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Varela ELP, Gomes ARQ, Santos ASBD, Cruz JNDA, Carvalho EPDE, Prazeres BAPD, Dolabela MF, Percario S. Lycopene supplementation promoted increased survival and decreased parasitemia in mice with severe malaria: comparison with N-acetylcysteine. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230347. [PMID: 39046019 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of malaria, causing anemia, respiratory complications, and cerebral malaria. To mitigate oxidative stress, we investigated the effect of nutritional supplementation whit lycopene (LYC) on the evolution of parasitemia and survival rate in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (Pb), comparing to the effects promoted by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Therefore, 175 mice were randomly distributed into 4 groups; Sham: untreated and uninfected animals; Pb: animals infected with Pb; LYC+Pb: animals treated with LYC and infected with Pb; NAC+Pb: animals treated with NAC and infected with Pb. The animals were followed for 12 days after infection, and survival and parasitemia rates were evaluated. There was a 40.1% increase in parasitemia in the animals of the Pb group on the 12th day, and a survival rate of 45%. LYC supplementation slowed the development of parasitemia to 19% and promoted a significative increase in the survival rate of 80% on the 12th day after infection, compared to the Pb group, effects superior to those promoted by NAC, providing strong evidence of the beneficial effect of LYC on in vivo malaria and stressing the importance of antioxidant supplementation in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Luiz P Varela
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Estresse Oxidativo, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Antônio Rafael Q Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Estresse Oxidativo, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Aline S B Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Estresse Oxidativo, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jorddy N DA Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliete P DE Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Estresse Oxidativo, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Benedito Antônio P Dos Prazeres
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Estresse Oxidativo, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fani Dolabela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Sandro Percario
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Estresse Oxidativo, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia - Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Augusto Correa, 01, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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Irfan I, Uddin A, Jain R, Gupta A, Gupta S, Napoleon JV, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Joshi MC, Hasan P, Kumar P, Abid M, Singh S. Biological evaluation of novel side chain containing CQTrICh-analogs as antimalarials and their development as PfCDPK1 kinase inhibitors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25077. [PMID: 38327451 PMCID: PMC10847618 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistance to existing frontline antimalarial drugs emphasizes a need for the development of target-oriented molecules with novel modes of action. Given the importance of a plant-like Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 (PfCDPK1) as a stand-alone multistage signalling regulator of P. falciparum, we designed and synthesized 7-chloroquinoline-indole-chalcones tethered with a triazole (CQTrICh-analogs 7 (a-s) and 9) directed towards PfCDPK1. This was accomplished by reacting substituted 1-phenyl-3-(1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one and 1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde with 4-azido-7-chloroquinoline, respectively via a 'click' reaction. The selected CQTrICh-analogs: 7l and 7r inhibited the growth of chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain and -resistant RKL-9 isolate of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values of 2.4 μM & 1.8 μM (7l), and 3.5 μM & 2.7 μM (7r), respectively, and showed no apparent hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Intra-erythrocytic progression studies revealed that the active hybrids: 7l and 7r are effective against the mature stages of the parasite. 7l and 7r were found to stably interact with the catalytically active ATP-binding pocket of PfCDPK1 via energetically favourable H-bonds. The interaction was confirmed in vitro by microscale thermophoresis and kinase assays, which demonstrated that the active hybrids interact with PfCDPK1 and inhibit its kinase activity which is presumably responsible for the parasite growth inhibition. Interestingly, 7l and 7r showed no inhibitory effect on the human kinases, indicating their selectivity for the parasite kinase. We report the antiplasmodial potential of novel kinase-targeting bio-conjugates, a step towards developing pan-kinase inhibitors which is a prerequisite for multistage anti-malarial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed F. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Purnendu Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Potential Benefits of Lycopene Consumption: Rationale for Using It as an Adjuvant Treatment for Malaria Patients and in Several Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245303. [PMID: 36558462 PMCID: PMC9787606 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects thousands of people around the world every year. Its pathogenesis is associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and lower levels of micronutrients and antioxidants. Patients under drug treatment have high levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in the body tissues, which limits the use of these drugs. Therefore, several studies have suggested that RONS inhibition may represent an adjuvant therapeutic strategy in the treatment of these patients by increasing the antioxidant capacity of the host. In this sense, supplementation with antioxidant compounds such as zinc, selenium, and vitamins A, C, and E has been suggested as part of the treatment. Among dietary antioxidants, lycopene is the most powerful antioxidant among the main carotenoids. This review aimed to describe the main mechanisms inducing oxidative stress during malaria, highlighting the production of RONS as a defense mechanism against the infection induced by the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, the metabolism of the parasite, and the metabolism of antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, the effects of lycopene on several diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a cause are outlined, providing information about its mechanism of action, and providing an evidence-based justification for its supplementation in malaria.
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Biodereplication of Antiplasmodial Extracts: Application of the Amazonian Medicinal Plant Piper coruscans Kunth. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217638. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved methodological tools to hasten antimalarial drug discovery remain of interest, especially when considering natural products as a source of drug candidates. We propose a biodereplication method combining the classical dereplication approach with the early detection of potential antiplasmodial compounds in crude extracts. Heme binding is used as a surrogate of the antiplasmodial activity and is monitored by mass spectrometry in a biomimetic assay. Molecular networking and automated annotation of targeted mass through data mining were followed by mass-guided compound isolation by taking advantage of the versatility and finely tunable selectivity offered by centrifugal partition chromatography. This biodereplication workflow was applied to an ethanolic extract of the Amazonian medicinal plant Piper coruscans Kunth (Piperaceae) showing an IC50 of 1.36 µg/mL on the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strain. It resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds designated as potential antiplasmodial compounds by the biodereplication workflow. Two chalcones, aurentiacin (1) and cardamonin (3), with IC50 values of 2.25 and 5.5 µM, respectively, can be considered to bear the antiplasmodial activity of the extract, with the latter not relying on a heme-binding mechanism. This biodereplication method constitutes a rapid, efficient, and robust technique to identify potential antimalarial compounds in complex extracts such as plant extracts.
