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Sung KC, Wang LY, Wang CC, Chu CH, Sun HS, Hsiao YH. Enhanced hippocampal TIAM2S expression alleviates cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00623-3. [PMID: 39012419 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic spine dysfunction is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Human T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 (TIAM2) is expressed in two isoforms, the full length (TIAM2L) and a short transcript (TIAM2S). Compared to TIAM2L protein, which is undetectable, TIAM2S protein is abundant in human brain tissue, especially the hippocampus, and can promote neurite outgrowth in our previous findings. However, whether enhanced hippocampal TIAM2S expression can alleviate cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease model mice remains unclear. METHODS We crossbred 3xTg-AD with TIAM2S mice to generate an AD mouse model that carries the human TIAM2S gene (3xTg-AD/TIAM2S mice). The Morris water maze and object location tests assessed hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Lentiviral-driven shRNA or cDNA approaches were used to manipulate hippocampal TIAM2S expression. Golgi staining and Sholl analysis were utilized to measure neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines in the mouse hippocampi. RESULTS Compared to 3xTg-AD mice, 3xTg-AD/TIAM2S mice displayed improved cognitive functions. According to the hippocampus is one of the earliest affected brain regions by AD, we further injected TIAM2S shRNA or TIAM2S cDNA into mouse hippocampi to confirm whether manipulating hippocampal TIAM2S expression could affect AD-related cognitive functions. The results showed that the reduced hippocampal TIAM2S expression in 3xTg-AD/TIAM2S mice abolished the memory improvement effect, whereas increased hippocampal TIAM2S levels alleviated cognitive deficits in 3xTg-AD mice. Furthermore, we found that TIAM2S-mediated memory improvement was achieved by regulating dendritic plasticity. CONCLUSIONS These results will provide new insights into connecting TIAM2S with AD and support the notion that TIAM2S should be investigated as potential AD therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chin Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang City, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang City, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Rentsch P, Ganesan K, Langdon A, Konen LM, Vissel B. Toward the development of a sporadic model of Alzheimer's disease: comparing pathologies between humanized APP and the familial J20 mouse models. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1421900. [PMID: 39040546 PMCID: PMC11260812 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1421900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Finding successful therapies for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains an ongoing challenge. One contributing factor is that the mouse models commonly used in preclinical research primarily mimic the familial form of AD, whereas the vast majority of human cases are sporadic. Accordingly, for a sporadic mouse model of AD, incorporating the multifactorial aspects of the disease is of utmost importance. Methods In the current study, we exposed humanized Aβ knock-in mice (hAβ-KI) to weekly low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections until 24 weeks of age and compared the development of AD pathologies to the familial AD mouse model known as the J20 mice. Results At the early time point of 24 weeks, hAβ-KI mice and J20 mice exhibited spatial memory impairments in the Barnes maze. Strikingly, both hAβ-KI mice and J20 mice showed significant loss of dendritic spines when compared to WT controls, despite the absence of Aβ plaques in hAβ-KI mice at 24 weeks of age. Glial cell numbers remained unchanged in hAβ-KI mice compared to WT, and LPS exposure in hAβ-KI mice did not result in memory deficits and failed to exacerbate any other examined AD pathology. Conclusion The study highlights the potential of hAβ-KI mice as a model for sporadic AD, demonstrating early cognitive deficits and synaptic alterations despite no evidence of Aβ plaque formation. These findings underscore the importance of considering multifactorial influences in sporadic AD pathogenesis and the need for innovative models to advance our understanding and treatment strategies for this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Rentsch
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kiruthika Ganesan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander Langdon
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lyndsey M. Konen
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- UNSW St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Lopes PA. Behaviour Hallmarks in Alzheimer's Disease 5xFAD Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6766. [PMID: 38928472 PMCID: PMC11204382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The 5xFAD transgenic mouse model widely used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research recapitulates many AD-related phenotypes with a relatively early onset and aggressive age-dependent progression. Besides developing amyloid peptide deposits alongside neuroinflammation by the age of 2 months, as well as exhibiting neuronal decline by the age of 4 months that intensifies by the age of 9 months, these mice manifest a broad spectrum of behavioural impairments. In this review, we present the extensive repertoire of behavioural dysfunctions in 5xFAD mice, organised into four categories: motor skills, sensory function, learning and memory abilities, and neuropsychiatric-like symptoms. The motor problems, associated with agility and reflex movements, as well as balance and coordination, and skeletal muscle function, typically arise by the time mice reach 9 months of age. The sensory function (such as taste, smell, hearing, and vision) starts to deteriorate when amyloid peptide buildups and neuroinflammation spread into related anatomical structures. The cognitive functions, encompassing learning and memory abilities, such as visual recognition, associative, spatial working, reference learning, and memory show signs of decline from 4 to 6 months of age. Concerning neuropsychiatric-like symptoms, comprising apathy, anxiety and depression, and the willingness for exploratory behaviour, it is believed that motivational changes emerge by approximately 6 months of age. Unfortunately, numerous studies from different laboratories are often contradictory on the conclusions drawn and the identification of onset age, making preclinical studies in rodent models not easily translatable to humans. This variability is likely due to a range of factors associated with animals themselves, housing and husbandry conditions, and experimental settings. In the forthcoming studies, greater clarity in experimental details when conducting behavioural testing in 5xFAD transgenic mice could minimise the inconsistencies and could ensure the reliability and the reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José L. Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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4
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Fettig NM, Pu A, Osborne LC, Gommerman JL. The influence of aging and the microbiome in multiple sclerosis and other neurologic diseases. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38890777 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is well-recognized as a key player in maintaining health. However, it is a dynamic entity that changes across the lifespan. How the microbial changes that occur in later decades of life shape host health or impact age-associated inflammatory neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unclear. Current understanding of the aging gut microbiome is largely limited to cross-sectional observational studies. Moreover, studies in humans are limited by confounding host-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are not easily disentangled from aging. This review provides a comprehensive summary of existing literature on the aging gut microbiome and its known relationships with neurological diseases, with a specific focus on MS. We will also discuss preclinical animal models and human studies that shed light on the complex microbiota-host interactions that have the potential to influence disease pathology and progression in aging individuals. Lastly, we propose potential avenues of investigation to deconvolute features of an aging microbiota that contribute to disease, or alternatively promote health in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Fettig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annie Pu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Sillapachaiyaporn C, Wongwan C, Mongkolpobsin K, Nilkhet S, Isidoro C, Chuchawankul S, Tencomnao T. Ergosterol promotes neurite outgrowth, inhibits amyloid-beta synthesis, and extends longevity: In vitro neuroblastoma and in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans evidence. Life Sci 2024; 345:122606. [PMID: 38574884 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging, is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus. Ergosterol, a mushroom sterol, exhibits neuroprotective activities; however, the underlying mechanisms of ergosterol in promoting neurite outgrowth and preventing Aβ-associated aging have never been investigated. We aim to determine the beneficial activities of ergosterol in neuronal cells and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). MATERIALS AND METHODS The neuritogenesis and molecular mechanisms of ergosterol were investigated in wild-type and Aβ precursor protein (APP)-overexpressing Neuro2a cells. The anti-amyloidosis properties of ergosterol were determined by evaluating in vitro Aβ production and the potential inhibition of Aβ-producing enzymes. Additionally, AD-associated transgenic C. elegans was utilized to investigate the in vivo attenuating effects of ergosterol. KEY FINDINGS Ergosterol promoted neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells through the upregulation of the transmembrane protein Teneurin-4 (Ten-4) mRNA and protein expressions, phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), activity of cAMP response element (CRE), and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43). Furthermore, ergosterol enhanced neurite outgrowth in transgenic Neuro2A cells overexpressing either the wild-type APP (Neuro2a-APPwt) or the Swedish mutant APP (Neuro2a-APPswe) through the Ten-4/ERK/CREB/GAP-43 signaling pathway. Interestingly, ergosterol inhibited Aβ synthesis in Neuro2a-APPwt cells. In silico analysis indicated that ergosterol can interact with the catalytic sites of β- and γ-secretases. In Aβ-overexpressing C. elegans, ergosterol decreased Aβ accumulation, increased chemotaxis behavior, and prolonged lifespan. SIGNIFICANCE Ergosterol is a potential candidate compound that might benefit AD patients by promoting neurite outgrowth, inhibiting Aβ synthesis, and enhancing longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanin Sillapachaiyaporn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chamaiphorn Wongwan
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kuljira Mongkolpobsin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunita Nilkhet
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont 'Amedeo Avogadro', Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Siriporn Chuchawankul
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Immunomodulation of Natural Products Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Kiss E, Kins S, Gorgas K, Venczel Szakács KH, Kirsch J, Kuhse J. Another Use for a Proven Drug: Experimental Evidence for the Potential of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4165. [PMID: 38673751 PMCID: PMC11049906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived multitarget compounds may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for multifactorial diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Artemisinin and its derivatives were indicated to beneficially modulate various aspects of AD pathology in different AD animal models through the regulation of a wide range of different cellular processes, such as energy homeostasis, apoptosis, proliferation and inflammatory pathways. In this review, we aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of the experimental evidence documenting the neuroprotective activities of artemi-sinins to underscore the potential of these already-approved drugs for treating AD also in humans and propose their consideration for carefully designed clinical trials. In particular, the benefits to the main pathological hallmarks and events in the pathological cascade throughout AD development in different animal models of AD are summarized. Moreover, dose- and context-dependent effects of artemisinins are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 69120 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Karin Gorgas
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Kinga Hajnal Venczel Szakács
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Jochen Kuhse
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
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8
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Nutini A. Amyloid oligomers and their membrane toxicity - A perspective study. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 187:9-20. [PMID: 38211711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a condition involving a disparate group of pathologies characterized by the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrils composed of broken-down proteins. These proteins can accumulate locally, causing peculiar symptoms, or in a widespread way, involving many organs and. causing severe systemic failure. The damage that is created is related not only to the accumulation of. amyloid fibrils but above all to the precursor oligomers of the fibrils that manage to enter the cell in a very particular way. This article analyzes the current state of research related to the entry of these oligomers into the cell membrane and the theories related to their toxicity. The paper proposed here not only aims to review the contents in the literature but also proposes a new vision of amyloid toxicity. that could occur in a multiphase process catalyzed by the cell membrane itself. In this process, the denaturation of the lipid bilayer is followed by the stabilization of a pore through energetically favorable self-assembly processes which are achieved through particular oligomeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Nutini
- Biology and Biomechanics Dept - Centro Studi Attività Motorie, Italy.
