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Al-hadlaq SM, Balto HA, Hassan WM, Marraiki NA, El-Ansary AK. Biomarkers of non-communicable chronic disease: an update on contemporary methods. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12977. [PMID: 35233297 PMCID: PMC8882335 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases constitute a major global burden with significant impact on health systems, economies, and quality of life. Chronic diseases include a broad range of diseases that can be communicable or non-communicable. Chronic diseases are often associated with modifications of normal physiological levels of various analytes that are routinely measured in serum and other body fluids, as well as pathological findings, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of at-risk populations, early diagnosis, and prediction of prognosis play a major role in preventing or reducing the burden of chronic diseases. Biomarkers are tools that are used by health professionals to aid in the identification and management of chronic diseases. Biomarkers can be diagnostic, predictive, or prognostic. Several individual or grouped biomarkers have been used successfully in the diagnosis and prediction of certain chronic diseases, however, it is generally accepted that a more sophisticated approach to link and interpret various biomarkers involved in chronic disease is necessary to improve our current procedures. In order to ensure a comprehensive and unbiased coverage of the literature, first a primary frame of the manuscript (title, headings and subheadings) was drafted by the authors working on this paper. Second, based on the components drafted in the preliminary skeleton a comprehensive search of the literature was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. Multiple keywords related to the topic were used. Out of screened papers, only 190 papers, which are the most relevant, and recent articles were selected to cover the topic in relation to etiological mechanisms of different chronic diseases, the most recently used biomarkers of chronic diseases and finally the advances in the applications of multivariate biomarkers of chronic diseases as statistical and clinically applied tool for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases was discussed. Recently, multivariate biomarkers analysis approach has been employed with promising prospect. A brief discussion of the multivariate approach for the early diagnosis of the most common chronic diseases was highlighted in this review. The use of diagnostic algorithms might show the way for novel criteria and enhanced diagnostic effectiveness inpatients with one or numerous non-communicable chronic diseases. The search for new relevant biomarkers for the better diagnosis of patients with non-communicable chronic diseases according to the risk of progression, sickness, and fatality is ongoing. It is important to determine whether the newly identified biomarkers are purely associations or real biomarkers of underlying pathophysiological processes. Use of multivariate analysis could be of great importance in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaiman M. Al-hadlaq
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Balto
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail M. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Najat A. Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf K. El-Ansary
- Central Research Laboratory, Female Campus, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Reynolds WJ, Bowman A, Hanson PS, Critchley A, Griffiths B, Chavan B, Birch‐Machin MA. Adaptive responses to air pollution in human dermal fibroblasts and their potential roles in aging. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:855-865. [PMID: 34632319 PMCID: PMC8493965 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The damaging effects of air pollution on the skin are becoming increasingly researched and the outcomes of this research are now a major influence in the selection and development of protective ingredients for skincare formulations. However, extensive research has not yet been conducted into the specific cellular defense systems that are being affected after exposure to such pollutants. Research investigating the affected systems is integral to the development of suitable interventions that are capable of augmenting the systems most impacted by air pollutant exposure. The following studies involved exposing primary human dermal fibroblasts to different concentrations of particulate matter and analyzing its effects on mitochondrial complex activity, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 localization using immunocytochemistry and protein expression of electron transport chain complex proteins, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) using western blotting. Particulate matter-induced alterations in both mitochondrial complex protein and activity, indicating oxidative stress, which was also complimented by increased expression of antioxidant proteins GSTP1/2 and SOD2. Particulate matter also seemed to modify expression of the proteins SIRT1 and PGC-1α which are heavily involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Given the reported results indicating that particulate matter induces damage through oxidative stress and has a profound effect on mitochondrial homeostasis, interventions involving targeted mitochondrial antioxidants may help to minimize the damaging downstream effects of pollutant-induced oxidative stress originating from the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil J. Reynolds
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Amy Bowman
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Peter S. Hanson
- Mental HealthDementia and Neurodegeneration, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | - Mark A. Birch‐Machin
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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Farajpour N, Lastra LS, Sharma V, Freedman KJ. Calibration-Less DNA Concentration Measurements Using EOF Volumetric Flow and Single Molecule Counting. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.689584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sensing is a promising tool well suited to capture and detect DNA and other single molecules. DNA is a negatively charged biomolecule that can be captured and translocated through a constricted nanopore aperture under an applied electric field. Precise assessment of DNA concentration is of crucial importance in many analytical processes and medical diagnostic applications. Recently, we found that hydrodynamic forces can lead to DNA motion against the electrophoretic force (EPF) at low ionic strength. This study utilized glass nanopores to investigate the DNA capture mechanism and detect DNA molecules due to volumetric flow at these low ionic strength conditions. We measured the DNA capture rate at five different pico-molar concentrations. Our findings indicated that the translocation rate is proportional to the concentration of DNA molecules and requires no calibration due to the volumetric flow rate and DNA counting directly correlates with concentration. Using finite element analysis, we calculated the volumetric flow and proposed a simple, straightforward approach for accurate DNA quantification. Furthermore, these experiments explore a unique transport mechanism where one of the most highly charged molecules enters a pore against electric field forces. This quantitative technique has the potential to provide distinct insight into nanopore-based biosensing and further enhance the nanopore’s capability as a biomolecule concentration sensor.