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Ekasari W, Fatmawati D, Khoiriah SM, Baqiuddin WA, Nisa HQ, Maharupini AAS, Wahyuni TS, Oktarina RD, Suhartono E, Sahu RK. Antimalarial Activity of Extract and Fractions of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:3552491. [PMID: 36119646 PMCID: PMC9477630 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3552491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., in the Indonesian local name known as "Katuk," is a tropical shrub plant of the family Euphorbiaceae. Based on genus and chemotaxonomic approaches, as well as in vitro testing of Plasmodium falciparum, leaves of S. androgynus are presumed to have an active compound content as an antimalarial. The current study aims to investigate the antimalarial activity of 96% ethanol extract and fractions of S. androgynus leaves. The ethanolic extract was fractionated using the vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) method with three solvents of different polarities (n-hexane, chloroform, and 96% ethanol). The fraction obtained was then evaluated for antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The ethanolic extract was evaluated for antimalarial suppressive and prophylactic activity against P. berghei-infected mice, as well as inhibitory activity against the heme detoxification process in vitro. Fractionation of ethanolic extract resulted in seven combined fractions, with the most active fraction being FV (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 2.042 µg/mL). The ethanolic extract showed good parasitic suppressive (therapeutic) activity with a median effective dose (ED50) value of 15.35 mg/kg body weight. In a prophylactic test, ethanolic extract showed parasite growth inhibitory activity of 67.74 ± 9.21% after the administration of 400 mg/kg body weight for 4 days before infection, and 65.30 ± 10.44% after the administration of 200 mg/kg body weight for 8 consecutive days (4 days before and after infection). The ethanolic extract also showed an effect in inhibiting the formation of β-hematin of about 26.87-79.36% at a concentration of 0.1-4 mg/mL and an IC50 value of 0.479 mg/mL. The S. androgynus leaves were shown to have antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo, where ethanolic extract were more active compared with the fraction obtained. The antimalarial properties of the extract showed a higher suppressive activity than prophylactic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwied Ekasari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Fatmawati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti M. Khoiriah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Wenda A. Baqiuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hawi Q. Nisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Adinda A. S. Maharupini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Tutik S. Wahyuni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rice D. Oktarina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Eko Suhartono
- Department of Medical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin 70122, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Ram K. Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar 788011, Assam, India
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Jansongsaeng S, Srimongkolpithak N, Pengon J, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Khotavivattana T. 5-Phenoxy Primaquine Analogs and the Tetraoxane Hybrid as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133991. [PMID: 34208832 PMCID: PMC8272044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of drug resistance to the current antimalarial agents has led to the urgent need for the discovery of new and effective compounds. In this work, a series of 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs with 8-aminoquinoline core (7a–7h) was synthesized and investigated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Most analogs showed improved blood antimalarial activity compared to the original primaquine. To further explore a drug hybrid strategy, a conjugate compound between tetraoxane and the representative 5-phenoxy-primaquine analog 7a was synthesized. In our work, the hybrid compound 12 exhibited almost a 30-fold increase in the blood antimalarial activity (IC50 = 0.38 ± 0.11 μM) compared to that of primaquine, with relatively low toxicity against mammalian cells (SI = 45.61). Furthermore, we found that these 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs and the hybrid exhibit significant heme polymerization inhibition, an activity similar to that of chloroquine, which could contribute to their improved antimalarial activity. The 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs and the tetraoxane hybrid could serve as promising candidates for the further development of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somruedee Jansongsaeng
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Nitipol Srimongkolpithak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-218-7621
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Rout UK, Sanket AS, Sisodia BS, Mohapatra PK, Pati S, Kant R, Dwivedi GR. A Comparative Review on Current and Future Drug Targets Against Bacteria & Malaria. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:736-775. [PMID: 31995004 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200129103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long before the discovery of drugs like 'antibiotic and anti-parasitic drugs', the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and parasites remain as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The phenomenon by which the organism exerts resistance against two or more structurally unrelated drugs is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and its emergence has further complicated the treatment scenario of infectious diseases. Resistance towards the available set of treatment options and poor pipeline of novel drug development puts an alarming situation. A universal goal in the post-genomic era is to identify novel targets/drugs for various life-threatening diseases caused by such pathogens. This review is conceptualized in the backdrop of drug resistance in two major pathogens i.e. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Plasmodium falciparum". In this review, the available targets and key mechanisms of resistance of these pathogens have been discussed in detail. An attempt has also been made to analyze the common drug targets of bacteria and malaria parasite to overcome the current drug resistance scenario. The solution is also hypothesized in terms of a present pipeline of drugs and efforts made by scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha K Rout
- Microbiology Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | | | - Brijesh S Sisodia
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior-474 009, India
| | | | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Microbiology Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh- 273013, India
| | - Gaurav R Dwivedi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh- 273013, India
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Ekasari W, Basuki DR, Arwati H, Wahyuni TS. Antiplasmodial activity of Ethanolic extract of Cassia spectabilis DC leaf and its inhibition effect in Heme detoxification. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:71. [PMID: 33607987 PMCID: PMC7896390 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, Cassia spectabilis DC leaf has shown a good antiplasmodial activity. Therefore, this study is a follow-up study of the extract of leaf of C. spectabilis DC on its in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and mechanism as an antimalarial. METHODS The extract was fractionated, sub-fractionated and isolated to obtain the purified compound. In vitro antiplasmodial activity test against Plasmodium falciparum to find out the active compound. In vivo test against P. berghei ANKA-infected mice was conducted to determine prophylactic activity and antiplasmodial activity either alone or in combination with artesunate. The inhibition of heme detoxification test as one of the antimalarial mechanisms was carried out using the Basilico method. RESULTS The results showed that active antimalarial compound isolated from C. spectabilis DC leaf had a structural pattern that was identical to (-)-7-hydroxycassine. Prophylactic test of 90% ethanolic extract of C. spectabilis DC leaf alone against P. berghei ANKA-infected mice obtained the highest percentage inhibition was 68.61%, while positive control (doxycycline 13 mg/kg) was 73.54%. In combination with artesunate, 150 mg/kg three times a day of C. spectabilis DC (D0-D2) + artesunate (D2) was better than the standard combination of amodiaquine + artesunate where the inhibition percentages were 99.18 and 92.88%, respectively. The IC50 of the extract for the inhibitory activity of heme detoxification was 0.375 mg/ml which was better than chloroquine diphosphate (0.682 mg/ml). CONCLUSION C. spectabilis DC leaf possessed potent antiplasmodial activity and may offer a potential agent for effective and affordable antimalarial phytomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwied Ekasari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Resty Basuki
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Heny Arwati
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus A, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Tutik Sri Wahyuni
