Protective Effect of Selenium-L-methionine on Radiation-induced Acute Pneumonitis and Lung Fibrosis in Rat

Mechanisms of Bleomycin-induced Lung Fibrosis: A Review of Therapeutic Targets and Approaches

Pulmonary toxicity is a serious side effect of some specific anticancer drugs. Bleomycin is a well-known anticancer drug that triggers severe reactions in the lungs. It is an approved drug that may be prescribed for the treatment of testicular cancers, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancers, and cervical cancer. A large number of experimental studies and clinical findings show that bleomycin can concentrate in lung tissue, leading to massive oxidative stress, alveolar epithelial cell death, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and finally the infiltration of immune cells. Chronic release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules by immune cells and fibroblasts leads to pneumonitis and fibrosis. Both fibrosis and pneumonitis are serious concerns for patients who receive bleomycin and may lead to death. Therefore, the management of lung toxicity following cancer therapy with bleomycin is a critical issue. This review explains the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary injury following treatment with bleomycin. Furthermore, we review therapeutic targets and possible promising strategies for ameliorating bleomycin-induced lung injury.

Approaches for reducing chemo/radiation-induced cardiotoxicity by nanoparticles

Nanoparticles are fascinating and encouraging carriers for cancer treatment due to their extraordinary properties and potential applications in targeted drug delivery, treatment, and diagnosis. Experimental studies including in vitro and in vivo examinations show that nanoparticles can cause a revolution in different aspects of cancer therapy. Normal tissue toxicity and early and late consequences are the major limitations of cancer therapy by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the delivery of drugs into tumors or reducing the accumulation of drugs in normal tissues can permit a more satisfactory response of malignancies to therapy with more inferior side effects. Cardiac toxicity is one of the major problems for chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, several experimental studies have been performed to minimize the degenerative impacts of cancer treatment on the heart and also enhance the influences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy agents in cancers. This review article emphasizes the benefits of nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques, including minimizing the exposure of the heart to anticancer drugs, enhancing the accumulation of drugs in cancers, and expanding the effectiveness of radiotherapy. The article also discusses the challenges and problems accompanied with nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques such as toxicity, which need to be addressed through further research. Moreover, the article emphasizes the importance of developing safe and effective nanoparticle-based therapies that can be translated into clinical practice.

Selenium-Enriched Soybean Peptides as Novel Organic Selenium Compound Supplements: Inhibition of Occupational Air Pollution Exposure-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Epithelial Cells

The occupational groups exposed to air pollutants, particularly PM2.5, are closely linked to the initiation and advancement of respiratory disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential protective properties of selenium-enriched soybean peptides (Se-SPeps), a novel Se supplement, in mitigating apoptosis triggered by PM2.5 in A549 lung epithelial cells. The results indicate a concentration-dependent reduction in the viability of A549 cells caused by PM2.5, while Se-SPeps at concentrations of 62.5-500 µg/mL showed no significant effect. Additionally, the Se-SPeps reduced the production of ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis in response to PM2.5 exposure. The Se-SPeps suppressed the PM2.5-induced upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3, while also restoring reductions in p-Akt in A549 cells. The antiapoptotic effects of Se-SPeps have been found to be more effective compared to SPeps, SeMet, and Na2SeO3 when evaluated at an equivalent protein or Se concentration. Our study results furnish evidence that supports the role of Se-SPeps in reducing the harmful effects of PM2.5, particularly in relation to its effect on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Selenium supplementation decreases CRP and IL-6 and increases TNF-alpha: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Inflammation is an initiating cause of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Studies have shown that selenium (Se) has anti-inflammatory effects. However, its' effects on serum c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plasma concentrations are equivocal. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), evaluating the effects of per oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) Se supplementation on CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6. A systematic search was conducted using four databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Scopus to find randomized clinical trials, published up to April 2023. From 19476 papers, after screening and removing duplicate articles, 24 studies were analyzed in the present meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, PO Se administration showed no significant effect on CRP (WMD: 0.12; 95 % CI -0.11, 0.38; P-value= 0.30). However, IV Se supplementation had a significant negative association with CRP concentration (-2.24; 95 % CI: -4.24, -0.24; p-value: 0.02). Se administration had no significant association with TNF-α plasma concentration (9.64, 95 % CI: -0.59, 19.88, p-value= 0.06; and heterogeneity: 98 %). However, a significant positive association was present between Se and plasma TNF-α concentrations (0.15, 95 % CI: 0.14, 0.17, P-value<0.0001). Moreover, Se supplementation had a significant negative correlation with IL-6 plasma concentration in PO (-0.54; 95 % CI: -1.61, 0.52; P-value = 0.31) and IV administrations (-4.77; 95 % CI: -7.61, -1.93; P-value<0.0001), respectively. This study demonstrated that IV Se administration reduced CRP and IL-6 plasma concentrations. Conversely, IV Se supplementation increased TNF-α plasma concentration. It is evident that further, well-controlled clinical trials are required.