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9
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Paniri A, Hosseini MM, Akhavan-Niaki H. Alzheimer's Disease-Related Epigenetic Changes: Novel Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1282-1317. [PMID: 37700216 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the precise mechanism and molecular basis of AD are not yet fully understood. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, mitochondrial DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), play a role in regulating gene expression related to neuron plasticity and integrity, which are closely associated with learning and memory development. This review describes the impact of dynamic and reversible epigenetic modifications and factors on memory and plasticity throughout life, emphasizing their potential as target for therapeutic intervention in AD. Additionally, we present insight from postmortem and animal studies on abnormal epigenetics regulation in AD, as well as current strategies aiming at targeting these factors in the context of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Paniri
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Zoonoses Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Zoonoses Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.
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10
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Duggan MR, Steinberg Z, Peterson T, Francois TJ, Parikh V. Cognitive trajectories in longitudinally trained 3xTg-AD mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 275:114435. [PMID: 38103626 PMCID: PMC10872326 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) often rely on cognitively naïve animal models in cross-sectional designs that can fail to reflect the cognitive exposures across the lifespan and heterogeneous neurobehavioral features observed in humans. To determine whether longitudinal cognitive training may affect cognitive capacities in a well-characterized AD mouse model, 3xTg and wild-type mice (n = 20) were exposed daily to a training variant of the Go-No-Go (GNG) operant task from 3 to 9 months old. At 3, 6, and 9 months, performance on a testing variant of the GNG task and anxiety-like behaviors were measured, while long-term recognition memory was also assessed at 9 months. In general, GNG training improved performance with increasing age across genotypes. At 3 months old, 3xTg mice showed slight deficits in inhibitory control that were accompanied by minor improvements in signal detection and decreased anxiety-like behavior, but these differences did not persist at 6 and 9 months old. At 9 months old, 3xTg mice displayed minor deficits in signal detection, and long-term recognition memory capacity was comparable with wild-type subjects. Our findings indicate that longitudinal cognitive training can render 3xTg mice with cognitive capacities that are on par with their wild-type counterparts, potentially reflecting functional compensation in subjects harboring AD genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Zoe Steinberg
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Tara Peterson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Tara-Jade Francois
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
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11
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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM, Lopes PA. Insights on the Use of Transgenic Mice Models in Alzheimer's Disease Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2805. [PMID: 38474051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, presents a significant global health challenge with no known cure to date. Central to our understanding of AD pathogenesis is the β-amyloid cascade hypothesis, which underlies drug research and discovery efforts. Despite extensive studies, no animal models of AD have completely validated this hypothesis. Effective AD models are essential for accurately replicating key pathological features of the disease, notably the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological markers are primarily driven by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) genes in familial AD (FAD) and by tau protein mutations for the tangle pathology. Transgenic mice models have been instrumental in AD research, heavily relying on the overexpression of mutated APP genes to simulate disease conditions. However, these models do not entirely replicate the human condition of AD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the historical and ongoing research efforts in AD, particularly through the use of transgenic mice models. It is focused on the benefits gathered from these transgenic mice models in understanding β-amyloid toxicity and the broader biological underpinnings of AD. Additionally, the review critically assesses the application of these models in the preclinical testing of new therapeutic interventions, highlighting the gap between animal models and human clinical realities. This analysis underscores the need for refinement in AD research methodologies to bridge this gap and enhance the translational value of preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José L Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Rinauro DJ, Chiti F, Vendruscolo M, Limbocker R. Misfolded protein oligomers: mechanisms of formation, cytotoxic effects, and pharmacological approaches against protein misfolding diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:20. [PMID: 38378578 PMCID: PMC10877934 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The conversion of native peptides and proteins into amyloid aggregates is a hallmark of over 50 human disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Increasing evidence implicates misfolded protein oligomers produced during the amyloid formation process as the primary cytotoxic agents in many of these devastating conditions. In this review, we analyze the processes by which oligomers are formed, their structures, physicochemical properties, population dynamics, and the mechanisms of their cytotoxicity. We then focus on drug discovery strategies that target the formation of oligomers and their ability to disrupt cell physiology and trigger degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Rinauro
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ryan Limbocker
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA.