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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Moreno-Herrera A, Cortez-Maya S, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Banik BK, Rivera G. Recent Advances in the Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiprotozoal Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:583-606. [PMID: 32124688 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200303170000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp., and Trichomonas vaginalis, are part of a large list of human parasitic diseases. Together, they cause more than 500 million infections per year. These protozoa parasites affect both low- and high-income countries and their pharmacological treatments are limited. Therefore, new and more effective drugs in preclinical development could improve overall therapy for parasitic infections even when their mechanisms of action are unknown. In this review, a number of heterocyclic compounds (diamidine, guanidine, quinoline, benzimidazole, thiazole, diazanaphthalene, and their derivatives) reported as antiprotozoal agents are discussed as options for developing new pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Sandra Cortez-Maya
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cd. Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Singh V, Hada RS, Uddin A, Aneja B, Abid M, Pandey KC, Singh S. Inhibition of Hemoglobin Degrading Protease Falcipain-2 as a Mechanism for Anti-Malarial Activity of Triazole-Amino Acid Hybrids. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:377-389. [PMID: 32000644 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200130162347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel drug development against malaria parasite over old conventional antimalarial drugs is essential due to rapid and indiscriminate use of drugs, which led to the emergence of resistant strains. METHODS In this study, previously reported triazole-amino acid hybrids (13-18) are explored against Plasmodium falciparum as antimalarial agents. Among six compounds, 15 and 18 exhibited antimalarial activity against P. falciparum with insignificant hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards HepG2 mammalian cells. In molecular docking studies, both compounds bind into the active site of PfFP-2 and block its accessibility to the substrate that leads to the inhibition of target protein further supported by in vitro analysis. RESULTS Antimalarial half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15 and 18 compounds were found to be 9.26 μM and 20.62 μM, respectively. Blood stage specific studies showed that compounds, 15 and 18 are effective at late trophozoite stage and block egress pathway of parasites. Decreased level of free monomeric heme was found in a dose dependent manner after the treatment with compounds 15 and 18, which was further evidenced by the reduction in percent of hemoglobin hydrolysis. Compounds 15 and 18 hindered hemoglobin degradation via intra- and extracellular cysteine protease falcipain-2 (PfFP-2) inhibitory activity both in in vitro and in vivo in P. falciparum. CONCLUSION We report antimalarial potential of triazole-amino acid hybrids and their role in the inhibition of cysteine protease PfFP-2 as its mechanistic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Singh Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP, 201314, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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11
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Olanlokun JO, Babarinde CO, Olorunsogo OO. Antimalarial properties and preventive effects on mitochondrial dysfunction by extract and fractions of Phyllanthus amarus (Schum. and Thonn) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:255-266. [PMID: 33161386 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Broad spectrum antimalarial drugs without deleterious effects on mitochondria are scarce. It is in this regard that we investigated the potency of methanol extract and solvent fractions of Phyllanthus amarus on chloroquine-susceptible and resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei, toxicity and its consequential effects on mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening. METHODS Malaria was induced in male Swiss mice with susceptible (NK 65) strain, divided into groups (n=5) and treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of methanol extract, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions daily for seven days. Percentage parasitemia and parasite clearance were determined microscopically. The two most potent fractions were tested on resistant (ANKA) strains. Heme and hemozoin contents were determined spectrophotometrically. The mPT, mitochondrial ATPase (mATPase) and lipid peroxidation (mLPO) were determined spectrophotometrically. Similar groups of animals were used for toxicity studies. RESULTS Dichloromethane fraction (400 mg/kg) had the highest antimalarial curative effect via least parasitemia (0.49) and high clearance (96.63) compared with the negative control (10.08, 0.00, respectively), had the highest heme and least hemozoin contents (16.23; 0.03) compared with the negative control (8.2, 0.126, respectively). Malaria infection opened the mPT, caused significant increase in mLPO and enhanced mATPase; while dichloromethane fraction reversed these conditions. Serum ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, urea and creatinine of dichloromethane fraction-treated mice decreased relative to control. No significant lesion was noticed in liver and kidney tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS Dichloromethane fraction of Phyllanthus amarus had the highest antimalarial activity with the highest mito-protective effect and it was well tolerated without toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oludele Olanlokun
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Cecilia Opeyemi Babarinde
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunso Olabode Olorunsogo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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12
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Ortiz S, Vásquez-Ocmín PG, Cojean S, Bouzidi C, Michel S, Figadère B, Grougnet R, Boutefnouchet S, Maciuk A. Correlation study on methoxylation pattern of flavonoids and their heme-targeted antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Uddin A, Singh V, Irfan I, Mohammad T, Singh Hada R, Imtaiyaz Hassan M, Abid M, Singh S. Identification and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of carvacrol derivatives as potential anti-malarial against Plasmodium falciparum falcipain-2 protease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104142. [PMID: 32763521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop a potent anti-malarial agent against Plasmodium falciparum, a structure-guided virtual screening using an in-house library comprising 652 compounds was performed. By docking studies, we identified two compounds (JMI-105 and JMI-346) which formed significant non-covalent interactions and fit well in the binding pocket of PfFP-2. We affirmed this observation by MD simulation studies. As evident by the biochemical analysis, such as enzyme inhibition assay, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), live-cell imaging and hemozoin inhibition, JMI-105 and JMI-346 at 25 µM concentration showed an inhibitory effect on purified PfFP-2. JMI-105 and JMI-346 inhibited the growth of CQS (3D7; IC50 = 8.8 and 13 µM) and CQR (RKL-9; IC50 = 14.3 and 33 µM) strains of P. falciparum. Treatment with compounds resulted in defect in parasite growth and development. No significant hemolysis or cytotoxicity towards human cells was observed suggesting that these molecules are non-toxic. We pursued, structural optimization on JMI-105 and in the process, SAR oriented derivatives (5a-5l) were synthesized and evaluated for growth inhibition potential. JMI-105 significantly decreased parasitemia and prolonged host survival in a murine model with P. berghei ANKA infection. The compounds (JMI-105 and JMI-346) against PfFP-2 have the potential to be used as an anti-malarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rahul Singh Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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14
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In Vivo Antimalarial Evaluation of Crude Extract, Solvent Fractions, and TLC-Isolated Compounds from Olea europaea Linn subsp. cuspidata (Oleaceae). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6731485. [PMID: 32508951 PMCID: PMC7244953 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6731485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global public health problem caused by Plasmodium parasites. Drug resistance is becoming a great challenge. New drugs with novel mechanism of action are urgently required. In malarious countries, medicinal plants are commonly used for malaria treatment. Olea europaea is traditionally used against malaria in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to isolate and evaluate antimalarial activity of chemical constituents extracted from Olea europaea against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Stem bark of Olea europaea was extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated with three solvents. The butanol fraction was subjected to isolation with preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). Acute oral toxicity studies were conducted in mice as per the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline 425. Antimalarial activities of the test substances were evaluated using Peter's 4-day suppressive test. The crude extract showed significant (p < 0.01) antiplasmodial activity at all doses with a chemosuppression value of 52.40% at a dose of 600 mg/kg. All fractions also suppressed parasitaemia significantly (p < 0.05), the highest suppression (45.42%) being with butanol fraction. In the phytochemical analysis, two compounds were isolated. Both compounds showed significant (p < 0.05) antimalarial activities. Compound C inhibited parasitaemia up to 38.19% at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The crude extract, butanol fraction, and isolated compounds also prolonged survival time of mice. No sign of toxicity and mortality was seen in the test substances at up to a single dose of 2 g/kg. Findings of the current study may confirm the traditional antimalarial claim of Olea europaea and its relative safety as well as the potentiality of compound C for further investigations.