Neonatal Selenium Deficiency Decreases Selenoproteins in the Lung and Impairs Pulmonary Alveolar Development

Decreased selenium (Se) levels during childhood and infancy are associated with worse respiratory health. Se is biologically active after incorporation into Se-containing antioxidant enzymes (AOE) and proteins. It is unknown how decreased maternal Se during pregnancy and lactation impacts neonatal pulmonary selenoproteins, growth, and lung development. Using a model of neonatal Se deficiency that limits Se intake to the dam during pregnancy and lactation, we evaluated which neonatal pulmonary selenoproteins are decreased in both the saccular (postnatal day 0, P0) and early alveolar (postnatal day 7, P7) stages of lung development. We found that Se deficient (SeD) pups weigh less and exhibit impaired alveolar development compared to Se sufficient (SeS) pups at P7. The activity levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (Txnrd) were decreased at P0 and P7 in SeD lungs compared to SeS lungs. Protein content of GPx1, GPx3 and Txnrd1 were decreased in SeD lungs at P0 and P7, whereas Txnrd2 content was unaltered compared to SeS controls. The expression of NRF-2 dependent genes and several non-Se containing AOE were similar between SeS and SeD lungs. SeD lungs exhibited a decrease in selenoprotein N, an endoplasmic reticulum protein implicated in alveolar development, at both time points. We conclude that exposure to Se deficiency during pregnancy and lactation impairs weight gain and lung growth in offspring. Our data identify multiple selenoproteins in the neonatal lung that are vulnerable to decreased Se intake, which may impact oxidative stress and cell signaling under physiologic conditions as well as after oxidative stressors.

Lung Pneumonitis and Fibrosis in Cancer Therapy: A Review on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Fibrosis and pneumonitis are the most important side effects of lung tissue following cancer therapy. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy by some drugs, such as bleomycin, can induce pneumonitis and fibrosis. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy also may induce pneumonitis and fibrosis to a lesser extent compared to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Activation of lymphocytes by immunotherapy or infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and mast cells following chemo/radiation therapy can induce pneumonitis. Furthermore, the polarization of macrophages toward M2 cells and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines stimulate fibrosis. Lung fibrosis and pneumonitis may also be potentiated by some other changes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), oxidative stress, reduction/oxidation (redox) responses, renin-angiotensin system, and the upregulation of some inflammatory mediators such as a nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-κB), inflammasome, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Damages to the lung vascular system and the induction of hypoxia also can induce pulmonary injury following chemo/radiation therapy. This review explains various mechanisms of the induction of pneumonitis and lung fibrosis following cancer therapy. Furthermore, the targets and promising agents to mitigate lung fibrosis and pneumonitis will be discussed.

