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Kostinov M, Svitich O, Chuchalin A, Osiptsov V, Khromova E, Abramova N, Tatevosov V, Vlasenko A, Gainitdinova V, Pakhomov D, Mashilov K, Ospelnikova T, Mihajlova N, Polishchuk V, Kurbatova E, Kostinova A. Secretory IgA and course of COVID-19 in patients receiving a bacteria-based immunostimulant agent in addition to background therapy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11101. [PMID: 38750098 PMCID: PMC11096160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity plays a major role not only in the prevention but probably also in the outcomes of COVID-19. An enhanced production of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) might contribute to the activation of the immune response mechanisms. To assess the levels of sIgA produced by epithelial cells in the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa and those measured in salivary gland secretions and to study the course of COVID-19 following the combined scheme of intranasal and subcutaneous administration of a bacteria-based immunostimulant agent. This study included 69 patients, aged between 18 and 60, who had moderate COVID-19 infection. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (control group) included 39 patients who received only background therapy, and Group 2 was made up of 30 patients who received background therapy in combination with the Immunovac VP4 vaccine, a bacteria-based immunostimulant agent, which was given for 11 days starting from the day of admission to hospital. The levels of sIgA were measured by ELISA in epithelial, nasal and pharyngeal swabs, and salivary gland secretions at baseline and on days 14 and 30. The combined scheme of intranasal and subcutaneous administration of the Immunovac VP4 vaccine in the complex therapy of patients with COVID-19 is accompanied by increased synthesis of sIgA in nasal and pharyngeal swabs, more intense decrease in the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and reduction in the duration of fever and length of hospitalization compared to the control group. Prescribing a immunostimulant agent containing bacterial ligands in complex therapy for COVID-19 patients helps to enhance mucosal immunity and improves the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kostinov
- Department of Epidemiology and Modern Vaccination Technologies, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Oksana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Chuchalin
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Osiptsov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Khromova
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Abramova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly Tatevosov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Vlasenko
- Department of Medical Cybernetics and Informatics Novokuznetsk State Institute for Advanced Medical Education of Physicians, Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vilia Gainitdinova
- Pulmonology Department, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrij Pakhomov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Mashilov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Ospelnikova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
- National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After the Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Mihajlova
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina Polishchuk
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Kurbatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aristitsa Kostinova
- Department of Epidemiology and Modern Vaccination Technologies, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Yang Z, Cai T, Li Y, Jiang D, Luo J, Zhou Z. Oral microbial communities in 5-year-old children with versus without dental caries. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:400. [PMID: 37328866 PMCID: PMC10276436 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caries in young children has received more and more attention. The study of the oral microbiota may help to understand the polymicrobial etiology of dental caries. OBJECTIVES To investigate the diversity and structure of microbial communities in saliva samples from 5-year-old children with versus without dental caries. METHODS A total of 36 saliva samples were collected from 18 children with high caries (HB group) and from 18 children without caries (NB group). Then, 16S rDNA was amplified from bacterial samples using polymerase chain reaction, and high-throughput sequencing was performed using Illumina Novaseq platforms. RESULTS Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were distributed among 16 phyla, 26 classes, 56 orders, 93 families, 173 genera, and 218 species. Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Patescibacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota, Cyanobacteria, Acidobacteria and Spirochaetes were basically the same in different groups, but their relative abundances were different. The core microbiome was defined as the species from 218 shared microbial taxa. The alpha diversity test showed that there were no significant differences in microbial abundance and diversity between the high caries and no caries groups. The results from principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and hierarchical clustering showed that the two groups had similar microorganisms. The biomarkers of different groups were defined by LEfSe analysis to identify potential caries-related and health-related bacteria. Co-occurrence network analysis of dominant genera showed that oral microbial communities in the no caries group were more complex and aggregated than those in the high caries group. Finally, the PICRUSt algorithm was used to predict the function of the microbial communities from saliva samples. The obtained results showed that mineral absorption was greater in the no caries group than in the high caries group. BugBase was used to determine phenotypes present in microbial community samples. The obtained results showed that Streptococcus was greater in the high caries group than in the no caries group. CONCLUSION Findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the microbiological etiology of dental caries in 5-year-old children and are expected to provide new methods for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Yueheng Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China.
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 400015, China.
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Kostinov M, Svitich O, Chuchalin A, Abramova N, Osiptsov V, Khromova E, Pakhomov D, Tatevosov V, Vlasenko A, Gainitdinova V, Mashilov K, Kryukova N, Baranova I, Kostinov A. Changes in nasal, pharyngeal and salivary secretory IgA levels in patients with COVID-19 and the possibility of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Drugs Context 2023; 12:2022-10-4. [PMID: 37342460 PMCID: PMC10278444 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2022-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although extensive research has been conducted on the role of local immunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2, little is known about the production and concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) in different mucosal compartments. This article aims to assess the secretion of SIgA in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and saliva of patients with COVID-19 and to investigate the possibility and efficiency of correction of their secretion using combined intranasal and oral administration of a pharmaceutical containing antigens of opportunistic microorganisms. Methods This study included 78 inpatients, aged between 18 and 60 years, who had confirmed COVID-19 with moderate lung involvement. The control group (n=45) received basic therapy, and the treatment group (n=33) was additionally administered the bacteria-based pharmaceutical Immunovac VP4 from day 1 to day 10 of hospitalization. SIgA levels were measured by ELISA at baseline and on days 14 and 30. Results No systemic or local reactions associated with Immunovac VP4 were reported. We observed a statistically significant reduction in the duration of fever and hospitalization in patients who received Immunovac VP4 compared with those from the control group (p=0.03 and p=0.05, respectively). Changes over time in SIgA levels in nasal swabs were found to be significantly different in the two treatment groups (F=7.9, p[78.0]<0.001). On day 14 of observation, patients in the control group showed a statistically significant reduction in SIgA levels from baseline (p=0.02), whereas patients in the Immunovac VP4 group had stable SIgA levels (p=0.07). On day 30 after the start of treatment, there was a statistically significant increase in SIgA levels in the Immunovac VP4 group compared with baseline (from 77.7 (40.5-98.7) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.05) and the levels measured on day 14 (from 60.2 (23.3-102.9) μg/L to 113.4 (39.8-156.7) μg/L; p=0.03). The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in levels of nasal SIgA (to 37.3) on day 30 (p=0.007 for comparison with baseline values and p=0.04 for comparison with levels measured on day 14). Changes over time in SIgA levels measured in pharyngeal swabs were also different between the two treatment groups, and this difference reached statistical significance (F=6.5, p[73.0]=0.003). In the control group, this parameter did not change throughout the study (p=0.17 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 14 and the baseline values, and p=0.12 for a comparison between the levels measured on day 30 and the baseline values). In the Immunovac VP4 group, there was a statistically significant increase from baseline in SIgA levels on study day 30: from 1.5 (0.2-16.5) μg/L to 29.8 (3.6-106.8) μg/L (p=0.02). Changes over time in salivary SIgA did not show a significant difference between study groups (F=0.3, p[66.3]=0.75). Conclusion As part of combination therapy, the bacteria-based immunostimulant agent Immunovac VP4 increases SIgA levels in the nasal and pharyngeal compartments and induces clinical improvement. Induced mucosal immunity is central to the prevention of respiratory infections, particularly in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kostinov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Epidemiology and Modern Technologies of Vaccination, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana Svitich
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Chuchalin
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Abramova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Osiptsov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Khromova
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Pakhomov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly Tatevosov
- The Main Military Clinical Hospital of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Vlasenko
- Medical Cybernetics and Informatics Department, Novokuznetsk State Institute of Advanced Training of Physicians – Branch of the “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education”, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vilia Gainitdinova
- Pulmonology Department of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Mashilov
- Laboratory of Preventive Vaccination and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda Kryukova
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Baranova
- Department of Hospital Therapy of the Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Kostinov
- Allergodiagnostics Laboratory, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Antequera D, Carrero L, Cunha Alves V, Ferrer I, Hernández-Gallego J, Municio C, Carro E. Differentially Aquaporin 5 Expression in Submandibular Glands and Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071645. [PMID: 35884950 PMCID: PMC9312791 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired brain clearance mechanisms may result in the accumulation of aberrant proteins that define Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The water channel protein astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is essential for brain amyloid-β clearance, but it is known to be abnormally expressed in AD brains. The expression of AQPs is differentially regulated during diverse brain injuries, but, whereas AQP4 expression and function have been studied in AD, less is known about AQP5. AQP5 functions include not only water transport but also cell migration mediated by cytoskeleton regulation. Moreover, AQP5 has been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, which are regulated after ischemic and traumatic injury. Additionally, AQP5 is particularly abundant in the salivary glands suggesting that it may be a crucial factor in gland dysfunction associated with AD. Herein, we aim to determine whether AQP5 expression in submandibular glands and the brain was altered in AD. First, we demonstrated impaired AQP5 expression in submandibular glands in APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. Subsequently, we observed that AQP5 expression was upregulated in APP/PS1 cerebral cortex and confirmed its expression both in astrocytes and neurons. Our findings propose AQP5 as a significant role player in AD pathology, in addition to AQP4, representing a potential target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Carrero
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victoria Cunha Alves
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.); (L.C.); (V.C.A.); (J.H.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (E.C.); Tel.: +34-918223995 (C.M.); +34-918223995 (E.C.)