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Xue J, Sheng X, Zhang BJ, Zhang C, Zhang G. The Sirtuin-1 relied antioxidant and antiaging activity of 5,5'-diferulic acid glucoside esters derived from corn bran by enzymatic method. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13519. [PMID: 33078415 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maize is the food crop with the highest total output in the world. However, corn bran is only a by-product with low price. The 5,5'-diferulic acid glucoside esters (DFG) were obtained from corn bran using the enzymatic method. DFG showed obvious antioxidant capacity in cell, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and in mouse. DFG decreased ROS and MDA content in 500 μM H2 O2 stimulated ARPE-19 cells to 48.6% and 32.2%, respectively. DFG decreased ROS content in C. elegans to 49.1% and MDA content in acute ethanol (50%, 12 ml/kg) stimulated mouse to 30.4%. DFG also increased SOD protein content significantly in cell, C. elegans and mouse to 175.5%, 120.1%, and 126.2%, respectively. DFG significantly extended the lifespan of C. elegans both under heat stress and natural situation. The median survival time was prolonged to 133.3% and 116.7%, respectively. This capacity relied on the SIR-2.1 activity. SIR-2.1 is an ortholog of human Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1). DFG also upregulated SIRT-1 and PCG-1α expression level obviously in H2 O2 -stimulated ARPE-19 cells (to 134.4% and 127.1%, respectively) and in acute ethanol stimulated mouse eyes (to 135.1% and 111.5%, respectively) and liver (to 123.3% and 113.6%, respectively). These results indicate that DFG has multiple bioactivities. Our research provides a new application prospect of corn bran. And to our best knowledge, this is the first time, the sirtuins-relied lifespan extension activity of the 5,5'-diferulic acid extracted from corn bran was reported. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The traditional method for extracting diferulic acid from corn bran is to use the strong alkali. Obviously, this is not welcomed by the food industry. We employed the biological enzyme method in a relatively mild pH range during the extraction process. It is more environmentally friendly and more economical. DFG can be added as a raw material for functional foods like yogurt, fruit juice, and cereals. As well, the solid precipitate obtained after extraction can also be used as high-quality dietary fiber to produce functional food. Meanwhile, concerning for the 5,5'-diferulic acid derived from corn bran, the relevant research is still not abundant. And to our best knowledge, we have reported for the first time about the effect of this kinds of diferulic acid on prolonging life span and its SIRT-1-dependent activity. It also provides a new perspective for the study of diferulic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Xue
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Sheng
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Cijia Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Swerdlow RH. The mitochondrial hypothesis: Dysfunction, bioenergetic defects, and the metabolic link to Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:207-233. [PMID: 32739005 PMCID: PMC8493961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) features mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism. Other pathologies could drive these changes, or alternatively these changes could drive other pathologies. In considering this question, it is worth noting that perturbed AD patient mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction extend beyond the brain and to some extent define a systemic phenotype. It is difficult to attribute this systemic phenotype to brain beta-amyloid or tau proteins. Conversely, mitochondria increasingly appear to play a critical role in cell proteostasis, which suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may promote protein aggregation. Mitochondrial and metabolism-related characteristics also define AD endophenotypes in cognitively normal middle-aged individuals, which suggests that mitochondrial and metabolism-related AD characteristics precede clinical decline. Genetic analyses increasingly implicate mitochondria and metabolism-relevant genes in AD risk. Collectively these factors suggest that mitochondria are more relevant to the causes of AD than its consequences, and support the view that a mitochondrial cascade features prominently in AD. This chapter reviews the case for mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction in AD and the challenges of proving that a primary mitochondrial cascade is pertinent to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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Perez Ortiz JM, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Role in pathogenesis and novel therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3489-3507. [PMID: 30675901 PMCID: PMC6715612 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of cell bioenergetics is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disrupted energy utilization implicates mitochondria at its nexus. This review summarizes some of the evidence that points to faulty mitochondrial function in AD and highlights past and current therapeutic development efforts. Classical neuropathological hallmarks of disease (β-amyloid and τ) and sporadic AD risk genes (APOE) may trigger mitochondrial disturbance, yet mitochondrial dysfunction may incite pathology. Preclinical and clinical efforts have overwhelmingly centred on the amyloid pathway, but clinical trials have yet to reveal clear-cut benefits. AD therapies aimed at mitochondrial dysfunction are few and concentrate on reversing oxidative stress and cell death pathways. Novel research efforts aimed at boosting mitochondrial and bioenergetic function offer an alternative treatment strategy. Enhancing cell bioenergetics in preclinical models may yield widespread favourable effects that could benefit persons with AD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit M. Perez Ortiz
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease CenterFairwayKSUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease CenterFairwayKSUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA
