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Floreste FR, Titon B, Titon SCM, Muxel SM, Gomes FR, Assis VR. Time Course of Splenic Cytokine mRNA and Hormones during a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Toads. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1618-1628. [PMID: 35362514 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation comprises alterations in glucocorticoids (in amphibians, corticosterone-CORT) and melatonin (MEL) levels, two hormones with immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in several vertebrates. Cytokines mediate inflammation progress differently depending on their function. While some are secreted during the acute phase of the immune response, others prevail during the resolution phase. Major efforts have been made to understand the interaction of endocrine mediators and cytokine production in endotherms, but little is known for ectotherms so far. Characterizing the stages of inflammation and their interplay with endocrine mediators is crucial for an assertive and integrative approach to amphibian physiology and ecoimmunology. Herein, we investigated CORT and MEL plasma levels as well as splenic cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) mRNA levels during the progression of the inflammatory response in toads (Rhinella diptycha) in four time-points (1, 3, 6, and 18 h) after an immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using independent samples. Toads were responsive to LPS, with all hormones and cytokines affected by LPS. IL-1β and IL-6 were up-regulated after 1 h, but IL-1β decreased right after 3 h, while IL-6 sustained up-regulation throughout all time-points. IL-10 had not been detected until 6 h post-LPS-stimulation, when it showed up-regulation, along with a CORT increase at the same time-point. After 18 h, CORT levels were still high, and IL-1β was up-regulated again, along with up-regulated IL-6 and an IL-10 decrease. We also found positive correlations between IL-1β with IL-6 for LPS and saline groups. LPS-treated individuals showed an overall decrease in MEL plasma levels compared to saline counterparts. Our results showcase the early endocrine and molecular events of the amphibian immune response. We also report activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis during inflammation and increasing evidence for an immune-pineal axis to be described in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Floreste
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Braz Titon
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Stefanny C M Titon
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
| | - Vania R Assis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508090, Brazil
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2
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The Effect of Leptin on the Blood Hormonal Profile (Cortisol, Insulin, Thyroid Hormones) of the Ewe in Acute Inflammation in Two Different Photoperiodical Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158109. [PMID: 35897684 PMCID: PMC9331064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a day animal with sensitivity to inflammation similar to that of humans, the sheep may highly outperform the rodent model in inflammation studies. Additionally, seasonality makes sheep an interesting model in endocrinology research. Although there are studies concerning inflammation’s influence on leptin secretion and vice versa, a ewe model, with its possible ‘long-day leptin resistance’, is still not examined enough. The present study aimed to examine whether leptin may modulate an acute inflammation influence on plasma hormones in two photoperiodical conditions. The experiment was conducted on 48 ewes divided into four groups (control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leptin, LPS + leptin) during short and long days. Blood sampling started 1 hour before and continued 3 h after LPS/saline administration for further hormonal analysis. The results showed that the photoperiod is one of the main factors influencing the basal concentrations of several hormones with higher values of leptin, insulin and thyroid hormones during long days. Additionally, the acute inflammation effect on cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormones was photoperiod-dependent. The endotoxemia may also exert an influence on leptin concentration regardless of season. The effects of leptin alone on hormone blood concentrations are rather limited; however, leptin can modulate the LPS influence on insulin or thyroxine in a photoperiod-dependent way.
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Li Y, Jiang Q, Wang L. Appetite Regulation of TLR4-Induced Inflammatory Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:777997. [PMID: 34899611 PMCID: PMC8664591 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.777997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite is the basis for obtaining food and maintaining normal metabolism. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor expressed in the brain that induces inflammatory signaling after activation. Inflammation is considered to affect the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems of appetite, which are dominated by hypothalamic and mesolimbic dopamine signaling. Although the pathological features of many types of inflammation are known, their physiological functions in appetite are largely unknown. This review mainly addresses several key issues, including the structures of the homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems. In addition, the mechanism by which TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling contributes to these two systems to regulate appetite is also discussed. This review will provide potential opportunities to develop new therapeutic interventions that control appetite under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lina Wang, ; Qingyan Jiang,
| | - Lina Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lina Wang, ; Qingyan Jiang,
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A New IL6 Isoform in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle ( Pelodiscus sinesis) Discovered: Its Regulation during Cold Stress and Infection. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9050111. [PMID: 32466093 PMCID: PMC7284502 DOI: 10.3390/biology9050111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinesis) is a widely cultured commercial species in East and Southeast Asian countries. The turtles frequently suffer from acute cold stress during farming in China. Stress-induced factor such as Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a multifunctional molecule that plays important roles in innate and adaptive immune response. In the present study, we found that the turtle possessed two IL6 transcripts, where one IL6 transcript contained a signal peptide sequence (psIL6), while the other IL6 transcript (psIL6ns) possessed no such signal peptide gene. To test any differential expression of the two isoforms during temperature and microbial stress, turtles were adapted to optimal environmental water temperature (25 °C), stressed by acute cooling for 24 h, followed with the challenge of Aeromonas hydrophila (1.8 × 108 CFU) or Staphylococcus aureus (5.8 × 108 CFU). Gene characterization revealed that psIL6ns, a splicer without codons encoding a signal peptide and identical to the one predicted from genomic sequence, and psIL6, a splicer with codons encoding a signal peptide, were both present. Inducible expression was documented in primary spleen cells stimulated with ConA and poly I: C. The splenic and intestinal expression of psIL6ns and psIL6 was increased in response to temperature stress and bacterial infection.