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Bartolomé F, Rosa L, Valenti P, Lopera F, Hernández-Gallego J, Cantero JL, Orive G, Carro E. Lactoferrin as Immune-Enhancement Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878201. [PMID: 35547737 PMCID: PMC9083828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) (COVID-19) causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Severe illness of COVID-19 largely occurs in older people and recent evidence indicates that demented patients have higher risk for COVID-19. Additionally, COVID-19 further enhances the vulnerability of older adults with cognitive damage. A balance between the immune and inflammatory response is necessary to control the infection. Thus, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs are hopeful therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVID-19. Accumulating evidence suggests that lactoferrin (Lf) is active against SARS-CoV-2, likely due to its potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions that ultimately improves immune system responses. Remarkably, salivary Lf levels are significantly reduced in different Alzheimer's disease (AD) stages, which may reflect AD-related immunological disturbances, leading to reduced defense mechanisms against viral pathogens and an increase of the COVID-19 susceptibility. Overall, there is an urgent necessity to protect AD patients against COVID-19, decreasing the risk of viral infections. In this context, we propose bovine Lf (bLf) as a promising preventive therapeutic tool to minimize COVID-19 risk in patients with dementia or AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bartolomé
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesús Hernández-Gallego
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Cantero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Networked Center for Biomedical Research in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Chronic Disease Programme, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Uchida H, Ovitt CE. Novel impacts of saliva with regard to oral health. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 127:383-391. [PMID: 34140141 PMCID: PMC8669010 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of balanced oral homeostasis depends on saliva. A readily available and molecularly rich source of biological fluid, saliva fulfills many functions in the oral cavity, including lubrication, pH buffering, and tooth mineralization. Saliva composition and flow can be modulated by different factors, including circadian rhythm, diet, age, drugs, and disease. Recent events have revealed that saliva plays a central role in the dissemination and detection of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. A working knowledge of saliva function and physiology is essential for dental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Uchida
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Catherine E. Ovitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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Fineide F, Chen X, Bjellaas T, Vitelli V, Utheim TP, Jensen JL, Galtung HK. Characterization of Lipids in Saliva, Tears and Minor Salivary Glands of Sjögren's Syndrome Patients Using an HPLC/MS-Based Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168997. [PMID: 34445702 PMCID: PMC8396590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic work-up of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) includes quantifying saliva and tear production, evaluation of autoantibodies in serum and histopathological analysis of minor salivary glands. Thus, the potential for further utilizing these fluids and tissues in the quest to find better diagnostic and therapeutic tools should be fully explored. Ten samples of saliva and tears from female patients diagnosed with pSS and ten samples of saliva and tears from healthy females were included for lipidomic analysis of tears and whole saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, lipidomic analysis was performed on minor salivary gland biopsies from three pSS and three non-SS females. We found significant differences in the lipidomic profiles of saliva and tears in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, there were differences in individual lipid species in stimulated saliva that were comparable to those of glandular biopsies, representing an intriguing avenue for further research. We believe a comprehensive elucidation of the changes in lipid composition in saliva, tears and minor salivary glands in pSS patients may be the key to detecting pSS-related dry mouth and dry eyes at an early stage. The identified differences may illuminate the path towards future innovative diagnostic methodologies and treatment modalities for alleviating pSS-related sicca symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Fineide
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 1171 Oslo, Norway; (F.F.); (T.P.U.)
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Ole Vigs Gate 32 E, 0366 Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (X.C.); (J.L.J.)
| | | | - Valeria Vitelli
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 1171 Oslo, Norway; (F.F.); (T.P.U.)
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Ole Vigs Gate 32 E, 0366 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 1171 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Janicke Liaaen Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (X.C.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Hilde Kanli Galtung
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Mahhengam N, Fahem Ghetran Khazaali A, Aravindhan S, Olegovna Zekiy A, Melnikova L, Siahmansouri H. Applications of Microfluidic Devices in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer: A Review Study. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1863-1877. [PMID: 34024197 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1922870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer-related deaths are reported annually due to a lack of appropriate diagnosis and treatment strategies. Microfluidic technology, as new creativity has a great impact on automation and miniaturization via handling a small volume of materials and samples (in microliter to femtoliter range) to set up the system. Microfluidic devices not only detect various cancer-diagnostic factors from biological fluids but also can produce proper nanoparticles for drug delivery. With the contribution of microfluidics; multiple treatments for cancer such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and gene delivery can be implemented and studied. Hence, Microfluidics can be worth for the cancer field because of its high Throughput, high sensitivity, less material use, and low expense. In this review study, we intend to look at positive microfluidics prospects, features, benefits, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negah Mahhengam
- Faculty of General Medicine, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Surendar Aravindhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Angelina Olegovna Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lyubov Melnikova
- Business Analysis Department, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Homayoon Siahmansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Liu YK, Chen V, He JZ, Zheng X, Xu X, Zhou XD. A salivary microbiome-based auxiliary diagnostic model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 126:105118. [PMID: 33930650 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that oral microbiota composition is altered in type 2 diabetes mellitus, implying that it is a potential biomarker for diabetes. This study aimed at constructing a noninvasive auxiliary diagnostic model for diabetes based on differences in the salivary microbial community. DESIGN Salivary microbiota from 24 treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 21 healthy populations were detected through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, targeting the V3/V4 region using the MiSeq platform. Salivary microbiome diversity and composition were analyzed so as to establish a diagnostic model for type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Salivary microbiome for treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was imbalanced with certain taxa, including Slackia, Mitsuokella, Abiotrophia, and Parascardovia that being significantly dominant, while the abundance of Moraxella was high in healthy controls. Diabetic patients exhibited varying levels of Prevotella nanceiensis and Prevotella melaninogenica which were negatively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels, as well as fasting blood glucose levels, respectively. Based on differences in salivary microbiome composition between diabetic and healthy groups, we developed a diagnostic model that can be used for the auxiliary diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus with an accuracy of 80 %. CONCLUSIONS These findings elucidate on the differences in salivary microbiome compositions between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic populations, and the diagnostic model provides a promising approach for the noninvasive auxiliary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kun Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Vivian Chen
- UCSF School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Zhi He
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Sharma V, Rastogi S, Kumar Bhati K, Srinivasan A, Roychoudhury A, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. Mapping the Inorganic and Proteomic Differences among Different Types of Human Teeth: A Preliminary Compositional Insight. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1540. [PMID: 33187273 PMCID: PMC7697572 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, studies on mineralized tissues are becoming increasingly popular not only due to the diverse mechanophysical properties of such materials but also because of the growing need to understand the intricate mechanism involved in their assembly and formation. The biochemical mechanism that results in the formation of such hierarchical structures through a well-coordinated accumulation of inorganic and organic components is termed biomineralization. Some prime examples of such tissues in the human body are teeth and bones. Our current study is an attempt to dissect the compositional details of the inorganic and organic components in four major types of human teeth using mass spectrometry-based approaches. We quantified inorganic materials using inductively coupled plasma resonance mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Differential level of ten different elements, Iron (Fe), Cadmium (Cd), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Cobalt (Co), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Aluminum (Al), and Copper (Cu) were quantified across different teeth types. The qualitative and quantitative details of their respective proteomic milieu revealed compositional differences. We found 152 proteins in total tooth protein extract. Differential abundance of proteins in different teeth types were also noted. Further, we were able to find out some significant protein-protein interaction (PPI) backbone through the STRING database. Since this is the first study analyzing the differential details of inorganic and organic counterparts within teeth, this report will pave new directions to the compositional understanding and development of novel in-vitro repair strategies for such biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sharma
- Departement of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Simran Rastogi
- Departement of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Alagiri Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Ajoy Roychoudhury
- Centre for Dental Education and Research (CDER), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Department of Health Sciences, Lulea University of Technology, 97187 Lulea, Sweden;
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Departement of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
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11
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Nijakowski K, Surdacka A. Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207477. [PMID: 33050496 PMCID: PMC7589027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Are salivary biomarkers reliable for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases?”. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eleven studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Due to their heterogeneity, the potential salivary markers for IBD were divided into four groups: oxidative status markers, inflammatory cytokines, microRNAs and other biomarkers. Active CD patients manifest decreased activity of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, catalase) and increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, malondialdehyde seems to be a good diagnostic marker of CD. Moreover, elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 or tumour necrosis factor α) are associated with the activity of IBD. Additionaly, selected miRNAs are altered in saliva (overexpressed miR-101 in CD; overexpressed miR-21, miR-31, miR-142-3p and underexpressed miR-142-5p in UC). Among other salivary biomarkers, exosomal PSMA7, α-amylase and calprotectin are detected. In conclusion, saliva contains several biomarkers which can be used credibly for the early diagnosis and regular monitoring of IBD. However, further investigations are necessary to validate these findings, as well as to identify new reliable salivary biomarkers.
