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Gambardella MD, Wang Y, Pang J. The Cholinergic Selectivity of FDA-Approved and Metabolite Compounds Examined with Molecular-Docking-Based Virtual Screening. Molecules 2024; 29:2333. [PMID: 38792196 PMCID: PMC11124253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for selective anticholinergic agents stems from varying cholinesterase levels as Alzheimer's Disease progresses from the mid to late stage. In this computational study, we probed the selectivity of FDA-approved and metabolite compounds against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with molecular-docking-based virtual screening. The results were evaluated using locally developed codes for the statistical methods. The docking-predicted selectivity for AChE and BChE was predominantly the consequence of differences in the volume of the active site and the narrower entrance to the bottom of the active site gorge of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Gambardella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | - Yigui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jiongdong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
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2
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Chen X, Zhang Y. A review of the neurotransmitter system associated with cognitive function of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:324-330. [PMID: 37488885 PMCID: PMC10503617 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dichotomized brain system is a concept that was generalized from the 'dual syndrome hypothesis' to explain the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment, in which anterior and posterior brain systems are independent but partially overlap. The dopaminergic system acts on the anterior brain and is responsible for executive function, working memory, and planning. In contrast, the cholinergic system acts on the posterior brain and is responsible for semantic fluency and visuospatial function. Evidence from dopaminergic/cholinergic imaging or functional neuroimaging has shed significant insight relating to the involvement of the cerebellum in the cognitive process of patients with Parkinson's disease. Previous research has reported evidence that the cerebellum receives both dopaminergic and cholinergic projections. However, whether these two neurotransmitter systems are associated with cognitive function has yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, the precise role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the cerebellar dopaminergic and cholinergic projections and their relationships with cognition, as reported by previous studies, and investigated the role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment, as determined by functional neuroimaging. Our findings will help us to understand the role of the cerebellum in the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Borkar NA, Thompson MA, Bartman CM, Khalfaoui L, Sine S, Sathish V, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Nicotinic receptors in airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L149-L163. [PMID: 38084408 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With continued smoking of tobacco products and expanded use of nicotine delivery devices worldwide, understanding the impact of smoking and vaping on respiratory health remains a major global unmet need. Although multiple studies have shown a strong association between smoking and asthma, there is a relative paucity of mechanistic understanding of how elements in cigarette smoke impact the airway. Recognizing that nicotine is a major component in both smoking and vaping products, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which nicotine impacts airways and promotes lung diseases such as asthma. There is now increasing evidence that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are critical players in nicotine effects on airways, but the mechanisms by which α7nAChR influences different airway cell types have not been widely explored. In this review, we highlight and integrate the current state of knowledge regarding nicotine and α7nAChR in the context of asthma and identify potential approaches to alleviate the impact of smoking and vaping on the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati A Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Michael A Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Colleen M Bartman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Steven Sine
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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4
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Sabbir MG. Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 Co-Localized with Mitochondria in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons, and Its Deletion Disrupted Mitochondrial Ultrastructure in Peripheral Neurons: Implications in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:247-264. [PMID: 38427478 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Loss of Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent study found significantly lower CHRM1 protein levels in AD patient cortices, linked to reduced survival. Furthermore, using knockout mice (Chrm1-/-) we demonstrated that deletion of Chrm1 alters cortical mitochondrial structure and function, directly establishing a connection between its loss and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of AD. While CHRM1's role in the brain has been extensively investigated, its impact on peripheral neurons in AD remains a crucial area of research, especially considering reported declines in peripheral nerve conduction among AD patients. Objective The objective was to characterize Chrm1 localization and mitochondrial deficits in Chrm1-/- dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Methods Recombinant proteins tagged with Green or Red Fluorescent Protein (GFP/RFP) were transiently expressed to investigate the localization of Chrm1 and mitochondria, as well as mitochondrial movement in the neurites of cultured primary mouse DRG neurons, using confocal time-lapse live cell imaging. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to examine the ultrastructure of mitochondria in both wild-type and Chrm1-/- DRGs. Results Fluorescence imaging revealed colocalization and comigration of N-terminal GFP-tagged Chrm1 and mitochondrial localization signal peptide-tagged RFP-labelled mitochondria in the DRGs neurons. A spectrum of mitochondrial structural abnormalities, including disruption and loss of cristae was observed in 87% neurons in Chrm1-/- DRGs. Conclusions This study suggests that Chrm1 may be localized in the neuronal mitochondria and loss of Chrm1 in peripheral neurons causes sever mitochondrial structural aberrations resembling AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Collegeof Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Alzo Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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5
