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Kaur B, Blavo C, Parmar MS. Ivermectin: A Multifaceted Drug With a Potential Beyond Anti-parasitic Therapy. Cureus 2024; 16:e56025. [PMID: 38606261 PMCID: PMC11008553 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin was first discovered in the 1970s by Japanese microbiologist Satoshi Omura and Irish parasitologist William C. Campbell. Ivermectin has become a versatile pharmaceutical over the past 50 years. Ivermectin is a derivative of avermectin originally used to treat parasitic infections. Emerging literature has suggested that its role goes beyond this and may help treat inflammatory conditions, viral infections, and cancers. Ivermectin's anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anticancer effects were explored. Its traditional mechanism of action in parasitic diseases, such as scabies and malaria, rests on its ability to interfere with the glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrates and the lack of P-glycoprotein in many parasites. More recently, it has been discovered that the ability of ivermectin to block the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of the activated B (NF-κB) pathway that modulates the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines is implicated in its role as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat rosacea. Ivermectin has also been evaluated for treating infections caused by viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and adenoviruses, through inhibition of viral protein transportation and acting on the importin α/β1 interface. It has also been suggested that ivermectin can inhibit the proliferation of tumorigenic cells through various pathways that lead to the management of certain cancers. The review aimed to evaluate its multifaceted effects and potential clinical applications beyond its traditional use as an anthelmintic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baneet Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, USA
| | - Cyril Blavo
- Department of Public Health, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, USA
| | - Mayur S Parmar
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, USA
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García-Aguilar A, Campi-Caballero R, Visoso-Carvajal G, García-Sánchez JR, Correa-Basurto J, García-Machorro J, Espinosa-Raya J. In Vitro Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Ivermectin Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16392. [PMID: 38003581 PMCID: PMC10671224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a molecular target of great interest for developing drug therapies against COVID-19 because S is responsible for the interaction of the virus with the host cell receptor. Currently, there is no outpatient safety treatment for COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we consider it of worthy importance to evaluate experimentally the possible interaction of drugs (approved by the Food and Drug Administration) and the S, considering some previously in silico and clinical use. Then, the objective of this study was to demonstrate the in vitro interaction of ivermectin with S. The equilibrium dialysis technique with UV-Vis was performed to obtain the affinity and dissociation constants. In addition, the Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) technique was used to demonstrate the in vitro interaction of S with ivermectin. The results indicate the interaction between ivermectin and the S with an association and dissociation constant of Ka = 1.22 µM-1 and Kd = 0.81 µM, respectively. The interaction was demonstrated in ratios of 1:50 pmol and 1:100 pmol (S: ivermectin) by the DARTS technique. The results obtained with these two different techniques demonstrate an interaction between S and ivermectin previously explored in silico, suggesting its clinical uses to stop the viral spread among susceptible human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra García-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico; (A.G.-A.); (R.C.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - Rebeca Campi-Caballero
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico; (A.G.-A.); (R.C.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - Giovani Visoso-Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - José Rubén García-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Estrés Oxidativo, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico;
| | - Judith Espinosa-Raya
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico; (A.G.-A.); (R.C.-C.)
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Eyang-Assengone ER, Makouloutou-Nzassi P, Mbou-Boutambe C, Bangueboussa F, Atsame J, Boundenga L. Status of Onchocerciasis Elimination in Gabon and Challenges: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1946. [PMID: 37630506 PMCID: PMC10458829 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Control and treatment programs (CDTI) have been set up nationally in all endemic countries to overcome the impact of onchocerciasis on the affected populations. However, Gabon must still succeed in setting up real onchocerciasis control programs. Here, various database articles have been used to provide the scientific community with a summary document showing the mapping of this disease in Gabon. The articles dealing with onchocerciasis, animal reservoirs, surveillance, and elimination were analyzed. Results showed that little research has been performed. Most studies are concentrated in one region (The area of Lastourville). In addition, we observed that the distribution of the disease varies significantly across the country. Indeed, specific environments present a hyper-endemicity of the disease, while others are meso and hypo-endemic. So, we found some departments with a prevalence ranging from 0% to over 20%; within them, villages had infection levels comprising 10% to 60%, indicating potential hotspots. Vectors activities were studied in some areas. This paper showed the challenges encountered in the country to eliminate this disease. One solution is a deeper understanding of the disease's bioecology to establish effective health policies to eliminate onchocerciasis in Gabon effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa-Rush Eyang-Assengone
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (P.M.-N.); (C.M.-B.); (F.B.)
| | - Patrice Makouloutou-Nzassi
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (P.M.-N.); (C.M.-B.); (F.B.)
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville BP 13354, Gabon
| | - Clark Mbou-Boutambe
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (P.M.-N.); (C.M.-B.); (F.B.)
| | - Félicien Bangueboussa
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (P.M.-N.); (C.M.-B.); (F.B.)
| | - Julienne Atsame
- Programme de Lutte Contre les Maladies Parasitaires, Ministère de la Santé du Gabon, Libreville BP 2434, Gabon;
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité de Recherche en Ecologie de la Santé (URES), Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville BP 769, Gabon; (P.M.-N.); (C.M.-B.); (F.B.)
- Département d’anthropologie, Université de Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Rowland Yeo K, Wesche D. PBPK modeling of ivermectin-Considerations for the purpose of developing alternative routes to optimize its safety profile. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:598-609. [PMID: 36840414 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although single-dose ivermectin has been widely used in mass-drug administration programs for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis for many years, ivermectin may have utility as an endectocide with mosquito-lethal effects at dosages greater and longer than those used to treat helminths. The final physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for ivermectin described here was able to capture, with reasonable accuracy, observed plasma drug concentration-time profiles and exposures of ivermectin after a single oral dose of the drug in healthy male (dose range 6-30 mg) and female subjects, in both fasted and fed states, in African patients with onchocerciasis (150 μg/kg) and in African children. The PBPK model can be used for further work on lactation, pediatric dosing (considering CYP3A4 and Pg-p ontogenies), and pregnancy, especially if nonstandard doses will be used. The key findings of our study indicate that absorption of ivermectin may be highly dependent on bile micelle-mediated solubility. The drug is highly lipophilic and permeable, and its plasma exposure appears to be associated with the body mass index of an individual. These are all factors that need to be considered when extrapolating to more complex oral formulations or alternative routes of administration. Administering lower doses over a longer period may attenuate the dependence on bile micelle-mediated solubility. With relevant inputs, the verified PBPK model developed here could be used to simulate plasma exposures following administration of ivermectin by complex generics in development.
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5
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Ivermectin: A Controversial Focal Point during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091384. [PMID: 36143420 PMCID: PMC9502658 DOI: 10.3390/life12091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has confirmed the apocalyptic predictions that virologists have been making for several decades. The challenge the world is facing is that of trying to find a possible treatment, and a viable and expedient option for addressing this challenge is the repurposing of drugs. However, in some cases, although these drugs are approved for use in humans, the mechanisms of action involved are unknown. In this sense, to justify its therapeutic application to a new disease, it is ideal, but not necessary, to know the basic mechanisms of action involved in a drug’s biological effects. This review compiled the available information regarding the various effects attributed to Ivermectin. The controversy over its use for the treatment of COVID-19 is demonstrated by this report that considers the proposal unfeasible because the therapeutic doses proposed to achieve this effect cannot be achieved. However, due to the urgent need to find a treatment, an exhaustive and impartial review is necessary in order to integrate the knowledge that exists, to date, of the possible mechanisms through which the treatment may be helpful in defining safe doses and schedules of Ivermectin.