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Muk T, Stensballe A, Pankratova S, Nguyen DN, Brunse A, Sangild PT, Jiang PP. Rapid Proteome Changes in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Following Bacterial Infection in Preterm Newborn Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2651. [PMID: 31803186 PMCID: PMC6873289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonatal infection and sepsis are common for preterm infants due to their immature immune system. Early diagnosis is important for effective treatment, but few early markers of systemic and neuro-inflammatory responses in neonates are known. We hypothesised that systemic infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), a Gram-positive bacteria, induces acute changes to proteins in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), potentially affecting the immature brain of preterm neonates. Methods: Using preterm pigs as a model for preterm infants, plasma and CSF samples were collected up to 24 h after SE infection and investigated by untargeted mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Multiple differentially expressed proteins were further studied in vitro. Results: The clinical signs of sepsis and neuroinflammation in SE-infected piglets were associated with changes of multiple CSF and plasma proteins. Eight plasma proteins, including APOA4, haptoglobin, MBL1, vWF, LBP, and sCD14, were affected 6 h after infection. Acute phase reactants, including complement components, showed a time-dependent activation pattern after infection. Feeding bovine colostrum reduced the sepsis-related changes in clinical indices and plasma proteins. Neuroinflammation-related neuropeptide Y (NPY), IL-18, and MMP-14 showed distinct changes in the CSF and several brain regions (the prefrontal cortex, PVWM, and hippocampus) 24 h after infection. These changes were verified in TLR2 agonist-challenged primary microglia cells, where exogenous NPY suppressed the inflammatory response. Conclusion: Systemic infection with SE induces inflammation with rapid proteome changes in the plasma and CSF in preterm newborn pigs. The observed early markers of sepsis and neuroinflammation in preterm pigs may serve as novel biomarkers for sepsis in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik Muk
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duc Ninh Nguyen
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ping-Ping Jiang
- Section for Comparative Paediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Probiotic consumption during puberty mitigates LPS-induced immune responses and protects against stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood in a sex-specific manner. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:198-212. [PMID: 31212008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty/adolescence is a significant period of development and a time with a high emergence of psychiatric disorders. During this period, there is increased neuroplasticity and heightened vulnerability to stress and inflammation. The gut microbiome regulates stress and inflammatory responses and can alter brain chemistry and behaviour. However, the role of the gut microbiota during pubertal development remains largely uninvestigated. The current study examined gut manipulation with probiotics during puberty in CD1 mice on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune responses and enduring effects on anxiety- and depression-like behaviours and stress-reactivity in adulthood. Probiotics reduced LPS-induced sickness behaviour at 12 h in females and at 48 h following LPS treatment in males. Probiotics also reduced LPS-induced changes in body weight at 48 h post-treatment in females. Probiotic treatment also prevented LPS-induced increases in pro- and anti-inflammatory peripheral cytokines at 8 h following LPS treatment, reduced central cytokine mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and PFC, and prevented LPS-induced changes to in the gut microbiota. A single exposure to LPS during puberty resulted in enduring depression-like behaviour in female mice, and anxiety-like behaviour in male mice in adulthood. However, pubertal exposure to probiotics prevented enduring LPS-induced depression-like behaviour in females and anxiety-like behaviors in males. Moreover, probiotics altered toll-like receptor-4 activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in males in response to a novel stressor in adulthood. Our results suggest that the gut microbiome plays an important role in pubertal neurodevelopment. These findings indicate that exposure to probiotics during puberty mitigates inflammation and decreases stress-induced vulnerabilities to emotional behaviours later in life, in a sex-specific manner.
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Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Holzer P. Intermittent Fasting Exacerbates the Acute Immune and Behavioral Sickness Response to the Viral Mimic Poly(I:C) in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:359. [PMID: 31057355 PMCID: PMC6478699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermitted fasting and other forms of calorie restriction are increasingly demonstrated to exert potential health benefits. Interestingly, restricted feeding is also able to mitigate sickness in response to bacterial factors stimulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, little is known about how fasting modifies the activity of virus-associated molecular patterns. We therefore analyzed the impact of an intermittent fasting (IF) regimen on the immune and behavioral response to the TLR3 agonist and viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] in mice. The effects of intraperitoneally injected Poly(I:C) (12 mg/kg) on plasma and cerebral cytokine expression and behavior (locomotion, exploration, and ingestion) were examined in male C57BL/6N mice under control conditions and following a 9 days period of intermittent (alternate day) fasting (IF). Poly(I:C) increased the circulating levels of cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ), an effect amplified by IF. In addition, IF aggravated sickness behavior in response to Poly(I:C), while cerebral cytokine expression was enhanced by application of Poly(I:C) in the absence of a significant effect of IF. Furthermore, IF augmented the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in the hypothalamus and increased the plasma levels of corticosterone, while Poly(I:C) had little effect on these readouts. Our data show that IF does not abate, but exaggerates the immune and sickness response to the viral mimic Poly(I:C). This adverse effect of IF occurs despite increased hypothalamic NPY expression and enhanced plasma corticosterone. We therefore propose that the effects of IF on the immune and behavioral responses to viral and bacterial factors are subject to different neuronal and neuroendocrine control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Jačan
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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8