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13
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Sefati N, Esmaeilpour T, Salari V, Zarifkar A, Dehghani F, Ghaffari MK, Zadeh-Haghighi H, Császár N, Bókkon I, Rodrigues S, Oblak D. Monitoring Alzheimer's disease via ultraweak photon emission. iScience 2024; 27:108744. [PMID: 38235338 PMCID: PMC10792242 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In an innovative experiment, we detected ultraweak photon emission (UPE) from the hippocampus of male rat brains and found significant correlations between Alzheimer's disease (AD), memory decline, oxidative stress, and UPE intensity. These findings may open up novel methods for screening, detecting, diagnosing, and classifying neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. The study suggests that UPE from the brain's neural tissue can serve as a valuable indicator. It also proposes the development of a minimally invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) photonic chip for monitoring and diagnosing AD, offering high spatiotemporal resolution of brain activity. The study used a rodent model of sporadic AD, demonstrating that STZ-induced sAD resulted in increased hippocampal UPE, which was associated with oxidative stress. Treatment with donepezil reduced UPE and improved oxidative stress. These findings support the potential utility of UPE as a screening and diagnostic tool for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Sefati
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Esmaeilpour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Salari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Quantum Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Khorsand Ghaffari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Quantum Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - István Bókkon
- Psychosomatic Outpatient Clinics, Budapest, Hungary
- Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- MCEN Team, Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Oblak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Quantum Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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14
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Valentin-Escalera J, Leclerc M, Calon F. High-Fat Diets in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: How Can Eating Too Much Fat Increase Alzheimer's Disease Risk? J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:977-1005. [PMID: 38217592 PMCID: PMC10836579 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
High dietary intake of saturated fatty acids is a suspected risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To decipher the causal link behind these associations, high-fat diets (HFD) have been repeatedly investigated in animal models. Preclinical studies allow full control over dietary composition, avoiding ethical concerns in clinical trials. The goal of the present article is to provide a narrative review of reports on HFD in animal models of AD. Eligibility criteria included mouse models of AD fed a HFD defined as > 35% of fat/weight and western diets containing > 1% cholesterol or > 15% sugar. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from 1946 to August 2022, and 32 preclinical studies were included in the review. HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance have been replicated in most studies, but with methodological variability. Most studies have found an aggravating effect of HFD on brain Aβ pathology, whereas tau pathology has been much less studied, and results are more equivocal. While most reports show HFD-induced impairment on cognitive behavior, confounding factors may blur their interpretation. In summary, despite conflicting results, exposing rodents to diets highly enriched in saturated fat induces not only metabolic defects, but also cognitive impairment often accompanied by aggravated neuropathological markers, most notably Aβ burden. Although there are important variations between methods, particularly the lack of diet characterization, these studies collectively suggest that excessive intake of saturated fat should be avoided in order to lower the incidence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Valentin-Escalera
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Manon Leclerc
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, Canada
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Québec, Canada
- OptiNutriBrain - Laboratoire International Associé (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada)
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15
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Gautam D, Naik UP, Naik MU, Yadav SK, Chaurasia RN, Dash D. Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Insights into Current Medications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1609. [PMID: 38002291 PMCID: PMC10669830 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), present significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. While the etiologies of AD and PD differ, both diseases share commonalities in synaptic dysfunction, thereby focusing attention on the role of neurotransmitters. The possible functions that platelets may play in neurodegenerative illnesses including PD and AD are becoming more acknowledged. In AD, platelets have been investigated for their ability to generate amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides, contributing to the formation of neurotoxic plaques. Moreover, platelets are considered biomarkers for early AD diagnosis. In PD, platelets have been studied for their involvement in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key factors in the disease's pathogenesis. Emerging research shows that platelets, which release glutamate upon activation, also play a role in these disorders. Decreased glutamate uptake in platelets has been observed in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients, pointing to a systemic dysfunction in glutamate handling. This paper aims to elucidate the critical role that glutamate receptors play in the pathophysiology of both AD and PD. Utilizing data from clinical trials, animal models, and cellular studies, we reviewed how glutamate receptors dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative (ND) processes such as excitotoxicity, synaptic loss, and cognitive impairment. The paper also reviews all current medications including glutamate receptor antagonists for AD and PD, highlighting their mode of action and limitations. A deeper understanding of glutamate receptor involvement including its systemic regulation by platelets could open new avenues for more effective treatments, potentially slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Gautam
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (U.P.N.); (M.U.N.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Ulhas P. Naik
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (U.P.N.); (M.U.N.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Meghna U. Naik
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (U.P.N.); (M.U.N.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Santosh K. Yadav
- The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (U.P.N.); (M.U.N.); (S.K.Y.)
| | - Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia
- The Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Debabrata Dash
- Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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16
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Dave BP, Shah YB, Maheshwari KG, Mansuri KA, Prajapati BS, Postwala HI, Chorawala MR. Pathophysiological Aspects and Therapeutic Armamentarium of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3847-3884. [PMID: 37725199 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia and is characterized by the death of brain cells due to the accumulation of insoluble amyloid plaques, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles within the cells. AD is also associated with other pathologies such as neuroinflammation, dysfunction of synaptic connections and circuits, disorders in mitochondrial function and energy production, epigenetic changes, and abnormalities in the vascular system. Despite extensive research conducted over the last hundred years, little is established about what causes AD or how to effectively treat it. Given the severity of the disease and the increasing number of affected individuals, there is a critical need to discover effective medications for AD. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several new drug molecules for AD management since 2003, but these drugs only provide temporary relief of symptoms and do not address the underlying causes of the disease. Currently, available medications focus on correcting the neurotransmitter disruption observed in AD, including cholinesterase inhibitors and an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, which temporarily alleviates the signs of dementia but does not prevent or reverse the course of AD. Research towards disease-modifying AD treatments is currently underway, including gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based therapy. These innovative approaches aim to target the underlying pathological processes of AD rather than just managing the symptoms. This review discusses the novel aspects of pathogenesis involved in the causation of AD of AD and in recent developments in the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of AD such as gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, and dendrimer-based therapy, and many more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Yesha B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Kunal G Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Kaif A Mansuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Bhadrawati S Prajapati
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Humzah I Postwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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17
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Tian S, Ye T, Cheng X. The behavioral, pathological and therapeutic features of the triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3 × Tg-AD) mouse model strain. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114505. [PMID: 37597764 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
As a classic animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the 3 × Tg-AD mouse not only recapitulates most of anatomical hallmarks observed in AD pathology but also displays cognitive alterations in memory and learning tasks. The 3 × Tg-AD can better show the two characteristics of AD, amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Therefore, 3 × Tg-AD strain is widely used in AD pathogenesis research and new drug development of AD. In this paper, the construction methods, pathological changes, and treatment characteristics of 3 × Tg-AD mouse models commonly used in AD research are summarized and commented, hoping to provide reference for researchers to choose and establish experimental patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tian
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, PR China; Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250300, China.
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18
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Jeyaraman M, Rajendran RL, Muthu S, Jeyaraman N, Sharma S, Jha SK, Muthukanagaraj P, Hong CM, Furtado da Fonseca L, Santos Duarte Lana JF, Ahn BC, Gangadaran P. An update on stem cell and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapy in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17808. [PMID: 37449130 PMCID: PMC10336689 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, neurological diseases pose a major burden to healthcare professionals in terms of the management and prevention of the disorder. Among neurological diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 50%-70% of dementia and is the fifth leading cause of mortality worldwide. AD is a progressive, degenerative neurological disease, with the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and subcortical regions. The management of AD remains a debate among physicians as no standard and specific "disease-modifying" modality is available. The concept of 'Regenerative Medicine' is aimed at regenerating the degenerated neural tissues to reverse the pathology in AD. Genetically modified engineered stem cells modify the course of AD after transplantation into the brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging new approach in cell communication that involves the transfer of cellular materials from parental cells to recipient cells, resulting in changes at the molecular and signaling levels in the recipient cells. EVs are a type of vesicle that can be transported between cells. Many have proposed that EVs produced from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have therapeutic promise in the treatment of AD. The biology of AD, as well as the potential applications of stem cells and their derived EVs-based therapy, were explored in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600056, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
- Department of Orthopedics, Government Dindigul Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624001, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
- Department of Orthopedics, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Chengalpet, Tamil Nadu, 603108, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Purushothaman Muthukanagaraj
- Department of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, SUNY-Upstate Binghamton Clinical Campus, Binghamton, NY, 13904, USA
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Department of Orthopedics, The Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
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19