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12
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Ragusa M, Santagati M, Mirabella F, Lauretta G, Cirnigliaro M, Brex D, Barbagallo C, Domini CN, Gulisano M, Barone R, Trovato L, Oliveri S, Mongelli G, Spitale A, Barbagallo D, Di Pietro C, Stefani S, Rizzo R, Purrello M. Potential Associations Among Alteration of Salivary miRNAs, Saliva Microbiome Structure, and Cognitive Impairments in Autistic Children. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176203. [PMID: 32867322 PMCID: PMC7504581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that salivary molecules, as well as bacterial populations, can be perturbed by several pathological conditions, including neuro-psychiatric diseases. This relationship between brain functionality and saliva composition could be exploited to unveil new pathological mechanisms of elusive diseases, such as Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We performed a combined approach of miRNA expression profiling by NanoString technology, followed by validation experiments in qPCR, and 16S rRNA microbiome analysis on saliva from 53 ASD and 27 neurologically unaffected control (NUC) children. MiR-29a-3p and miR-141-3p were upregulated, while miR-16-5p, let-7b-5p, and miR-451a were downregulated in ASD compared to NUCs. Microbiome analysis on the same subjects revealed that Rothia, Filifactor, Actinobacillus, Weeksellaceae, Ralstonia, Pasteurellaceae, and Aggregatibacter increased their abundance in ASD patients, while Tannerella, Moryella and TM7-3 decreased. Variations of both miRNAs and microbes were statistically associated to different neuropsychological scores related to anomalies in social interaction and communication. Among miRNA/bacteria associations, the most relevant was the negative correlation between salivary miR-141-3p expression and Tannerella abundance. MiRNA and microbiome dysregulations found in the saliva of ASD children are potentially associated with cognitive impairments of the subjects. Furthermore, a potential cross-talking between circulating miRNAs and resident bacteria could occur in saliva of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ragusa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Federica Mirabella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Giovanni Lauretta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Matilde Cirnigliaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Duilia Brex
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Cristina Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Carla Noemi Domini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Mariangela Gulisano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Rita Barone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Laura Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Salvatore Oliveri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gino Mongelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Bio-nanotech Research and Innovation Tower (BRIT), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ambra Spitale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (L.T.); (S.O.); (G.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (C.N.D.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (R.R.)
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics G. Sichel, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.R.); (F.M.); (G.L.); (M.C.); (D.B.); (C.B.); (D.B.); (C.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Meleti M, Quartieri E, Antonelli R, Pezzi ME, Ghezzi B, Viani MV, Setti G, Casali E, Ferrari E, Ciociola T, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA. Metabolic Profiles of Whole, Parotid and Submandibular/Sublingual Saliva. Metabolites 2020; 10:E318. [PMID: 32781584 PMCID: PMC7466076 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of salivary molecules associated with pathological and physiological alterations has encouraged the search of novel and non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for oral health evaluation. While genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles of human saliva have been reported, its metabolic composition is a topic of research: metabolites in submandibular/sublingual saliva have never been analyzed systematically. In this study, samples of whole, parotid, and submandibular/sublingual saliva from 20 healthy donors, without dental or periodontal diseases, were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance. We identified metabolites which are differently distributed within the three saliva subtypes (54 in whole, 49 in parotid, and 36 in submandibular/sublingual saliva). Principal component analysis revealed a distinct cluster for whole saliva and a partial overlap for parotid and submandibular/sublingual metabolites. We found exclusive metabolites for each subtype: 2-hydroxy-3-methylvalerate, 3-methyl-glutarate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, galactose, and isocaproate in whole saliva; caprylate and glycolate in submandibular/sublingual saliva; arginine in parotid saliva. Salivary metabolites were classified into standard and non-proteinogenic amino acids and amines; simple carbohydrates; organic acids; bacterial-derived metabolites. The identification of a salivary gland-specific metabolic composition in healthy people provides the basis to invigorate the search for salivary biomarkers associated with oral and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meleti
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Quartieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Umberto I 50, 43123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rita Antonelli
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Margherita E. Pezzi
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Viani
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Giacomo Setti
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Emanuela Casali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Tecla Ciociola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Thelma A. Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Umberto I 50, 43123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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14
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Carlson-Jones JAP, Kontos A, Kennedy D, Martin J, Lushington K, McKerral J, Paterson JS, Smith RJ, Dann LM, Speck P, Mitchell JG. The microbial abundance dynamics of the paediatric oral cavity before and after sleep. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1741254. [PMID: 32341758 PMCID: PMC7170375 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1741254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Microhabitats in the oral cavity differ in microbial taxonomy. However, abundance variations of bacterial and viral communities within these microhabitats are not fully understood. Aims and Hypothesis: To assess the spatial distribution and dynamics of the microbial abundances within 6 microhabitats of the oral cavity before and after sleep. We hypothesise that the abundance distributions of these microbial communities will differ among oral sites. Methods: Using flow cytometry, bacterial and virus-like particle (VLP) abundances were enumerated for 6 oral microhabitats before and after sleep in 10 healthy paediatric sleepers. Results: Bacterial counts ranged from 7.2 ± 2.8 × 105 at the palate before sleep to 1.3 ± 0.2 × 108 at the back of the tongue after sleep, a difference of 187 times. VLPs ranged from 1.9 ± 1.0 × 106 at the palate before sleep to 9.2 ± 5.0 × 107 at the back of the tongue after sleep, a difference of 48 times. Conclusion: The oral cavity is a dynamic numerically heterogeneous environment where microbial communities can increase by a count of 100 million during sleep. Quantification of the paediatric oral microbiome complements taxonomic diversity information to show how biomass varies and shifts in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A P Carlson-Jones
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Kontos
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Declan Kennedy
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Martin
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kurt Lushington
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jody McKerral
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James S Paterson
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Renee J Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Dann
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - James G Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Yu J, Zhao J, Zhang M, Guo J, Liu X, Liu L. Metabolomics studies in gastrointestinal cancer: a systematic review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:9-25. [PMID: 31786962 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This systemic review provides an overview of metabolic perturbations and possible mechanisms in gastrointestinal cancer. The authors discuss emerging challenges of technical and clinical applications.Areas covered: In this systemic review, the authors summarized the currently available results of metabolomic biomarkers linked to GI cancer, and discussed the altered metabolism pathways including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipids, and nucleotide metabolism and other metabolisms. Furthermore, future efforts need to adhere to normalize analysis procedures, validate with the larger cohort and utilize multiple-omics technologies. The search was conducted in PubMed with the following search terms (biomarker, gastrointestinal cancer, colorectal cancer, and esophageal cancer) from 2013 to 2019.Expert opinion: This systemic review summarized the currently available results of metabolomic biomarkers linked to gastrointestinal cancer, and discussed the altered metabolism pathways. The authors believe that metabolomics will benefit deeper understandings of the pathogenic mechanism, discovery of biomarkers and aid the search for drug targets as we move toward the era of personalized medicine. Personalized medication for tumors can improve the curative effect, avoid side effects and medical resource waste. As a promisingtool, metabolomics that targets the entire cancer-specific metabolite network should be applied more widely in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Mingjia Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