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Sex differences in the peripheral and central immune responses following lipopolysaccharide treatment in pubertal and adult CD‐1 mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:94-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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9
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LPS-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation Increases Hypothalamic JNK Expression and Causes Central Insulin Resistance Irrespective of Body Weight Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071431. [PMID: 28677618 PMCID: PMC5535922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic endotoxemia contributes to low-grade inflammation in obesity, which causes insulin resistance due to the activation of intracellular proinflammatory pathways, such as the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) cascade in the hypothalamus and other tissues. However, it remains unclear whether the proinflammatory process precedes insulin resistance or it appears because of the development of obesity. Hypothalamic low-grade inflammation was induced by prolonged lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure to investigate if central insulin resistance is induced by an inflammatory stimulus regardless of obesity. Male Wistar rats were treated with single (1 LPS) or repeated injections (6 LPS) of LPS (100 μg/kg, IP) to evaluate the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), Protein kinase B (AKT), and JNK in the hypothalamus. Single LPS increased the expression of pIRS1, pAKT, and pJNK, whereas the repeated LPS treatment failed to recruit pIRS1 and pAKT. The 6 LPS treated rats showed increased total JNK and pJNK. The 6 LPS rats became unresponsive to the hypophagic effect induced by central insulin administration (12 μM/5 μL, ICV). Prolonged exposure to LPS (24 h) impaired the insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation and the translocation of the transcription factor forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cultured hypothalamic GT1-7 cells. Central administration of the JNK inhibitor (20 μM/5 μL, ICV) restored the ability of insulin to phosphorylate IRS1 and AKT in 6 LPS rats. The present data suggest that an increased JNK activity in the hypothalamus underlies the development of insulin resistance during prolonged exposure to endotoxins. Our study reveals that weight gain is not mandatory for the development of hypothalamic insulin resistance and the blockade of proinflammatory pathways could be useful for restoring the insulin signaling during prolonged low-grade inflammation as seen in obesity.
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Borges BC, Elias CF, Elias LLK. PI3K signaling: A molecular pathway associated with acute hypophagic response during inflammatory challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:36-41. [PMID: 27389879 PMCID: PMC5116261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Energy balance has in the hypothalamus a central component of integration of food intake and energy expenditure. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that energy homeostasis is largely affected by inflammatory challenges. Severe undernutrition caused by exacerbated inflammatory response may lead to cachexia. On the other hand, prolonged low-grade inflammation such as that observed in obesity and metabolic syndrome, raises the risk for the development of diabetes and heart diseases. Changes in circulating insulin and cytokines such as leptin, interleukins and tumor necrosis factor, as well as changes in their action in the hypothalamus drive the inhibition of food consumption during inflammation. The molecular pathways associated with these responses have only started to be unraveled. One potential candidate is the PI3K signaling, an important player in distinct hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. This study presents an overview of the current knowledge about PI3K role on cytokines and insulin signaling in the hypothalamic regulation of feeding during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Borges
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, United States.
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Lu Y, Ho RCM. An association between neuropeptide Y levels and leukocyte subsets in stress-exacerbated asthmatic mice. Neuropeptides 2016; 57:53-8. [PMID: 26673939 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was recently proposed to be associated with stress and airway inflammation; however, this has rarely been studied in animal models of asthma. Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 each: naive control group, asthma group (with an established asthma model), and stressed asthma group (with established asthma and stress models). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected for total cell counts using a hemocytometer and for cytological examinations by Wright stain. Differential inflammatory cell counts were performed to identify eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. NPY and corticosterone serum levels were determined with enzyme immunoassay kits. Stress was associated with increased airway inflammatory response, which was manifested by the accumulation of total leukocytes and eosinophils in the BAL fluid in comparison with the asthma and the control groups. The levels of NPY (p<0.05) and corticosterone (p<0.01) were elevated in the stressed asthma group in comparison with the control and asthma groups. The concentration of NPY and corticosterone positively correlated with the total leukocyte count (r=0.892, p<0.05 and r=0.937, p<0.01 respectively) and eosinophil numbers (r=0.806, p=0.053 and r=0.885, p<0.01 respectively). Stress may be associated with elevated peripheral NPY level, which was observed to be associated with exacerbated airway inflammation in asthmatic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Lu
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry/School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Roger Chun-Man Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
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12
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Dwarkasing JT, Witkamp RF, Boekschoten MV, Ter Laak MC, Heins MS, van Norren K. Increased hypothalamic serotonin turnover in inflammation-induced anorexia. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:26. [PMID: 27207102 PMCID: PMC4875640 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia can occur as a serious complication of disease. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation plays a major role, along with a hypothalamic dysregulation characterized by locally elevated serotonin levels. The present study was undertaken to further explore the connections between peripheral inflammation, anorexia and hypothalamic serotonin metabolism and signaling pathways. First, we investigated the response of two hypothalamic neuronal cell lines to TNFα, IL-6 and LPS. Next, we studied transcriptomic changes and serotonergic activity in the hypothalamus of mice after intraperitoneal injection with TNFα, IL-6 or a combination of TNFα and IL-6. RESULTS In vitro, we showed that hypothalamic neurons responded to inflammatory mediators by releasing cytokines. This inflammatory response was associated with an increased serotonin release. Mice injected with TNFα and IL-6 showed decreased food intake, associated with altered expression of inflammation-related genes in the hypothalamus. In addition, hypothalamic serotonin turnover showed to be elevated in treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results underline that peripheral inflammation reaches the hypothalamus where it affects hypothalamic serotoninergic metabolism. These hypothalamic changes in serotonin pathways are associated with decreased food intake, providing evidence for a role of serotonin in inflammation-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Dwarkasing