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Carvalho C, Cardoso SM, Correia SC, Moreira PI. Tortuous Paths of Insulin Signaling and Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:161-183. [PMID: 31062330 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the exponential growth of aging population worldwide, neurodegenerative diseases became a major public health concern. Among them, Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevails as the most common in the elderly, rendering it a research priority. After several decades considering the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ, recent advances proved a central role for this hormone in learning and memory processes and showed that AD shares a high number of features with systemic conditions characterized by insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been widely demonstrated to play a major role in AD development supporting the idea that this neurodegenerative disease is characterized by a pronounced metabolic dysregulation. This chapter is intended to discuss evidence demonstrating the key role of insulin signaling and mitochondrial anomalies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Cruz ACP, Ferrasa A, Muotri AR, Herai RH. Frequency and association of mitochondrial genetic variants with neurological disorders. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:345-360. [PMID: 30218715 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are small cytosolic organelles and the main source of energy production for the cells, especially in the brain. This organelle has its own genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and genetic variants in this molecule can alter the normal energy metabolism in the brain, contributing to the development of a wide assortment of Neurological Disorders (ND), including neurodevelopmental syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. These ND are comprised by a heterogeneous group of syndromes and diseases that encompass different cognitive phenotypes and behavioral disorders, such as autism, Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Huntington disease, Leigh Syndrome and bipolar disorder. In this work we carried out a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify and describe the mitochondrial genetic variants associated with the occurrence of ND. Most of genetic variants found in mtDNA were associated with Single Nucleotide Polimorphisms (SNPs), ~79%, with ~15% corresponding to deletions, ~3% to Copy Number Variations (CNVs), ~2% to insertions and another 1% included mtDNA replication problems and genetic rearrangements. We also found that most of the variants were associated with coding regions of mitochondrial proteins but were also found in regulatory transcripts (tRNA and rRNA) and in the D-Loop replication region of the mtDNA. After analysis of mtDNA deletions and CNV, none of them occur in the D-Loop region. This SLR shows that all transcribed mtDNA molecules have mutations correlated with ND. Finally, we describe that all mtDNA variants found were associated with deterioration of cognitive (dementia) and intellectual functions, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and personality and behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina P Cruz
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano Ferrasa
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil; Department of Informatics (DEINFO), Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil; Lico Kaesemodel Institute (ILK), Curitiba, Paraná 80240-000, Brazil.
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Guilford BL, Ryals JM, Lezi E, Swerdlow RH, Wright DE. Dorsal Root Ganglia Mitochondrial Biochemical Changes in Non-diabetic and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice Fed with a Standard or High-Fat Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 28775932 DOI: 10.21767/2171-6625.1000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is purported as a contributory mechanism underlying diabetic neuropathy, but a defined role for damaged mitochondria in diabetic nerves remains unclear, particularly in standard diabetes models. Experiments here used a high-fat diet in attempt to exacerbate the severity of diabetes and expedite the time-course in which mitochondrial dysfunction may occur. We hypothesized a high-fat diet in addition to diabetes would increase stress on sensory neurons and worsen mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Oxidative phosphorylation proteins and proteins associated with mitochondrial function were quantified in lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Comparisons were made between non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced (STZ) C57Bl/6 mice fed a standard or high-fat diet for 8 weeks. RESULTS Complex III subunit Core-2 and voltage dependent anion channel were increased (by 36% and 28% respectively, p<0.05) in diabetic mice compared to nondiabetic mice fed the standard diet. There were no differences among groups in UCP2, PGC-1α, PGC-1β levels or Akt, mTor, or AMPK activation. These data suggest compensatory mitochondrial biogenesis occurs to offset potential mitochondrial dysfunction after 8 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes, but a high-fat diet does not alter these parameters. CONCLUSION Our results indicate mitochondrial protein changes early in STZ-induced diabetes. Interestingly, a high-fat diet does not appear to affect mitochondrial proteins in either nondiabetic or STZ- diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Guilford
- Department of Applied Health, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA
| | - J M Ryals
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - E Lezi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R H Swerdlow
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - D E Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Mitochondria, Cybrids, Aging, and Alzheimer's Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 146:259-302. [PMID: 28253988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and bioenergetic function change with advancing age and may drive aging phenotypes. Mitochondrial and bioenergetic changes are also documented in various age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In some instances AD mitochondrial and bioenergetic changes are reminiscent of those observed with advancing age but are greater in magnitude. Mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction could, therefore, link neurodegeneration to brain aging. Interestingly, mitochondrial defects in AD patients are not brain-limited, and mitochondrial function can be linked to classic AD histologic changes including amyloid precursor protein processing to beta amyloid. Also, transferring mitochondria from AD subjects to cell lines depleted of endogenous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) creates cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines that recapitulate specific biochemical, molecular, and histologic AD features. Such findings have led to the formulation of a "mitochondrial cascade hypothesis" that places mitochondrial dysfunction at the apex of the AD pathology pyramid. Data pertinent to this premise are reviewed.