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Diomede L, Zanier ER, Moro F, Vegliante G, Colombo L, Russo L, Cagnotto A, Natale C, Xodo FM, De Luigi A, Mosconi M, Beeg M, Catania M, Rossi G, Tagliavini F, Di Fede G, Salmona M. Aβ1-6 A2V(D) peptide, effective on Aβ aggregation, inhibits tau misfolding and protects the brain after traumatic brain injury. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2433-2444. [PMID: 37198260 PMCID: PMC10611578 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia in older adults, is a double proteinopathy characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology. Despite enormous efforts that have been spent in the last decades to find effective therapies, late pharmacological interventions along the course of the disease, inaccurate clinical methodologies in the enrollment of patients, and inadequate biomarkers for evaluating drug efficacy have not allowed the development of an effective therapeutic strategy. The approaches followed so far for developing drugs or antibodies focused solely on targeting Aβ or tau protein. This paper explores the potential therapeutic capacity of an all-D-isomer synthetic peptide limited to the first six amino acids of the N-terminal sequence of the A2V-mutated Aβ, Aβ1-6A2V(D), that was developed following the observation of a clinical case that provided the background for its development. We first performed an in-depth biochemical characterization documenting the capacity of Aβ1-6A2V(D) to interfere with the aggregation and stability of tau protein. To tackle Aβ1-6A2V(D) in vivo effects against a neurological decline in genetically predisposed or acquired high AD risk mice, we tested its effects in triple transgenic animals harboring human PS1(M146 V), APP(SW), and MAPT(P301L) transgenes and aged wild-type mice exposed to experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), a recognized risk factor for AD. We found that Aβ1-6A2V(D) treatment in TBI mice improved neurological outcomes and reduced blood markers of axonal damage. Exploiting the C. elegans model as a biosensor of amyloidogenic proteins' toxicity, we observed a rescue of locomotor defects in nematodes exposed to the brain homogenates from TBI mice treated with Aβ1-6A2V(D) compared to TBI controls. By this integrated approach, we demonstrate that Aβ1-6A2V(D) not only impedes tau aggregation but also favors its degradation by tissue proteases, confirming that this peptide interferes with both Aβ and tau aggregation propensity and proteotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmina Natale
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marta Xodo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Ada De Luigi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mosconi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Marten Beeg
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Catania
- Neurology V - Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Neurology V - Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Neurology V - Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Fede
- Neurology V - Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Mehdi SF, Pusapati S, Anwar MS, Lohana D, Kumar P, Nandula SA, Nawaz FK, Tracey K, Yang H, LeRoith D, Brownstein MJ, Roth J. Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multi-faceted anti-inflammatory agent. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148209. [PMID: 37266425 PMCID: PMC10230051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to many chronic conditions. It is often associated with circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. GLP-1 levels correlate with disease severity. They are often elevated and can serve as markers of inflammation. Previous studies have shown that oxytocin, hCG, ghrelin, alpha-MSH and ACTH have receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory properties that can rescue cells from damage and death. These peptides have been studied well in the past century. In contrast, GLP-1 and its anti-inflammatory properties have been recognized only recently. GLP-1 has been proven to be a useful adjuvant therapy in type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and hyperglycemia. It also lowers HbA1C and protects cells of the cardiovascular and nervous systems by reducing inflammation and apoptosis. In this review we have explored the link between GLP-1, inflammation, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Faizan Mehdi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Suma Pusapati
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Muhammad Saad Anwar
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Durga Lohana
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Parkash Kumar
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Fatima Kausar Nawaz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Huan Yang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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21
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Sonsalla MM, Lamming DW. Geroprotective interventions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w. [PMID: 37022634 PMCID: PMC10400530 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease. As the population ages, the increasing prevalence of AD threatens massive healthcare costs in the coming decades. Unfortunately, traditional drug development efforts for AD have proven largely unsuccessful. A geroscience approach to AD suggests that since aging is the main driver of AD, targeting aging itself may be an effective way to prevent or treat AD. Here, we discuss the effectiveness of geroprotective interventions on AD pathology and cognition in the widely utilized triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) which develops both β-amyloid and tau pathologies characteristic of human AD, as well as cognitive deficits. We discuss the beneficial impacts of calorie restriction (CR), the gold standard for geroprotective interventions, and the effects of other dietary interventions including protein restriction. We also discuss the promising preclinical results of geroprotective pharmaceuticals, including rapamycin and medications for type 2 diabetes. Though these interventions and treatments have beneficial effects in the 3xTg-AD model, there is no guarantee that they will be as effective in humans, and we discuss the need to examine these interventions in additional animal models as well as the urgent need to test if some of these approaches can be translated from the lab to the bedside for the treatment of humans with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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22
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Yin C, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, Kindt A, de Lange ECM. Status of Metabolomic Measurement for Insights in Alzheimer's Disease Progression-What Is Missing? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054960. [PMID: 36902391 PMCID: PMC10003384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease, leading to the progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. As there is still no cure for AD, the growth in the number of susceptible individuals represents a major emerging threat to public health. Currently, the pathogenesis and etiology of AD remain poorly understood, while no efficient treatments are available to slow down the degenerative effects of AD. Metabolomics allows the study of biochemical alterations in pathological processes which may be involved in AD progression and to discover new therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the results from studies on metabolomics analysis performed in biological samples of AD subjects and AD animal models. Then this information was analyzed by using MetaboAnalyst to find the disturbed pathways among different sample types in human and animal models at different disease stages. We discuss the underlying biochemical mechanisms involved, and the extent to which they could impact the specific hallmarks of AD. Then we identify gaps and challenges and provide recommendations for future metabolomics approaches to better understand AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Yin
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C. Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alida Kindt
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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23
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Fronza MG, Sacramento M, Alves D, Praticò D, Savegnago L. QTC-4-MeOBnE Ameliorated Depressive-Like Behavior and Memory Impairment in 3xTg Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1733-1745. [PMID: 36567360 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has associated major depressive disorder (MDD) as a risk factor or prodromal syndrome for the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although this dilemma remains open, it is widely shown that a lifetime history of MDD is correlated with faster progression of AD pathology. Therefore, antidepressant drugs with neuroprotective effects could be an interesting therapeutic conception to target this issue simultaneously. In this sense, 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4- carboxamide (QTC-4-MeOBnE) was initially conceived as a multi-target ligand with affinity to β-secretase (BACE), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and acetylcholinesterase but has also shown secondary effects on pathways involved in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in preclinical models of AD. Herein, we investigated the effect of QTC-4-MeOBnE (1 mg/kg) administration for 45 days on depressive-like behavior and memory impairment in 3xTg mice, before the pathology is completely established. The treatment with QTC-4-MeOBnE prevented memory impairment and depressive-like behavior assessed by the Y-Maze task and forced swimming test. This effect was associated with the modulation of plural pathways involved in the onset and progression of AD, in cerebral structures of the cortex and hippocampus. Among them, the reduction of amyloid beta (Aβ) production mediated by changes in amyloid precursor protein metabolism and hippocampal tau phosphorylation through the inhibition of kinases. Additionally, QTC-4-MeOBnE also exerted beneficial effects on neuroinflammation and synaptic integrity. Overall, our studies suggest that QTC-4-MeOBnE has a moderate effect in a transgenic model of AD, indicating that perhaps studies regarding the neuropsychiatric effects as a neuroprotective molecule are more prone to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Fronza
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Postgraduate Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoela Sacramento
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Postgraduate Program of Chemistry, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis (LASOL), Postgraduate Program of Chemistry, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple - ACT, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group (GPN) - Postgraduate Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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24
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Gorina YV, Vlasova OL, Bolshakova AV, Salmina AB. Alzheimer’s Disease: a Search for the Best Experimental Models to Decode Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Its Development. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093023010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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25
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Karmirian K, Holubiec M, Goto-Silva L, Fernandez Bessone I, Vitória G, Mello B, Alloatti M, Vanderborght B, Falzone TL, Rehen S. Modeling Alzheimer's Disease Using Human Brain Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2561:135-158. [PMID: 36399268 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2655-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia, to date. The urgent need to understand the biological and biochemical processes related to this condition, as well as the demand for reliable in vitro models for drug screening, has led to the development of novel techniques, among which stem cell methods are of utmost relevance for AD research, particularly the development of human brain organoids. Brain organoids are three-dimensional cellular aggregates derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that recreate different neural cell interactions and tissue characteristics in culture. Here, we describe the protocol for the generation of brain organoids derived from AD patients and for the analysis of AD-derived pathology. AD organoids can recapitulate beta-amyloid and tau pathological features, making them a promising model for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying disease and for in vitro drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Karmirian
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Holubiec
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivan Fernandez Bessone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Vitória
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mello
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matias Alloatti
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bart Vanderborght
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tomás L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires IBioBA (CONICET), Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stevens Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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26
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Modelling Alzheimer's disease using human brain organoids: current progress and challenges. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 25:e3. [PMID: 36517884 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by gradual memory loss and declining cognitive and executive functions. AD is the most common cause of dementia, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide, and is a major health concern in society. Despite decades of research, the cause of AD is not well understood and there is no effective curative treatment so far. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase understanding of AD pathophysiology in the hope of developing a much-needed cure. Dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis has been challenging as the most commonly used model systems such as transgenic animals and two-dimensional neuronal culture do not fully recapitulate the pathological hallmarks of AD. The recent advent of three-dimensional human brain organoids confers unique opportunities to study AD in a humanised model system by encapsulating many aspects of AD pathology. In the present review, we summarise the studies of AD using human brain organoids that recapitulate the major pathological components of AD including amyloid-β and tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and synaptic and circuitry dysregulation. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of the brain organoids modelling system are discussed.
