between swimmers' movements and fluid dynamics. Here, we provide insights into concepts and tools that can explain these on-going dynamic interactions in competitive swimming within the theoretical framework of ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Guignard
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France. .,Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France.
| | - Annie Rouard
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM), University Savoie Mont Blanc, 73376, Le Bourget du Lac Cedex, France
| | - Didier Chollet
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - John Hart
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Room S001 Chestnut Court, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Room S001 Chestnut Court, Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Centre d'Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, 76000, Rouen, France
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Gollie JM, Guccione AA. Overground Locomotor Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Performance-Based Framework. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2017; 23:226-233. [PMID: 29339898 PMCID: PMC5562030 DOI: 10.1310/sci2303-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: Locomotor training (LT) is the most commonly used treatment to improve walking performance following spinal cord injury (SCI). The advancement of LT treatments requires the addition of integrative models accounting for the numerous systems responsible for the recovery of walking function following SCI. Objective: This perspective monograph aims to (a) describe a performance-based framework for overground LT (OLT), (b) describe principles of adaptation and motor learning used to inform OLT program design, and (c) present an example OLT program based on the proposed framework. Methods: Individuals with chronic motor-incomplete SCI (7 male, 1 female) classified according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) as C and D were included. OLT included two 90-minute sessions performed over 12 weeks for a total of 24 sessions. Outcomes measures included overground walking speed, walking economy, pulmonary oxygen uptake, and muscle oxygen extraction measured via near-infrared spectroscopy. Results: Preliminary findings demonstrate the potential of OLT, as describe here, to increase overground walking speed, improve walking economy, accelerate processes associated with oxygen delivery and utilization at the rest-to-work transition, and lower oxygen extraction requirements of skeletal muscle during walking in individuals with chronic motor-incomplete SCI. Conclusion: The proposed framework offers a valuable template for LT program design in both clinical and research settings. Further research is necessary to better understand the effects of OLT and how principles of specificity, progressive overload, and variation within the performance-based framework can be manipulated to maximize function, health, and quality of life in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Gollie
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University College of Health and Human Services, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Andrew A. Guccione
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, George Mason University College of Health and Human Services, Fairfax, Virginia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Climbing is a physical activity and sport involving many subdisciplines. Minimization of prolonged pauses, use of a relatively simple path through a route and smooth transitions between movements broadly define skilled coordination in climbing. OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the constraints on skilled coordination in climbing and to explore future directions in this emerging field. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted in 2014 and retrieved studies reporting perceptual and movement data during climbing tasks. To be eligible for the qualitative synthesis, studies were required to report perceptual or movement data during climbing tasks graded for difficulty. RESULTS Qualitative synthesis of 42 studies was carried out, showing that skilled coordination in climbing is underpinned by superior perception of climbing opportunities; optimization of spatial-temporal features pertaining to body-to-wall coordination, the climb trajectory and hand-to-hold surface contact; and minimization of exploratory behaviour. Improvements in skilled coordination due to practice are related to task novelty and the difficulty of the climbing route relative to the individual's ability level. CONCLUSION Perceptual and motor adaptations that improve skilled coordination are highly significant for improving the climbing ability level. Elite climbers exhibit advantages in detection and use of climbing opportunities when visually inspecting a route from the ground and when physically moving though a route. However, the need to provide clear guidelines on how to improve climbing skill arises from uncertainties regarding the impacts of different practice interventions on learning and transfer.