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - R F Witkamp
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M C Ter Laak
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M S Heins
- Brains On-line, P.O. Box 4030, 9701 EA, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K van Norren
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dwarkasing JT, Marks DL, Witkamp RF, van Norren K. Hypothalamic inflammation and food intake regulation during chronic illness. Peptides 2016; 77:60-6. [PMID: 26158772 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia is a common symptom in chronic illness. It contributes to malnutrition and strongly affects survival and quality of life. A common denominator of many chronic diseases is an elevated inflammatory status, which is considered to play a pivotal role in the failure of food-intake regulating systems in the hypothalamus. In this review, we summarize findings on the role of hypothalamic inflammation on food intake regulation involving hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Furthermore, we outline the role of serotonin in the inability of these peptide based food-intake regulating systems to respond and adapt to changes in energy metabolism during chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Dwarkasing
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - D L Marks
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - R F Witkamp
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K van Norren
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Induction of cytokines via NF-κB and p38 MAP kinase signalling pathways associated with the immunomodulation by Lactobacillus plantarum NDC 75017 in vitro and in vivo. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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15
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Tungalagsuvd A, Munkhzaya M, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Prenatal undernutrition increases the febrile response to lipopolysaccharides in adulthood in male rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 44:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolInstitute of Health Biosciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolInstitute of Health Biosciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Altankhuu Tungalagsuvd
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolInstitute of Health Biosciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Munkhsaikhan Munkhzaya
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolInstitute of Health Biosciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolInstitute of Health Biosciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Reproductive TechnologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolJapan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolInstitute of Health Biosciences3‐18‐15 Kuramoto‐ChoTokushima770‐8503Japan
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Farzi A, Reichmann F, Holzer P. The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:603-27. [PMID: 25545642 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant peptides in the nervous system, exerts its effects via five receptor types, termed Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5 and Y6. NPY's pleiotropic functions comprise the regulation of brain activity, mood, stress coping, ingestion, digestion, metabolism, vascular and immune function. Nerve-derived NPY directly affects immune cells while NPY also acts as a paracrine and autocrine immune mediator, because immune cells themselves are capable of producing and releasing NPY. NPY is able to induce immune activation or suppression, depending on a myriad of factors such as the Y receptors activated and cell types involved. There is an intricate relationship between psychological stress, mood disorders and the immune system. While stress represents a risk factor for the development of mood disorders, it exhibits diverse actions on the immune system as well. Conversely, inflammation is regarded as an internal stressor and is increasingly recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of mood and metabolic disorders. Intriguingly, the cerebral NPY system has been found to protect against distinct disturbances in response to immune challenge, attenuating the sickness response and preventing the development of depression. Thus, NPY plays an important homeostatic role in balancing disturbances of physiological systems caused by peripheral immune challenge. This implication is particularly evident in the brain in which NPY counteracts the negative impact of immune challenge on mood, emotional processing and stress resilience. NPY thus acts as a unique signalling molecule in the interaction of the immune system with the brain in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - F. Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - P. Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
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Borges BDC, Rorato RC, Uchoa ET, Marangon PB, Elias CF, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B contributes to LPS-induced leptin resistance in male rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E40-50. [PMID: 25352433 PMCID: PMC4280212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00094.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin resistance is induced by the feedback inhibitors tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) and decreased Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2) signaling. To investigate the participation of PTP1B and SHP-2 in LPS-induced leptin resistance, we injected repeated (6-LPS) intraperitoneal LPS doses (100 μg/kg ip) for comparison with a single (1-LPS) treatment and evaluated the expression of SHP-2, PTP1B, p-ERK1/2, and p-STAT3 in the hypothalamus of male Wistar rats. The single LPS treatment increased the expression of p-STAT3 and PTP1B but not SHP-2. The repeated LPS treatment reduced SHP-2, increased PTP1B, and did not change p-STAT3. We observed that the PTP1B expression induced by the endotoxin was highly colocalized with leptin receptor cells in the hypothalamus of LepRb-IRES-Cre-tdTomato reporter mice. The single, but not the repeated, LPS treatment decreased the food intake and body weight. Leptin had no stimulatory effect on the hypophagia, body weight loss, or pSTAT3 expression in 6-LPS rats, indicating leptin unresponsiveness. Notably, the PTP1B inhibitor (3.0 nmol/rat in 5 μl icv) restored the LPS-induced hypophagia in 6-LPS rats and restored the ability of leptin to reduce food intake and body weight as well as to phosphorylate STAT3 in the arcuate, paraventricular, and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The present data suggest that an increased PTP1B expression in the hypothalamus underlies the development of leptin resistance during repeated exposure to LPS. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms involved in leptin resistance during low-grade inflammation as seen in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo C Rorato