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Swerdlow RH. Bioenergetics and metabolism: a bench to bedside perspective. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:126-135. [PMID: 26968700 PMCID: PMC5851778 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
'Metabolism' refers to the vast collection of chemical processes that occur within a living organism. Within this broad designation, one can identify metabolism events that relate specifically to energy homeostasis, whether they occur at the subcellular, cellular, organ, or whole organism level. This review operationally refers to this type of metabolism as 'energy metabolism' or 'bioenergetics.' Changes in energy metabolism/bioenergetics have been linked to brain aging and a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and research suggests mitochondria may uniquely contribute to this. Interventions that manipulate energy metabolism/bioenergetic function and mitochondria may have therapeutic potential and efforts intended to accomplish this are playing out at basic, translational, and clinical levels. This review follows evolving views of energy metabolism's role in neurodegenerative diseases but especially Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on the bench-to-bedside process whose ultimate goal is to develop therapeutic interventions. It further considers challenges encountered during this process, which include linking basic concepts to a medical question at the initial research stage, adapting conceptual knowledge gained to a disease-associated application in the translational stage, extending what has been learned to the clinical arena, and maintaining support for the research at each of these fundamentally linked but functionally distinct stages. A bench-to-bedside biomedical research process is discussed that moves through conceptual, basic, translational, and clinical levels. For example, herein a case was made that bioenergetics is a valid Alzheimer's disease therapeutic target. Following this, a fundamental strategy for manipulating bioenergetics was defined, potential implications studied, and the approach extended to the clinical arena. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center and the departments of Neurology, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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12
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Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Relationships Between Mitochondria and Neuroinflammation: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:849-57. [PMID: 26311426 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150827095102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The causes of these pathologic lesions remain uncertain, but links between these phenomena are increasingly recognized. In this review, we discuss data that indicate mitochondria or mitochondrial components may contribute to neuroinflammation. While mitochondrial dysfunction could cause neuroinflammation, neuroinflammation could also cause mitochondrial dysfunction. However, based on the systemic nature of AD mitochondrial dysfunction as well as data from experiments we discuss, the former possibility is perhaps more likely. If correct, then manipulation of mitochondria, either directly or through manipulations of bioenergetic pathways, could prove effective in reducing metabolic dysfunction and neuroinflammation in AD patients. We also review some potential approaches through which such manipulations may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, MS 2012, Landon Center on Aging, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Wilkins HM, Koppel S, Carl SM, Ramanujan S, Weidling I, Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK, Swerdlow RH. Oxaloacetate enhances neuronal cell bioenergetic fluxes and infrastructure. J Neurochem 2016; 137:76-87. [PMID: 26811028 PMCID: PMC5482267 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We tested how the addition of oxaloacetate (OAA) to SH-SY5Y cells affected bioenergetic fluxes and infrastructure, and compared the effects of OAA to malate, pyruvate, and glucose deprivation. OAA displayed pro-glycolysis and pro-respiration effects. OAA pro-glycolysis effects were not a consequence of decarboxylation to pyruvate because unlike OAA, pyruvate lowered the glycolysis flux. Malate did not alter glycolysis flux and reduced mitochondrial respiration. Glucose deprivation essentially eliminated glycolysis and increased mitochondrial respiration. OAA increased, while malate decreased, the cell NAD+/NADH ratio. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 protein increased with OAA treatment, but not with malate or glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation increased protein levels of ATP citrate lyase, an enzyme which produces cytosolic OAA, whereas OAA altered neither ATP citrate lyase mRNA nor protein levels. OAA, but not glucose deprivation, increased cytochrome oxidase subunit 2, PGC1α, PGC1β, and PGC1 related co-activator protein levels. OAA increased total and phosphorylated SIRT1 protein. We conclude that adding OAA to SH-SY5Y cells can support or enhance both glycolysis and respiration fluxes. These effects appear to depend, at least partly, on OAA causing a shift in the cell redox balance to a more oxidized state, that it is not a glycolysis pathway intermediate, and possibly its ability to act in an anaplerotic fashion. We examined how oxaloacetate (OAA) affects bioenergetic fluxes. To advance the understanding of how OAA mediates these changes, we compared the effects of OAA to malate, pyruvate, and glucose deprivation. We further examined how OAA affects levels of enzymes that facilitate its cytosolic metabolism, and found OAA increased the expression of malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1-cytosolic). We propose the following: OAA supports both glycolysis and respiration fluxes, shifts the cell redox balance toward a more oxidized state, and acts in an anaplerotic fashion. Abbreviations not defined in the text: MDH2, malate dehydrogenase 2 (mitochondrial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Scott Koppel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Steven M. Carl
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Suruchi Ramanujan