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27
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Lin L, Petralia RS, Holtzclaw L, Wang YX, Abebe D, Hoffman DA. Alzheimer's disease/dementia-associated brain pathology in aging DPP6-KO mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105887. [PMID: 36209950 PMCID: PMC9617781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the single transmembrane protein Dipeptidyl Peptidase Like 6 (DPP6) impacts neuronal and synaptic development. DPP6-KO mice are impaired in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and exhibit smaller brain size. Recently, we have described novel structures in hippocampal area CA1 in aging mice, apparently derived from degenerating presynaptic terminals, that are significantly more prevalent in DPP6-KO mice compared to WT mice of the same age and that these structures were observed earlier in development in DPP6-KO mice. These novel structures appear as clusters of large puncta that colocalize NeuN, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A, and also partially label for MAP2, amyloid β, APP, α-synuclein, and phosphorylated tau, with synapsin-1 and VGluT1 labeling on their periphery. In this current study, using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we confirm that both APP and amyloid β are prevalent in these structures; and we show with immunofluorescence the presence of similar structures in humans with Alzheimer's disease. Here we also found evidence that aging DPP6-KO mutants show additional changes related to Alzheimer's disease. We used in vivo MRI to show reduced size of the DPP6-KO brain and hippocampus. Aging DPP6-KO hippocampi contained fewer total neurons and greater neuron death and had diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease present including accumulation of amyloid β and APP and increase in expression of hyper-phosphorylated tau. The amyloid β and phosphorylated tau pathologies were associated with neuroinflammation characterized by increases in microglia and astrocytes. And levels of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines increased in aging DPP6-KO mice. We finally show that aging DPP6-KO mice display circadian dysfunction, a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Together these results indicate that aging DPP6-KO mice show symptoms of enhanced neurodegeneration reminiscent of dementia associated with a novel structure resulting from synapse loss and neuronal death. This study continues our laboratory's work in discerning the function of DPP6 and here provides compelling evidence of a direct role of DPP6 in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lynne Holtzclaw
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dax A Hoffman
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Maharjan S, Tsai AP, Lin PB, Ingraham C, Jewett MR, Landreth GE, Oblak AL, Wang N. Age-dependent microstructure alterations in 5xFAD mice by high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964654. [PMID: 36061588 PMCID: PMC9428354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the age-dependent microstructure changes in 5xFAD mice using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods The 5xFAD mice at 4, 7.5, and 12 months and the wild-type controls at 4 months were scanned at 9.4T using a 3D echo-planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence with the isotropic spatial resolution of 100 μm. The b-value was 3000 s/mm2 for all the diffusion MRI scans. The samples were also acquired with a gradient echo pulse sequence at 50 μm isotropic resolution. The microstructure changes were quantified with DTI metrics, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). The conventional histology was performed to validate with MRI findings. Results The FA values (p = 0.028) showed significant differences in the cortex between wild-type (WT) and 5xFAD mice at 4 months, while hippocampus, anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and fornix showed no significant differences for either FA and MD. FA values of 5xFAD mice gradually decreased in cortex (0.140 ± 0.007 at 4 months, 0.132 ± 0.008 at 7.5 months, 0.126 ± 0.013 at 12 months) and fornix (0.140 ± 0.007 at 4 months, 0.132 ± 0.008 at 7.5 months, 0.126 ± 0.013 at 12 months) with aging. Both FA (p = 0.029) and MD (p = 0.037) demonstrated significant differences in corpus callosum between 4 and 12 months age old. FA and MD were not significantly different in the hippocampus or anterior commissure. The age-dependent microstructure alterations were better captured by FA when compared to MD. Conclusion FA showed higher sensitivity to monitor amyloid deposition in 5xFAD mice. DTI may be utilized as a sensitive biomarker to monitor beta-amyloid progression for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Maharjan
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andy P. Tsai
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Peter B. Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cynthia Ingraham
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Megan R. Jewett
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Gary E. Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Adrian L. Oblak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Nian Wang,
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Shal B, Khan A, Ullah Khan A, Ullah R, Naveed M, Ali G, Ul Islam S, Ul Haq I, Mirza B, Khan S. Coagulansin-A improves spatial memory in 5xFAD Tg mice by targeting Nrf-2/NF-κB and Bcl-2 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108860. [PMID: 35598479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the underlying molecular signaling of Coagulansin-A (Coag-A) as a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preliminarily, it exhibited a neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HT-22 cells. The in vivo studies were performed by administering Coag-A (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to 5xFAD transgenic (Tg) mouse model. Coag-A (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the cognitive decline compared to Tg mice group in the shallow water maze (SWM) and Y-maze test paradigms. The anti-aggregation potential of Coag-A was determined by performing Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampal (HC) regions of mice brain. The FT-IR spectra demonstrated the inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) through a decrease in β-sheet aggregation, along with the inhibition of changes in the lipids, proteins, and phospholipids. The DSC analysis displayed a low-temperature exotherm associated with the reversible process of aggregation of soluble protein fractions prior to denaturation. Furthermore, Coag-A treatment displayed a regular density of granule cells in H&E stained sections, along with a reduced amyloid load and PAS-positive granules in all the regions of interest in mice brain. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effect of Coag-A by enhancing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf-2) and reducing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and Bax protein expression. In addition, Coag-A significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes and proteins level, along with a reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shal
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Faculty of Health Sciences, IQRA University, Islamabad Campus, (Chak Shahzad), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf Ullah Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Hayatabad, Peshawar 25,000, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Mirza
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Pharmacological Sciences Research Lab, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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30
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Schober AL, Wicki-Stordeur LE, Murai KK, Swayne LA. Foundations and implications of astrocyte heterogeneity during brain development and disease. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:692-703. [PMID: 35879116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play crucial roles in regulating brain circuit formation and physiology. Recent technological advances have revealed unprecedented levels of astrocyte diversity encompassing molecular, morphological, and functional differences. This diversification is initiated during embryonic specification events and (in rodents) continues into the early postnatal period where it overlaps with peak synapse development and circuit refinement. In fact, several lines of evidence suggest astrocyte diversity both influences and is a consequence of molecular crosstalk among developing astrocytes and other cell types, notably neurons and their synapses. Neurological disease states exhibit additional layers of astrocyte heterogeneity, which could help shed light on these cells' key pathological roles. This review highlights recent advances in clarifying astrocyte heterogeneity and molecular/cellular crosstalk and identifies key outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Schober
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Keith K Murai
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Quantitative Life Sciences Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leigh Anne Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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31
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Kim JY, Mo H, Kim J, Kim JW, Nam Y, Rim YA, Ju JH. Mitigating Effect of Estrogen in Alzheimer’s Disease-Mimicking Cerebral Organoid. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:816174. [PMID: 35401074 PMCID: PMC8990972 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.816174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common condition in patients with dementia and affects a large population worldwide. The incidence of AD is expected to increase in future owing to the rapid expansion of the aged population globally. Researchers have shown that women are twice more likely to be affected by AD than men. This phenomenon has been attributed to the postmenopausal state, during which the level of estrogen declines significantly. Estrogen is known to alleviate neurotoxicity in the brain and protect neurons. While the effects of estrogen have been investigated in AD models, to our knowledge, they have not been investigated in a stem cell-based three-dimensional in vitro system. Here, we designed a new model for AD using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in a three-dimensional, in vitro culture system. We used 5xFAD mice to confirm the potential of estrogen in alleviating the effects of AD pathogenesis. Next, we confirmed a similar trend in an AD model developed using iPSC-derived cerebral organoids, in which the key characteristics of AD were recapitulated. The findings emphasized the potential of estrogen as a treatment agent for AD and also showed the suitability of AD-recapitulating cerebral organoids as a reliable platform for disease modeling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunkyung Mo
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jang Woon Kim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- YiPSCELL, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji Hyeon Ju,
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Syndecan-3 as a Novel Biomarker in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063407. [PMID: 35328830 PMCID: PMC8955174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of paramount importance in preserving the patient’s mental and physical health in a fairly manageable condition for a longer period. Reliable AD detection requires novel biomarkers indicating central nervous system (CNS) degeneration in the periphery. Members of the syndecan family of transmembrane proteoglycans are emerging new targets in inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Reviewing the growing scientific evidence on the involvement of syndecans in the pathomechanism of AD, we analyzed the expression of the neuronal syndecan, syndecan-3 (SDC3), in experimental models of neurodegeneration. Initial in vitro studies showed that prolonged treatment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increases SDC3 expression in model neuronal and brain microvascular endothelial cell lines. In vivo studies revealed elevated concentrations of TNF-α in the blood and brain of APPSWE-Tau transgenic mice, along with increased SDC3 concentration in the brain and the liver. Primary brain endothelial cells and peripheral blood monocytes isolated from APPSWE-Tau mice exhibited increased SDC3 expression than wild-type controls. SDC3 expression of blood-derived monocytes showed a positive correlation with amyloid plaque load in the brain, demonstrating that SDC3 on monocytes is a good indicator of amyloid pathology in the brain. Given the well-established role of blood tests, the SDC3 expression of monocytes could serve as a novel biomarker for early AD detection.