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Rezende-Teixeira P, Dusi RG, Jimenez PC, Espindola LS, Costa-Lotufo LV. What can we learn from commercial insecticides? Efficacy, toxicity, environmental impacts, and future developments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118983. [PMID: 35151812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide pesticide usage was estimated in up to 3.5 million tons in 2020. The number of approved products varies among different countries, however, in Brazil, there are nearly 5000 of such products available. Among them, insecticides correspond to a group of mounting importance for controlling crop pests and disease-associated vectors in public health. Unfortunately, resistance to commercially approved insecticides is commonly observed, limiting the use of these products. Thus, the search for more effective and environmentally friendly products is both a challenge and a necessity since several insecticides are no longer allowed in many countries. In this review, we discuss the historical strategies used in the development of modern insecticides, including chemical structure alterations, mechanism of action and their impact on insecticidal activity. The environmental impact of each pesticide class is also discussed, with persistence data and activity on non-target organisms, along with the human toxicological effect. By tracing the historical route of discovery and development of blockbuster pesticides like DDT, pyrethroids and organophosphates, we also aim to categorize and relate the successful chemical alterations and novel pesticide development strategies that resulted in safer alternatives. A brief discussion on the Brazilian registration procedure and a perspective of insecticides currently approved in the country was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rezende-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Marinha, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata G Dusi
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Paula C Jimenez
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Organismos Marinhos, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila S Espindola
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Marinha, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Salman M, Abbas RZ, Mehmood K, Hussain R, Shah S, Faheem M, Zaheer T, Abbas A, Morales B, Aneva I, Martínez JL. Assessment of Avermectins-Induced Toxicity in Animals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030332. [PMID: 35337129 PMCID: PMC8950826 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones, particularly the avermectins, have completely revolutionized the approaches aimed at control of parasites. These avermectins are the most widely used anti-parasitic drugs in veterinary field with sales exceeding one billion US dollars annually. However, before clinical usage, their safety evaluation in the animals is a major critical factor that must be considered. Many studies have reported the negative effects of avermectins like ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, and eprinomectin on the host animals. These harmful effects arise from avermectins targeting GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channels present both in the parasites and the host animals. In this review, various modes of avermectins action along with the negative effects on the host like nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disruption were discussed in detail. Furthermore, other important issues like ecotoxicity, drug resistance, and drug residues in milk associated with avermectins usage were also discussed, which need special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.A.); (B.M.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Pathology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Sehar Shah
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Mehwish Faheem
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.); (S.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Multan 59300, Pakistan;
| | - Bernardo Morales
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.Z.A.); (B.M.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Ina Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - José L. Martínez
- Vicerrectoria de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.Z.A.); (B.M.); (J.L.M.)
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Nicolas P, Kiuru C, Wagah MG, Muturi M, Duthaler U, Hammann F, Maia M, Chaccour C. Potential metabolic resistance mechanisms to ivermectin in Anopheles gambiae: a synergist bioassay study. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:172. [PMID: 33743783 PMCID: PMC7981804 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite remarkable success obtained with current malaria vector control strategies in the last 15 years, additional innovative measures will be needed to achieve the ambitious goals for malaria control set for 2030 by the World Health Organization (WHO). New tools will need to address insecticide resistance and residual transmission as key challenges. Endectocides such as ivermectin are drugs that kill mosquitoes which feed on treated subjects. Mass administration of ivermectin can effectively target outdoor and early biting vectors, complementing the still effective conventional tools. Although this approach has garnered attention, development of ivermectin resistance is a potential pitfall. Herein, we evaluate the potential role of xenobiotic pumps and cytochrome P450 enzymes in protecting mosquitoes against ivermectin by active efflux and metabolic detoxification, respectively. Methods We determined the lethal concentration 50 for ivermectin in colonized Anopheles gambiae; then we used chemical inhibitors and inducers of xenobiotic pumps and cytochrome P450 enzymes in combination with ivermectin to probe the mechanism of ivermectin detoxification. Results Dual inhibition of xenobiotic pumps and cytochromes was found to have a synergistic effect with ivermectin, greatly increasing mosquito mortality. Inhibition of xenobiotic pumps alone had no effect on ivermectin-induced mortality. Induction of xenobiotic pumps and cytochromes may confer partial protection from ivermectin. Conclusion There is a clear pathway for development of ivermectin resistance in malaria vectors. Detoxification mechanisms mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes are more important than xenobiotic pumps in protecting mosquitoes against ivermectin.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Nicolas
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosello 132, 5ª 2ª, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Caroline Kiuru
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosello 132, 5ª 2ª, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Martin G Wagah
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 91SA, UK.,Department of Biosciences, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Martha Muturi
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 230-80108, Kenya
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Hammann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Maia
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 230-80108, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Chaccour
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Rosello 132, 5ª 2ª, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, 67501, United Republic of Tanzania. .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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Tipthara P, Kobylinski KC, Godejohann M, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Roth A, Adams JH, White NJ, Jittamala P, Day NPJ, Tarning J. Identification of the metabolites of ivermectin in humans. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00712. [PMID: 33497030 PMCID: PMC7836931 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration of ivermectin has been proposed as a possible malaria elimination tool. Ivermectin exhibits a mosquito-lethal effect well beyond its biological half-life, suggesting the presence of active slowly eliminated metabolites. Human liver microsomes, primary human hepatocytes, and whole blood from healthy volunteers given oral ivermectin were used to identify ivermectin metabolites by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of metabolites were determined by mass spectrometry and verified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Pure cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms were used to elucidate the metabolic pathways. Thirteen different metabolites (M1-M13) were identified after incubation of ivermectin with human liver microsomes. Three (M1, M3, and M6) were the major metabolites found in microsomes, hepatocytes, and blood from volunteers after oral ivermectin administration. The chemical structure, defined by LC-MS/MS and NMR, indicated that M1 is 3″-O-demethyl ivermectin, M3 is 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin, and M6 is 3″-O-demethyl, 4-hydroxymethyl ivermectin. Metabolic pathway evaluations with characterized cytochrome P450 enzymes showed that M1, M3, and M6 were produced primarily by CYP3A4, and that M1 was also produced to a small extent by CYP3A5. Demethylated (M1) and hydroxylated (M3) ivermectin were the main human in vivo metabolites. Further studies are needed to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties and mosquito-lethal activity of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornpimon Tipthara
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kevin C. Kobylinski
- Department of EntomologyArmed Forces Research Institute of Medical SciencesBangkokThailand
| | | | - Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical MedicineFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Alison Roth