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16
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De Angelis M, Garruti G, Minervini F, Bonfrate L, Portincasa P, Gobbetti M. The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3567-3583. [PMID: 28462705 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170428103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Section of Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Minervini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
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17
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Calado G, Behl I, Daniel A, Byrne HJ, Lyng FM. Raman spectroscopic analysis of saliva for the diagnosis of oral cancer: A systematic review. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.201900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genecy Calado
- Radiation and Environmental Science CentreFOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric SciencesTechnological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
| | - Isha Behl
- Radiation and Environmental Science CentreFOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric SciencesTechnological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
| | - Amuthachelvi Daniel
- Radiation and Environmental Science CentreFOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric SciencesTechnological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
| | - Hugh J. Byrne
- FOCAS Research InstituteTechnological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science CentreFOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
- School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric SciencesTechnological University Dublin, City Centre Campus Dublin Ireland
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18
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Liu YK, Xu X, Zhou XD. [Potential application of human microbiomes in the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:556-562. [PMID: 31721508 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human microbiome refers to the total microorganism genetic information of human body surface and internal, which is closely related to human health and disease. Oral and gut microbiomes are the most diverse microbial communities, which can interact and play a role in the development of the disease, and can reflect the health and disease state in real time. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent research has shown a link between microbes and diabetes. This article reviewed the latest research on the changes of oral and gut microbiomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, which expects to provide a reference for exploring the development of the disease model for prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on human microbiome characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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19
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Grine G, Royer A, Terrer E, Diallo OO, Drancourt M, Aboudharam G. Tobacco Smoking Affects the Salivary Gram-Positive Bacterial Population. Front Public Health 2019; 7:196. [PMID: 31380336 PMCID: PMC6659441 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial communities of the oral fluid are in direct contact with tobacco smoke, which may thus affect these communities. Few culture-based studies have analyzed the effects of tobacco smoking on the oral fluid microbiota. Using bacterial culture we investigated whether tobacco smoking altered the microbial diversity of the oral fluid, focusing on aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria otherwise comprising of major pathogens. Among 90 oral fluid specimens collected in 19 tobacco-smokers and 71 controls, the diversity did not significantly differ with age and with sex. However, diversity was significantly lower in tobacco-smokers (nine different species) than in non-smokers (18 different species) with all the species cultured in tabocco-smokers being also cultured in non-smokers. We isolated the human pathogen Streptococcus australis for the first time from oral fluid. Tobacco smoking significantly alters the saliva Gram-positive bacterial microbiota, including pathogens with potential implication in the pathogenesis of tobacco-related diseases such as periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghiles Grine
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Arthur Royer
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Terrer
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UFR Odontologie, Marseille, France
| | - Ousmane Oumou Diallo
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UFR Odontologie, Marseille, France
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20
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Amado F, Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Sample Treatment for Saliva Proteomics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1073:23-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12298-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Jiang Q, Liu J, Chen L, Gan N, Yang D. The Oral Microbiome in the Elderly With Dental Caries and Health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:442. [PMID: 30662876 PMCID: PMC6328972 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aging of the population, dental caries in the elderly has received increasing attention. A comprehensive study of the oral microbiome is required to understand its polymicrobial etiology. The results of previous studies are limited and remain controversial. In this study, subjects 60 years and older with and without caries were recruited. Unstimulated saliva and dental plaque were collected from each subject and the bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified using PCR and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. A total of 92 samples were collected from 24 caries patients and 22 healthy controls. Sequences clustered into 147,531 OTUs, representing 16 phyla, 29 classes, 49 orders, 79 families, 149 genera, and 305 species. All predominant phyla, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Saccharibacteria, were largely consistent in different groups, but different relative abundances could be observed. The core microbiome was defined with 246 shared species among groups, which occupied 80.7% of all the species detected. Alpha diversity showed no significant differences in bacterial richness or diversity between caries patients and healthy controls, but distinction existed between samples collected from dental plaque and saliva. Beta diversity analysis was performed by PCoA and hierarchical clustering analysis, showing similar results that microorganisms vary between the two niches. The biomarkers of different groups were defined by LEfSe analysis to identify potential caries-related and health-related bacteria. The co-occurrence analysis of the predominant genera revealed significant interactions among oral microbiota and exhibited more complex and aggregated bacterial correlations in caries-free groups. Finally, the functional prediction of the microbiota present in oral samples was performed by PICRUSt, indicating vigorous microbial metabolism in the oral bacterial community. Our study provides thorough knowledge of the microbiological etiology of elderly individuals with caries and is expected to provide novel methods for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Gan
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Deqin Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
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22
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Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, Immunity, and Illness. MUSCLE AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.
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23
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Volatilomic insight of head and neck cancer via the effects observed on saliva metabolites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17725. [PMID: 30531924 PMCID: PMC6286361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogeneous malignant disease with distinct global distribution. Metabolic adaptations of HNC are significantly gaining clinical interests nowadays. Here, we investigated effects of HNC on differential expression of volatile metabolites in human saliva. We applied headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of saliva samples collected from 59 human subjects (HNC − 32, Control − 27). We identified and quantified 48 volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) and observed profound effects of HNC on these metabolites. These effects were VOM specific and significantly differed in the biologically comparable healthy controls. HNC induced changes in salivary VOM composition were well attributed to in vivo metabolic effects. A panel of 15 VOMs with variable importance in projection (VIP) score >1, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p-value < 0.05 and log2 fold change (log2 FC) value of ≥0.58/≤−0.58 were regarded as discriminatory metabolites of pathophysiological importance. Afterwards, receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) projected certain VOMs viz., 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-decanediol, 2,5-bis1,1-dimethylethylphenol and E-3-decen-2-ol with profound metabolic effects of HNC and highest class segregation potential. Moreover, metabolic pathways analysis portrayed several dysregulated pathways in HNC, which enhanced our basic understanding on salivary VOM changes. Our observations could redefine several known/already investigated systemic phenomenons (e.g. biochemical pathways). These findings will inspire further research in this direction and may open unconventional avenues for non-invasive monitoring of HNC and its therapy in the future.