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Ian Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Mary L. Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Elias K. Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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14
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Caldwell CC, Yao J, Brinton RD. Targeting the prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease: bioenergetic and mitochondrial opportunities. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:66-80. [PMID: 25534394 PMCID: PMC4322082 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complex and progressive neurodegenerative phenotype, with hypometabolism and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics among the earliest pathogenic events. Bioenergetic deficits are well documented in preclinical models of mammalian aging and AD, emerge early in the prodromal phase of AD, and in those at risk for AD. This review discusses the importance of early therapeutic intervention during the prodromal stage that precedes irreversible degeneration in AD. Mechanisms of action for current mitochondrial and bioenergetic therapeutics for AD broadly fall into the following categories: 1) glucose metabolism and substrate supply; 2) mitochondrial enhancers to potentiate energy production; 3) antioxidants to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative damage; 4) candidates that target apoptotic and mitophagy pathways to either remove damaged mitochondria or prevent neuronal death. Thus far, mitochondrial therapeutic strategies have shown promise at the preclinical stage but have had little-to-no success in clinical trials. Lessons learned from preclinical and clinical therapeutic studies are discussed. Understanding the bioenergetic adaptations that occur during aging and AD led us to focus on a systems biology approach that targets the bioenergetic system rather than a single component of this system. Bioenergetic system-level therapeutics personalized to bioenergetic phenotype would target bioenergetic deficits across the prodromal and clinical stages to prevent and delay progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. Caldwell
- />Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Jia Yao
- />Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- />Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
- />Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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15
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Swerdlow RH. Bioenergetic medicine. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1854-69. [PMID: 24004341 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we discuss a specific therapeutic strategy we call 'bioenergetic medicine'. Bioenergetic medicine refers to the manipulation of bioenergetic fluxes to positively affect health. Bioenergetic medicine approaches rely heavily on the law of mass action, and impact systems that monitor and respond to the manipulated flux. Since classically defined energy metabolism pathways intersect and intertwine, targeting one flux also tends to change other fluxes, which complicates treatment design. Such indirect effects, fortunately, are to some extent predictable, and from a therapeutic perspective may also be desirable. Bioenergetic medicine-based interventions already exist for some diseases, and because bioenergetic medicine interventions are presently feasible, new approaches to treat certain conditions, including some neurodegenerative conditions and cancers, are beginning to transition from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Departments of Neurology, Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, USA
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16
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Selfridge JE, Wilkins HM, E L, Carl SM, Koppel S, Funk E, Fields T, Lu J, Tang EP, Slawson C, Wang W, Zhu H, Swerdlow RH. Effect of one month duration ketogenic and non-ketogenic high fat diets on mouse brain bioenergetic infrastructure. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:1-11. [PMID: 25104046 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diet composition may affect energy metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. Using C57Bl/6J mice, we tested the effect of ketosis-inducing and non-inducing high fat diets on genes relevant to brain bioenergetic infrastructures, and on proteins that constitute and regulate that infrastructure. At the end of a one-month study period the two high fat diets appeared to differentially affect peripheral insulin signaling, but brain insulin signaling was not obviously altered. Some bioenergetic infrastructure parameters were similarly impacted by both high fat diets, while other parameters were only impacted by the ketogenic diet. For both diets, mRNA levels for CREB, PGC1α, and NRF2 increased while NRF1, TFAM, and COX4I1 mRNA levels decreased. PGC1β mRNA increased and TNFα mRNA decreased only with the ketogenic diet. Brain mtDNA levels fell in both the ketogenic and non-ketogenic high fat diet groups, although TOMM20 and COX4I1 protein levels were maintained, and mRNA and protein levels of the mtDNA-encoded COX2 subunit were also preserved. Overall, the pattern of changes observed in mice fed ketogenic and non-ketogenic high fat diets over a one month time period suggests these interventions enhance some aspects of the brain's aerobic infrastructure, and may enhance mtDNA transcription efficiency. Further studies to determine which diet effects are due to changes in brain ketone body levels, fatty acid levels, glucose levels, altered brain insulin signaling, or other factors such as adipose tissue-associated hormones are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eva Selfridge
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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17