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Ernane Torres Uchoa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Paula B Marangon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; and
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Effects of ovariectomy on the inflammatory responses of female rats to the central injection of lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Gereltsetseg G, Munkhzaya M, Tungalagsurv A, Murakami M, Yamasaki M, Yamamoto Y, Kuwahara A, Kato T, Yasui T, Irahara M. Site-specific changes in cytokine response to septic dose of lipopolysaccharide in ovariectomized female rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:721-727. [PMID: 24923901 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immune response is altered according to hormonal and metabolic status. Obesity increases the inflammatory and fever response, whereas loss of gonadal steroid decreases behavioral response to immune stress. However, the immune systems of ovariectomized animals exhibiting obesity and gonadal steroid deficiency, particularly under septic conditions, have not been fully examined. In the present study, we evaluated the ovariectomy-induced changes of central and peripheral immune responses to life-threatening septic stimulus. METHODS AND RESULTS Ovariectomized rats showed heavier body weight and lighter uterine weight when compared with gonadally intact rats. Fever response to septic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ovariectomized rats was less evident when compared with that in gonadally intact rats. In addition, under LPS-injected septic conditions, hypothalamic gene levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and serum protein levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in ovariectomized rats were lower than those in gonadally intact rats. On the other hand, IL-6 levels in visceral fat under septic conditions were higher in ovariectomized rats than in gonadally intact rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ovariectomy-induced site-specific changes in cytokine response under septic conditions. As hypothalamic, but not peripheral, pro-inflammatory cytokines are directly involved in the fever response, the attenuation of fever response observed in ovariectomized rats may be caused by a reduction in central cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - T Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - G Gereltsetseg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Munkhzaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - A Tungalagsurv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Yamasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - A Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - T Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - T Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Fekete C, Lechan RM. Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:159-94. [PMID: 24423980 PMCID: PMC3963261 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TRH is a tripeptide amide that functions as a neurotransmitter but also serves as a neurohormone that has a critical role in the central regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons involved in this neuroendocrine process are located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and secrete TRH into the pericapillary space of the external zone of the median eminence for conveyance to anterior pituitary thyrotrophs. Under basal conditions, the activity of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons is regulated by the negative feedback effects of thyroid hormone to ensure stable, circulating, thyroid hormone concentrations, a mechanism that involves complex interactions between hypophysiotropic TRH neurons and the vascular system, cerebrospinal fluid, and specialized glial cells called tanycytes. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons also integrate other humoral and neuronal inputs that can alter the setpoint for negative feedback regulation by thyroid hormone. This mechanism facilitates adaptation of the organism to changing environmental conditions, including the shortage of food and a cold environment. The thyroid axis is also affected by other adverse conditions such as infection, but the central mechanisms mediating suppression of hypophysiotropic TRH may be pathophysiological. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (C.F.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (C.F., R.M.L.), Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; and Department of Neuroscience (R.M.L.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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Harvey L, Boksa P. Do prenatal immune activation and maternal iron deficiency interact to affect neurodevelopment and early behavior in rat offspring? Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:144-54. [PMID: 24064370 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and iron deficiency are common during pregnancy and studies have described altered brain development in the offspring as a result of these individual maternal exposures. Both exposures have been identified as risk factors for schizophrenia yet they have never been modeled simultaneously. We developed a rat model of prenatal immune activation on a background of maternal iron deficiency to determine whether these factors interact to affect neurodevelopment and early behavior in offspring. Pregnant rats were placed on iron sufficient (IS) or iron deficient (ID) diets from E2 to P7, and administered LPS or saline on E15/16. Iron was reduced in liver, spleen, serum and placenta from ID dams by E15. LPS administration on E15 caused greater induction of serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in ID dams compared to IS dams. Offspring (P0, P7) from ID dams had reduced iron in spleen, liver and brain compared to IS, which normalized by P21. Pups from ID dams showed differences in forelimb grasp and acoustic startle, whilst pups from LPS dams displayed differences in grip ability, geotaxis reflex, cliff avoidance and acoustic startle. Offspring from LPS dams displayed reduced locomotor activity at P7 and P60; offspring from ID dams showed no change. Our findings show effects of prenatal LPS and maternal iron deficiency were additive, such that offspring exposed to both insults displayed more neurodevelopmental abnormalities than offspring exposed to one alone. Yet surprisingly there was no interaction between factors, suggesting independent mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 La Salle Blvd, Verdun, H4H 1R3 Quebec, Canada
| | - Patricia Boksa
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 La Salle Blvd, Verdun, H4H 1R3 Quebec, Canada.