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases ResearchCollege of Public HealthUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
- Department of Drug DiscoveryExperimental Therapeutics BranchWalter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases ResearchCollege of Public HealthUniversity of South FloridaTampaFLUSA
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Podjanee Jittamala
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Tropical HygieneFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Joel Tarning
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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10
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Ahmed AE, Alshehri A, Al-Kahtani MA, Elbehairi SEI, Alshehri MA, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Al-Doais AA, Taha R, Morsy K, El-Mansi AA. Vitamin E and selenium administration synergistically mitigates ivermectin and doramectin-induced testicular dysfunction in male Wistar albino rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109841. [PMID: 31972360 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avermectins are broad-spectrum antiparasitic drugs in veterinary and human medication. The current study aimed to examine the toxic effects of ivermectin (IVM) and doramectin (DRM), with or without co-treatment of vitamin E (Vit.E) and selenium (Se) on apoptosis, oxidative stress and male fertility in Wistar rats. Twenty five adult male animals were divided into five groups; G1; was control (CTL) received saline, G2; IVM (0.2 mg/kg b.w), G3; IVM plus Vit.E/Se (80/1.6 mg/kg b.w, respectively), G4; DRM (0.2 mg/kg b.w), and G5; DRM plus Vit.E/Se. Both IVM and DRM were given by subcutaneous (s.c) injections while Vit.E/Se was orally given. All treatments were administered once weekly for four consecutive weeks. By 24 h after the last treatment, the animals were sacrificed. Blood and tissue samples were collected for hematology, serobiochemistry, histopathology, and molecular assays for hepatic/ renal toxicities, oxidative stress, cell viability and fertility parameters. Apoptosis of the hepatic cells obtained from the treated rats was assayed by detection of annexin-V using the flow cytometric assay (FCA). The proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA fragmentation in the treated rats' testicular tissues were also assayed. Moreover, the direct effects of IVM or DRM with or without concomitant administration of Vit.E/Se on testicular cells isolated from adult rat were also performed in vitro. Apoptosis of those cultured testicular cells in response to the different treatments was assayed by detection of the inhibition-concentration fifty (IC50) using the SRB method, and evaluating the viable versus apoptotic cells microscopically after staining with acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EB). In conclusion, both avermectins induced apoptosis in the living and cultured cells, while those antioxidants; Vit.E and Se, reduced the oxidative stress and cytotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro, either. Furthermore, the reprotoxicity and reduced male fertility were seriously evoked by IVM, but not DRM with dramatic ameliorative effect of Vit.E/Se if concomitantly administered. Avermectins, especially ivermectin, should be given according to the dose recommended by the manufacturer company and repeated dosages should be given with Vit.E/Se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt.
| | - Ali Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Al-Kahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Shati
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amin A Al-Doais
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramadan Taha
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Mansi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Barros GPD, Bricarello PA. Myiasis by <i>Cochliomyia hominivorax</i> (Coquerel, 1858): A Neglected Zoonosis in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/ojvm.2020.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Wendt S, Trawinski H, Schubert S, Rodloff AC, Mössner J, Lübbert C. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pinworm Infection. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 116:213-219. [PMID: 31064642 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2019.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic infection with pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), a human pathogen, is clinically relevant in Germany, with an estimated prevalence in childhood of 2-20%. Enterobiasis can cause major mental distress. There is little systematically verified knowledge on the treatment of this condition, and there is no corresponding German guideline. This review is, therefore, intended as a summary of the current state of knowledge. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed for literature appearing from 1 January 1990 to 5 February 2019 and containing the search terms "enterobiasis," "oxyuriasis," "Enterobius vermicula- ris," "pinworm," and "threadworm." RESULTS More than one billion people worldwide are thought to be infected with pinworm. Estimates of its prevalence among kindergarten and primary-school pupils in Europe are generally near 20%. Infants (<2 years of age), adolescents (>14 years of age), and adults are only sporadically affected. The main risk factors are age 4-11 years, uncontrolled anus-finger-mouth contact, nail-biting (onychophagia/peri- onychophagia), unsupervised body hygiene, and poor compliance with basic hand hygiene. No large-scale, randomized, controlled trials of treatment are available. The approved antihelminthic agents are mebendazole, pyrantel embonate, and pyrvinium embonate (success rates up to >90%). For recurrent infections, prolonged treatment for up to 16 weeks (a "pulse scheme") is recommended. CONCLUSION In nearly all cases, antihelminthic treatment along with attention to hygienic measures can successfully eradicate pinworm infection and prevent recurrence and autoinfection. The involvement of all persons living in the patient's house- hold, including sexual partners, is a prerequisite to the lasting success of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital; Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), Leipzig University Hospital; Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Leipzig University Hospital; Department of Gastroenterology, Leipzig University Hospital
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Gondim BL, Oshiro-Júnior JA, Fernanandes FH, Nóbrega FP, Castellano LR, Medeiros AC. Plant Extracts Loaded in Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems for Treating Parasitic and Antimicrobial Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1604-1615. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190628153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Plant extracts loaded in nanostructured drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have been reported
as an alternative to current therapies for treating parasitic and antimicrobial diseases. Among their advantages,
plant extracts in NDSSs increase the stability of the drugs against environmental factors by promoting
protection against oxygen, humidity, and light, among other factors; improve the solubility of hydrophobic compounds;
enhance the low absorption of the active components of the extracts (i.e., biopharmaceutical classification
II), which results in greater bioavailability; and control the release rate of the substances, which is fundamental
to improving the therapeutic effectiveness. In this review, we present the most recent data on NDDSs using
plant extracts and report results obtained from studies related to in vitro and in vivo biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna L.C. Gondim
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - João A. Oshiro-Júnior
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Felipe H.A. Fernanandes
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P. Nóbrega
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Lúcio R.C. Castellano
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Imunologia Humana, Escola Tecnica de Saude, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ana C.D. Medeiros
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento e Ensaios de Medicamentos, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Estadual da Paraiba, R. Baraunas, 351, Cidade Universitaria, Campina Grande, Paraiba, 58429-500, Brazil