Redox Interactions in Chemo/Radiation Therapy-induced Lung Toxicity; Mechanisms and Therapy Perspectives

Lung toxicity is a key limiting factor for cancer therapy, especially lung, breast, and esophageal malignancies. Radiotherapy for chest and breast malignancies can cause lung injury. However, systemic cancer therapy with chemotherapy may also induce lung pneumonitis and fibrosis. Radiotherapy produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly via interacting with water molecules within cells. However, radiation and other therapy modalities may induce the endogenous generation of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) by immune cells and some nonimmune cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. There are several ROS generating enzymes within lung tissue. NADPH Oxidase enzymes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), dual oxidases (DUOX1 and DUOX2), and the cellular respiratory system in the mitochondria are the main sources of ROS production following exposure of the lung to anticancer agents. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has a key role in the generation of NO following radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Continuous generation of ROS and NO by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes causes apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence, which lead to the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrosis cytokines. This review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms of redox-induced lung injury following cancer therapy and proposes some targets and perspectives to alleviate lung toxicity.

Downregulation of miR-761 ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating PGC-1α

Background: Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a serious complication in patients treated with transthoracic irradiation. To date, there are no effective drugs for RIPF treatment. In this study, we attempted to explore the function of miR-761 in RIPF, further investigate its potential mechanism and evaluate its effectiveness in the treatment of RIPF. Methods: qRT-PCR analysis was used to detect miR-761 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) coactivator-1 (PGC-1α) expression. Western Blot (WB) assay was applied to verify the regulation of PGC-1α by miR-761 and the expression of fibrosis-related proteins. Gel contraction assay was performed to demonstrate the level of fibroblast activation in vitro. A mouse RIPF model was used to validate the anti-fibrotic effect of Antagomir761. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays were utilized to confirm the regulation relationship between miR-761 and PGC-1α. Results: The results showed that miR-761 was significantly elevated in irradiated mice lungs and fibroblasts. Overexpression of miR-761 in vitro promoted fibroblast activation. Whereas inhibition of miR-761 attenuated the degree of RIPF and inhibited fibroblast activation. Mechanistically, PGC-1α was a direct and functional target of miR-761, overexpression of PGC-1α inhibited irradiation-induced fibroblast activation, and knockdown of PGC-1α caused miR-761 inhibitor loses its anti-activation ability in irradiated cells. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that miR-761 regulated RIPF by targeting PGC-1α. Inhibition of miR-761 restored PGC-1α expression and attenuated RIPF damage, and miR-761 was a potential target for preventing the development of RIPF.

Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Selenium-Containing Agents: Their Role in the Regulation of Defense Mechanisms against COVID-19

The review presents the latest data on the role of selenium-containing agents in the regulation of diseases of the immune system. We mainly considered the contributions of selenium-containing compounds such as sodium selenite, methylseleninic acid, selenomethionine, and methylselenocysteine, as well as selenoproteins and selenium nanoparticles in the regulation of defense mechanisms against various viral infections, including coronavirus infection (COVID-19). A complete description of the available data for each of the above selenium compounds and the mechanisms underlying the regulation of immune processes with the active participation of these selenium agents, as well as their therapeutic and pharmacological potential, is presented. The main purpose of this review is to systematize the available information, supplemented by data obtained in our laboratory, on the important role of selenium compounds in all of these processes. In addition, the presented information makes it possible to understand the key differences in the mechanisms of action of these compounds, depending on their chemical and physical properties, which is important for obtaining a holistic picture and prospects for creating drugs based on them.

Promising Biomarkers of Radiation-Induced Lung Injury: A Review

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the main dose-limiting side effects in patients with thoracic cancer during radiotherapy. No reliable predictors or accurate risk models are currently available in clinical practice. Severe radiation pneumonitis (RP) or pulmonary fibrosis (PF) will reduce the quality of life, even when the anti-tumor treatment is effective for patients. Thus, precise prediction and early diagnosis of lung toxicity are critical to overcome this longstanding problem. This review summarizes the primary mechanisms and preclinical animal models of RILI reported in recent decades, and analyzes the most promising biomarkers for the early detection of lung complications. In general, ideal integrated models considering individual genetic susceptibility, clinical background parameters, and biological variations are encouraged to be built up, and more prospective investigations are still required to disclose the molecular mechanisms of RILI as well as to discover valuable intervention strategies.

Selenium and viral infection: are there lessons for COVID-19?