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15
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Deda DK, Iglesias BA, Alves E, Araki K, Garcia CRS. Porphyrin Derivative Nanoformulations for Therapy and Antiparasitic Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092080. [PMID: 32365664 PMCID: PMC7249045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins and analogous macrocycles exhibit interesting photochemical, catalytic, and luminescence properties demonstrating high potential in the treatment of several diseases. Among them can be highlighted the possibility of application in photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial/antiparasitic PDT, for example, of malaria parasite. However, the low efficiency generally associated with their low solubility in water and bioavailability have precluded biomedical applications. Nanotechnology can provide efficient strategies to enhance bioavailability and incorporate targeted delivery properties to conventional pharmaceuticals, enhancing the effectiveness and reducing the toxicity, thus improving the adhesion to the treatment. In this way, those limitations can be overcome by using two main strategies: (1) Incorporation of hydrophilic substituents into the macrocycle ring while controlling the interaction with biological systems and (2) by including them in nanocarriers and delivery nanosystems. This review will focus on antiparasitic drugs based on porphyrin derivatives developed according to these two strategies, considering their vast and increasing applications befitting the multiple roles of these compounds in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana K. Deda
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (D.K.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Bernardo A. Iglesias
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (D.K.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Celia R. S. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2648-0954
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16
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Álvarez-Bardón M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Ordóñez C, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Carballeira NM, Tekwani BL, Murugesan S, Martinez-Valladares M, García-Estrada C, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R. Screening Marine Natural Products for New Drug Leads against Trypanosomatids and Malaria. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E187. [PMID: 32244488 PMCID: PMC7230869 DOI: 10.3390/md18040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) represent a serious threat to humans, especially for those living in poor or developing countries. Almost one-sixth of the world population is at risk of suffering from these diseases and many thousands die because of NTDs, to which we should add the sanitary, labor and social issues that hinder the economic development of these countries. Protozoan-borne diseases are responsible for more than one million deaths every year. Visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease or sleeping sickness are among the most lethal NTDs. Despite not being considered an NTD by the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria must be added to this sinister group. Malaria, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is responsible for thousands of deaths each year. The treatment of this disease has been losing effectiveness year after year. Many of the medicines currently in use are obsolete due to their gradual loss of efficacy, their intrinsic toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance or a lack of adherence to treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent and global need for new drugs. Despite this, the scant interest shown by most of the stakeholders involved in the pharmaceutical industry makes our present therapeutic arsenal scarce, and until recently, the search for new drugs has not been seriously addressed. The sources of new drugs for these and other pathologies include natural products, synthetic molecules or repurposing drugs. The most frequent sources of natural products are microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and plants, which are able to synthesize many drugs that are currently in use (e.g. antimicrobials, antitumor, immunosuppressants, etc.). The marine environment is another well-established source of bioactive natural products, with recent applications against parasites, bacteria and other pathogens which affect humans and animals. Drug discovery techniques have rapidly advanced since the beginning of the millennium. The combination of novel techniques that include the genetic modification of pathogens, bioimaging and robotics has given rise to the standardization of High-Performance Screening platforms in the discovery of drugs. These advancements have accelerated the discovery of new chemical entities with antiparasitic effects. This review presents critical updates regarding the use of High-Throughput Screening (HTS) in the discovery of drugs for NTDs transmitted by protozoa, including malaria, and its application in the discovery of new drugs of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Bardón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - César Ordóñez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Nestor M. Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras 00925-2537, San Juan, Puerto Rico;
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, India;
| | - Maria Martinez-Valladares
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1-Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
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17
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Mohammadi S, Jafari B, Asgharian P, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of Malaria: A key emphasis to Artemisia, Cinchona, Cryptolepis, and Tabebuia genera. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1556-1569. [PMID: 32022345 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the life-threatening parasitic diseases that is endemic in tropical areas. The increased prevalence of malaria due to drug resistance leads to a high incidence of mortality. Drug discovery based on natural products and secondary metabolites is considered as alternative approaches for antimalarial therapy. Herbal medicines have advantages over modern medicines, including fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness, and affordability encouraging the herbal-based drug discovery. Several naturally occurring, semisynthetic, and synthetic antimalarial medications are on the market. For example, chloroquine is a synthetic medication for antimalarial therapy derived from quinine. Moreover, artemisinin, and its derivative, artesunate with sesquiterpene lactone backbone, is an antimalarial agent originated from Artemisia annua L. A. annua traditionally has been used to detoxify blood and eliminate fever in China. Although the artemisinin-based combination therapy against malaria has shown exceptional responses, the limited medicinal options demand novel therapeutics. Furthermore, drug resistance is the cause in most cases, and new medications are proposed to overcome the resistance. In addition to conventional therapeutics, this review covers some important genera in this area, including Artemisia, Cinchona, Cryptolepis, and Tabebuia, whose antimalarial activities are finely verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Mohammadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Jafari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Rizk MA, El-Sayed SAES, Nassif M, Mosqueda J, Xuan X, Igarashi I. Assay methods for in vitro and in vivo anti-Babesia drug efficacy testing: Current progress, outlook, and challenges. Vet Parasitol 2019; 279:109013. [PMID: 32070899 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Absence of an effective high-throughput drug-screening system for Babesia parasites is considered one of the main causes for the presence of a wide gap in the treatment of animal babesiosis when compared with other hemoprotozoan diseases, such as malaria. Recently, a simple, accurate, and automatic fluorescence assay was established for large-scale anti-Babesia (B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi and T. equi) drug screening. Such development will facilitate anti-Babesia drug discovery, especially in the post-genomic era, which will bring new chemotherapy targets with the completion of the Babesia genome sequencing project currently in progress. In this review, we present the current progress in the various assays for in vitro and in vivo anti-Babesia drug testing, as well as the challenges, highlighting new insights into the future of anti-Babesia drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Medhat Nassif
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, 76230, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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19
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Chen AJ, Huang KC, Bopp S, Summers R, Dong P, Huang Y, Zong C, Wirth D, Cheng JX. Quantitative imaging of intraerythrocytic hemozoin by transient absorption microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 25:1-11. [PMID: 31849205 PMCID: PMC6916744 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemozoin, the heme detoxification end product in malaria parasites during their growth in the red blood cells (RBCs), serves as an important marker for diagnosis and treatment target of malaria disease. However, the current method for hemozoin-targeted drug screening mainly relies on in vitro β-hematin inhibition assays, which may lead to false-positive events due to under-representation of the real hemozoin crystal. Quantitative in situ imaging of hemozoin is highly desired for high-throughput screening of antimalarial drugs and for elucidating the mechanisms of antimalarial drugs. We present transient absorption (TA) imaging as a high-speed single-cell analysis platform with chemical selectivity to hemozoin. We first demonstrated that TA microscopy is able to identify β-hematin, the artificial form of hemozoin, from the RBCs. We further utilized time-resolved TA imaging to in situ discern hemozoin from malaria-infected RBCs with optimized imaging conditions. Finally, we quantitatively analyzed the hemozoin amount in RBCs at different infection stages by single-shot TA imaging. These results highlight the potential of TA imaging for efficient antimalarial drug screening and drug mechanism investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J. Chen
- Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Kai-Chih Huang
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Selina Bopp
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert Summers
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Puting Dong
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yimin Huang
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Cheng Zong
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dyann Wirth
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Boston University, Photonics Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Chemistry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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20
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Various Parts of Helianthus annuus Plants as New Sources of Antimalarial Drugs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7390385. [PMID: 31885662 PMCID: PMC6899295 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7390385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Each part of H. annuus plants is traditionally used as medicinal remedies for several diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of the leaf and the seed has already been observed; however, there is no report about antimalarial activity of the other parts of H. annuus plants. In this study, we assess in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of each part of the plants and its mechanism as antimalarial agent against inhibition of heme detoxification. Objective To investigate the antimalarial activity of various parts of H. annuus. Methods Various parts of the H. annuus plant were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain (chloroquine-sensitive), in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei using Peters' 4-day suppressive test in BALB/c mice, curative and prophylaxis assay, and inhibition of heme detoxification by evaluating β-hematin level. Results Ethanol extract of the roots showed the highest antimalarial activity, followed by ethanol extract of leaves, with IC50 values of 2.3 ± 1.4 and 4.3 ± 2.2 μg/mL, respectively and the percentage inhibition of P. berghei of 63.6 ± 8.0 and 59.3 ± 13.2 at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol extract of roots produced an ED50 value of 10.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg in the curative test and showed an inhibition of 79.2% at a dose of 400 mg/kg in the prophylactic assay. In inhibition of heme detoxification assay, root and leaf ethanol extracts yielded a lower IC50 value than positive (chloroquine) control with a value of 0.4 ± 0.0 and 0.5 ± 0.0 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion There were promising results of the ethanol extracts of root of H. annuus as a new source for the development of a new plant-based antimalarial agent.