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45
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Hadlow SM, Pinder RA, Sayers MGL. Influence of football size on kicking performance in youth Australian rules footballers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1-9. [PMID: 27710437 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1239023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Australian rules football structured increases in ball size during development end with the transition to the Size 5 (adult) ball at the Under-15 age group. This study assessed changes in kick technique and performance in experienced junior performers when using Size 4 and 5 Australian rules footballs. Participants (n = 22, 13.77 ± 0.61 years) performed drop punt kicks in 2 representative tasks; a Decision-Making Test (DMT) (n = 14) and Set-Shot Test (SST) (n = 14 + 8). Results indicate participants sustained their level of kick performance (accuracy and quality of ball spin) in both tests when using a Size 5 football. Sustained kick performance in the DMT primarily resulted from adaptations to time-point technical measures at ball release. No significant differences were detected for technical measures between ball sizes in the SST. A dynamic kicking task (DMT) in combination with ball size manipulation may have placed greater demand on skill execution in comparison to a self-paced kicking task (SST). Results provide initial support for the utility of challenging representative dynamic and self-paced tasks, such as the DMT and SST used here for Australian football, for skill testing and practice in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hadlow
- a School of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
| | - Ross A Pinder
- a School of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia.,b Performance Services , Australian Paralympic Committee , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Mark G L Sayers
- a School of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , QLD , Australia
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Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Delahunt E. Recovery From a First-Time Lateral Ankle Sprain and the Predictors of Chronic Ankle Instability: A Prospective Cohort Analysis. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:995-1003. [PMID: 26912285 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516628870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in motor control may predicate the paradigm of chronic ankle instability (CAI) that can develop in the year after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury. No prospective analysis is currently available identifying the mechanisms by which these impairments develop and contribute to long-term outcome after LAS. PURPOSE To identify the motor control deficits predicating CAI outcome after a first-time LAS injury. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Eighty-two individuals were recruited after sustaining a first-time LAS injury. Several biomechanical analyses were performed for these individuals, who completed 5 movement tasks at 3 time points: (1) 2 weeks, (2) 6 months, and (3) 12 months after LAS occurrence. A logistic regression analysis of several "salient" biomechanical parameters identified from the movement tasks, in addition to scores from the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) recorded at the 2-week and 6-month time points, were used as predictors of 12-month outcome. RESULTS At the 2-week time point, an inability to complete 2 of the movement tasks (a single-leg drop landing and a drop vertical jump) was predictive of CAI outcome and correctly classified 67.6% of cases (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 55%; P = .004). At the 6-month time point, several deficits exhibited by the CAI group during 1 of the movement tasks (reach distances and sagittal plane joint positions at the hip, knee and ankle during the posterior reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test) and their scores on the activities of daily living subscale of the FAAM were predictive of outcome and correctly classified 84.8% of cases (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 91%; P < .001). CONCLUSION An inability to complete jumping and landing tasks within 2 weeks of a first-time LAS and poorer dynamic postural control and lower self-reported function 6 months after a first-time LAS were predictive of eventual CAI outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailbhe Doherty
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian Caulfield
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Ryan
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Delahunt E. Dynamic balance deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability compared to ankle sprain copers 1 year after a first-time lateral ankle sprain injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:1086-95. [PMID: 26254090 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the dynamic balance deficits that characterise a group with chronic ankle instability compared to lateral ankle sprain copers and non-injured controls using kinematic and kinetic outcomes. METHODS Forty-two participants with chronic ankle instability and twenty-eight lateral ankle sprain copers were initially recruited within 2 weeks of sustaining a first-time, acute lateral ankle sprain and required to attend our laboratory 1 year later to complete the current study protocol. An additional group of non-injured individuals were also recruited to act as a control group. All participants completed the anterior, posterior-lateral and posterior-medial reach directions of the star excursion balance test. Sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremity and associated fractal dimension of the centre of pressure path were also acquired. RESULTS Participants with chronic ankle instability displayed poorer performance in the anterior, posterior-medial and posterior-lateral reach directions compared with controls bilaterally, and in the posterior-lateral direction compared with lateral ankle sprain copers on their 'involved' limb only. These performance deficits in the posterior-lateral and posterior-medial directions were associated with reduced flexion and dorsiflexion displacements at the hip, knee and ankle at the point of maximum reach, and coincided with reduced complexity of the centre of pressure path. CONCLUSION In comparison with lateral ankle sprain copers and controls, participants with chronic ankle instability were characterised by dynamic balance deficits as measured using the SEBT. This was attested to reduced sagittal plane motions at the hip, knee and ankle joints, and reduced capacity of the stance limb to avail of its supporting base. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailbhe Doherty
- A101 School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co., Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian Caulfield
- A101 School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Ryan