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Ashour DS. Ivermectin: From theory to clinical application. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 54:134-142. [PMID: 31071469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 250 million people have been using ivermectin (IVM) annually to combat many parasitic diseases including filariasis, onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, scabies and pediculosis. Many clinical studies have proven its efficacy against these diseases and have reported the optimum dose and duration of treatment. Moreover, its antiparasitic range has increased to cover more parasitic infections, but it still requires further exploration, e.g. for trichinosis and myiasis. Furthermore, IVM showed high efficacy in killing vectors of disease-causing parasites such as mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has managed many control programmes involving the use of IVM to achieve elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis and to reduce malaria transmission. However, IVM is not exempt from the possibility of resistance and, certainly, its intensive use has led to the emergence of resistance in some parasites. Recent research is investigating the possibility of novel drug delivery systems for IVM that increase its potential to treat a new range of diseases and to overcome the possibility of drug resistance. This review highlights the most common human uses of IVM, with special reference to the new and promising properties of IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Thadanipon K, Anothaisintawee T, Rattanasiri S, Thakkinstian A, Attia J. Efficacy and safety of antiscabietic agents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:1435-1444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Parisi DP, Santos SAR, Cabral D, Queiroz-Hazarbassanov N, Flório JC, Bernardi MM, Kirsten TB. Therapeutical doses of ivermectin and its association with stress disrupt motor and social behaviors of juvenile rats and serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:149-157. [PMID: 30901667 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin is a human and veterinary antiparasitic drug which is one of the most widely used in the world. Studies from our group have revealed several behavioral and neurochemical impairments induced by therapeutic doses of ivermectin in adult rats. However, the effects on juveniles remain unknown. Ivermectin has been prescribed for juvenile humans, pets and farm animals, which still show remarkable development and postnatal maturation and may be more susceptible to drug interventions. Hence, we studied the behavioral and neurochemical effects of two therapeutical doses (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg) of ivermectin in juvenile rats. As it is underestimated in prescriptions, the stress factor was also studied. Ivermectin 1.0 mg/kg induced hyperlocomotion in juvenile rats. Association of 1.0 mg/kg ivermectin with stress induced hypolocomotion in rats. Ivermectin 1.0 mg/kg whether or not associated with stress exacerbated socialization of rats. Ivermectin did not induce anxiety-like behavior neither affected corticosterone levels of juvenile rats. The motor/exploratory behavioral findings induced by association of ivermectin and stress seem to be triggered after the increase in the striatal serotonergic system activity. Association of ivermectin with stress increased striatal dopamine levels, which increased (excessive) social play behavior. Our results suggest a review of the prescribed dose of ivermectin for juvenile humans and pets. Moreover, the stress factor should be considered for ivermectin medical prescriptions, since it may exacerbate behavioral and neurochemical disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora P Parisi
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Satiro A R Santos
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Danilo Cabral
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Queiroz-Hazarbassanov
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Jorge C Flório
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Maria M Bernardi
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Thiago B Kirsten
- Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
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Gallardo F, Mariamé B, Gence R, Tilkin-Mariamé AF. Macrocyclic lactones inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells proliferation through PAK1 inhibition and reduce in vivo tumor growth. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2805-2814. [PMID: 30233143 PMCID: PMC6135081 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s172538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancer nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in Europe and North America but is a real public health problem in some regions of the world, such as southern Asia, North Africa, and for Inuit populations. Due to the anatomy and location of the nasopharynx, surgery is rarely used to treat primary NPC cancers. Treatment by radiotherapy, combined or not with chemotherapy, are efficient for primary tumors but often do not protect against fatal relapses or metastases. Methods Search for new therapeutic molecules through high content screening lead to the identification of Ivermectin (IVM) as a promising drug. IVM is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved macrocyclic lactone widely used as anthelmintic and insecticidal agent that has also shown protective effects against cancers. Results We show here that IVM has cytotoxic activity in vitro against NPC cells, in which it reduces MAPKs pathway activation through the inhibition PAK-1 activity. Moreover, all macrocyclic lactones tested and a PAK1 inhibitor are cytotoxic in vitro for EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC tumor cells. We have also shown that IVM intraperitoneal repeated injections, at US Food and Drug Administration-approved doses, have no significant toxicity and decrease NPC subcutaneous tumors development in nude mice. Conclusion Macrocyclic lactones appear as promising molecules against NPC targeting PAK-1 with no detectable adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Gallardo
- NeoVirTech, SAS, Institut for Advanced Technology in Life Science (ITAV), Toulouse, France,
| | | | - Remi Gence
- INSERM UMR 1037, CRCT, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Greter H, Mmbando B, Makunde W, Mnacho M, Matuja W, Kakorozya A, Suykerbuyk P, Colebunders R. Evolution of epilepsy prevalence and incidence in a Tanzanian area endemic for onchocerciasis and the potential impact of community-directed treatment with ivermectin: a cross-sectional study and comparison over 28 years. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e017188. [PMID: 29605818 PMCID: PMC5884367 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, there are an estimated 50 million people affected by epilepsy. Its aetiology is manifold, and parasitic infections play an important role, specifically onchocerciasis. In onchocerciasis endemic areas, a distinctive form of epilepsy has been described as nodding syndrome, affecting children and causing nodding seizures, mental retardation and debilitating physical development. Onchocerciasis control programmes using community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) are implemented in endemic countries. This study is designed to contribute to a better understanding of the linkage between the onset of epilepsy, onchocerciasis and CDTI. Comparing the epidemiological data on epilepsy and onchocerciasis from pre-CDTI and 20 years after its introduction will allow identifying a potential impact of ivermectin on the onset of epilepsy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will be conducted in the Mahenge highlands in Tanzania. Study site selection is based on an in-depth study on epilepsy in that area dating from 1989. CDTI was introduced in 1997. By a door-to-door approach, the population will be screened for epilepsy using a validated questionnaire. Suspected cases will be invited for a neurological examination for case verification. Onchocerciasis prevalence will be assessed by a rapid epidemiological assessment. As an indicator for ongoing transmission, children younger than 10 years of age will be tested for Ov16 antibodies. Ivermectin use will be assessed at household level. Epilepsy data will be analysed in comparison with the 1989 data to reveal pre-CDTI and post-CDTI prevalence and incidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol has received ethical approval from the ethics committees of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, and of the National Institut of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, and presented to the health authorities in Tanzania, at national, regional and village level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Greter
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bruno Mmbando
- National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Williams Makunde
- National Institute of Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Mohamed Mnacho
- Department of Neurology, Muhimbili University of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - William Matuja
- Department of Neurology, Muhimbili University of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Smit MR, Ochomo EO, Aljayyoussi G, Kwambai TK, Abong'o BO, Chen T, Bousema T, Slater HC, Waterhouse D, Bayoh NM, Gimnig JE, Samuels AM, Desai MR, Phillips-Howard PA, Kariuki SK, Wang D, Ward SA, Ter Kuile FO. Safety and mosquitocidal efficacy of high-dose ivermectin when co-administered with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Kenyan adults with uncomplicated malaria (IVERMAL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:615-626. [PMID: 29602751 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin is being considered for mass drug administration for malaria due to its ability to kill mosquitoes feeding on recently treated individuals. However, standard, single doses of 150-200 μg/kg used for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis have a short-lived mosquitocidal effect (<7 days). Because ivermectin is well tolerated up to 2000 μg/kg, we aimed to establish the safety, tolerability, and mosquitocidal efficacy of 3 day courses of high-dose ivermectin, co-administered with a standard malaria treatment. METHODS We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, superiority trial at the Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (Kisumu, Kenya). Adults (aged 18-50 years) were eligible if they had confirmed symptomatic uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and agreed to the follow-up schedule. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) using sealed envelopes, stratified by sex and body-mass index (men: <21 vs ≥21 kg/m2; women: <23 vs ≥23 kg/m2), with permuted blocks of three, to receive 3 days of ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day, ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day, or placebo, all co-administered with 3 days of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Blood of patients taken on post-treatment days 0, 2 + 4 h, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 was fed to laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes, and mosquito survival was assessed daily for 28 days after feeding. The primary outcome was 14-day cumulative mortality of mosquitoes fed 7 days after ivermectin treatment (from participants who received at least one dose of study medication). The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02511353. FINDINGS Between July 20, 2015, and May 7, 2016, 741 adults with malaria were assessed for eligibility, of whom 141 were randomly assigned to receive ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day (n=47), ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day (n=48), or placebo (n=46). 128 patients (91%) attended the primary outcome visit 7 days post treatment. Compared with placebo, ivermectin was associated with higher 14 day post-feeding mosquito mortality when fed on blood taken 7 days post treatment (ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day risk ratio [RR] 2·26, 95% CI 1·93-2·65, p<0·0001; hazard ratio [HR] 6·32, 4·61-8·67, p<0·0001; ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day RR 2·18, 1·86-2·57, p<0·0001; HR 4·21, 3·06-5·79, p<0·0001). Mosquito mortality remained significantly increased 28 days post treatment (ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day RR 1·23, 1·01-1·50, p=0·0374; and ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day 1·21, 1·01-1·44, p=0·0337). Five (11%) of 45 patients receiving ivermectin 600 μg/kg per day, two (4%) of 48 patients receiving ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day, and none of 46 patients receiving placebo had one or more treatment-related adverse events. INTERPRETATION Ivermectin at both doses assessed was well tolerated and reduced mosquito survival for at least 28 days after treatment. Ivermectin 300 μg/kg per day for 3 days provided a good balance between efficacy and tolerability, and this drug shows promise as a potential new tool for malaria elimination. FUNDING Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance (MESA) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno R Smit
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Eric O Ochomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Titus K Kwambai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Kenya Ministry of Health, Kisumu County, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bernard O Abong'o
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Tao Chen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hannah C Slater
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nabie M Bayoh
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John E Gimnig
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aaron M Samuels
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meghna R Desai
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Simon K Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Duolao Wang
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve A Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Cano J, Basáñez MG, O'Hanlon SJ, Tekle AH, Wanji S, Zouré HG, Rebollo MP, Pullan RL. Identifying co-endemic areas for major filarial infections in sub-Saharan Africa: seeking synergies and preventing severe adverse events during mass drug administration campaigns. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:70. [PMID: 29382363 PMCID: PMC5791223 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are major filarial infections targeted for elimination in most endemic sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries by 2020/2025. The current control strategies are built upon community-directed mass administration of ivermectin (CDTI) for onchocerciasis, and ivermectin plus albendazole for LF, with evidence pointing towards the potential for novel drug regimens. When distributing microfilaricides however, considerable care is needed to minimise the risk of severe adverse events (SAEs) in areas that are co-endemic for onchocerciasis or LF and loiasis. This work aims to combine previously published predictive risk maps for onchocerciasis, LF and loiasis to (i) explore the scale of spatial heterogeneity in co-distributions, (ii) delineate target populations for different treatment strategies, and (iii) quantify populations at risk of SAEs across the continent. Methods Geographical co-endemicity of filarial infections prior to the implementation of large-scale mass treatment interventions was analysed by combining a contemporary LF endemicity map with predictive prevalence maps of onchocerciasis and loiasis. Potential treatment strategies were geographically delineated according to the level of co-endemicity and estimated transmission intensity. Results In total, an estimated 251 million people live in areas of LF and/or onchocerciasis transmission in SSA, based on 2015 population estimates. Of these, 96 million live in areas co-endemic for both LF and onchocerciasis, providing opportunities for integrated control programmes, and 83 million live in LF-monoendemic areas potentially targetable for the novel ivermectin-diethylcarbamazine-albendazole (IDA) triple therapy. Only 4% of the at-risk population live in areas co-endemic with high loiasis transmission, representing up to 1.2 million individuals at high risk of experiencing SAEs if treated with ivermectin. In these areas, alternative treatment strategies should be explored, including biannual albendazole monotherapy for LF (1.4 million individuals) and ‘test-and-treat’ strategies (8.7 million individuals) for onchocerciasis. Conclusions These maps are intended to initiate discussion around the potential for tailored treatment strategies, and highlight populations at risk of SAEs. Further work is required to test and refine strategies in programmatic settings, providing the empirical evidence needed to guide efforts towards the 2020/2025 goals and beyond. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2655-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cano
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's campus), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon J O'Hanlon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine (St Mary's campus), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Afework H Tekle
- Research Foundation in Tropical Medicine and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.,Research Foundation in Tropical Medicine and the Environment, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Honorat G Zouré
- Former African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control Programme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Maria P Rebollo
- Expanded Special Programme for Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ESPEN), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Rachel L Pullan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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21
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Ivermectin reduces motor coordination, serum testosterone, and central neurotransmitter levels but does not affect sexual motivation in male rats. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Colebunders R, Mandro M, Mukendi D, Dolo H, Suykerbuyk P, Van Oijen M. Ivermectin Treatment in Patients With Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy: Protocol of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2017; 6:e137. [PMID: 28855148 PMCID: PMC5597797 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported an association between epilepsy, nodding syndrome (NS), and onchocerciasis (river blindness). A high prevalence of epilepsy has been noted particularly in onchocerciasis hyperendemic areas where onchocerciasis is not or insufficiently controlled with mass ivermectin distribution. There is evidence that increasing the coverage of ivermectin reduces the incidence of epilepsy, and anecdotal evidence suggests a reduction in seizure frequency in onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) patients who receive ivermectin. Finding an alternative treatment for epilepsy in these patients will have major consequences. OBJECTIVE The goal of the study is to assess whether ivermectin treatment decreases the frequency of seizures and leads to seizure freedom in OAE patients, including patients with NS. If we are able to demonstrate such an effect, this would strengthen the argument that onchocerciasis is causing epilepsy and therefore we should increase our efforts to eliminate onchocerciasis. METHODS We will conduct a randomized clinical trial in the Democratic Republic of Congo to compare seizure freedom in onchocerciasis-infested epilepsy patients who receive immediate ivermectin treatment with delayed (after 4 months) ivermectin treatment. All participants will simultaneously receive antiepilepsy drugs (AEDs) according to local guidelines for epilepsy treatment. The primary endpoint is seizure freedom defined as no seizures during the 4 month of follow-up. Secondary endpoint is significant (>50%) seizure reduction compared to baseline seizure frequency. Reduction of seizures will be compared between ivermectin and nonivermectin arms. RESULTS Start of enrollment is planned for August 2017, and we expect to have enrolled all 110 participants by December 2017. Results are expected in June 2018. CONCLUSIONS If ivermectin treatment in addition to AEDs is able to lead to seizure freedom or significantly reduces seizure frequency in OAE patients, this will have major consequences for epilepsy treatment in onchocerciasis-endemic regions. Ivermectin is donated for free and in non Loa-Loa-endemic regions has negligible side effects. Reducing the burden of epilepsy will have a major impact on quality of life and socioeconomic status of families with affected members in Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03052998; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03052998 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6roFVQSG0).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Mandro