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Swerdlow RH, Burns JM, Khan SM. The Alzheimer's disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1219-31. [PMID: 24071439 PMCID: PMC3962811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago we first proposed the Alzheimer's disease (AD) mitochondrial cascade hypothesis. This hypothesis maintains that gene inheritance defines an individual's baseline mitochondrial function; inherited and environmental factors determine rates at which mitochondrial function changes over time; and baseline mitochondrial function and mitochondrial change rates influence AD chronology. Our hypothesis unequivocally states in sporadic, late-onset AD, mitochondrial function affects amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, APP processing, or beta amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and argues if an amyloid cascade truly exists, mitochondrial function triggers it. We now review the state of the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, and discuss it in the context of recent AD biomarker studies, diagnostic criteria, and clinical trials. Our hypothesis predicts that biomarker changes reflect brain aging, new AD definitions clinically stage brain aging, and removing brain Aβ at any point will marginally impact cognitive trajectories. Our hypothesis, therefore, offers unique perspective into what sporadic, late-onset AD is and how to best treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and the University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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18
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Wilkins HM, Harris JL, Carl SM, E L, Lu J, Eva Selfridge J, Roy N, Hutfles L, Koppel S, Morris J, Burns JM, Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK, Brooks WM, Swerdlow RH. Oxaloacetate activates brain mitochondrial biogenesis, enhances the insulin pathway, reduces inflammation and stimulates neurogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6528-41. [PMID: 25027327 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain bioenergetic function declines in some neurodegenerative diseases, this may influence other pathologies and administering bioenergetic intermediates could have therapeutic value. To test how one intermediate, oxaloacetate (OAA) affects brain bioenergetics, insulin signaling, inflammation and neurogenesis, we administered intraperitoneal OAA, 1-2 g/kg once per day for 1-2 weeks, to C57Bl/6 mice. OAA altered levels, distributions or post-translational modifications of mRNA and proteins (proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α, PGC1 related co-activator, nuclear respiratory factor 1, transcription factor A of the mitochondria, cytochrome oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, cAMP-response element binding, p38 MAPK and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) in ways that should promote mitochondrial biogenesis. OAA increased Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin and P70S6K phosphorylation. OAA lowered nuclear factor κB nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios and CCL11 mRNA. Hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, doublecortin mRNA, doublecortin protein, doublecortin-positive neuron counts and neurite length increased in OAA-treated mice. (1)H-MRS showed OAA increased brain lactate, GABA and glutathione thereby demonstrating metabolic changes are detectable in vivo. In mice, OAA promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis, activates the insulin signaling pathway, reduces neuroinflammation and activates hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center
| | | | | | - Lezi E
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
| | | | | | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | | | | | - Jill Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Mary L Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Elias K Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - William M Brooks
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA and
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19
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Stroh M, Swerdlow RH, Zhu H. Common defects of mitochondria and iron in neurodegeneration and diabetes (MIND): a paradigm worth exploring. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:573-83. [PMID: 24361914 PMCID: PMC3972369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A popular, if not centric, approach to the study of an event is to first consider that of the simplest cause. When dissecting the underlying mechanisms governing idiopathic diseases, this generally takes the form of an ab initio genetic approach. To date, this genetic 'smoking gun' has remained elusive in diabetes mellitus and for many affected by neurodegenerative diseases. With no single gene, or even subset of genes, conclusively causative in all cases, other approaches to the etiology and treatment of these diseases seem reasonable, including the correlation of a systems' predisposed sensitivity to particular influence. In the cases of diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative diseases, overlapping themes of mitochondrial influence or dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis are apparent and relatively consistent. This mini-review discusses the influence of mitochondrial function and iron homeostasis on diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disease, namely Alzheimer's disease. Also discussed is the incidence of diabetes accompanied by neuropathy and neurodegeneration along with neurodegenerative disorders prone to development of diabetes. Mouse models containing multiple facets of this overlap are also described alongside current molecular trends attributed to both diseases. As a way of approaching the idiopathic and complex nature of these diseases we are proposing the consideration of a MIND (mitochondria, iron, neurodegeneration, and diabetes) paradigm in which systemic metabolic influence, iron homeostasis, and respective genetic backgrounds play a central role in the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stroh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Hao Zhu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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20