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- A101 School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Vázquez P, Hristovski R, Balagué N. The Path to Exhaustion: Time-Variability Properties of Coordinative Variables during Continuous Exercise. Front Physiol 2016; 7:37. [PMID: 26913006 PMCID: PMC4753307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect qualitative changes in the structure of coordinative variable (elbow angle) fluctuations during a quasi-isometric exercise performed until exhaustion. Seven physical education students performed a quasi-isometric arm-curl exercise holding an Olympic bar (weight: 80% 1RM) with an initial elbow flexion of 90° three times over a period of 4 weeks. They were encouraged to persist, even if the elbow angle was lost, until the fatigue-induced spontaneous termination point (FISTP). Changes in both elbow angles were registered during the task through an electrogoniometer. Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) was conducted on the initial and final 1024 data points of the series and the associated Hurst exponents were obtained. Multi-way RM ANOVA analyses revealed a significant main effect of the Time on task on the Hurst exponent values but also revealed a significant Trial × Time on task interaction. In the initial (non-fatigue) condition participants tended to produce anti-persistent fBm fluctuations. In the final part before exhaustion a tendency toward persistent fBm was dominant. The trial to trial differences in time-variability structure points to an existence of a long-term variability in control strategies during exercise. The changes in the temporal structure of the elbow angle variability as effort accumulated reflected an increase in low-frequency fluctuations signifying a change in psychobiological mechanisms used to negotiate the task demands. The variability properties of the coordinative variable during exercise may provide information about the dynamic mechanisms that lead to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vázquez
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Complex Systems in Sport Research Group Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya, Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Doherty C, Bleakley CM, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Delahunt E. Laboratory Measures of Postural Control During the Star Excursion Balance Test After Acute First-Time Lateral Ankle Sprain. J Athl Train 2015; 50:651-64. [PMID: 25811845 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.1.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT No researchers, to our knowledge, have investigated the immediate postinjury-movement strategies associated with acute first-time lateral ankle sprain (LAS) as quantified by center of pressure (COP) and kinematic analyses during performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). OBJECTIVE To analyze the kinematic and COP patterns of a group with acute first-time LAS and a noninjured control group during performance of the SEBT. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University biomechanics laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 81 participants with acute first-time LAS (53 men, 28 women; age = 23.22 ± 4.93 years, height = 1.73 ± 0.09 m, mass = 75.72 ± 13.86 kg) and 19 noninjured controls (15 men, 4 women; age = 22.53 ± 1.68 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.08 m, mass = 71.55 ± 11.31 kg). INTERVENTION Participants performed the anterior (ANT), posterolateral (PL), and posteromedial (PM) reach directions of the SEBT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We assessed 3-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity joints and associated fractal dimension (FD) of the COP path during performance of the SEBT. RESULTS The LAS group had decreased normalized reach distances in the ANT, PL, and PM directions when compared with the control group on their injured (ANT: 58.16% ± 6.86% versus 64.86% ± 5.99%; PL: 85.64% ± 10.62% versus 101.14% ± 8.39%; PM: 94.89% ± 9.26% versus 107.29 ± 6.02%) and noninjured (ANT: 60.98% ± 6.74% versus 64.76% ± 5.02%; PL: 88.95% ± 11.45% versus 102.36% ± 8.53%; PM: 97.13% ± 8.76% versus 106.62% ± 5.78%) limbs (P < .01). This observation was associated with altered temporal sagittal-plane kinematic profiles throughout each reach attempt and at the point of maximum reach (P < .05). This result was associated with a reduced FD of the COP path for each reach direction on the injured limb only (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Acute first-time LAS was associated with bilateral deficits in postural control, as evidenced by the bilateral reduction in angular displacement of the lower extremity joints and reduced reach distances and FD of the COP path on the injured limb during performance of the SEBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailbhe Doherty
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chris M Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, County Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Brian Caulfield
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Ryan
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland;,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Ireland
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50
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Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Sweeney K, Delahunt E. Inter-joint coordination strategies during unilateral stance 6-months following first-time lateral ankle sprain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2015; 30:129-35. [PMID: 25579979 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal analyses of participants with a history of lateral ankle sprain are lacking. This investigation combined measures of inter-joint coordination and stabilometry to evaluate eyes-open (condition 1) and eyes-closed (condition 2) static unilateral stance performance in a group of participants, 6-months after they sustained an acute, first-time lateral ankle sprain in comparison to a control group. METHODS Sixty-nine participants with a 6-month history of first-time lateral ankle sprain and 20 non-injured controls completed three 20-second unilateral stance task trials in conditions 1 and 2. An adjusted coefficient of multiple determination statistic was used to compare stance limb 3-dimensional kinematic data for similarity in the aim of establishing patterns of lower-limb inter-joint coordination. The fractal dimension of the stance limb centre of pressure path was also calculated. FINDINGS Between-group analyses revealed significant differences in stance limb inter-joint coordination strategies for conditions 1 and 2, and in the fractal dimension of the centre-of-pressure path for condition 2 only. Injured participants displayed increases in ankle-hip linked coordination compared to controls in condition 1 (sagittal/frontal plane: 0.15 [0.14] vs 0.06 [0.04]; η(2)=.19; sagittal/transverse plane: 0.14 [0.11] vs 0.09 [0.05]; η(2)=0.14) and condition 2 (sagittal/frontal plane: 0.15 [0.12] vs 0.08 [0.06]; η(2)=0.23), with an associated decrease in the fractal dimension of the centre-of-pressure path (injured limb: 1.23 [0.13] vs 1.36 [0.13]; η(2)=0.20). INTERPRETATION Participants with a 6-month history of first-time lateral ankle sprain exhibit a hip-dominant coordination strategy for static unilateral stance compared to non-injured controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailbhe Doherty
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Brian Caulfield
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Ryan
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Sweeney
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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