Se is a micronutrient essential for human health. Sub-optimal Se status is common, occurring in a significant proportion of the population across the world including parts of Europe and China. Human and animal studies have shown that Se status is a key determinant of the host response to viral infections. In this review, we address the question whether Se intake is a factor in determining the severity of response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Emphasis is placed on epidemiological and animal studies which suggest that Se affects host response to RNA viruses and on the molecular mechanisms by which Se and selenoproteins modulate the inter-linked redox homeostasis, stress response and inflammatory response. Together these studies indicate that Se status is an important factor in determining the host response to viral infections. Therefore, we conclude that Se status is likely to influence human response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and that Se status is one (of several) risk factors which may impact on the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in populations where Se intake is sub-optimal or low. We suggest the use of appropriate markers to assess the Se status of COVID-19 patients and possible supplementation may be beneficial in limiting the severity of symptoms, especially in countries where Se status is regarded as sub-optimal.

Radioprotective Effects of Zinc and Selenium on Mice Spermatogenesis

Background

Spermatogenesis system is one of the most radiosensitive organs in the body. A usual therapeutic dose of radiation such as the conventional 2 Gy in each fraction of radiotherapy and lower doses seen in diagnostic radiology or a radiation disaster affect the process of spermatogenesis potently. Selenium and zinc are two important elements playing key roles in the development of sperms and also have radioprotective effects.

Objective

In this study aims to evaluate the radioprotective effect of zinc and selenium against radiation-induced mice testis injury.

Material and Methods

In this experimental study, 30 mice were divided equally into 6 groups, including control selenium treated, zinc treated, radiation, radiation + selenium, radiation + zinc. Treatments started from 2 days before irradiation with 2 Gy cobalt-60 gamma rays. After 37 days, all mice were killed for histopathological evaluations.

Results

Results showed that exposure to radiation caused a potent effect on spermatogenesis system. Treatment with selenium reversed these radiation effects potently, while zinc had some limited protective effects. Zinc treatment itself caused a detrimental effect on epididymis and, in combination with radiation, it leads to more damage to seminiferous tubules.

Conclusion

In contrast to previous studies that proposed zinc to protect spermatogenesis against various toxic agents, results of this study showed that although zinc may protect from some parameters, it potentiates radiation damage on seminiferous tubules and has a detrimental effect on the epididymis. By contrast, zinc and selenium could alleviate radiation-induced toxicity on the most of the evaluated parameters.

Proteomic Evaluation of the Natural History of the Acute Radiation Syndrome of the Gastrointestinal Tract in a Non-human Primate Model of Partial-body Irradiation with Minimal Bone Marrow Sparing Includes Dysregulation of the Retinoid Pathway

Exposure to ionizing radiation results in injuries of the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems, which are the leading causes responsible for morbidity and mortality. Gastrointestinal injury occurs as an acute radiation syndrome. To help inform on the natural history of the radiation-induced injury of the partial body irradiation model, we quantitatively profiled the proteome of jejunum from non-human primates following 12 Gy partial body irradiation with 2.5% bone marrow sparing over a time period of 3 wk. Jejunum was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pathway and gene ontology analysis were performed. A total of 3,245 unique proteins were quantified out of more than 3,700 proteins identified in this study. Also a total of 289 proteins of the quantified proteins showed significant and consistent responses across at least three time points post-irradiation, of which 263 proteins showed strong upregulations while 26 proteins showed downregulations. Bioinformatic analysis suggests significant pathway and upstream regulator perturbations post-high dose irradiation and shed light on underlying mechanisms of radiation damage. Canonical pathways altered by radiation included GP6 signaling pathway, acute phase response signaling, LXR/RXR activation, and intrinsic prothrombin activation pathway. Additionally, we observed dysregulation of proteins of the retinoid pathway and retinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, as quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Correlation of changes in protein abundance with a well-characterized histological endpoint, corrected crypt number, was used to evaluate biomarker potential. These data further define the natural history of the gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome in a non-human primate model of partial body irradiation with minimal bone marrow sparing.

Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury

Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radiobiology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against radiation-induced damages to normal tissues and can be proposed for mitigation of radiation injury. Emerging evidences have been shown to be in contrast to an old dogma in radiation biology; a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity occur during some hours to years after exposure to ionizing radiation. This can be attributed to upregulation of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators, epigenetic changes and disruption of the normal metabolism of oxygen. In the current review, we explain the cellular and molecular changes following exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we review potential targets that can be proposed for protection and mitigation of radiation toxicity.

Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Damage: Oxidative Stress and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Radiotherapy (RT) is currently one of the leading treatments for various cancers; however, it may cause damage to healthy tissue, with both short-term and long-term side effects. Severe radiation-induced normal tissue damage (RINTD) frequently has a significant influence on the progress of RT and the survival and prognosis of patients. The redox system has been shown to play an important role in the early and late effects of RINTD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the main sources of RINTD. The free radicals produced by irradiation can upregulate several enzymes including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase), lipoxygenases (LOXs), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and cyclooxygenases (COXs). These enzymes are expressed in distinct ways in various cells, tissues, and organs and participate in the RINTD process through different regulatory mechanisms. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modulators play an important role in the RINTD process. Epigenetic modifications primarily contain noncoding RNA regulation, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. In this article, we will review the role of oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms in radiation damage, and explore possible prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for RINTD.

The radioprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine against x-radiation-induced renal injury in rats

The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of radiotherapy on the kidney and the potential use of agents such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in developing a future therapeutic protocol for radiation-induced nephrotoxicity at the histopathological and biochemical levels. Our study consisted of three groups: control (oral saline solution only; group 1), irradiation (IR; group 2), and NAC + IR (group 3). The irradiation groups received a single dose of whole-body 6-Gy x-irradiation. The NAC group received 300 mg/kg by the oral route for 7 days, from 5 days before irradiation to 2 days after. All subjects were sacrificed under anesthesia 2 days after irradiation. IR increased tubular necrosis scores (TNS), MDA, and caspase-3 expression, while reducing renal tissue GSH levels. We also observed dilation in renal corpuscles and tubules. Capillary congestion was present in the intertubular spaces. NAC reduced the levels of TNS, MDA, and caspase-3 expression, but increased the levels of renal tissue GSH. ROS-scavenging antioxidants may represent a promising means of preventing renal injury in patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Radiation-Induced Dual Oxidase Upregulation in Rat Heart Tissues: Protective Effect of Melatonin

Background: Radiation-induced heart injury can lead to increased risk of heart failure, attack, and ischemia. Some studies proposed IL-4 and IL-13 as two important cytokines that are involved in late effects of ionizing radiation. On the other hand, these cytokines may, through upregulation of Duox1 and Duox2, induce chronic oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. In this study, we evaluated the upregulation of Duox1 and Duox2 pathways in hearts following chest irradiation in rats and then detected possible attenuation of them by melatonin. Materials and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control; (2) melatonin treated (100 mg/kg); (3) radiation (15 Gy gamma rays); (4) melatonin treated before irradiation. All rats were sacrificed after 10 weeks and their heart tissues collected for real-time PCR (RT-PCR), ELISA detection of IL-4 and IL-13, as well as histopathological evaluation of macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration. Results: Results showed an upregulation of IL-4, IL4ra1, Duox1, and Duox2. The biggest changes were for IL4ra1 and Duox1. Treatment with melatonin before irradiation could attenuate the upregulation of all genes. Melatonin also caused a reduction in IL-4 as well as reverse infiltration of inflammatory cells. Conclusion: Duox1 and Duox2 may be involved in the late effects of radiation-induced heart injury. Also, via attenuation of these genes, melatonin can offer protection against the toxic effects of radiation on the heart.

Selenium-L-methionine modulates radiation injury and Duox1 and Duox2 upregulation in rat's heart tissues

Introduction: Redox interactions play a key role in radiation injury including heart diseases. In present study, we aimed to detect the possible protective role of selenium-L-methionine on infiltration of immune cells and Duox1&2 upregulation in rat’s heart tissues.