- Provincial Ministry of Health, Bunia, The Democratic Republic Of The Congo
| | - Deby Mukendi
- Centre Neuro Psycho Pathologique, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic Of The Congo
| | - Housseini Dolo
- University of Antwerp, Global Health Institute, Antwerp, Belgium
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Ventre E, Rozières A, Lenief V, Albert F, Rossio P, Laoubi L, Dombrowicz D, Staels B, Ulmann L, Julia V, Vial E, Jomard A, Hacini-Rachinel F, Nicolas JF, Vocanson M. Topical ivermectin improves allergic skin inflammation. Allergy 2017; 72:1212-1221. [PMID: 28052336 DOI: 10.1111/all.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVM) is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat parasitic infections. Recent reports have suggested that IVM could also have anti-inflammatory properties. METHODS Here, we investigated the activity of IVM in a murine model of atopic dermatitis (AD) induced by repeated exposure to the allergen Dermatophagoides farinae, and in standard cellular immunological assays. RESULTS Our results show that topical IVM improved allergic skin inflammation by reducing the priming and activation of allergen-specific T cells, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. While IVM had no major impact on the functions of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, IVM impaired T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production following polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results show that IVM is endowed with topical anti-inflammatory properties that could have important applications for the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ventre
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - A. Rozières
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - V. Lenief
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - F. Albert
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - P. Rossio
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - L. Laoubi
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - D. Dombrowicz
- Université de Lille; INSERM; CHU de Lille; European Genomic Institute of Diabetes; Institut Pasteur de Lille; U1011-récepteurs nucléaires maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète; Lille France
| | - B. Staels
- Université de Lille; INSERM; CHU de Lille; European Genomic Institute of Diabetes; Institut Pasteur de Lille; U1011-récepteurs nucléaires maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète; Lille France
| | - L. Ulmann
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; CNRS; INSERM; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - V. Julia
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - E. Vial
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | - A. Jomard
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D; Sophia-Antipolis; Biot France
| | | | - J.-F. Nicolas
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
| | - M. Vocanson
- CIRI; International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; INSERM, U1111; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5308; Lyon France
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24
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Crump A. Ivermectin: enigmatic multifaceted 'wonder' drug continues to surprise and exceed expectations. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:495-505. [PMID: 28196978 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the global scientific community have begun to recognize the unmatched value of an extraordinary drug, ivermectin, that originates from a single microbe unearthed from soil in Japan. Work on ivermectin has seen its discoverer, Satoshi Ōmura, of Tokyo's prestigious Kitasato Institute, receive the 2014 Gairdner Global Health Award and the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which he shared with a collaborating partner in the discovery and development of the drug, William Campbell of Merck & Co. Incorporated. Today, ivermectin is continuing to surprise and excite scientists, offering more and more promise to help improve global public health by treating a diverse range of diseases, with its unexpected potential as an antibacterial, antiviral and anti-cancer agent being particularly extraordinary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Crump
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-Ku, Japan
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25
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Pérez-Labrada K, Cruz-Mendoza MA, Chávez-Riveros A, Hernández-Vázquez E, Torroba T, Miranda LD. Diversity-oriented synthesis and cytotoxic activity evaluation of biaryl-containing macrocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:2450-2458. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of biaryl-containing macrocycles has been carried out through a four-step approach comprising two Ugi four component reactions and a Suzuki–Miyaura macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karell Pérez-Labrada
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Marco A. Cruz-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Alejandra Chávez-Riveros
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Eduardo Hernández-Vázquez
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos
- Spain
| | - Luis D. Miranda
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
- Coyoacán
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26
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Smit MR, Ochomo E, Aljayyoussi G, Kwambai T, Abong'o B, Bayoh N, Gimnig J, Samuels A, Desai M, Phillips-Howard PA, Kariuki S, Wang D, Ward S, Ter Kuile FO. Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Ivermectin for Reducing Malaria Transmission (IVERMAL): Protocol for a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Finding Trial in Western Kenya. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e213. [PMID: 27856406 PMCID: PMC5133431 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innovative approaches are needed to complement existing tools for malaria elimination. Ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasitic endectocide clinically used for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis control at single doses of 150 to 200 mcg/kg. It also shortens the lifespan of mosquitoes that feed on individuals recently treated with ivermectin. However, the effect after a 150 to 200 mcg/kg oral dose is short-lived (6 to 11 days). Modeling suggests higher doses, which prolong the mosquitocidal effects, are needed to make a significant contribution to malaria elimination. Ivermectin has a wide therapeutic index and previous studies have shown doses up to 2000 mcg/kg (ie, 10 times the US Food and Drug Administration approved dose) are well tolerated and safe; the highest dose used for onchocerciasis is a single dose of 800 mcg/kg. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ivermectin doses of 0, 300, and 600 mcg/kg/day for 3 days, when provided with a standard 3-day course of the antimalarial dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), on mosquito survival. METHODS This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 3-arm, dose-finding trial in adults with uncomplicated malaria. Monte Carlo simulations based on pharmacokinetic modeling were performed to determine the optimum dosing regimens to be tested. Modeling showed that a 3-day regimen of 600 mcg/kg/day achieved similar median (5 to 95 percentiles) maximum drug concentrations (Cmax) of ivermectin to a single of dose of 800 mcg/kg, while increasing the median time above the lethal concentration 50% (LC50, 16 ng/mL) from 1.9 days (1.0 to 5.7) to 6.8 (3.8 to 13.4) days. The 300 mcg/kg/day dose was chosen at 50% of the higher dose to allow evaluation of the dose response. Mosquito survival will be assessed daily up to 28 days in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae s.s. populations fed on patients' blood taken at days 0, 2 (Cmax), 7 (primary outcome), 10, 14, 21, and 28 after the start of treatment. Safety outcomes include QT-prolongation and mydriasis. The trial will be conducted in 6 health facilities in western Kenya and requires a sample size of 141 participants (47 per arm). Sub-studies include (1) rich pharmacokinetics and (2) direct skin versus membrane feeding assays. RESULTS Recruitment started July 20, 2015. Data collection was completed July 2, 2016. Unblinding and analysis will commence once the database has been completed, cleaned, and locked. CONCLUSIONS High-dose ivermectin, if found to be safe and well tolerated, might offer a promising new tool for malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno R Smit
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Titus Kwambai
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya.,Kisumu County, Kenya Ministry of Health (MoH), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bernard Abong'o
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nabie Bayoh
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aaron Samuels
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Meghna Desai