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Herraiz T, Guillén H, González-Peña D, Arán VJ. Antimalarial Quinoline Drugs Inhibit β-Hematin and Increase Free Hemin Catalyzing Peroxidative Reactions and Inhibition of Cysteine Proteases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15398. [PMID: 31659177 PMCID: PMC6817881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium affects millions people worldwide. Plasmodium consumes hemoglobin during its intraerythrocytic stage leaving toxic heme. Parasite detoxifies free heme through formation of hemozoin (β-hematin) pigment. Proteolysis of hemoglobin and formation of hemozoin are two main targets for antimalarial drugs. Quinoline antimarial drugs and analogs (β-carbolines or nitroindazoles) were studied as inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The most potent inhibitors were quinacrine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine followed by quinidine, mefloquine and quinine whereas 8-hydroxyquinoline and β-carbolines had no effect. Compounds that inhibited β-hematin increased free hemin that promoted peroxidative reactions as determined with TMB and ABTS substrates. Hemin-catalyzed peroxidative reactions were potentiated in presence of proteins (i.e. globin or BSA) while antioxidants and peroxidase inhibitors decreased peroxidation. Free hemin increased by chloroquine action promoted oxidative reactions resulting in inhibition of proteolysis by three cysteine proteases: papain, ficin and cathepsin B. Glutathione reversed inhibition of proteolysis. These results show that active quinolines inhibit hemozoin and increase free hemin which in presence of H2O2 that abounds in parasite digestive vacuole catalyzes peroxidative reactions and inhibition of cysteine proteases. This work suggests a link between the action of quinoline drugs with biochemical processes of peroxidation and inhibition of proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hugo Guillén
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana González-Peña
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN). Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Amos A, Anafi SB, Magaji MG. Cysteine Protease Inhibitors from the Methanol Extract of the Root Bark of Securidaca longepedunculata with Antimalarial Potentials in Chloroquine-Resistant P. berghei Parasite. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.32527/2019/101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee JH, Kim HR, Lee JH, Lee SK, Chun Y, Han SO, Yoo HY, Park C, Kim SW. Enhanced In-Vitro Hemozoin Polymerization by Optimized Process using Histidine-Rich Protein II (HRPII). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1162. [PMID: 31288462 PMCID: PMC6680884 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive biopolymers, an important class of functional materials, have received attention in various fields because of their unique electrical, optical, and physical properties. In this study, the polymerization of heme into hemozoin was carried out in an in vitro system by the newly developed heme polymerase (histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-II)). The HRP-II was produced by recombinant E. coli BL21 from the Plasmodium falciparum gene. To improve the hemozoin production, the reaction conditions on the polymerization were investigated and the maximum production was achieved after about 790 μM at 34 °C with 200 rpm for 24 h. As a result, the production was improved about two-fold according to the stepwise optimization in an in vitro system. The produced hemozoin was qualitatively analyzed using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, it was confirmed that the enzymatically polymerized hemozoin had similar physical properties to chemically synthesized hemozoin. These results could represent a significant potential for nano-biotechnology applications, and also provide guidance in research related to hemozoin utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyeong Ryeol Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ja Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Dongyang Mirae University, 445, Gyeongin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08221, Korea
| | - Soo Kweon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Youngsang Chun
- Department of Interdisciplinary Bio-Micro System Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Korea.
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20, Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia.
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Anti-malarial, cytotoxicity and molecular docking studies of quinolinyl chalcones as potential anti-malarial agent. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:677-688. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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What is pure hemozoin? A close look at the surface of the malaria pigment. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 194:214-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sinha S, Sarma P, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Development in Assay Methods for in Vitro Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Testing: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:754. [PMID: 29123481 PMCID: PMC5662882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug resistance are the major challenges in malaria eradication mission. Besides various strategies laid down by World Health Organization, such as vector management, source reduction, early case detection, prompt treatment, and development of new diagnostics and vaccines, nevertheless the need for new and efficacious drugs against malaria has become a critical priority on the global malaria research agenda. At several screening stages, millions of compounds are screened (1,000–2,000,000 compounds per screening campaign), before pre-clinical trials to select optimum lead. Carrying out in vitro screening of antimalarials is very difficult as different assay methods are subject to numerous sources of variability across different laboratories around the globe. Despite this, in vitro screening is an essential part of antimalarial drug development as it enables to resource various confounding factors such as host immune response and drug–drug interaction. Therefore, in this article, we try to illustrate the basic necessity behind in vitro study and how new methods are developed and subsequently adopted for high-throughput antimalarial drug screening and its application in achieving the next level of in vitro screening based on the current approaches (such as stem cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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High-Throughput Screening and Prediction Model Building for Novel Hemozoin Inhibitors Using Physicochemical Properties. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01607-16. [PMID: 27919903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01607-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is essential to continue the search for novel antimalarial drugs due to the current spread of resistance against artemisinin by Plasmodium falciparum parasites. In this study, we developed in silico models to predict hemozoin inhibitors as a potential first-step screening for novel antimalarials. An in vitro colorimetric high-throughput screening assay of hemozoin formation was used to identify hemozoin inhibitors from 9,600 structurally diverse compounds. The physicochemical properties of positive hits and randomly selected compounds were extracted from the ChemSpider database; they were used for developing prediction models to predict hemozoin inhibitors using two different approaches, i.e., traditional multivariate logistic regression and Bayesian model averaging. Our results showed that a total of 224 positive-hit compounds exhibited the ability to inhibit hemozoin formation, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 3.1 μM to 199.5 μM. The best model according to traditional multivariate logistic regression included the three variables octanol-water partition coefficient, number of hydrogen bond donors, and number of atoms of hydrogen, while the best model according to Bayesian model averaging included the three variables octanol-water partition coefficient, number of hydrogen bond donors, and index of refraction. Both models had a good discriminatory power, with area under the curve values of 0.736 and 0.781 for the traditional multivariate model and Bayesian model averaging, respectively. In conclusion, the prediction models can be a new, useful, and cost-effective approach for the first screen of hemozoin inhibition-based antimalarial drug discovery.