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Kinouchi R, Gereltsetseg G, Murakami M, Munkhzaya M, Altankhuu T, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Changes in central and peripheral inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in ovariectomized female rats. Cytokine 2014; 65:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wu G, Matsuwaki T, Tanaka Y, Yamanouchi K, Hu J, Nishihara M. Taurine counteracts the suppressive effect of lipopolysaccharide on neurogenesis in the hippocampus of rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 775:111-9. [PMID: 23392928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis has been generally accepted to happen in the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricular and subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampus of adult mammalian brain. Recent studies have reported that inflammatory stimuli, such as injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), impair neurogenesis in the SGZ. Taurine, a sulfur-containing β-amino acid, is a major free intracellular amino acid in many tissues of mammals and having various supplementary effects on the mammalian body functions including the brain. Recently, it has been also reported that taurine levels in the brain significantly increase under stressful conditions. The present study was aimed to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of taurine on the neurogenesis in the SGZ under the condition of acute inflammatory stimuli by LPS. Adult male rats were intraperitoneally injected with taurine once a day for 39 days. Twenty-four hours before the animals were sacrificed on the last day of taurine treatment, LPS was injected simultaneously with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Immunohistochemistry for BrdU, Ki67, and Iba-1 in the brain was performed, and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β 2 h after LPS injection were determined. The results showed that LPS significantly decreased the number of immunoreactive cells for both BrdU and Ki67 in the SGZ, while increased that for Iba-1, all of which were restored by taurine administration. Meanwhile, the serum concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased, which were significantly attenuated by taurine administration. These results suggest that taurine effectively maintains neurogenesis in the SGZ under the acute infectious condition by attenuating the increase of microgliosis in the hippocampus as well as proinflammatory cytokines in the peripheral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Wu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Murakami M, Kinouchi R, Gereltsetseg G, Nakazawa H, Yamamoto S, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Effects of lipopolysaccharide exposure at different postnatal time points on the response of LH to homotypic stress in adulthood. J Reprod Immunol 2012; 94:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hambly C, Duncan JS, Archer ZA, Moar KM, Mercer JG, Speakman JR. Repletion of TNFα or leptin in calorically restricted mice suppresses post-restriction hyperphagia. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:83-94. [PMID: 21954068 PMCID: PMC3255546 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.007781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of post-restriction hyperphagia (PRH) represent a target for drug-based therapies to prevent obesity. However, the factors causing PRH are poorly understood. We show that, in mice, the extent of PRH was independent of the time under restriction, but depended on its severity, suggesting that PRH was driven by signals from altered body composition. Signals related to fat mass were important drivers. Circulating levels of leptin and TNFα were significantly depleted following caloric restriction (CR). We experimentally repleted their levels to match those of controls, and found that in both treatment groups the level of PRH was significantly blunted. These data establish a role for TNFα and leptin in the non-pathological regulation of energy homeostasis. Signals from adipose tissue, including but not limited to leptin and TNFα, regulate PRH and might be targets for therapies that support people engaged in CR to reduce obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hambly
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
- ACERO, Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacqueline S. Duncan
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Zoë A. Archer
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Kim M. Moar
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Julian G. Mercer
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK
- ACERO, Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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The intriguing mission of neuropeptide Y in the immune system. Amino Acids 2011; 45:41-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dénes A, Ferenczi S, Kovács KJ. Systemic inflammatory challenges compromise survival after experimental stroke via augmenting brain inflammation, blood- brain barrier damage and brain oedema independently of infarct size. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:164. [PMID: 22114895 PMCID: PMC3235982 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation impairs outcome in stroke patients and experimental animals via mechanisms which are poorly understood. Circulating inflammatory mediators can activate cerebrovascular endothelium or glial cells in the brain and impact on ischaemic brain injury. One of the most serious early clinical complications of cerebral ischaemia is brain oedema, which compromises survival in the first 24-48 h. It is not understood whether systemic inflammatory challenges impair outcome after stroke by increasing brain injury only or whether they have direct effects on brain oedema, cerebrovascular inflammation and blood-brain barrier damage. METHODS We used two different systemic inflammatory stimuli, acute endotoxin treatment and anaphylaxis to study mechanisms of brain injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Ischaemic brain injury, blood-brain barrier damage and oedema were analysed by histological techniques. Systemic cytokine responses and inflammatory changes in the brain were analysed by cytometric bead array, immunofluorescence, in situ hibridization and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Systemic inflammatory challenges profoundly impaired survival in the first 24 h after experimental stroke in mice, independently of an increase in infarct size. Systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose-dependently increased mortality (50-100%) minutes to hours after cerebral ischaemia. Acute anaphylactic challenge in ovalbumin-sensitised mice affected stroke more seriously when induced via intraperitoneal administration compared to intravenous. Both LPS and anaphylaxis induced inflammatory changes in the blood and in the brain prior to experimental stroke. Plasma cytokine levels were significantly higher after LPS, while increased IL-10 levels were seen after anaphylaxis. After MCAo, both LPS and anaphylaxis increased microglial interleukin-1α (IL-1α) expression and blood-brain barrier breakdown. LPS caused marked granulocyte recruitment throughout the ipsilateral hemisphere. To investigate whether reduction of ischaemic damage can improve outcome in systemic inflammation, controlled hypothermia was performed. Hypothermia reduced infarct size in all treatment groups and moderately improved survival, but failed to reduce excess oedema formation after anaphylaxis and LPS-induced neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that systemic inflammatory conditions induce cerebrovascular inflammation via diverse mechanisms. Increased brain inflammation, blood-brain barrier injury and brain oedema formation can be major contributors to impaired outcome in mice after experimental stroke with systemic inflammatory stimuli, independently of infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adám Dénes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Kinouchi R, Gereltsetseg G, Murakami M, Nakazawa H, Fujisawa S, Yamamoto S, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Effect of immune stress on body weight regulation is altered by ovariectomy in female rats. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 91:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