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Lim JY, Lee JE, Park SA, Park SI, Yon JM, Park JA, Jeun SS, Kim SJ, Lee HJ, Kim SW, Yang SH. Protective Effect of Human-Neural-Crest-Derived Nasal Turbinate Stem Cells against Amyloid-β Neurotoxicity through Inhibition of Osteopontin in a Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061029. [PMID: 35326480 PMCID: PMC8947560 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate the use of human brain organoids (hBOs) to investigate the therapeutic potential and mechanism of human-neural-crest-derived nasal turbinate stem cells (hNTSCs) in models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We generated hBOs from human induced pluripotent stem cells, investigated their characteristics according to neuronal markers and electrophysiological features, and then evaluated the protective effect of hNTSCs against amyloid-β peptide (Aβ1–42) neurotoxic activity in vitro in hBOs and in vivo in a mouse model of AD. Treatment of hBOs with Aβ1–42 induced neuronal cell death concomitant with decreased expression of neuronal markers, which was suppressed by hNTSCs cocultured under Aβ1–42 exposure. Cytokine array showed a significantly decreased level of osteopontin (OPN) in hBOs with hNTSC coculture compared with hBOs only in the presence of Aβ1–42. Silencing OPN via siRNA suppressed Aβ-induced neuronal cell death in cell culture. Notably, compared with PBS, hNTSC transplantation significantly enhanced performance on the Morris water maze, with reduced levels of OPN after transplantation in a mouse model of AD. These findings reveal that hBO models are useful to evaluate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of stem cells for application in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Kyonggi-do, Korea
| | - Soon A Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sang In Park
- Institute of Catholic Integrative Medicine (ICIM), Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Yon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sin-Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hong Jun Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Kyonggi-do, Korea
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Habiba U, Ozawa M, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Descallar J, Nakayama H, Summers BA, Morley JW, Tayebi M. Neuronal Deposition of Amyloid-β Oligomers and Hyperphosphorylated Tau Is Closely Connected with Cognitive Dysfunction in Aged Dogs. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:749-760. [PMID: 34870101 PMCID: PMC8609497 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a progressive syndrome recognized in mature to aged dogs with a variety of neuropathological changes similar to human Alzheimer's disease (AD), for which it is thought to be a good natural model. However, the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-Tau) in dogs with CCD has only been demonstrated infrequently. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of p-Tau and amyloid-β oligomer (Aβo) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of dogs with CCD, with focus on an epitope retrieval protocol to unmask p-Tau. Methods Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis of the cortical and hippocampal regions of five CCD-affected and two nondemented aged dogs using 4G8 anti-Aβp, anti-Aβ1 - 42 nanobody (PrioAD13) and AT8 anti-p-Tau (Ser202, Thr205) antibody were used to demonstrate the presence of Aβ plaques (Aβp) and Aβ1 - 42 oligomers and p-Tau deposits, respectively. Results The extracellular Aβ senile plaques were of the diffuse type which lack the dense core normally seen in human AD. While p-Tau deposits displayed a widespread pattern and closely resembled the typical human neuropathology, they did not co-localize with the Aβp. Of considerable interest, however, widespread intraneuronal deposition of Aβ1 - 42 oligomers were exhibited in the frontal cortex and hippocampal region that co-localized with p-Tau. Conclusion Taken together, these findings reveal further shared neuropathologic features of AD and CCD, supporting the case that aged dogs afflicted with CCD offer a relevant model for investigating human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umma Habiba
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Makiko Ozawa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph Descallar
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Brian A Summers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Melbourne University, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - John W Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Mourad Tayebi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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Nguyen P, Kim AY, Koh YH. An easy brain thick-section-clearing protocol to observe antigens in the brains of neurological disease mouse models by conventional epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1618-1626. [PMID: 34850492 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We developed a brain thick-section-clearing (BTS-C) procedure to observe coronal sections of the entire mouse brain with conventional epifluorescence microscopy (EFM). After clearing with the BTS procedure, the white light transmittance of the 1-mm-thick mouse brain sections was more than 96%. The distribution patterns of amyloid plaques or α-synuclein in 1-mm-thick brain sections of five different mouse strains cleared with this procedure were easily observed by EFM. In addition, the detailed distribution of antigens at higher magnifications was revealed by observing the same slides with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). In conclusion, we have shown that the BTS protocol can replace laborious and time-consuming semi-thin-sectioning procedures, and the cleared 1-mm-thick sections can be examined by EFM and CLSM to elucidate the distribution patterns of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Young Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Koh
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Bio-medical Gerontology, Hallym University Graduate School, Chooncheon, South Korea
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The role of amyloids in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:44-55. [PMID: 34480905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With varying clinical symptoms, most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with abnormal loss of neurons. They share the same common pathogenic mechanisms involving misfolding and aggregation, and these visible aggregates of proteins are deposited in the central nervous system. Amyloid formation is thought to arise from partial unfolding of misfolded proteins leading to the exposure of hydrophobic surfaces, which interact with other similar structures and give rise to form dimers, oligomers, protofibrils, and eventually mature fibril aggregates. Accumulating evidence indicates that amyloid oligomers, not amyloid fibrils, are the most toxic species that causes Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). AD has recently been recognized as the 'twenty-first century plague', with an incident rate of 1% at 60 years of age, which then doubles every fifth year. Currently, 5.3 million people in the US are afflicted with this disease, and the number of cases is expected to rise to 13.5 million by 2050. PD, a disorder of the brain, is the second most common form of dementia, characterized by difficulty in walking and movement. Keeping the above views in mind, in this review we have focused on the roles of amyloid in neurodegenerative diseases including AD and PD, the involvement of amyloid in mitochondrial dysfunction leading to neurodegeneration, are also considered in the review.