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Simon Kariuki
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Duolao Wang
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Ward
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Feiko O Ter Kuile
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, United Kingdom
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27
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Koch E, Clark JM, Cohen B, Meinking TL, Ryan WG, Stevenson A, Yetman R, Yoon KS. Management of Head Louse Infestations in the United States-A Literature Review. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:466-72. [PMID: 27595869 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Head lice are a source of scalp irritation, social disruption, and loss of school time. Health care providers need authoritative information to help avoid the costs and risks of ineffective treatment. A review was completed to provide relevant information on infestation treatments available in the United States. Three major biomedical databases were searched from 1985, when current products were first available, to 2014, focusing on U.S. REPORTS A total of 579 references remained after duplicates were removed. A search of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website and labels of approved products were reviewed. A marked decline in the effectiveness of permethrin and synergized pyrethrins was found, probably because of resistance arising from widespread and indiscriminate use, and the emergence of knockdown resistance mutations. The potential toxicity of lindane in the setting of readily available, safer, and more effective alternatives, should limit its use. Prescription products shown to be safe and effective with a single application, without nit combing, are topical ivermectin, malathion, and spinosad, whereas benzyl alcohol requires two applications. Home remedies such as mayonnaise, and essential oils, have not been demonstrated to be safe or effective, and may carry potential for severe adverse events. The high risk of failure of over-the-counter treatments in eliminating head louse infestations drives a need for health care provider recognition of the limitations of current treatments and for judicious use of treatments that remain effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Koch
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Marshall Clark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Bernard Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Robert Yetman
- University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois
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Franklin KM, Hauser SR, Lasek AW, Bell RL, McBride WJ. Involvement of Purinergic P2X4 Receptors in Alcohol Intake of High-Alcohol-Drinking (HAD) Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2022-31. [PMID: 26334550 PMCID: PMC4592405 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is thought to be involved in regulating alcohol-consuming behaviors, and ethanol (EtOH) has been reported to inhibit P2X4Rs. Ivermectin is an antiparasitic agent that acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the P2X4R. This study examined the effects of systemically and centrally administered ivermectin on alcohol drinking of replicate lines of high-alcohol-drinking (HAD-1/HAD-2) rats, and the effects of lentiviral-delivered short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting P2rx4 on EtOH intake of female HAD-2 rats. METHODS For the first experiment, adult male HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats were given 24-hour free-choice access to 15% EtOH versus water. Dose-response effects of ivermectin (1.5 to 7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) on EtOH intake were determined; the effects of ivermectin were then examined for 2% w/v sucrose intake over 5 consecutive days. In the second experiment, female HAD-2 rats were trained to consume 15% EtOH under 2-hour limited access conditions, and dose-response effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of ivermectin (0.5 to 2.0 μg) were determined over 5 consecutive days. The third experiment determined the effects of microinfusion of a lentivirus expressing P2rx4 shRNAs into the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA) on 24-hour EtOH free-choice drinking of female HAD-2 rats. RESULTS The highest i.p. dose of ivermectin reduced alcohol drinking (30 to 45%) in both rat lines, but did not alter sucrose intake. HAD-2 rats appeared to be more sensitive than HAD-1 rats to the effects of ivermectin. ICV administration of ivermectin reduced 2-hour limited access intake (~35%) of female HAD-2 rats; knockdown of P2rx4 expression in the posterior VTA reduced 24-hour free-choice EtOH intake (~20%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of this study support a role for P2X4Rs within the mesolimbic system in mediating alcohol-drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelle M. Franklin
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sheketha R. Hauser
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Amy W. Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard L. Bell
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - William J. McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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Melotti A, Mas C, Kuciak M, Lorente-Trigos A, Borges I, Ruiz i Altaba A. The river blindness drug Ivermectin and related macrocyclic lactones inhibit WNT-TCF pathway responses in human cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1263-78. [PMID: 25143352 PMCID: PMC4287931 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of canonical WNT-TCF signaling is implicated in multiple diseases, including intestine and lung cancers, but there are no WNT-TCF antagonists in clinical use. We have performed a repositioning screen for WNT-TCF response blockers aiming to recapitulate the genetic blockade afforded by dominant-negative TCF. We report that Ivermectin inhibits the expression of WNT-TCF targets, mimicking dnTCF, and that its low concentration effects are rescued by direct activation by TCF(VP16). Ivermectin inhibits the proliferation and increases apoptosis of various human cancer types. It represses the levels of C-terminal β-CATENIN phosphoforms and of CYCLIN D1 in an okadaic acid-sensitive manner, indicating its action involves protein phosphatases. In vivo, Ivermectin selectively inhibits TCF-dependent, but not TCF-independent, xenograft growth without obvious side effects. Analysis of single semi-synthetic derivatives highlights Selamectin, urging its clinical testing and the exploration of the macrocyclic lactone chemical space. Given that Ivermectin is a safe anti-parasitic agent used by > 200 million people against river blindness, our results suggest its additional use as a therapeutic WNT-TCF pathway response blocker to treat WNT-TCF-dependent diseases including multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Melotti
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Mas
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monika Kuciak
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aiala Lorente-Trigos
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Borges
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Ruiz i Altaba
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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30
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Urdaneta-Marquez L, Bae SH, Janukavicius P, Beech R, Dent J, Prichard R. A dyf-7 haplotype causes sensory neuron defects and is associated with macrocyclic lactone resistance worldwide in the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:1063-71. [PMID: 25224687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heavy reliance on macrocyclic lactones to treat parasitic nematodes has resulted in the evolution of widespread drug resistance that threatens human and animal health. Management strategies have been proposed that would slow the rise of resistance, however testing these strategies has been hampered by the lack of identified strong-effect resistance markers in parasites. We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene Cel_dyf-7, necessary for amphid sensory neuron development, also confers macrocyclic lactone sensitivity. In the sheep parasite Haemonchus contortus: (i) strains selected for macrocyclic lactone resistance were enriched in a Hco_dyf-7 haplotype that was rare in the drug-naïve population, (ii) the resistant haplotype correlated with the sensory neuron defects, and (iii) the resistant haplotype was associated with decreased Hco_dyf-7 expression. Resistant field isolates of H. contortus from five continents were enriched for the resistant haplotype, demonstrating the relevance of the Hco_dyf-7 haplotype to practise and indicating that it is a locus of strong effect. Hemizygosity resulting from sex linkage of dyf-7 likely contributes to the rise of resistance in treated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmel Urdaneta-Marquez
- Institute of Parasitology, 21111 Lakeshore, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Seong Han Bae
- Department of Biology, 1205 Ave. Docteur Penfield, McGill University, Montreal H3A1B1, Canada
| | - Patrick Janukavicius
- Department of Biology, 1205 Ave. Docteur Penfield, McGill University, Montreal H3A1B1, Canada
| | - Robin Beech
- Institute of Parasitology, 21111 Lakeshore, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Joseph Dent
- Department of Biology, 1205 Ave. Docteur Penfield, McGill University, Montreal H3A1B1, Canada
| | - Roger Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, 21111 Lakeshore, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue H9X3V9, Canada.