The early life environment can be crucial in influencing the development of an animal's long-term physiology. There is now much evidence to suggest that perinatal challenges to an animal's immune system will result in changes in adult rat behavior, physiology, and molecular pathways following a single inflammatory event during development caused by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In particular, it is now apparent that neonatal LPS administration can influence the adult neuroimmune response to a second LPS challenge through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modifications, some of which are caused by alterations in peripheral prostaglandin synthesis. These pronounced changes are accompanied by a variety of alterations in a number of disparate aspects of endocrine physiology, with significant implications for the health and well-being of the adult animal. In this review, we discuss the newly elucidated mechanisms by which neonatal immune challenge can permanently alter an animal's endocrine and metabolic physiology and the implications this has for various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Spencer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Mahaut S, Dumont Y, Fournier A, Quirion R, Moyse E. Neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in the dorsal vagal complex under acute feeding adaptation in the adult rat. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:77-86. [PMID: 19880180 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptides (PPs) belong to the same peptide family called the Y or NPY family. Central and peripheral injections of these peptides are implicated in the regulation of food intake at the level of the hypothalamus (central effects; increased food intake) and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (peripheral effects; decreased food intake). The DVC of the brainstem is a satiety reflex key region, which includes the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), area postrema (AP) and dorso motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX). NPY binding sites were quantified on serial DVC sections using in vitro receptor autoradiography in two feeding adaptation models: fasting and inflammatory anorexia. Receptor autoradiography revealed that Y(1), Y(2), Y(4) and Y(5) receptor subtypes are present in all nuclei of the DVC. Additionally, we also observed significant amount of specific labelling remaining even after having blocked all known NPY receptor subtypes targeted by radioligands such as [(125)I][Leu(31), Pro(34)]PYY, [(125)I]PYY3-36 and [(125)I]hPP. This binding is referred as an atypical NPY site. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and food deprivation (24-48h) did not induce any change in the expression of NPY Y(1), Y(2,) Y(4) and Y(5) receptors at the level of the NTS and DMX. However, a significant decrease in [(125)I]PYY3-36/Y(2) and [(125)I]hPP/Y(4)- and Y(5)-insensitive binding sites (residual or atypical site) was observed in the AP. Together, these data could suggest that residual or atypical NPY binding site in the AP is modulated by food deprivation and may be physiologically relevant and implicated in feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Mahaut
- Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR 6231 CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille-3, Ave. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Barkhudaryan N, Zakaryan H, Sarukhanyan F, Gabrielyan A, Dosch D, Kellermann J, Lottspeich F. Hemorphins act as homeostatic agents in response to endotoxin-induced stress. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:925-33. [PMID: 19967445 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of synthetic LVV-hemorphin-7 and hemorphin-7 on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in response to endotoxin-induced stress was studied. The intraperitoneal (ip) endotoxin (lipopolysaccaride, LPS) (0.5 mg/kg) administration in combination with hemorphin (1 mg/kg) induce significant decrease in plasma corticosterone and modest decrease in plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in compare with elevated levels of both corticosterone and TNFalpha in plasma of rats received LPS administration alone. Increased activity of calcineurin in both plasma and brain of rats received ip administration of LPS, was recovered under LPS + hemorphin treatment. In two independent proteome analysis, using 2-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis and the isotope coded protein label technology, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans-isomerase A (cyclophilin A) was identified as regulated by hemorphins protein in mouse brain. A therapeutic potential of hemorphins and mechanisms of their homeostatic action in response to endotoxin-induced stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Barkhudaryan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of National Academy of Sciences, 5/1 P. Sevag Str, Yerevan, 0014, Republic of Armenia.
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Kinouchi R, Fujisawa S, Murakami M, Kiyokawa M, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Neonatal LPS injection alters the body weight regulation systems of rats under non‐stress and immune stress conditions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Riyo Kinouchi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Shinobu Fujisawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Machiko Kiyokawa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health BiosciencesThe University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
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Dietary sucrose intake is related to serum leptin concentration in overweight pregnant women. Eur J Nutr 2009; 49:83-90. [PMID: 19727896 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight, characterized by low-degree systemic inflammation, predisposes women to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Adipokine leptin participates in the regulation of energy balance and immune action. AIMS OF THE STUDY Objective of the study was to evaluate if aberrations in glucose metabolism during pregnancy are related to leptin concentration and whether serum leptin concentration is affected by diet composition. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Normal-weight (n = 61) and overweight or obese (BMI > 25, n = 42) pregnant women visited study clinic at third trimester of pregnancy and one month postpartum. Serum fasting leptin and insulin as well as plasma glucose concentrations were measured, insulin resistance (HOMA) and sensitivity (QUICKI) calculated, and dietary intake from food records determined. RESULTS In overweight women leptin concentration was significantly higher both in pregnancy, 45.27 (95% CI 39.40-51.14) ng/ml, and postpartum, 31.84 (27.38-36.30) ng/ml, than in normal-weight women, 31.09 (95% CI 27.80-34.37) ng/ml and 16.23 (13.93-18.53) ng/ml, respectively. Equally, blood glucose concentration during pregnancy was higher, 4.82 (4.67-4.97)mmol/l, and insulin concentration, 15.34 (12.00-18.68) mU/l, more pronounced in overweight compared to normal-weight women, 4.51 (4.42-4.61) mmol/l and 8.28 (7.21-9.36) mU/l, respectively. Significantly higher HOMA and lower QUICKI were also detected in overweight compared to normal-weight women. At third trimester of pregnancy, leptin concentration correlated positively with insulin concentration in normal-weight (r = 0.561, P = 0.002) and overweight women (r = 0.736, P < 0.001), as well as with HOMA (r = 0.568, P = 0.002 and r = 0.731, P < 0.001, respectively) whereas negative association was found with QUICKI in normal-weight (r = -0.484, P = 0.011) and overweight women (r = -0.711, P < 0.001). Importantly, serum leptin concentration was affected by dietary sucrose intake both as quantitatively (r = 0.424, P = 0.009) and relative to energy intake (r = 0.408, P = 0.012) in overweight but not in normal-weight pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS Overweight-related elevation in serum leptin is associated with impaired regulation of glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The novel finding that dietary sucrose intake is related to serum leptin concentration is in line with the current dietary recommendations to overweight pregnant women with impaired glucose metabolism advising the lower intake of sucrose during pregnancy.