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Ansari MF, Hayat F, Inam A, Kathrada F, van Zyl RL, Coetzee M, Ahmad K, Shin D, Azam A. New antiprotozoal agents: Synthesis and biological evaluation of different 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:460-465. [PMID: 28027871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to develop efficacious antiprotozoal agents 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives (5-14) were synthesized, characterized and biologically evaluated for antiprotozoal activity. The compounds were screened in vitro against the HM1: IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica and NF54 chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Among the synthesized compounds six exhibited promising antiamoebic activity with IC50 values (0.14-1.26μM) lower than the standard drug metronidazole (IC50 1.80μM). All nine compounds exhibited antimalarial activity (IC50 range: 1.42-19.62μM), while maintaining a favorable safety profile to host red blood cells. All the compounds were less effective as an antimalarial and more toxic (IC50 range: 14.67-81.24μM) than quinine (IC50: 275.6±16.46μM) against the human kidney epithelial cells. None of the compounds exhibited any inhibitory effect on the viability of Anopheles arabiensis mosquito larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Afreen Inam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Fatima Kathrada
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Robyn L van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria (WRIM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Lee MSJ, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Current status of synthetic hemozoin adjuvant: A preliminary safety evaluation. Vaccine 2016; 34:2055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sousa ACCD, Viana GM, Diaz NC, Rezende MG, Oliveira FFD, Nunes RP, Pereira MF, Areas ALL, Zalis MG, Frutuoso VDS, Faria HCDC, Domingos TFS, Pádula MD, Cabral LM, Rodrigues CR. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of New Fluoroamodiaquine Analogues. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:594-601. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Corrêa de Sousa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Gil Mendes Viana
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Nuria Cirauqui Diaz
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Marianne Grilo Rezende
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Filipe Fernandes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Raquel Pinto Nunes
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Monica Farah Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
- Laboratório de Infectologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - André Luiz Lisboa Areas
- Laboratório de Infectologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Marianos Gustavo Zalis
- Laboratório de Infectologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | | | | | - Thaisa Francielle Souza Domingos
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Marcelo de Pádula
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Lucio Mendes Cabral
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Industrial Farmacêutica (LabTIF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
| | - Carlos Rangel Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
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O. Nwamba C, C. Chilaka F, Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi A. Cation modulation of hemoglobin interaction with sodium n-dodecyl sulphate (SDS) iv: magnesium modulation at pH 7.20. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Phaiphinit S, Pattaradilokrat S, Lursinsap C, Plaimas K. In silico multiple-targets identification for heme detoxification in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:237-44. [PMID: 26626103 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Detoxification of hemoglobin byproducts or free heme is an essential step and considered potential targets for anti-malaria drug development. However, most of anti-malaria drugs are no longer effective due to the emergence and spread of the drug resistant malaria parasites. Therefore, it is an urgent need to identify potential new targets and even for target combinations for effective malaria drug design. In this work, we reconstructed the metabolic networks of Plasmodium falciparum and human red blood cells for the simulation of steady mass and flux flows of the parasite's metabolites under the blood environment by flux balance analysis (FBA). The integrated model, namely iPF-RBC-713, was then adjusted into two stage-specific metabolic models, which first was for the pathological stage metabolic model of the parasite when invaded the red blood cell without any treatment and second was for the treatment stage of the parasite when a drug acted by inhibiting the hemozoin formation and caused high production rate of heme toxicity. The process of identifying target combinations consisted of two main steps. Firstly, the optimal fluxes of reactions in both the pathological and treatment stages were computed and compared to determine the change of fluxes. Corresponding enzymes of the reactions with zero fluxes in the treatment stage but non-zero fluxes in the pathological stage were predicted as a preliminary list of potential targets in inhibiting heme detoxification. Secondly, the combinations of all possible targets listed in the first step were examined to search for the best promising target combinations resulting in more effective inhibition of the detoxification to kill the malaria parasites. Finally, twenty-three enzymes were identified as a preliminary list of candidate targets which mostly were in pyruvate metabolism and citrate cycle. The optimal set of multiple targets for blocking the detoxification was a set of heme ligase, adenosine transporter, myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase, ferrodoxim reductase-like protein and guanine transporter. In conclusion, the method has shown an effective and efficient way to identify target combinations which are obviously useful in the development of novel antimalarial drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthat Phaiphinit
- Advanced Virtual and Intelligent Computing (AVIC) Research Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chidchanok Lursinsap
- Advanced Virtual and Intelligent Computing (AVIC) Research Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Advanced Virtual and Intelligent Computing (AVIC) Research Center, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Asnaashari S, Heshmati Afshar F, Ebrahimi A, Bamdad Moghadam S, Delazar A. In vitro antimalarial activity of different extracts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. & Auch. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:135-40. [PMID: 26457251 PMCID: PMC4597161 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction:The risk of drug resistance and the use of medicinal plants in malaria prevention and treatment have led to the search for new antimalarial compounds with natural origin.
Methods:In the current study, six extracts with different polarity from aerial parts and rhizomes of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. & Auch., were screened for their antimalarial properties by cell-free β-hematin formation assay.
Results: Dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of both parts of plant showed significant antimalarial activities with IC50 values of 0.797 ± 0.016 mg/mL in aerial parts and 0.324 ± 0.039 mg/mL in rhizomes compared to positive control (Chloroquine, IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.003 mg/mL, IC90 = 0.163 ± 0.004 mg/mL). Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the most potent part (DCM extract of rhizomes) by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) afforded seven fractions. Sixty percent ethyl acetate/n-hexane fraction showed considerable antimalarial activity with IC50 value of 0.047 ± 0.0003 mg/mL.
Conclusion: From 6 extracts with different polarity of E. macrophylla,s aerial parts and rhizomes, the DCM extract of both parts were the most active extract in this assay. The preliminary phytochemical study on the VLC fractions of the most potent part persuades us to focus on purifying the active components of these extracts and to conduct further investigation towards in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Asnaashari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Heshmati Afshar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Delazar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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M S, Koringa K, Dave U, Gatne D. A modified precise analytical method for anti-malarial screening: Heme polymerization assay. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 201:112-5. [PMID: 26241332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malarial parasite detoxifies the heme generated in its food vacuole in many ways one of which involves heme polymerization to hemozoin. The existing heme polymerization assays involve use of activators along with buffers for polymerization of heme leading to its precipitation. Such assays then involve special instruments and laborious work of isolating the precipitated polymer and its detection. Simple and precise spectrophotometric and HTS methods were developed for heme polymerization using tween 20 as the activator without isolation of polymerized heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha M
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kashyap Koringa
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Urja Dave
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Dipti Gatne
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400056, India.