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Herrup K, Carrillo MC, Schenk D, Cacace A, Desanti S, Fremeau R, Bhat R, Glicksman M, May P, Swerdlow R, Van Eldik LJ, Bain LJ, Budd S. Beyond amyloid: getting real about nonamyloid targets in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:452-458.e1. [PMID: 23809366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For decades, researchers have focused primarily on a pathway initiated by amyloid beta aggregation, amyloid deposition, and accumulation in the brain as the key mechanism underlying the disease and the most important treatment target. However, evidence increasingly suggests that amyloid is deposited early during the course of disease, even prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Thus, targeting amyloid in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), as past failed clinical trials have done, may be insufficient to halt further disease progression. Scientists are investigating other molecular and cellular pathways and processes that contribute to AD pathogenesis. Thus, the Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable convened a meeting in April 2012 to move beyond amyloid and explore AD as a complex multifactorial disease, with the goal of using a more inclusive perspective to identify novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Herrup
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Biology Life Science, Hong Kong
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21
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Lu J, E L, Roy N, Hutfles L, Selfridge E, Funk E, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Effect of cholinergic signaling on neuronal cell bioenergetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33:1135-46. [PMID: 23099815 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have reduced brain acetylcholine and reversing this deficit yields clinical benefits. In this study we explored how increased cholinergic tone impacts cell bioenergetics, which are also perturbed in AD. We treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, and tested for bioenergetic flux and bioenergetic infrastructure changes. Carbachol rapidly increased both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis fluxes. ATP levels rose slightly, as did cell energy demand, and AMPK phosphorylation occurred. At least some of these effects depended on muscarinic receptor activation, ER calcium release, and ER calcium re-uptake. Our data show that increasing cholinergic signaling enhances cell bioenergetics, and reveal mechanisms that mediate this effect. Phenomena we observed could potentially explain why cholinesterase inhibitor therapy increases AD brain glucose utilization and N-acetyl aspartate levels. The question of whether cholinesterase inhibitors have a disease modifying effect in AD has long been debated; our data suggest a theoretical mechanism through which such an effect could potentially arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Lu
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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22
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E L, Lu J, Selfridge JE, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Lactate administration reproduces specific brain and liver exercise-related changes. J Neurochem 2013; 127:91-100. [PMID: 23927032 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise are not limited to muscle, and its ability to mitigate some chronic diseases is under study. A more complete understanding of how exercise impacts non-muscle tissues might facilitate design of clinical trials and exercise mimetics. Here, we focused on lactate's ability to mediate changes in liver and brain bioenergetic-associated parameters. In one group of experiments, C57BL/6 mice underwent 7 weeks of treadmill exercise sessions at intensities intended to exceed the lactate threshold. Over time, the mice dramatically increased their lactate threshold. To ensure that plasma lactate accumulated during the final week, the mice were run to exhaustion. In the liver, mRNA levels of gluconeogenesis-promoting genes increased. While peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression increased, there was a decrease in PGC-1β expression, and overall gene expression changes favored respiratory chain down-regulation. In the brain, PGC-1α and PGC-1β were unchanged, but PGC-1-related co-activator expression and mitochondrial DNA copy number increased. Brain tumor necrosis factor alpha expression fell, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor A expression rose. In another group of experiments, exogenously administered lactate was found to reproduce some but not all of these observed liver and brain changes. Our data suggest that lactate, an exercise byproduct, could mediate some of the effects exercise has on the liver and the brain, and that lactate itself can act as a partial exercise mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lezi E
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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23
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Silva DF, Selfridge JE, Lu J, E L, Roy N, Hutfles L, Burns JM, Michaelis EK, Yan S, Cardoso SM, Swerdlow RH. Bioenergetic flux, mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial morphology dynamics in AD and MCI cybrid cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3931-46. [PMID: 23740939 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetic dysfunction occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical syndrome that frequently precedes symptomatic AD. In this study, we modeled AD and MCI bioenergetic dysfunction by transferring mitochondria from MCI, AD and control subject platelets to mtDNA-depleted SH-SY5Y cells. Bioenergetic fluxes and bioenergetics-related infrastructures were characterized in the resulting cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) cell lines. Relative to control cybrids, AD and MCI cybrids showed changes in oxygen consumption, respiratory coupling and glucose utilization. AD and MCI cybrids had higher ADP/ATP and lower NAD+/NADH ratios. AD and MCI cybrids exhibited differences in proteins that monitor, respond to or regulate cell bioenergetic fluxes including HIF1α, PGC1α, SIRT1, AMPK, p38 MAPK and mTOR. Several endpoints suggested mitochondrial mass increased in the AD cybrid group and probably to a lesser extent in the MCI cybrid group, and that the mitochondrial fission-fusion balance shifted towards increased fission in the AD and MCI cybrids. As many of the changes we observed in AD and MCI cybrid models are also seen in AD subject brains, we conclude reduced bioenergetic function is present during very early AD, is not brain-limited and induces protean retrograde responses that likely have both adaptive and mal-adaptive consequences.