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Omura S, Crump A. Ivermectin: panacea for resource-poor communities? Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:445-55. [PMID: 25130507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2014 Gairdner Global Health Award was conferred for discovery of the unique microorganism that is the sole source of the endectocidal avermectins, and the Public sector/Private sector Partnership that developed innovative biopharmaceuticals with immeasurably beneficial impact on public health worldwide. Ivermectin is already labelled a 'wonder drug', essential for campaigns to eliminate two disfiguring and devastating tropical diseases. New uses for it are identified regularly, including possible antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer potential. Hundreds of millions of people are taking ivermectin to combat various diseases and afflictions, and mass administration of ivermectin in polyparasitised poor communities around the world is increasingly recognised as a mechanism to easily and cost-effectively improve overall health and quality of life for everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Omura
- The Kitasato Institute and Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Andy Crump
- The Kitasato Institute and Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Franklin KM, Asatryan L, Jakowec MW, Trudell JR, Bell RL, Davies DL. P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) represent a novel target for the development of drugs to prevent and/or treat alcohol use disorders. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:176. [PMID: 25009459 PMCID: PMC4068020 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have a staggering socioeconomic impact. Few therapeutic options are available, and they are largely inadequate. These shortcomings highlight the urgent need to develop effective medications to prevent and/or treat AUDs. A critical barrier is the lack of information regarding the molecular target(s) by which ethanol (EtOH) exerts its pharmacological activity. This review highlights findings implicating P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) as a target for the development of therapeutics to treat AUDs and discusses the use of ivermectin (IVM) as a potential clinical tool for treatment of AUDs. P2XRs are a family of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) activated by extracellular ATP. Of the P2XR subtypes, P2X4Rs are expressed the most abundantly in the CNS. Converging evidence suggests that P2X4Rs are involved in the development and progression of AUDs. First, in vitro studies report that pharmacologically relevant EtOH concentrations can negatively modulate ATP-activated currents. Second, P2X4Rs in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system are thought to play a role in synaptic plasticity and are located ideally to modulate brain reward systems. Third, alcohol-preferring (P) rats have lower functional expression of the p2rx4 gene than alcohol-non-preferring (NP) rats suggesting an inverse relationship between alcohol intake and P2X4R expression. Similarly, whole brain p2rx4 expression has been shown to relate inversely to innate 24 h alcohol preference across 28 strains of rats. Fourth, mice lacking the p2rx4 gene drink more EtOH than wildtype controls. Fifth, IVM, a positive modulator of P2X4Rs, antagonizes EtOH-mediated inhibition of P2X4Rs in vitro and reduces EtOH intake and preference in vivo. These findings suggest that P2X4Rs contribute to EtOH intake. The present review summarizes recent findings focusing on the P2X4R as a molecular target of EtOH action, its role in EtOH drinking behavior and modulation of its activity by IVM as a potential therapy for AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelle M Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James R Trudell
- Beckman Program for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Goldust M, Rezaee E, Raghiafar R. Topical ivermectin versus crotamiton cream 10% for the treatment of scabies. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:904-8. [PMID: 24898622 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scabies, known colloquially as the 7-year itch, is a contagious skin infection that occurs among humans and other animals. The treatment of choice is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of topical ivermectin vs. crotamiton cream 10% for the treatment of scabies. In total, 340 patients with scabies were enrolled, and randomized into two groups. The first group received 1% ivermectin applied topically to the affected skin. The dose employed was 400 μg/kg, repeated once the following week, and the second group received crotamiton 10% cream and were told to apply this twice daily for five consecutive days. Treatment was evaluated at intervals of two and four weeks, and if there was treatment failure at the 2-week follow-up, treatment was repeated. Two applications of topical ivermectin provided a cure rate of 64.7% at the 2-week follow-up, which increased to 82.3% at the 4-week follow-up after repeating the treatment. Treatment with single applications of crotamiton cream 10% was effective in 41.2% of patients at the 2-week follow-up, which increased to 64.7% at the 4-week follow-up after this treatment was repeated. Ivermectin was quite safe in our cases. Two applications of ivermectin were as effective as single applications of crotamiton 10% cream at the 2-week follow-up. After repeating the treatment, ivermectin was superior to crotamiton cream 10% at the 4-week follow-up.
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Ivermectin reduces sexual behavior in female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 43:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Goldust M, Rezaee E. Comparative Trial of Oral Ivermectin versus Sulfur 8% Ointment for the Treatment of Scabies. J Cutan Med Surg 2013; 17:299-300. [DOI: 10.2310/7750.2013.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Goldust
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Yu X, Sun D. Macrocyclic drugs and synthetic methodologies toward macrocycles. Molecules 2013; 18:6230-68. [PMID: 23708234 PMCID: PMC4374646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic scaffolds are commonly found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. So far, a large number of macrocyclic natural products have been isolated and synthesized. The construction of macrocycles is generally considered as a crucial and challenging step in the synthesis of macrocyclic natural products. Over the last several decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken toward the synthesis of complex naturally occurring macrocycles and great progresses have been made to advance the field of total synthesis. The commonly used synthetic methodologies toward macrocyclization include macrolactonization, macrolactamization, transition metal-catalyzed cross coupling, ring-closing metathesis, and click reaction, among others. Selected recent examples of macrocyclic synthesis of natural products and druglike macrocycles with significant biological relevance are highlighted in each class. The primary goal of this review is to summarize currently used macrocyclic drugs, highlight the therapeutic potential of this underexplored drug class and outline the general synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; E-Mail:
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Goldust M, Rezaee E. The efficacy of topical ivermectin versus malation 0.5% lotion for the treatment of scabies. J DERMATOL TREAT 2013:1-4. [PMID: 23472617 DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2013.782093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: There are different medications for the treatment of scabies but the treatment of choice is still controversial. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy of topical ivermectin versus malation 0.5% lotion for the treatment of scabies. Methods: In total, 340 patients with scabies were enrolled, and randomized into two groups: the first group received 1% ivermectin applied topically to the affected skin and the second group received topical malation 0.5% lotion and were told to apply this twice with 1 week interval. Treatment was evaluated at intervals of 2 and 4 weeks, and if there was treatment failure at the 2-week follow-up, treatment was repeated. Results: Two application of topical ivermectin provided a cure rate of 67.6% at the 2-week follow-up, which increased to 85.2% at the 4-week follow-up after repeating the treatment. Treatment with two applications of malation 0.5% lotion was effective in 44.1% of patients at the 2-week follow-up, which increased to 67.6% at the 4-week follow-up after this treatment was repeated. Conclusion:Two application of ivermectin was as effective as single applications of malation 0.5% lotion at the 2-week follow-up. After repeating the treatment, ivermectin was superior to malation 0.5% lotion at the 4-week follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Goldust
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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Goldust M, Rezaee E, Raghifar R. Comparison of oral ivermectin versus crotamiton 10% cream in the treatment of scabies. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2013; 33:333-6. [PMID: 23431958 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.768258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scabies is a relatively contagious infection caused by a tiny mite (Sarcoptes scabiei). Products used to treat scabies are called scabicides because they kill scabies mites; some also kill mite eggs. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of oral ivermectin versus crotamiton 10% cream for the treatment of scabies. METHODS In total, 320 patients with scabies were enrolled, and were randomized into two groups: the first group received a single dose of oral ivermectin 200 µg/kg body weight, and the second group were treated with crotamiton 10% cream and were told to apply this twice daily for five consecutive days. Treatment was evaluated at intervals of two and four weeks, and if there was treatment failure at the two-week follow-up, the treatment was repeated. RESULTS A single dose of ivermectin provided a cure rate of 62.5% at the two-week follow-up, which increased to 87.5% at the four-week follow-up after repeating the treatment. Treatment with crotamiton 10% cream was effective in 46.8% of patients at the two-week follow-up, which increased to 62.5% at the four-week follow-up after this treatment was repeated. CONCLUSION A single dose of ivermectin was as effective as one application of crotamiton 10% cream at the two-week follow-up. After repeat treatment, ivermectin was superior to crotamiton 10% cream at the four-week follow up. The delay in clinical response with ivermectin suggests that it may not be effective against all the stages in the life cycle of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Goldust
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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