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de Sousa ACC, Diaz NC, de Souza AMT, Cabral LM, Castro HC, Albuquerque MG, Rodrigues CR. Molecular modeling study of a series of amodiaquine analogues with antimalarial activity. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Amelo W, Nagpal P, Makonnen E. Antiplasmodial activity of solvent fractions of methanolic root extract of Dodonaea angustifolia in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:462. [PMID: 25465394 PMCID: PMC4289057 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in the World. The choice for the treatment is highly limited, and several of these may eventually be lost or compromised due to drug resistance. The use of plant medicine in the treatment of malaria and its various presentations is a common practice in many countries of Africa where the disease is mostly endemic. Dodonaea angustifolia is traditionally used in Ethiopia for prophylaxis against malaria. The present study is attempted to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the solvent fractions of root extracts of D. angustifolia in P. berghei infected mice. Methods In this study, 4-days Peter’s suppressive test was used to determine parasite inhibition. Acute toxicity test was also conducted on the most active fraction according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines 425. Data was analyzed by using Windows SPSS version 16 and expressed as mean ± SD for each dose level. ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Tukey’s HSD was used to compare result between treatment and control groups. Students paired t-test was employed to test significance for the difference between initial and final results within the same group. Results All three fractions showed varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity. The n-butanol fraction displayed a relatively highest suppression of parasitaemia (67.51%) at an oral dose of 600 mg/kg. Lower doses, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, of the fraction also resulted in parasitaemia suppression of 38.02% and 55.85%, respectively. Chemosuppressive activity of chloroform and aqueous fractions was less compared to that of n-butanol fraction. All the three fractions displayed dose dependent significant (P < 0.001) antiplasmodial activity as compared to the control. Survival time was prolonged in case of n-butanol and chloroform fractions. No lethality to mice was seen with n-butanol fraction up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion All the three fractions possessed significant antiplasmodial activity as compared with the control group. n-butanol fraction was found to be the most active fraction with minimal toxicity and might contain potential lead molecule for the development of a new drug for treatment of malaria.
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Ketchum MA, Olafson KN, Petrova EV, Rimer JD, Vekilov PG. Hematin crystallization from aqueous and organic solvents. J Chem Phys 2014; 139:121911. [PMID: 24089723 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematin crystallization is the main mechanism of detoxification of heme that is released in malaria-infected erythrocytes as a byproduct of the hemoglobin catabolism by the parasite. A controversy exists over whether hematin crystals grow from the aqueous medium of the parasite's digestive vacuole or in the lipid bodies present in the vacuole. To this end, we compare the basic thermodynamic and structural features of hematin crystallization in an aqueous buffer at pH 4.8, as in the digestive vacuole, and in water-saturated octanol that mimics the environment of the lipid nanospheres. We show that in aqueous solutions, hematin aggregation into mesoscopic disordered clusters is insignificant. We determine the solubility of the β-hematin crystals in the pH range 4.8-7.6. We image by atomic force microscopy crystals grown at pH 4.8 and show that their macroscopic and mesoscopic morphology features are incompatible with those reported for biological hemozoin. In contrast, crystals grown in the presence of octanol are very similar to those extracted from parasites. We determine the hematin solubility in water-saturated octanol at three temperatures. These solubilities are four orders of magnitude higher than that at pH 4.8, providing for faster crystallization from organic than from aqueous solvents. These observations further suggest that the lipid bodies play a role in mediating biological hemozoin crystal growth to ensure faster heme detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Ketchum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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Coronado LM, Nadovich CT, Spadafora C. Malarial hemozoin: from target to tool. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2032-41. [PMID: 24556123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is an extremely devastating disease that continues to affect millions of people each year. A distinctive attribute of malaria infected red blood cells is the presence of malarial pigment or the so-called hemozoin. Hemozoin is a biocrystal synthesized by Plasmodium and other blood-feeding parasites to avoid the toxicity of free heme derived from the digestion of hemoglobin during invasion of the erythrocytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Hemozoin is involved in several aspects of the pathology of the disease as well as in important processes such as the immunogenicity elicited. It is known that the once best antimalarial drug, chloroquine, exerted its effect through interference with the process of hemozoin formation. In the present review we explore what is known about hemozoin, from hemoglobin digestion, to its final structural analysis, to its physicochemical properties, its role in the disease and notions of the possible mechanisms that could kill the parasite by disrupting the synthesis or integrity of this remarkable crystal. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The importance and peculiarities of this biocrystal have given researchers a cause to consider it as a target for new antimalarials and to use it through unconventional approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics against the disease. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Hemozoin plays an essential role in the biology of malarial disease. Innovative ideas could use all the existing data on the unique chemical and biophysical properties of this macromolecule to come up with new ways of combating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Coronado
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, A.P., India
| | | | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Panama.
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Evaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity of different extracts of Artemisia aucheri Boiss. and A. armeniaca Lam. and fractions of the most potent extracts. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:825370. [PMID: 24558335 PMCID: PMC3914376 DOI: 10.1155/2014/825370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten extracts with different polarity from two Iranian Artemisia species, A. armeniaca Lam. and A. aucheri Boiss, were screened for their antimalarial properties by in vitro
β-hematin formation assay. Dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of both plants showed significant antimalarial activities with IC50 values of 1.36 ± 0.01 and 1.83 ± 0.03 mg/mL and IC90 values of 2.12 ± 0.04 and 2.62 ± 0.09 mg/mL for A. armeniaca and A. aucheri, respectively. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of DCM extracts of both plants by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) over silica gel with solvent mixtures of increasing polarities afforded seven fractions. Two fractions from DCM extract of A. armeniaca and four fractions from DCM extract of A. aucheri showed potent antimalarial activity with reducing IC50 and IC90 values compared to extracts. The most potent fraction belonged to DCM extract of A. armeniaca with IC50 and IC90 values of 0.47 ± 0.006 and 0.71 ± 0.006 mg/mL, respectively.
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40
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Kumar D, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Ponnan P, Rawat DS. Synthesis, antimalarial activity, heme binding and docking studies of 4-aminoquinoline–pyrimidine based molecular hybrids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09768h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 4-aminoquinoline–pyrimidine hybrids was synthesized and evaluated for their antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- , USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Mississippi
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research
- University of Mississippi
- , USA
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Mississippi
| | - Prija Ponnan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007, India
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41
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Interaction of Normal and Sickle Hemoglobins for Sodium Dodecylsulphate and Hydrogen Peroxide at pH 5.0 and 7.2. ISRN HEMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:629640. [PMID: 24224093 PMCID: PMC3810493 DOI: 10.1155/2013/629640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of malaria primarily result from proliferation of the parasite within the hosts' erythrocytes. The malaria parasite digests hemoglobin within its digestive vacuole through a sequential metabolic process involving multiple proteases. The activities of these proteases could lead to the production of ROS which could lead to the death of the parasites due to the destruction of their membrane. The action of SDS on hemoglobins can be likened to the way malarial proteases destabilizes host hemoglobin. Hence, the study was designed to determine the binding parameters of SDS and H2O2 for normal, sickle trait carrier and sickle hemoglobins at pH 5.0 and 7.2 using UV-VIS Titration Spectrophotometry. Hb-SDS interactions were significantly different at pH 5.0 but were not at pH 7.2. Also, Hb-H2O2 interactions were statistically different at pH 5.0 and 7.2. The interactions suggest that HbA and HbS are easily destabilized than HbAS and that HbAS has more affinity for H2O2. These suggest a production of more ferryl intermediates or hydroxyl radicals. All these interactions may hinder the development of the malaria parasite at the intraerythrocytic stage and could likely account for a significant proportion of the mechanism that favours the resistance to malaria by individuals with HbAS.