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Forner S, Kawauchi S, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Kramár EA, Matheos DP, Phan J, Javonillo DI, Tran KM, Hingco E, da Cunha C, Rezaie N, Alcantara JA, Baglietto-Vargas D, Jansen C, Neumann J, Wood MA, MacGregor GR, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ, LaFerla FM, Green KN. Systematic phenotyping and characterization of the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Data 2021; 8:270. [PMID: 34654824 PMCID: PMC8519958 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of human diseases are invaluable tools for studying pathogenic mechanisms and testing interventions and therapeutics. For disorders such as Alzheimer's disease in which numerous models are being generated, a challenging first step is to identify the most appropriate model and age to effectively evaluate new therapeutic approaches. Here we conducted a detailed phenotypic characterization of the 5xFAD model on a congenic C57BL/6 J strain background, across its lifespan - including a seldomly analyzed 18-month old time point to provide temporally correlated phenotyping of this model and a template for characterization of new models of LOAD as they are generated. This comprehensive analysis included quantification of plaque burden, Aβ biochemical levels, and neuropathology, neurophysiological measurements and behavioral and cognitive assessments, and evaluation of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Analysis of transcriptional changes was conducted using bulk-tissue generated RNA-seq data from microdissected cortices and hippocampi as a function of aging, which can be explored at the MODEL-AD Explorer and AD Knowledge Portal. This deep-phenotyping pipeline identified novel aspects of age-related pathology in the 5xFAD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Gabriela Balderrama-Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Enikö A Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dominic I Javonillo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kristine M Tran
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Edna Hingco
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Celia da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Narges Rezaie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Joshua A Alcantara
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Camden Jansen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jonathan Neumann
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Sex-Related Motor Deficits in the Tau-P301L Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091160. [PMID: 34572348 PMCID: PMC8471835 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of mouse models for basic and translational research at different levels is important to understand neurodegenerative diseases, including tauopathies, by studying the alterations in the corresponding mouse models in detail. Moreover, several studies demonstrated that pathological as well as behavioral changes are influenced by the sex. For this purpose, we performed an in-depth characterization of the behavioral alterations in the transgenic Tau-P301L mouse model. Sex-matched wild type and homozygous Tau-P301L mice were tested in a battery of behavioral tests at different ages. Tau-P301L male mice showed olfactory and motor deficits as well as increased Tau pathology, which was not observed in Tau-P301L female mice. Both Tau-P301L male and female mice had phenotypic alterations in the SHIRPA test battery and cognitive deficits in the novel object recognition test. This study demonstrated that Tau-P301L mice have phenotypic alterations, which are in line with the histological changes and with a sex-dependent performance in those tests. Summarized, the Tau-P301L mouse model shows phenotypic alterations due to the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
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Ullah R, Ali G, Khan A, Ahmad S, Al-Harrasi A. Cyclopentanone Derivative Attenuates Memory Impairment by Inhibiting Amyloid Plaques Formation in the 5xFAD Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9559. [PMID: 34502467 PMCID: PMC8430684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder. This study was designed to investigate the effects of cyclopentanone derivative i.e., 2-(hydroxyl-(3-nitrophenyl)methyl)cyclopentanone (3NCP) on behavior, amyloid β (Aβ) plaque deposition, and βAPP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) expression in the 5xFAD mouse brain. In this study, computational studies were conducted to predict the binding mode of the 3NCP with target sites of the β-secretase. In vivo studies were performed on the 5xFAD mice model of AD using different behavioral test models like light/dark box, elevated plus maze (EPM), and the Barnes maze tests for the assessment of anxiety, spatial learning and memory. The thioflavin-S staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and RT-PCR studies were carried out to find the effect of the 3NCP on the β-amyloid plaques formation and BACE-1 expression. The results of the computational studies showed that the 3NCP has excellent binding affinities for beta-secretase. The light/dark box study depicted that the 3NCP does not cause anxiety. The 3NCP treatment effects in the EPM and Barnes maze tests showed a significant effect on learning and memory. Furthermore, the results of the thioflavin staining and IHC revealed that the 3NCP significantly reduced the formation of the beta-amyloid plaques in brain tissues. Moreover, the RT-PCR study showed that 3NCP significantly reduced the BACE-1 expression in the brain. Conclusively, the results of the current study demonstrate that the 3NCP may be a potential candidate for AD treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Oman;
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Nizwa, Oman;
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Yu M, Sporns O, Saykin AJ. The human connectome in Alzheimer disease - relationship to biomarkers and genetics. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:545-563. [PMID: 34285392 PMCID: PMC8403643 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer disease (AD) damages structural and functional brain networks, resulting in cognitive impairment. The results of recent connectomics studies have now linked changes in structural and functional network organization in AD to the patterns of amyloid-β and tau accumulation and spread, providing insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of the disease. In addition, the detection of gene-related connectome changes might aid in the early diagnosis of AD and facilitate the development of personalized therapeutic strategies that are effective at earlier stages of the disease spectrum. In this article, we review studies of the associations between connectome changes and amyloid-β and tau pathologies as well as molecular genetics in different subtypes and stages of AD. We also highlight the utility of connectome-derived computational models for replicating empirical findings and for tracking and predicting the progression of biomarker-indicated AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Yu
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Szu JI, Obenaus A. Cerebrovascular phenotypes in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1821-1841. [PMID: 33557692 PMCID: PMC8327123 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21992462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological degenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Clinically, AD manifests with memory and cognitive decline associated with deposition of hallmark amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although the mechanisms underlying AD remains unclear, two hypotheses have been proposed. The established amyloid hypothesis states that Aβ accumulation is the basis of AD and leads to formation of NFTs. In contrast, the two-hit vascular hypothesis suggests that early vascular damage leads to increased accumulation of Aβ deposits in the brain. Multiple studies have reported significant morphological changes of the cerebrovasculature which can result in severe functional deficits. In this review, we delve into known structural and functional vascular alterations in various mouse models of AD and the cellular and molecular constituents that influence these changes to further disease progression. Many studies shed light on the direct impact of Aβ on the cerebrovasculature and how it is disrupted during the progression of AD. However, more research directed towards an improved understanding of how the cerebrovasculature is modified over the time course of AD is needed prior to developing future interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny I Szu
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - André Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Goswami A, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Tylee DS, De Angelis F, De Lillo A, Polimanti R. Role of microbes in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100917. [PMID: 33957173 PMCID: PMC8364482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbes inhabit different anatomical sites of the human body including oral cavity, gut, and skin. A growing literature highlights how microbiome variation is associated with human health and disease. There is strong evidence of bidirectional communication between gut and brain mediated by neurotransmitters and microbial metabolites. Here, we review the potential involvement of microbes residing in the gut and in other body sites in the pathogenesis of eight neuropsychiatric disorders, discussing findings from animal and human studies. The data reported provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the microbiome research in neuropsychiatry, including hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the associations reported and the translational potential of probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranyak Goswami
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Daniel S Tylee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Flavio De Angelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Antonella De Lillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Guo L, Ravindran N, Shamsher E, Hill D, Cordeiro MF. Retinal Changes in Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:89-102. [PMID: 33855942 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210414113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, the most common form of dementia. AD is characterised by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain, in association with neuronal loss and synaptic failure, causing cognitive deficits. Accurate and early diagnosis is currently unavailable in lifespan, hampering early intervention of potential new treatments. Visual deficits have been well documented in AD patients, and the pathological changes identified in the brain are also believed to be found in the retina, an integral part of the central nervous system. Retinal changes can be detected by real-time non-invasive imaging, due to the transparent nature of the ocular media, potentially allowing an earlier diagnosis as well as monitoring disease progression and treatment outcome. Animal models are essential for AD research, and this review has a focus on retinal changes in various transgenic AD mouse models with retinal imaging and immunohistochemical analysis as well as therapeutic effects in those models. We also discuss the limitations of transgenic AD models in clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nivedita Ravindran
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ehtesham Shamsher
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hill
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Curcugreen Treatment Prevented Splenomegaly and Other Peripheral Organ Abnormalities in 3xTg and 5xFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060899. [PMID: 34199639 PMCID: PMC8229192 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction and immune disorders are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The mechanistic details of these epiphenomena in AD are unclear. Here, we have investigated whether a highly bioavailable curcuminoid formulation, curcugreen (CGR), can prevent abnormalities in peripheral organs of two mouse models of AD. Eighteen- and 24-month-old male and female 3xTg and 5xFAD mice were treated with CGR (100 mg/kg) for 2 months, orally. Cytoarchitectural changes of spleen, liver, kidney and lungs were studied by H&E stain. Apoptotic death was confirmed by TUNEL staining. Amyloid deposition, pTau levels, proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory and cell death/survival markers were studied by Western blots. Curcugreen reduced the observed splenomegaly (3xTg) and degeneration of spleen, granulomatous inflammation in the kidney, hepatic sinusoidal disorganization, hepatocellular hypertrophy, inflammation of the central hepatic vein, infiltration and swelling of lung tissues, and apoptotic death in all these areas in both 3xTg and 5xFAD mice. Similarly, CGR decreased amyloid deposition, pTau, proinflammatory markers, cell loss and decrements in anti-inflammatory markers in both 3xTg and 5xFAD mice. Peripheral organ abnormalities and inflammatory responses in AD were ameliorated by curcuminoid treatment.