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24
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Ahsan H. Biomolecules and biomarkers in oral cavity: bioassays and immunopathology. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 40:52-69. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2018.1550423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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25
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Shi W, Tian J, Xu H, Zhou Q, Qin M. Distinctions and associations between the microbiota of saliva and supragingival plaque of permanent and deciduous teeth. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200337. [PMID: 29979786 PMCID: PMC6034885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using salivary microbiota as an accurate proxy for monitoring supragingival microbiota remains controversial because their relationship remains unclear. The eruption of permanent teeth and the exfoliation of primary teeth in mixed dentition greatly alter microbial habitats, which may cause compositional shifts of oral microbiota from childhood to adults. OBJECTIVE This study's purpose was to assess whether saliva represents a suitable sample for monitoring supragingival microbiota in healthy people, and to explore how the replacement process of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth in mixed dentition influences microbiota within the oral cavity. DESIGN Samples of saliva and of supragingival plaque from permanent and deciduous teeth were collected separately from 20 healthy children with mixed dentition. To characterize their microbial communities, we used the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence. RESULTS Saliva harbored a less even and less diverse community than did the plaque. Discriminating genera, namely Rothia and Streptococcus, contributed to the saliva and plaque differentiation. About half of predicted KEGG pathways varied between the plaque and saliva communities. Oral bacteria showed significantly associations between their supragingival and salivary states. We identified 20 supragingival plaque-related genera in saliva, such as Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Neisseria. Additionally, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria peaked in the permanent teeth plaque but subsided in deciduous teeth plaque and saliva. The exfoliation of deciduous teeth and eruption of permanent teeth might be related to the reported fluctuation in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria from primary dentition to permanent dentition within the oral cavity. The variation between PT and DT was due mainly to permanent teeth being enriched in Actinomyces and deciduous teeth in Treponema. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the supragingival plaque-related bacteria could be suitable candidates when sampling saliva for monitoring supragingival microbiota. The replacement process of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth in mixed dentition might be related to the reported age-maturation of phylum Actinobacteria in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Shi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Xu Y, Jia YH, Chen L, Huang WM, Yang DQ. Metagenomic analysis of oral microbiome in young children aged 6-8 years living in a rural isolated Chinese province. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1115-1125. [PMID: 29667264 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mixed dentition is an important transition period from primary teeth to permanent teeth. However, the caries prevalence of first permanent molar in mixed dentitions was about 30%, which almost represent the caries rate of permanent teeth in this period of time. Therefore, we assessed the oral bacterial profiles in young children (age 6-8) with mixed dentition with or without first molar caries for providing the research basis of caries etiology. METHODS We collected samples of supragingival plaque and saliva from the children living in Guizhou, a rural isolated province in China. Then, we performed DNA extraction and purification followed by 454 pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA and compared our results with those of previous research. RESULTS (i) We analyzed 48,320 unique sequences that represented 18 phyla, 29 classes, 44 orders, 74 families, 129 genera, 15,003 species-level OUT in plaque and saliva samples; (ii) longitudinally, there was the "healthy core microbiome" between healthy deciduous dentition and early mixed dentition, for example, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, Selenomonas etc.; (iii) horizontally, there also existed the "healthy core microbiome" in early mixed dentition, for example, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Prevotella etc.; (iv) the dominant bacteria detected by Lefse in caries group including Actinomycetaceae, Streptobacillus (p < 0.05) and those in caries-free group including Gammaproteobacteria, Pasteurellaceae, Aggregatibacter, Chloroflexi, (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The oral cavity is a highly heterogeneous ecosystem with the "healthy core microbiome" in children, although microbial composition shifts along with aging. In addition, the abundance and diversity of microbiota vary between caries and caries-free groups verify the ecological plaque hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Y H Jia
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - L Chen
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - W M Huang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - D Q Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
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27
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Ultrastructural damage in Streptococcus mutans incubated with saliva and histatin 5. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:226-234. [PMID: 29328950 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the ultrastructural alterations induced in Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) incubated with saliva, saliva plus histatin 5 and histatin 5. METHODS S. mutans incubated with saliva histatin 5 or a combination of both were morphologically analyzed and counted. The results were expressed as (CFU)ml-1. Ultrastructural damage was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural localization of histatin 5 was examined using immunogold labeling. Apoptotic cell death was determined by flow cytometry (TUNEL). RESULTS A decrease in the bacteria numbers was observed after incubation with saliva, saliva with histatin 5 or histatin 5 compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Ultrastructural damage in S. mutans incubated with saliva was found in the cell wall. Saliva plus histatin 5 induced a cytoplasmic granular pattern and decreased the distance between the plasma membrane bilayers, also found after incubation with histatin 5, together with pyknotic nucleoids. Histatin 5 was localized on the bacterial cell walls, plasma membranes, cytoplasm and nucleoids. Apoptosis was found in the bacteria incubated with saliva (63.9%), saliva plus histatin 5 (71.4%) and histatin 5 (29.3%). Apoptosis in the control bacteria was 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial activity against S. mutans and the morphological description of damage induced by saliva and histatin 5 was demonstrated. Pyknotic nucleoids observed in S. mutans exposed to saliva, saliva plus histatin 5 and histatin 5 could be an apoptosis-like death mechanism. The knowledge of the damage generated by histatin 5 and its intracellular localization could favor the design of an ideal peptide as a therapeutic agent.
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Abstract
Although the type and amount of salivary components are influenced by many factors, due to easy, quick, cheap, and noninvasive sampling method alongside with the existence of the vast majority of the substances found in peripheral blood and urine in it, in recent years saliva has been considered as an ideal biofluid for disease research. Salivary circular RNA (circRNA), as an endogenous RNA molecule with a great variety of regulatory potency, is becoming a novel focus for detecting wide range of local or systemic diseases. Expectantly, with characterization of many more circRNAs in saliva, their motifs, and target sites, they can be used routinely in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Jafari Ghods
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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29
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Hidayat MFH, Milne T, Cullinan MP, Seymour GJ. Feasibility of the salivary transcriptome as a novel biomarker in determining disease susceptibility. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:369-377. [PMID: 29280135 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The salivary transcriptome may present as a readily available and non-invasive source of potential biomarkers. The development of chronic periodontitis is determined by individual patient susceptibility; hence, the aim of this study was to determine the potential of the salivary transcriptome as a biomarker of disease susceptibility using chronic periodontitis as an example. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using an Oragene® RNA kit, the total RNA was purified from the saliva of 10 patients with chronic periodontitis and 10 patients without chronic periodontitis. The quantity and quality of the total RNA was determined, and a measure of gene expression via cDNA was undertaken using the Affymetrix microarray system. The microarray profiling result was further validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Spectrophotometric analysis showed the total RNA purified from each participant ranged from 0.92 μg/500 μL to 62.85 μg/500 μL. There was great variability in the quantity of total RNA obtained from the 2 groups in the study with a mean of 10.21 ± 12.71 μg/500 μL for the periodontitis group and 15.97 ± 23.47 μg/500 μL for the control group. Further the RNA purity (based on the A260 /A280 ratio) for the majority of participants (9 periodontitis and 6 controls) were within the acceptable limits for downstream analysis (2.0 ± 0.1). The study samples, showed 2 distinct bands at 23S (3800 bp) and 16S (1500 bp) characteristic of bacterial rRNA. Preliminary microarray analysis was performed for 4 samples (P2, P6, H5 and H9). The percentage of genes present in each of the 4 samples was not consistent with about 1.8%-18.7% of genes being detected. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed that the total RNA purified from each sample was mainly bacterial RNA (Uni 16S) with minimal human mRNA. CONCLUSION This study showed that minimal amounts of human RNA were able to be isolated from the saliva of patients with periodontitis as well as controls. Further work is required to enhance the extraction process of human mRNA from saliva if the salivary transcriptome is to be used in determining individual patient susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F H Hidayat
- Center of Periodontology Studies, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - T Milne
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M P Cullinan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G J Seymour
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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Scotti E, Boué S, Sasso GL, Zanetti F, Belcastro V, Poussin C, Sierro N, Battey J, Gimalac A, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J. Exploring the microbiome in health and disease. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317741884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of human microbiome is an exciting and rapidly expanding field of research. In the past decade, the biological relevance of the microbiome for human health has become evident. Microbiome comprises a complex collection of microorganisms, with their genes and metabolites, colonizing different body niches. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, supporting immunity, protecting against pathogenic microbes, and maintaining health. Remarkable new findings showed that our microbiome not only primarily affects the health and function of the gastrointestinal tract but also has a strong influence on general body health through its close interaction with the nervous system and the lung. Therefore, a perfect and sensitive balanced interaction of microbes with the host is required for a healthy body. In fact, growing evidence suggests that the dynamics and function of the indigenous microbiota can be influenced by many factors, including genetics, diet, age, and toxicological agents like cigarette smoke, environmental contaminants, and drugs. The disruption of this balance, that is called dysbiosis, is associated with a plethora of diseases, including metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, periodontitis, skin diseases, and neurological disorders. The importance of the host microbiome for the human health has also led to the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches focused on the intentional manipulation of the microbiota, either by restoring missing functions or eliminating harmful roles. In the present review, we outline recent studies devoted to elucidate not only the role of microbiome in health conditions and the possible link with various types of diseases but also the influence of various toxicological factors on the microbial composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - James Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Anne Gimalac
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
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Perdomo S, Avogbe PH, Foll M, Abedi-Ardekani B, Facciolla VL, Anantharaman D, Chopard P, Calvez-Kelm FL, Vilensky M, Polesel J, Holcatova I, Simonato L, Canova C, Lagiou P, McKay JD, Brennan P. Circulating tumor DNA detection in head and neck cancer: evaluation of two different detection approaches. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72621-72632. [PMID: 29069814 PMCID: PMC5641157 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of non-invasive biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in head and neck tumors may be of relevance in early diagnosis and eventually improved outcome. We evaluated two different approaches from two case series in Europe and South America including (i) targeted screening of ctDNA mutations, and (ii) detection of TP53 mutations in plasma and oral rinses without previous knowledge of mutational status in tumor samples. Targeted sequencing in 5 genes identified ctDNA mutations in plasma among 42% of HNSCC cases, 67% of who were early stage cases. No association was found between ctDNA mutation detection and overall survival. Sequencing of the entire coding region of the TP53 gene resulted in identification of TP53 mutations in 76% of tumor cases. However, concordance of mutation detection was low between tumor, oral rinses (11%) and plasma (2,7%) samples. Identification of 5 pathogenic TP53 mutations in oral rinses from 3 non-cancer controls gives additional evidence of mutation occurrence in individuals without a diagnosed cancer and presents an additional challenge for the development of ctDNA diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Perdomo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
- Institute of Nutrition, Genetics and Metabolism Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Patrice H. Avogbe
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | - Matthieu Foll
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | | | - Violeta Lescher Facciolla
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo CEP01221-020, Brazil
| | - Devasena Anantharaman
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
- Current present address: Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695010, India
| | - Priscilia Chopard
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | | | | | - Jerry Polesel
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano 33081, Italy
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague 116 36, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Cristina Canova
- Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - James D. McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon 69372, France
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Ren W, Zhang Q, Liu X, Zheng S, Ma L, Chen F, Xu T, Xu B. Exploring the oral microflora of preschool children. J Microbiol 2017; 55:531-537. [PMID: 28434085 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is one of the most important and complicated habitats in our body and supports diverse microbial communities. In this study, we aimed to determine the bacterial diversity and composition of various oral micro-niches. Samples were collected from supragingival plaque, saliva, and tongue coating from 10 preschool children (30 samples total). 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing dataset generated 314,639 clean reads with an average of 10,488 ± 2,787 reads per sample. The phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria were predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total sequences. We found the highest α diversity, microbial richness, and evenness in plaque, compared with saliva and tongue coating. Plaque was also distinguished from saliva and tongue coating by phylogenetic distances (weighted UniFrac). Taxa with different relative abundances were further identified, confirming the existence of microbial differences across the three niches. Core microbiomes were defined of each niche; however, only a small proportion of operational taxonomic units (8.07%) were shared by the three niches. Coaggregation between Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp. and other correlations among periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella, Fusobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Tannerella, were shown by a co-occurrence network. In summary, our study provides a framework of oral microbial communities in the population of preschool children as a baseline for further studies of oral diseases related to microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuenan Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lili Ma
- Stomatology Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Baohua Xu
- Stomatology Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.