Methods: In this study, 20 rats were divided into 4 groups (5 rats in each) namely: irradiation; irradiation plus Selenium-L-methionine; control; and Selenium-L-methionine treatment. Irradiation (15 Gy to chest) was performed using a cobalt-60 gamma ray source while 4 mg/kg of selenium-L-methionine was administered intraperitoneally. Ten weeks after irradiation, rats were sacrificed for detection of IL-4 and IL-13 cytokines, infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes as well as the expressions of IL4Ra1, Duox1, IL13Ra2 and Duox2.

Results: Results showed an increase in the level of IL-4 as well as the expressions of IL4Ra1, Duox1 and Duox2. Similarly, there was an increase in the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. There was significant attenuation of all these changes following treatment with selenium-L-methionine.

Conclusion: Selenium-L-methionine has the potential to protect heart tissues against radiation injury. Downregulation of pro-oxidant genes and modulation of some cytokines such as IL-4 are involved in the radioprotective effect of selenium-L-methionine on heart tissues.

Shashen-Maidong Decoction-Mediated IFN-γ and IL-4 on the Regulation of Th1/Th2 Imbalance in RP Rats

OBJECTIVE

Studying correlative changes of Th1/Th2 (Th, Helper T cells) related factor Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the progression of radiation pneumonia (RP) rats and the efficacy of Shashen-Maidong decoction on these indexes to explore the immune mechanism of the decoction on the prevention and treatment of RP.

METHODS

Male 60 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups. In addition to the normal control group taking saline, the other rats were set up RP model treated with Shashen-Maidong decoction or dexamethasone (DXM), respectively. The IFN-γ and IL-4 concentrations in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats were tested in the 2nd and 4th week after radiation, and the relative ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 was calculated.

RESULTS

(1) There was significant difference of serum IL-4 concentrations in group B (p<0.01) and extreme difference in groups C and D (p<0.001) compared with group A in 4th week. Compared with group D, IL-4 concentrations in group B increased significantly in both 2nd and 4th week (p<0.01). Group B had significantly decreased IFN-γ concentrations in BALF (p<0.001) compared with group D in the 4th week. And IFN-γ concentrations in BALF in group B were increased compared with group C in the 4th week (p<0.05). (2) There was no difference of the relative ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 at each time in groups B and A for both serum and BALF, while the ratios in groups C and D in 4th week in BALF were increased (p<0.05) compared to group A.

CONCLUSION

Shashen-Maidong decoction can improve the immune function of RP rats by increasing IFN-γ concentration and decreasing IL-4 concentration, possibly by increasing the relative ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4 to regulate the immune imbalance of Th1/Th2.

Selenium as an adjuvant for modification of radiation response

Ionizing radiation plays a central role in several medical and industrial purposes. In spite of the beneficial effects of ionizing radiation, there are some concerns related to accidental exposure that could pose a threat to the lives of exposed people. This issue is also very critical for triage of injured people in a possible terror event or nuclear disaster. The most common side effects of ionizing radiation are experienced in cancer patients who had undergone radiotherapy. For complete eradication of tumors, there is a need for high doses of ionizing radiation. However, these high doses lead to severe toxicities in adjacent organs. Management of normal tissue toxicity may be achieved via modulation of radiation responses in both normal and malignant cells. It has been suggested that treatment of patients with some adjuvant agents may be useful for amelioration of radiation toxicity or sensitization of tumor cells. However, there are always some concerns for possible severe toxicities and protection of tumor cells, which in turn affect radiotherapy outcomes. Selenium is a trace element in the body that has shown potent antioxidant and radioprotective effects for many years. Selenium can potently stimulate antioxidant defense of cells, especially via upregulation of glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase activity. Some studies in recent years have shown that selenium is able to mitigate radiation toxicity when administered after exposure. These studies suggest that selenium may be a useful radiomitigator for an accidental radiation event. Molecular and cellular studies have revealed that selenium protects different normal cells against radiation, while it may sensitize tumor cells. These differential effects of selenium have also been revealed in some clinical studies. In the present study, we aimed to review the radiomitigative and radioprotective effects of selenium on normal cells/tissues, as well as its radiosensitive effect on cancer cells.