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24
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Su YC, Qi X. Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics: a target for the treatment of neurological disorders? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been appreciated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. However, the molecular basis underlying the decline in mitochondrial function is not fully understood. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that frequently undergo fusion and fission. In healthy cells, the delicate balance between fusion and fission is required for maintaining normal mitochondrial and cellular function. However, under pathological conditions, the balance is disrupted, resulting in excessive mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The impaired fusion and fission processes can lead to apoptosis, necrosis and autophagic cell death and seem to play causal roles in the progression of acute and chronic neuronal injuries. In this article, important aspects of what is currently known about the molecular machinery regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion in mammalian cells is summarized. Special emphasis will be given to the consequences of disregulated mitochondrial morphology in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Su
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, E516, Cleveland, OH, 44106-44970, USA
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25
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Swerdlow RH, E L, Aires D, Lu J. Glycolysis-respiration relationships in a neuroblastoma cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2891-8. [PMID: 23313167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some reciprocal glycolysis-respiration relationships are well recognized, the relationship between reduced glycolysis flux and mitochondrial respiration has not been critically characterized. METHODS We concomitantly measured the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells under free and restricted glycolysis flux conditions. RESULTS Under conditions of fixed energy demand ECAR and OCR values showed a reciprocal relationship. In addition to observing an expected Crabtree effect in which increasing glucose availability raised the ECAR and reduced the OCR, a novel reciprocal relationship was documented in which reducing the ECAR via glucose deprivation or glycolysis inhibition increased the OCR. Substituting galactose for glucose, which reduces net glycolysis ATP yield without blocking glycolysis flux, similarly reduced the ECAR and increased the OCR. We further determined how reduced ECAR conditions affect proteins that associate with energy sensing and energy response pathways. ERK phosphorylation, SIRT1, and HIF1a decreased while AKT, p38, and AMPK phosphorylation increased. CONCLUSIONS These data document a novel intracellular glycolysis-respiration effect in which restricting glycolysis flux increases mitochondrial respiration. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Since this effect can be used to manipulate cell bioenergetic infrastructures, this particular glycolysis-respiration effect can practically inform the development of new mitochondrial medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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26
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Salisbury EA, Lazard ZW, Ubogu EE, Davis AR, Olmsted-Davis EA. Transient brown adipocyte-like cells derive from peripheral nerve progenitors in response to bone morphogenetic protein 2. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:874-85. [PMID: 23283549 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineurial-associated brown adipocyte-like cells were rapidly generated during bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced sciatic nerve remodeling in the mouse. Two days after intramuscular injection of transduced mouse fibroblast cells expressing BMP2 into wild-type mice, there was replication of beta-3 adrenergic receptor(+) (ADRB3(+)) cells within the sciatic nerve perineurium. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and analysis of cells isolated from these nerves confirmed ADRB3(+) cell expansion and their expression of the neural migration marker HNK1. Similar analysis performed 4 days after BMP2 delivery revealed a significant decrease in ADRB3(+) cells from isolated sciatic nerves, with their concurrent appearance within the adjacent soft tissue, suggesting migration away from the nerve. These soft tissue-derived cells also expressed the brown adipose marker uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Quantification of ADRB3-specific RNA in total hind limb tissue revealed a 3-fold increase 2 days after delivery of BMP2, followed by a 70-fold increase in UCP1-specific RNA after 3 days. Expression levels then rapidly returned to baseline by 4 days. Interestingly, these ADRB3(+) UCP1(+) cells also expressed the neural guidance factor reelin. Reelin(+) cells demonstrated distinct patterns within the injected muscle, concentrated toward the area of BMP2 release. Blocking mast cell degranulation-induced nerve remodeling resulted in the complete abrogation of UCP1-specific RNA and protein expression within the hind limbs following BMP2 injection. The data collectively suggest that local BMP2 administration initiates a cascade of events leading to the expansion, migration, and differentiation of progenitors from the peripheral nerve perineurium to brown adipose-like cells in the mouse, a necessary prerequisite for associated nerve remodeling.
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27
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Silva DF, Selfridge JE, Lu J, Lezi E, Cardoso SM, Swerdlow RH. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease: possible targets for therapeutic intervention. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 64:83-126. [PMID: 22840745 PMCID: PMC3625400 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394816-8.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria from persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD) differ from those of age-matched control subjects. Differences in mitochondrial morphology and function are well documented, and are not brain-limited. Some of these differences are present during all stages of AD, and are even seen in individuals who are without AD symptoms and signs but who have an increased risk of developing AD. This chapter considers the status of mitochondria in AD subjects, the potential basis for AD subject mitochondrial perturbations, and the implications of these perturbations. Data from multiple lines of investigation, including epidemiologic, biochemical, molecular, and cytoplasmic hybrid studies, are reviewed. The possibility that mitochondria could potentially constitute a reasonable AD therapeutic target is discussed, as are several potential mitochondrial medicine treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F. Silva
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Portugal
| | - J. Eva Selfridge
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
| | - Jianghua Lu
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
| | - E Lezi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
| | - Sandra M. Cardoso
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Portugal
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas USA
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