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Hassaneen M, Maron JL. Salivary Diagnostics in Pediatrics: Applicability, Translatability, and Limitations. Front Public Health 2017; 5:83. [PMID: 28473973 PMCID: PMC5397421 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, technological advances, combined with an improved appreciation of the ability of saliva to inform caregivers about both oral health and systemic disease, have led to the emergence of salivary diagnostic platforms. However, the majority of these assays have targeted diseases that more commonly affect the adult population, largely neglecting infants and children who arguably could benefit the most from non-invasive assessment tools for health monitoring. Gaining access into development, infection, and disease through comprehensive "omic" analyses of saliva could significantly improve care and enhance health access. In this review, we will highlight novel applications of salivary diagnostics in pediatrics across the "omic" spectrum, including at the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, microbiomic, and metabolomic level. The challenges to implementing salivary platforms into care, including the effects of age, diet, and developmental stage on salivary components, will be reviewed. Ultimately, large-scale, multicenter trials must be performed to establish normative biomarker values across the age spectrum to accurately discriminate between health and disease. Only then can salivary diagnostics truly translate into pediatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hassaneen
- Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill L. Maron
- Mother Infant Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Martini D, Gallo A, Vella S, Sernissi F, Cecchettini A, Luciano N, Polizzi E, Conaldi PG, Mosca M, Baldini C. Cystatin S—a candidate biomarker for severity of submandibular gland involvement in Sjögren’s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1031-1038. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Gomez A, Nelson KE. The Oral Microbiome of Children: Development, Disease, and Implications Beyond Oral Health. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:492-503. [PMID: 27628595 PMCID: PMC5274568 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the era of applied meta-omics and personalized medicine, the oral microbiome is a valuable asset. From biomarker discovery to being a powerful source of therapeutic targets and to presenting an opportunity for developing non-invasive approaches to health care, it has become clear that oral microbes may hold the answer for understanding disease, even beyond the oral cavity. Although our understanding of oral microbiome diversity has come a long way in the past 50 years, there are still many areas that need to be fine-tuned for better risk assessment and diagnosis, especially in early developmental stages of human life. Here, we discuss the factors that impact development of the oral microbiome and explore oral markers of disease, with a focus on the early oral cavity. Our ultimate goal is to put different experimental and methodological views into perspective for better assessment of early oral and systemic disease at an early age and discuss how oral microbiomes-at the community level-could provide improved assessment in individuals and populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Departments of Human Biology and Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA.
| | - Karen E Nelson
- Departments of Human Biology and Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
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T Oligo-Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (TOP-PCR): A Robust Method for the Amplification of Minute DNA Fragments in Body Fluids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40767. [PMID: 28094343 PMCID: PMC5240146 DOI: 10.1038/srep40767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fluid DNA sequencing is a powerful noninvasive approach for the diagnosis of genetic defects, infectious agents and diseases. The success relies on the quantity and quality of the DNA samples. However, numerous clinical samples are either at low quantity or of poor quality due to various reasons. To overcome these problems, we have developed T oligo-primed polymerase chain reaction (TOP-PCR) for full-length nonselective amplification of minute quantity of DNA fragments. TOP-PCR adopts homogeneous “half adaptor” (HA), generated by annealing P oligo (carrying a phosphate group at the 5′ end) and T oligo (carrying a T-tail at the 3′ end), for efficient ligation to target DNA and subsequent PCR amplification primed by the T oligo alone. Using DNA samples from body fluids, we demonstrate that TOP-PCR recovers minute DNA fragments and maintains the DNA size profile, while enhancing the major molecular populations. Our results also showed that TOP-PCR is a superior method for detecting apoptosis and outperforms the method adopted by Illumina for DNA amplification.
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Abstract
The T1R2 (taste type 1 receptor, member 2)/T1R3 (taste type 1 receptor, member 3) sweet taste receptor is expressed in taste buds on the tongue, where it allows the detection of energy-rich carbohydrates of food. This single receptor responds to all compounds perceived as sweet by humans, including natural sugars and natural and artificial sweeteners. Importantly, the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor is also expressed in extra-oral tissues, including the stomach, pancreas, gut, liver, and brain. Although its physiological role remains to be established in numerous organs, T1R2/T1R3 is suspected to be involved in the regulation of metabolic processes, such as sugar sensing, glucose homeostasis, and satiety hormone release. In this review, the physiological role of the sweet taste receptor in taste perception and metabolic regulation is discussed by focusing on dysfunctions leading to diabetes. Current knowledge of T1R2/T1R3 inhibitors making this receptor a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Marie-Chantal Canivenc-Lavier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté, Dijon, 21000, France.