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Borderas TF, de Passillé AM, Rushen J. Behavior of dairy calves after a low dose of bacterial endotoxin1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:2920-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Murakami M, Kinouchi R, Shimizu F, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Neonatal immune challenge affects the regulation of estrus cyclicity and feeding behavior in female rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:111-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Riyo Kinouchi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Fumi Shimizu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyInstitute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima770‐8503Japan
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Yeh SS, Blackwood K, Schuster MW. The cytokine basis of cachexia and its treatment: are they ready for prime time? J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008; 9:219-36. [PMID: 18457797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a hypercatabolic condition that is often associated with the terminal stages of many diseases, in which the patient's resting metabolic rate is high and loss of muscle and fat tissue mass occur at an alarming rate. The patient also usually has concurrent anorexia, amplifying the wasting syndrome that is cachexia. The greater the extent of cachexia (regardless of underlying disease), the worse the prognosis. Efforts to treat cachexia over the years have fallen short of satisfactorily reversing the wasting syndrome. This article reviews the pathophysiology of cachexia, enumerating the different pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the syndrome and attempting to illustrate their interwoven pathways. We also review the different treatments that have been explored, as well as the recent literature addressing the use of anti-cytokine therapy to treat cachexia.
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Guyon A, Massa F, Rovère C, Nahon JL. How cytokines can influence the brain: a role for chemokines? J Neuroimmunol 2008; 198:46-55. [PMID: 18547650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Following inflammation or infection, cytokines are released in the blood. Besides their effect on the immune system, cytokines can also act in the brain to modulate our behaviors, inducing for example anorexia when produced in large amount. This review focuses on our current knowledge on how cytokines can influence the brain and the behaviors through several possible pathways: modulating peripheral neurons which project to the brain through the vagus nerve, modulating the levels of hormones such as leptin which can act to the brain through the humoral pathway and possibly acting directly in the brain, through the local production of cytokines and chemokines such as SDF-1alpha/CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Guyon
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UNSA, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, 660, route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France.
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Kentner A, Takeuchi A, James J, Miki T, Seino S, Hayley S, Bielajew C. The effects of rewarding ventral tegmental area stimulation and environmental enrichment on lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and cytokine expression in female rats. Brain Res 2008; 1217:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Painsipp E, Herzog H, Holzer P. Implication of neuropeptide-Y Y2 receptors in the effects of immune stress on emotional, locomotor and social behavior of mice. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:117-26. [PMID: 18508096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in the regulation of emotional behavior, and there is indirect evidence for a role of NPY in the cerebral responses to peripheral immune challenge. Since the NPY receptors involved in these reactions are not known, we investigated the effect of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on emotional, locomotor and social behavior, body temperature and circulating corticosterone in female Y2 (Y2-/-) and Y4 (Y4-/-) receptor knockout mice. LPS (0.1mg/kg injected IP 2.5h before testing) increased rectal temperature in control and Y4-/- mice to a larger degree than in Y2-/- animals. Both Y2-/- and Y4-/- mice exhibited reduced anxiety-related and depression-like behavior in the open field, elevated plus-maze and tail suspension test, respectively. While depression-like behavior was not changed by LPS, anxiety-related behavior was enhanced by LPS in Y2-/-, but not control and Y4-/- animals. Y2-/- mice were also particularly susceptible to the effect of LPS to attenuate locomotor behavior and social interaction with another mouse. The corticosterone response to LPS was blunted in Y2-/- mice which presented elevated levels of circulating corticosterone following vehicle treatment. These data show that Y2-/- mice are particularly sensitive to the effects of LPS-evoked immune stress to attenuate locomotion and social interaction and to increase anxiety-like behavior, while the LPS-induced rise of temperature and circulating corticosterone is suppressed by Y2 receptor knockout. Our observations attest to an important role of endogenous NPY acting via Y2 receptors in the cerebral response to peripheral immune challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Corticosterone/blood
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Female
- Fever/etiology
- Immobility Response, Tonic/drug effects
- Immobility Response, Tonic/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Locomotion/physiology
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/deficiency
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/physiology
- Social Behavior
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/chemically induced
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Painsipp
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Recent studies have begun to clarify the pathogenesis of sickness behavior. Cytokines released by macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells act on the brain to trigger behavioral changes in infected animals. The major cytokines, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and others, all act on the hypothalamus to provoke alterations in the normal homeostatic condition. These include elevated body temperature, increased sleep, and loss of appetite as well as major alterations in lipid and protein metabolism leading to significant weight loss. Some of these changes are clearly directed towards enhancing the normal immune responses. The benefits of others such as appetite loss are unclear. It is also important to recognize that other animals may recognize sickness behavior as a sign of weakness and mark the victim out for targeting by predators. As a result, some prey species may work very hard to mask their sickness, a response that serves to complicate veterinary diagnosis.
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