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45
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Fernando WMADB, Martins IJ, Morici M, Bharadwaj P, Rainey-Smith SR, Lim WLF, Martins RN. Sodium Butyrate Reduces Brain Amyloid-β Levels and Improves Cognitive Memory Performance in an Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mouse Model at an Early Disease Stage. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:91-99. [PMID: 31958090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropathological features, including abnormal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal death. Identifying therapeutics which can reduce memory deficits at an early stage of the disease has the advantage of slowing or even reversing disease progression before irreversible brain damage has occurred. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the ability of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) to attenuate memory deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD following a 12-week feeding regimen. 5xFAD mice demonstrate a unique time course of Aβ pathology, developing Aβ plaques as early as 2 months. Male mice were assigned to either a control diet or a NaB-supplemented diet which was administered at either 5 mg/kg/day, or 15 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks (each group, N = 15). Supplementation commenced at an early disease stage (8-10 weeks of age). Behavioral testing (contextual and cued fear conditioning) was undertaken, and brain Aβ levels measured, at the end of the 12-week intervention. NaB had profound effects on Aβ levels and on associative learning and cognitive functioning. A 40% reduction in brain Aβ levels and a 25% increase in fear response in both the cued and contextual testing was observed in the NaB-treated animals compared to the control group. These findings suggest that NaB warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M A D Binosha Fernando
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ian J Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Australia
| | - Michael Morici
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Ling Florence Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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46
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Al Mamun A, Behl T, Mansouri RA, Aloqbi AA, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Ashraf GM. Exploring Potential of Alkaloidal Phytochemicals Targeting Neuroinflammatory Signaling of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:357-366. [PMID: 32473620 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200531151004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is marked by cognitive dysfunctions and the existence of neuropathological hallmarks such as amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been observed that a persistent immune response in the brain has appeared as another neuropathological hallmark in AD. The sustained activation of the microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, and other immune cells has been shown to aggravate both tau and amyloid pathology and may consider as a connection in the AD pathogenesis. However, the basic mechanisms that link immune responses in the pathogenesis of AD are unclear until now since the process of neuroinflammation can have either a harmful or favorable effect on AD, according to the phase of the disease. Numerous researches recommend that nutritional fruits, as well as vegetables, possess neurodefensive properties against the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation and aging. Moreover, these effects are controlled by diverse phytochemical compounds that are found in plants and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, as well as other beneficial actions. In this review, we focus on the link of neuroinflammation in AD as well as highlight the probable mechanisms of alkaloidal phytochemicals to combat the neuroinflammatory aspect of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rasha A Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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47
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Baglietto-Vargas D, Forner S, Cai L, Martini AC, Trujillo-Estrada L, Swarup V, Nguyen MMT, Do Huynh K, Javonillo DI, Tran KM, Phan J, Jiang S, Kramár EA, Nuñez-Diaz C, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Garcia F, Childs J, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Garcia-Leon JA, Kitazawa M, Shahnawaz M, Matheos DP, Ma X, Da Cunha C, Walls KC, Ager RR, Soto C, Gutierrez A, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ, MacGregor GR, Wood M, Green KN, LaFerla FM. Generation of a humanized Aβ expressing mouse demonstrating aspects of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2421. [PMID: 33893290 PMCID: PMC8065162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are late-onset and occur sporadically, however most mouse models of the disease harbor pathogenic mutations, rendering them better representations of familial autosomal-dominant forms of the disease. Here, we generated knock-in mice that express wildtype human Aβ under control of the mouse App locus. Remarkably, changing 3 amino acids in the mouse Aβ sequence to its wild-type human counterpart leads to age-dependent impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity, brain volumetric changes, inflammatory alterations, the appearance of Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) granules and changes in gene expression. In addition, when exon 14 encoding the Aβ sequence was flanked by loxP sites we show that Cre-mediated excision of exon 14 ablates hAβ expression, rescues cognition and reduces the formation of PAS granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lena Cai
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra C Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marie Minh Thu Nguyen
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Do Huynh
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dominic I Javonillo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Minh Tran
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Enikö A Kramár
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Franklin Garcia
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Childs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine. Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine. Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahnawaz
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Celia Da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ken C Walls
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rahasson R Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo Wood
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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48
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Pairojana T, Phasuk S, Suresh P, Huang SP, Pakaprot N, Chompoopong S, Hsieh TC, Liu IY. Age and gender differences for the behavioral phenotypes of 3xTg alzheimer's disease mice. Brain Res 2021; 1762:147437. [PMID: 33753066 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) strain is a common mouse model used for studying the pathology and mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The 3xTg-AD strain exhibits two hallmarks of AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles. Several studies using different gender and age of 3xTg-AD mice to investigate their behavior phenotypes under the influence of various treatments have reported mixed results. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation on the optimal gender, age, and training paradigms used for behavioral studies of 3xTg-AD is necessary. In the present study, we investigated the behavioral phenotypes for the two genders of 3xTg-AD mice at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months old and compared the results with age-, gender-matched C57BL/6N control strain. All mice were subjected to tail flick, pinprick, open field, elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, and trace fear conditioning (TFC) tests to evaluate their sensory, locomotor, anxiety, and learning/memory functions. The results showed that TFC on male 3xTg-AD mice is optimal for studying the memory performance in AD. The sensory and locomotor functions of 3xTg-AD mice for two genders appear to be normal before 6 months, decline in fear memory afterwards. The differences between control and 3xTg-AD male mice in contextual and cued memory are robust, thus they are ideal for evaluating the effect of a treatment. Since it is costly and time consuming to obtain wildtype littermates as controls, C57BL/6N strain is suggested to be used as control mice because their baseline performance of sensorimotor functions are similar to that of 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanita Pairojana
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sarayut Phasuk
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pavithra Suresh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Narawut Pakaprot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supin Chompoopong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ingrid Y Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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49
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Proteomic Profiling of Cerebrum Mitochondria, Myelin Sheath, and Synaptosome Revealed Mitochondrial Damage and Synaptic Impairments in Association with 3 × Tg-AD Mice Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1745-1763. [PMID: 33560469 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-associated dementia with complex pathological hallmarks. Mitochondrion, synaptosome, and myelin sheath appear to be vulnerable and play a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. To clarify the early mechanism associated with AD, followed by subcellular components separation, we performed iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based proteomics analysis to simultaneously investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) within the mitochondria, synaptosome, and myelin sheath in the cerebrum of the 6-month-old triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg-AD) and 6-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. A large number of DEPs between the AD and WT mice were identified. Most of them are related to mitochondria and synaptic dysfunction and cytoskeletal protein change. Differential expressions of Lrpprc, Nefl, and Sirpa were verified by Western blot analysis. The results suggest that decreased energy metabolism, impaired amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis, increase compensatory fatty acid metabolism, up-regulated cytoskeletal protein expression, and oxidative stress are the early events of AD. Among these, mitochondrial damage, synaptic dysfunction, decreased energy metabolism, and abnormal amino acid metabolism are the most significant events. The results indicate that it is feasible to separate and simultaneously perform proteomics analysis on the three subcellular components.
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50
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Mathew B, Das PK, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Emerging Promise of Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease: A New Hope for the Development of Alzheimer's Vaccine. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1214-1234. [PMID: 32321405 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200422105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the characteristics of this devastating disorder include the progressive and disabling deficits in the cognitive functions including reasoning, attention, judgment, comprehension, memory, and language. OBJECTIVE In this article, we have focused on the recent progress that has been achieved in the development of an effective AD vaccine. SUMMARY Currently, available treatment options of AD are limited to deliver short-term symptomatic relief only. A number of strategies targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have been developed in order to treat or prevent AD. In order to exert an effective immune response, an AD vaccine should contain adjuvants that can induce an effective anti-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) immune response. AD vaccines should also possess the immunogens which have the capacity to stimulate a protective immune response against various cytotoxic Aβ conformers. The induction of an effective vaccine's immune response would necessitate the parallel delivery of immunogen to dendritic cells (DCs) and their priming to stimulate a Th2-polarized response. The aforesaid immune response is likely to mediate the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing the AD-related inflammation. CONCLUSION Since there is an age-related decline in the immune functions, therefore vaccines are more likely to prevent AD instead of providing treatment. AD vaccines might be an effective and convenient approach to avoid the treatment-related huge expense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | | | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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