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Sahmani M, Vatanmakanian M, Goudarzi M, Mobarra N, Azad M. Microchips and their Significance in Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells and Monitoring of Cancers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:879-94. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zeidán-Chuliá F, Gürsoy M, Neves de Oliveira BH, Özdemir V, Könönen E, Gürsoy UK. A Systems Biology Approach to Reveal Putative Host-Derived Biomarkers of Periodontitis by Network Topology Characterization of MMP-REDOX/NO and Apoptosis Integrated Pathways. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 5:102. [PMID: 26793622 PMCID: PMC4707239 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a formidable global health burden, is a common chronic disease that destroys tooth-supporting tissues. Biomarkers of the early phase of this progressive disease are of utmost importance for global health. In this context, saliva represents a non-invasive biosample. By using systems biology tools, we aimed to (1) identify an integrated interactome between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-REDOX/nitric oxide (NO) and apoptosis upstream pathways of periodontal inflammation, and (2) characterize the attendant topological network properties to uncover putative biomarkers to be tested in saliva from patients with periodontitis. Hence, we first generated a protein-protein network model of interactions ("BIOMARK" interactome) by using the STRING 10 database, a search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins, with "Experiments" and "Databases" as input options and a confidence score of 0.400. Second, we determined the centrality values (closeness, stress, degree or connectivity, and betweenness) for the "BIOMARK" members by using the Cytoscape software. We found Ubiquitin C (UBC), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), and matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) as the most central hub- and non-hub-bottlenecks among the 211 genes/proteins of the whole interactome. We conclude that UBC, JUN, and MMP14 are likely an optimal candidate group of host-derived biomarkers, in combination with oral pathogenic bacteria-derived proteins, for detecting periodontitis at its early phase by using salivary samples from patients. These findings therefore have broader relevance for systems medicine in global health as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Ben-Hur Neves de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vural Özdemir
- Faculty of Communications and Office of the President, International Technology and Innovation Policy, Gaziantep UniversityGaziantep, Turkey; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University)Kollam, India
| | - Eija Könönen
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland; Oral Health Care, Welfare DivisionTurku, Finland
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku Turku, Finland
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Beck A, Fábián G, Fejérdy P, Krause WR, Hermann P, Módos K, Varga G, Fábián TK. Alteration of consciousness via diverse photo-acoustic stimulatory patterns. Phenomenology and effect on salivary flow rate, alpha-amylase and total protein levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 109:201-213. [PMID: 26709191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term photo-acoustic stimulation is used for the induction of altered states of consciousness for both therapeutic and experimental purposes. Long-term photo-acoustic stimulation also leads to changes in the composition of saliva which have a key contribution to the efficiency of this technique in easing mucosal symptoms of oral psychosomatic patients. The aim of this study is to find out whether there is any cumulative effect of repeated stimulation and whether there are any detectable differences between diverse stimulatory patterns of long lasting photo-acoustic stimulation on the phenomenology of the appearing trance state and on salivary secretion. There was significant cumulative effect in relation with the appearance of day dreaming as phenomenological parameter, and in relation with protein output and amylase/protein ratio as salivary parameter. Pattern specific effect was detectable in relation with salivary flow rate only. Although our results clearly indicate the existence of certain cumulative and stimulation-pattern specific effects of repeated photo-acoustic stimulation, the absolute values of all these effects were relatively small in this study. Therefore, in spite of their theoretical importance there are no direct clinical consequences of these findings. However, our data do not exclude at all the possibility that repeated stimulation with other stimulatory parameters may lead to more pronounced effects. Further studies are needed to make clear conclusion in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Beck
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Fábián
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Pál Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Wolf-Rainer Krause
- Harzklinikum Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Thiestrasse 7-10, 33889 Blankenburg, Germany.
| | - Péter Hermann
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Károly Módos
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Varga
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
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Yangyang Z, Jinzhi H, Xin X, Xuedong Z. [Bacterial diversity in the oral cavity of adolescents with different caries susceptibilities]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2015; 33:602-606. [PMID: 27051953 PMCID: PMC7030373 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the differences between the bacterial diversities in the saliva of caries-free and caries-susceptible adolescents through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). METHODS Twenty adolescent subjects aged 12-18 years were recruited and subdivided into two groups: caries-free adolescents (n = 10) and caries-susceptible adolescents (n = 10). Saliva samples were collected. Total DNA was isolated directly from each sample. A portion of the 16S rRNA gene locus was PCR-amplified by using universal primers. Microbial diversity was analyzed through PCR-DGGE. RESULTS Analyzing the DGGE profile, we found that the composition of the saliva microbiome exhibited great intra-individual differences; the average band numbers of the caries-free adolescent group and the caries-susceptible adolescent group were 32.5 ± 3.7 and 27.3 ± 3.4, respectively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (P = 0.008). Shannon-Wiener's indexes of the caries-susceptible adolescent group and the caries-free adolescent group were 2.5 ± 0.2 and 2.6 ± 0.2, respectively, but the differences between the groups were not significant (P = 0.405). Clustering analysis results suggested that most of the samples in the same group clustered together; this observation showed a high community structure similarity. CONCLUSION The microbial diversity and complexity of bacteria in saliva are significantly higher in caries-free adolescents than in caries-susceptible adolescents. During caries development, bacterial diversity in the saliva likely decreases.
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Acquier AB, Pita AKDC, Busch L, Sánchez GA. Comparison of salivary levels of mucin and amylase and their relation with clinical parameters obtained from patients with aggressive and chronic periodontal disease. J Appl Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221923 PMCID: PMC4510663 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Salivary mucin and amylase levels are increased in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Due to the fact that aggressive periodontitis (AgP) not only differs from chronic periodontitis in terms of its clinical manifestation, the aim of this study was to compare salivary mucin and amylase levels and their relation to the clinical parameters of patients with aggressive periodontitis with that of patients with chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods Eighty subjects were divided into two groups: 20 patients with AgP and their 20 matched controls and 20 patients with CP and their 20 matched controls, based on clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Whole unstimulated saliva was obtained and mucin, amylase and protein were determined by colorimetric methods. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between salivary mucin, amylase and protein levels and the clinical parameters. Results Salivary mucin, amylase and protein levels were increased in patients with AgP and CP but there were no differences between them or between control groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis, determined in the entire subjects studied, showed a positive and significant correlation of mucin, amylase and proteins with CAL and PPD and a negative correlation with the flow rate. When Pearson’s correlation analysis was carried out in each group separately, Fisher’s z transformation showed no significant difference between both groups. Conclusion Comparison of the salivary levels of mucin, amylase and protein and their relationship with clinical parameters of AgP patients with that of CP patients revealed no differences between both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beatriz Acquier
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lucila Busch
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Antonio Sánchez
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Srinivasprasad V, Dineshshankar J, Sathiyajeeva J, Karthikeyan M, Sunitha J, Ragunathan R. Liaison between micro-organisms and oral cancer. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:S354-60. [PMID: 26538877 PMCID: PMC4606619 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.163451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer which is a subtype of head and neck, cancer is any neoplastic tissue growth in the oral cavity. It comprises an abnormal mass of cells that foists genetic mutation and impedes the normal cell cycle, resulting in its unrestrained growth. Various studies on the plausible link between oral microbial flora and cancer notwithstanding, our understanding of their link remains obscure and inadequate. The multitude of mechanisms by which the microflora initiate or spur Carcinogenesis are still under study and scrutiny. As is widely known, the oral cavity is an abode to a wide assortment of microbes, each present in contrasting amounts. It is observed that increased growth of the microflora is concomitant with known clinical risk factors for oral cancer. Manifold bacterial species have been found to interfere directly with eukaryotic cellular signaling, adopting a style typical of tumor promoters. Bacteria are also known to impede apoptosis thereby potentially promoting carcinogenesis. The viral role in carcinogenesis (by annulling of p53 tumor suppressor gene and other cellular proteins with subsequent alteration in host genome function) is well documented. Furthermore, the changes occurring in the commensal microflora in accompaniment with cancer development could possibly be used as a diagnostic indicator for early cancer detection. The intention of this review is to obtain a better understanding of the "role" that micro-organisms play in oral cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayan Srinivasprasad
- Department of Oral Pathology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Janardhanam Dineshshankar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Sathiyajeeva
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Karthikeyan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Sunitha
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Ragunathan
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nunes LAS, Mussavira S, Bindhu OS. Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid:
a systematic review. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2015; 25:177-92. [PMID: 26110030 PMCID: PMC4470107 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2015.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review presents the latest trends in salivary research and its applications in health and disease. Among the large number of analytes present in saliva, many are affected by diverse physiological and pathological conditions. Further, the non-invasive, easy and cost-effective collection methods prompt an interest in evaluating its diagnostic or prognostic utility. Accumulating data over the past two decades indicates towards the possible utility of saliva to monitor overall health, diagnose and treat various oral or systemic disorders and drug monitoring. Advances in saliva based systems biology has also contributed towards identification of several biomarkers, development of diverse salivary diagnostic kits and other sensitive analytical techniques. However, its utilization should be carefully evaluated in relation to standardization of pre-analytical and analytical variables, such as collection and storage methods, analyte circadian variation, sample recovery, prevention of sample contamination and analytical procedures. In spite of all these challenges, there is an escalating evolution of knowledge with the use of this biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayeeda Mussavira
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Omana Sukumaran Bindhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, India
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Wren ME, Shirtcliff EA, Drury SS. Not all biofluids are created equal: chewing over salivary diagnostics and the epigenome. Clin Ther 2015; 37:529-39. [PMID: 25778408 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article describes progress to date in the characterization of the salivary epigenome and considers the importance of previous work in the salivary microbiome, proteome, endocrine analytes, genome, and transcriptome. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were used to extensively search the existing literature (original research and reviews) related to salivary diagnostics and biomarker development, of which 125 studies were examined. This article was derived from the most relevant 74 sources highlighting the recent state of the evolving field of salivary epigenomics and contributing significantly to the foundational work in saliva-based research. FINDINGS Validation of any new saliva-based diagnostic or analyte will require comparison to previously accepted standards established in blood. Careful attention to the collection, processing, and analysis of salivary analytes is critical for the development and implementation of newer applications that include genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic markers. All these factors must be integrated into initial study design. IMPLICATIONS This commentary highlights the appeal of the salivary epigenome for translational applications and its utility in future studies of development and the interface among environment, disease, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Wren
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Stacy S Drury
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Molecular mechanisms of taste recognition: considerations about the role of saliva. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5945-74. [PMID: 25782158 PMCID: PMC4394514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system plays a critical role in determining food preferences and food intake, in addition to nutritive, energy and electrolyte balance. Fine tuning of the gustatory system is also crucial in this respect. The exact mechanisms that fine tune taste sensitivity are as of yet poorly defined, but it is clear that various effects of saliva on taste recognition are also involved. Specifically those metabolic polypeptides present in the saliva that were classically considered to be gut and appetite hormones (i.e., leptin, ghrelin, insulin, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY) were considered to play a pivotal role. Besides these, data clearly indicate the major role of several other salivary proteins, such as salivary carbonic anhydrase (gustin), proline-rich proteins, cystatins, alpha-amylases, histatins, salivary albumin and mucins. Other proteins like glucagon-like peptide-1, salivary immunoglobulin-A, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, salivary lactoperoxidase, salivary prolactin-inducible protein and salivary molecular chaperone HSP70/HSPAs were also expected to play an important role. Furthermore, factors including salivary flow rate, buffer capacity and ionic composition of saliva should also be considered. In this paper, the current state of research related to the above and the overall emerging field of taste-related salivary research alongside basic principles of taste perception is reviewed.