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Boura M, Frita R, Góis A, Carvalho T, Hänscheid T. The hemozoin conundrum: is malaria pigment immune-activating, inhibiting, or simply a bystander? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Doménech-Carbó A, Maciuk A, Figadère B, Poupon E, Cebrián-Torrejón G. Solid-State Electrochemical Assay of Heme-Binding Molecules for Screening of Drugs with Antimalarial Potential. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4014-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303746k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament
de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100
Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Maciuk
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bruno Figadère
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gerardo Cebrián-Torrejón
- Departament
de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100
Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Salahuddin A, Inam A, van Zyl RL, Heslop DC, Chen CT, Avecilla F, Agarwal SM, Azam A. Synthesis and evaluation of 7-chloro-4-(piperazin-1-yl)quinoline-sulfonamide as hybrid antiprotozoal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3080-9. [PMID: 23602620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 4-aminochloroquinoline based sulfonamides were synthesized and evaluated for antiamoebic and antimalarial activities. Out of the eleven compounds evaluated (F1-F11), two of them (F3 and F10) showed good activity against Entamoeba histolytica (IC50 <5 μM). Three of the compounds (F5, F7 and F8) also displayed antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-resistant (FCR-3) strain of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 2 μM. Compound F7, whose crystal structure was also determined, inhibited β-haematin formation more potently than quinine. To further understand the action of hybrid molecules F7 and F8, molecular docking was carried out against the homology model of P. falciparum enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (PfDHPS). The complexes showed that the inhibitors place themselves nicely into the active site of the enzyme and exhibit interaction energy which is in accordance with our activity profile data. Application of Lipinski 'rule of five' on all the compounds (F1-F11) suggested high drug likeness of F7 and F8, similar to quinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attar Salahuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Nwamba CO, Chilaka FC, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Cation modulation of hemoglobin interaction with sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS). III: Calcium interaction with R- and mixed spin states of hemoglobin S at pH 5.0: the musical chair paradox. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:547-55. [PMID: 23456537 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the interaction of Ca(2+) (0-500 µM) and a membrane mimic (0.60 mM SDS) with both the R- and mixed spin states hemoglobin S (HbS) as a function of time. These interactions were carried out at pH 5.0. We aim at ascertaining if there is or are differences in the UV-Visible spectra of such interactions to account for the dynamics of calcium ion concentrations [Ca(2+)] in initiating structures which may ultimately suggest HbS polymerization and or resistance to Plasmodium attack. From our results, we conclude that (a) simultaneous interaction of 40 µM Ca(2+) and 0.60 mM SDS with the R state protein would promote structural formations that can "lock up" the protein for nucleation on the membranes and or become cytotoxic to the parasite; (b) simultaneous R state HbS-SDS or R state HbS-Ca(2+) would lead to enhanced hemin formation and less deoxyHb species. This condition is unlikely to precipitate polymerization in the HbS but the resulting hemin would poison the parasite; (c) the mixed spin state HbS-SDS and 40 µM Ca(2+) interaction yields more toxic products to that of the interaction of the mixed spin HbS-SDS with 500 µM Ca(2+) thus suggesting why the 40 µM Ca(2+) is important in parasite Hb proteolysis; and (d) pronounced structural changes on interaction with SDS and Ca(2+) are more in the R state to the mixed spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O Nwamba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 2343, Moscow, ID, 83844-2343, USA,
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced
Applied Physics Solutions, TRIUMF, 4004
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Ambele MA, Egan TJ. Neutral lipids associated with haemozoin mediate efficient and rapid β-haematin formation at physiological pH, temperature and ionic composition. Malar J 2012; 11:337. [PMID: 23043460 PMCID: PMC3479076 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria parasite disposes of host-derived ferrihaem (iron(III)protoporphyrin IX, Fe(III)PPIX) by conversion to crystalline haemozoin in close association with neutral lipids. Lipids mediate synthetic haemozoin (β-haematin) formation very efficiently. However, the effect on reaction rates of concentrations of lipid, Fe(III)PPIX and physiologically relevant ions and biomolecules are unknown. Methods Lipid emulsions containing Fe(III)PPIX were prepared in aqueous medium (pH 4.8, 37°C) to mediate β-haematin formation. The reaction was quenched at various times and free Fe(III)PPIX measured colorimetrically as a pyridine complex and the kinetics and yields analysed. Products were also characterized by FTIR, TEM and electron diffraction. Autofluorescence was also used to monitor β-haematin formation by confocal microscopy. Results At fixed Fe(III)PPIX concentration, β-haematin yields remained constant with decreasing lipid concentration until a cut-off ratio was reached whereupon efficiency decreased dramatically. For the haemozoin-associated neutral lipid blend (NLB) and monopalmitoylglycerol (MPG), this occurred below a lipid/Fe(III)PPIX (L/H) ratio of 0.54. Rate constants were found to increase with L/H ratio above the cut-off. At 16 μM MPG, Fe(III)PPIX concentration could be raised until the L/H ratio reached the same ratio before a sudden decline in yield was observed. MPG-mediated β-haematin formation was relatively insensitive to biologically relevant cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), or anions (H2PO4−, HCO3−, ATP, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, glutathione). Confocal microscopy demonstrated β-haematin formation occurs in association with the lipid particles. Conclusions Kinetics of β-haematin formation have shown that haemozoin-associated neutral lipids alone are capable of mediating β-haematin formation at adequate rates under physiologically realistic conditions of ion concentrations to account for haemozoin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A Ambele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Nhien NTT, Huy NT, Uyen DT, Deharo E, Hoa PTL, Hirayama K, Harada S, Kamei K. Effect of Inducers, Incubation Time and Heme Concentration on IC(50) Value Variation in Anti-heme Crystallization Assay. Trop Med Health 2012; 39:119-26. [PMID: 22438701 PMCID: PMC3289280 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2011-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme detoxification through crystallization into hemozoin has been suggested as a good target for the development of screening assays for new antimalarials. However, comparisons among the data obtained from different experiments are difficult, and the IC50 values (the concentrations of drug that are required to inhibit 50% of hemozoin formation) for the same drug vary widely. We studied the effects of changes in heme concentration (precursor of β-hematin), incubation time and three inducers (SDS, Tween 20 and linoleic acid) on the IC50 of some antimalarials (chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine, and clotrimazole). The results showed that increasing both inducer concentration and incubation time raised the IC50 of selected antimalarials. Any change in those factors caused the IC50 value to vary. Standardization of assay conditions is, therefore, necessary to increase reproducibility and reduce discrepancies in assay performance. Considering all of the variables, the best choice of inducers is in the order of SDS > Tween 20 > linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Thuy Nhien
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Muñoz-Durango K, Maciuk A, Harfouche A, Torijano-Gutiérrez S, Jullian JC, Quintin J, Spelman K, Mouray E, Grellier P, Figadère B. Detection, characterization, and screening of heme-binding molecules by mass spectrometry for malaria drug discovery. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3324-9. [PMID: 22409647 DOI: 10.1021/ac300065t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Drug screening for antimalarials uses heme biocrystallization inhibition methods as an alternative to parasite cultures, but they involve complex processes and cannot detect artemisinin-like molecules. The described method detects heme-binding compounds by mass spectrometry, using dissociation of the drug-heme adducts to evaluate putative antiplasmodial activity. Applied to a chemical library, it showed a good hit-to-lead ratio and is an efficient early stage screening for complex mixtures like natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalina Muñoz-Durango
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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50
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Cation Modulation of Hemoglobin Interaction with Sodium n-Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). II: Calcium Modulation at pH 5.0. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 61:573-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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