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De Filippis F, Vannini L, La Storia A, Laghi L, Piombino P, Stellato G, Serrazanetti DI, Gozzi G, Turroni S, Ferrocino I, Lazzi C, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M, Ercolini D. The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and Vegan individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112373. [PMID: 25372853 PMCID: PMC4221475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary microbiota has been linked to both oral and non-oral diseases. Scant knowledge is available on the effect of environmental factors such as long-term dietary choices on the salivary microbiota and metabolome. This study analyzed the microbial diversity and metabolomic profiles of the saliva of 161 healthy individuals who followed an omnivore or ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet. A large core microbiota was identified, including 12 bacterial genera, found in >98% of the individuals. The subjects could be stratified into three “salivary types” that differed on the basis of the relative abundance of the core genera Prevotella, Streptococcus/Gemella and Fusobacterium/Neisseria. Statistical analysis indicated no effect of dietary habit on the salivary microbiota. Phylogenetic beta-diversity analysis consistently showed no differences between omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian and vegan individuals. Metabolomic profiling of saliva using 1H-NMR and GC-MS/SPME identified diet-related biomarkers that enabled a significant discrimination between the 3 groups of individuals on the basis of their diet. Formate, urea, uridine and 5-methyl-3-hexanone could discriminate samples from omnivores, whereas 1-propanol, hexanoic acid and proline were characteristic of non-omnivore diets. Although the salivary metabolome can be discriminating for diet, the microbiota has a remarkable inter-individual stability and did not vary with dietary habits. Microbial homeostasis might be perturbed with sub-standard oral hygiene or other environmental factors, but there is no current indication that a choice of an omnivore, ovo-lacto-vegetarian or vegan diet can lead to a specific composition of the oral microbiota with consequences on the oral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Lucia Vannini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Antonietta La Storia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Paola Piombino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Stellato
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Diana I. Serrazanetti
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gozzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- * E-mail:
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The oral microbiome diversity and its relation to human diseases. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2014; 60:69-80. [PMID: 25147055 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-014-0342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most clinically relevant human habitats, the human mouth is colonized by a set of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. Increasing evidence has supported that these microbiota contribute to the two commonest oral diseases of man (dental caries and periodontal diseases), presenting significant risk factors to human health conditions, such as tumor, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, bacteremia, preterm birth, and low birth weight in infants. It is widely accepted that oral microorganisms cause diseases mainly by a synergistic or cooperative way, and the interspecies interactions within the oral community play a crucial role in determining whether oral microbiota elicit diseases or not. Since a comprehensive understanding of the complex interspecies interactions within a community needs the knowledge of its endogenous residents, a plenty of research have been carried out to explore the oral microbial diversity. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in this field, including the oral microbiome composition and its association with human diseases.
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Hong SW, Seo DG, Baik JE, Cho K, Yun CH, Han SH. Differential profiles of salivary proteins with affinity to Streptococcus mutans lipoteichoic acid in caries-free and caries-positive human subjects. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:208-18. [PMID: 24848678 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a representative oral pathogen that causes dental caries and pulpal inflammation. Its lipoteichoic acid (Sm.LTA) is known to be an important cell-wall virulence factor involved in bacterial adhesion and induction of inflammation. Since Sm.LTA-binding proteins (Sm.LTA-BPs) might play an important role in pathogenesis and host immunity, we identified the Sm.LTA-BPs in the saliva of caries-free and caries-positive human subjects using Sm.LTA-conjugated beads and LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Sm.LTA was conjugated to N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-Sepharose(®) 4 Fast Flow beads (Sm.LTA-beads). Sm.LTA retained its biological properties during conjugation, as determined by the expression of nitric oxide and interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 in a murine macrophage cell line and activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in CHO/CD14/TLR2 cells. Sm.LTA-BPs were isolated from pooled saliva prepared from 10 caries-free or caries-positive human subjects each, electrophoresed to see their differential expression in each group, and further identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 8 and 12 Sm.LTA-BPs were identified with statistical significance in the pooled saliva from the caries-free and caries-positive human subjects, respectively. Unique Sm.LTA-BPs found in caries-free saliva included histone H4, profilin-1 and neutrophil defensin-1, and those in caries-positive saliva included cystatin-C, cystatin-SN, cystatin-S, cystatin-D, lysozyme C, calmodulin-like protein 3 and β-actin. The Sm.LTA-BPs found in both groups were hemoglobin subunits α and β, prolactin-inducible protein, protein S100-A9, and SPLUNC2. Collectively, we identified Sm.LTA-BPs in the saliva of caries-free and caries-positive subjects, which exhibit differential protein profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Jones AW, Cameron SJS, Thatcher R, Beecroft MS, Mur LAJ, Davison G. Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on upper respiratory illness in active males. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:194-203. [PMID: 24200515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (COL) has been advocated as a nutritional countermeasure to exercise-induced immune dysfunction and increased risk of upper respiratory illness (URI) in athletic populations, however, the mechanisms remain unclear. During winter months, under double-blind procedures, 53 males (mean training load±SD, 50.5±28.9 MET-hweek(-1)) were randomized to daily supplementation of 20g of COL (N=25) or an isoenergetic/isomacronutrient placebo (PLA) (N=28) for 12weeks. Venous blood was collected at baseline and at 12weeks and unstimulated saliva samples at 4 weeks intervals. There was a significantly lower proportion of URI days and number of URI episodes with COL compared to PLA over the 12weeks (p<0.05). There was no effect of COL on in vitro neutrophil oxidative burst, salivary secretory IgA or salivary antimicrobial peptides (p>0.05), which does not support previously suggested mechanisms. In a subset of participants (COL=14, PLA=17), real-time quantitative PCR, targeting the 16S rRNA gene showed there was an increase in salivary bacterial load over the 12 weeks period with PLA (p<0.05) which was not as evident with COL. Discriminant function analysis of outputs received from serum metabolomics showed changes across time but not between groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that COL limits the increased salivary bacterial load in physically active males during the winter months which may provide a novel mechanism of immune-modulation with COL and a relevant marker of in vivo (innate) immunity and risk of URI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwel W Jones
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK; Clinical Research Centre, Prince Phillip Hospital, Llanelli, UK.
| | - Simon J S Cameron
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Rhys Thatcher
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Marikka S Beecroft
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham, UK
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