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Li J, Che M, Zhang B, Zhao K, Wan C, Yang K. The association between the neuroendocrine system and the tumor immune microenvironment: Emerging directions for cancer immunotherapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189007. [PMID: 37907132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes emerging evidence that the neuroendocrine system is involved in the regulation of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to influence cancer progression. The basis of the interaction between the neuroendocrine system and cancer is usually achieved by the infiltration of nerve fibers into the tumor tissue, which is called neurogenesis; the migration of cancer cells toward nerve fibers, which is called perineural invasion (PNI), and the neurotransmitters. In addition to the traditional role of neurotransmitters in neural communications, neurotransmitters are increasingly recognized as mediators of crosstalk between the nervous system, cancer cells, and the immune system. Recent studies have revealed that not only nerve fibers but also cancer cells and immune cells within the TIME can secrete neurotransmitters, exerting influence on both neurons and themselves. Furthermore, immune cells infiltrating the tumor environment have been found to express a wide array of neurotransmitter receptors. Hence, targeting these neurotransmitter receptors may promote the activity of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and exert anti-tumor immunity. Herein, we discuss the crosstalk between the neuroendocrine system and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, which may provide feasible cancer immunotherapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengjie Che
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kewei Zhao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Precision Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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6
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Balla H, Borsodi K, Őrsy P, Horváth B, Molnár PJ, Lénárt Á, Kosztelnik M, Ruisanchez É, Wess J, Offermanns S, Nyirády P, Benyó Z. Intracellular signaling pathways of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated detrusor muscle contractions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F618-F628. [PMID: 37675459 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine plays an essential role in the regulation of detrusor muscle contractions, and antimuscarinics are widely used in the management of overactive bladder syndrome. However, several adverse effects limit their application and patients' compliance. Thus, this study aimed to further analyze the signal transduction of M2 and M3 receptors in the murine urinary bladder to eventually find more specific therapeutic targets. Experiments were performed on adult male wild-type, M2, M3, M2/M3, or Gαq/11 knockout (KO), and pertussis toxin (PTX)-treated mice. Contraction force and RhoA activity were measured in the urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM). Our results indicate that carbamoylcholine (CCh)-induced contractions were associated with increased activity of RhoA and were reduced in the presence of the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 in UBSM. CCh-evoked contractile responses and RhoA activation were markedly reduced in detrusor strips lacking either M2 or M3 receptors and abolished in M2/M3 KO mice. Inhibition of Gαi-coupled signaling by PTX treatment shifted the concentration-response curve of CCh to the right and diminished RhoA activation. CCh-induced contractile responses were markedly decreased in Gαq/11 KO mice; however, RhoA activation was unaffected. In conclusion, cholinergic detrusor contraction and RhoA activation are mediated by both M2 and M3 receptors. Furthermore, whereas both Gαi and Gαq/11 proteins mediate UBSM contraction, the activation at the RhoA-ROCK pathway appears to be linked specifically to Gαi. These findings may aid the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for bladder dysfunctions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are of utmost importance in physiological regulation of micturition and also in the development of voiding disorders. We demonstrate that the RhoA-Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway plays a crucial role in contractions induced by cholinergic stimulation in detrusor muscle. Activation of RhoA is mediated by both M2 and M3 receptors as well as by Gi but not Gq/11 proteins. The Gi-RhoA-ROCK pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target for overactive voiding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Balla
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Borsodi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Őrsy
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Horváth
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter József Molnár
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Lénárt
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Kosztelnik
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Ji J, Ye Y, Sheng L, Sun J, Hong Q, Liu C, Ding J, Geng S, Xu D, Zhang Y, Sun X. Sleep Promotion by 3-Hydroxy-4-Iminobutyric Acid in Walnut Diaphragma juglandis Fructus. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0216. [PMID: 37732131 PMCID: PMC10508226 DOI: 10.34133/research.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient sleep can produce a multitude of deleterious repercussions on various domains of human well-being. Concomitantly, the walnut (Juglans mandshurica) confers numerous salutary biological activities pertaining to sleep. Nevertheless, the sedative and hypnotic capacities of walnut's functional constituents remain obscure. In this investigation, we analyzed the sedative and hypnotic components of the walnut Diaphragma juglandis fructus and innovatively discovered a compound, defined as 3-hydroxy-4-iminobutyric acid (HIBA), which disrupts motor activity and enhances sleep duration by regulating the neurotransmitters (GABA, DA, etc.) within the brain and serum of mice. Subsequently, a metabolomics approach of the serum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, and hippocampus as well as the gut microbiota was undertaken to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms of sleep promotion. Our data reveal that HIBA can regulate the metabolism of basal ganglia (sphingolipids, acylcarnitines, etc.), possibly in relation to HIBA's influence on the gut microbiome (Muribaculum, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, etc.). Therefore, we introduce a novel natural product, HIBA, and explicate the modulation of sleep promotion in mice based on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This study contributes fresh insights toward natural product-based sleep research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, No. 311 Nongda Dong Road, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region 830052, P.R. China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Chemistry,
Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Shuxiang Geng
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, P.R. China
| | - Deping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology,
School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue 1800, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214100, P.R. China
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8
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Healy D. The past, present and future of anticholinergic drugs. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2023; 13:20451253231176375. [PMID: 37701889 PMCID: PMC10493060 DOI: 10.1177/20451253231176375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In current medical practice, it is difficult to find any reports claiming that drugs that are primarily anticholinergic or those that have significant anticholinergic effects have any therapeutic benefits. These drugs fell into disrepute within the mental health field from the mid-1960s onwards, and their supposed problems extended to elsewhere in medicine after that. There is considerable evidence that this disrepute stemmed more from marketing copy rather than from hard clinical trial data. Many apparent reviews appear to repeat prior claims rather than present substantial or new evidence. This article offers a perspective rather than a systematic review as there is little evidence other than claims to review. The aim is to challenge the conventional narrative that anticholinergic effects are uniquely hazardous by pointing to the uncertain basis for claims about the harms of anticholinergic drugs, antimuscarinic drugs in particular, ending with pointers to recent research that, if realized, might underpin important possible future benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Healy
- Data Based Medicine Americas Ltd., 95 Sandringham Drive, Toronto, ON, M3H 1E1 Canada
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9
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Nara S, Yamaguti Y, Tsuda I. Review: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to regulate important brain activity-what occurs at the molecular level? Cogn Neurodyn 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37362764 PMCID: PMC10197064 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-023-09975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we briefly review the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in regulating important brain activity by controlled release of acetylcholine from subcortical neuron groups, focusing on a microscopic viewpoint and considering the nonlinear dynamics of biological macromolecules associated with neuron activity and how they give rise to advanced brain functions of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Nara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamaguti
- Faculty of Information Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 811-0295 Japan
| | - Ichiro Tsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences/Center for Mathematical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Chubu University, Aichi, 487-8501 Japan
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10
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Sabbir MG, Swanson M, Albensi BC. Loss of cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 impairs cortical mitochondrial structure and function: implications in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1158604. [PMID: 37274741 PMCID: PMC10233041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1158604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) is a G protein-coupled acetylcholine (ACh) receptor predominantly expressed in the cerebral cortex. In a retrospective postmortem brain tissues-based study, we demonstrated that severely (≥50% decrease) reduced CHRM1 proteins in the temporal cortex of Alzheimer's patients significantly correlated with poor patient outcomes. The G protein-mediated CHRM1 signal transduction cannot sufficiently explain the mechanistic link between cortical CHRM1 loss and the appearance of hallmark Alzheimer's pathophysiologies, particularly mitochondrial structural and functional abnormalities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the molecular, ultrastructural, and functional properties of cortical mitochondria using CHRM1 knockout (Chrm1-/-) and wild-type mice to identify mitochondrial abnormalities. Methods: Isolated and enriched cortical mitochondrial fractions derived from wild-type and Chrm1-/- mice were assessed for respiratory deficits (oxygen consumption) following the addition of different substrates. The supramolecular assembly of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-associated protein complexes (complex I-V) and cortical mitochondrial ultrastructure were investigated by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. A cocktail of antibodies, specific to Ndufb8, Sdhb, Uqcrc2, Mtco1, and Atp5a proteins representing different subunits of complexes I-V, respectively was used to characterize different OXPHOS-associated protein complexes. Results: Loss of Chrm1 led to a significant reduction in cortical mitochondrial respiration (oxygen consumption) concomitantly associated with reduced oligomerization of ATP synthase (complex V) and supramolecular assembly of complexes I-IV (Respirasome). Overexpression of Chrm1 in transformed cells (lacking native Chrm1) significantly increased complex V oligomerization and respirasome assembly leading to enhanced respiration. TEM analysis revealed that Chrm1 loss led to mitochondrial ultrastructural defects and alteration in the tinctorial properties of cortical neurons causing a significant increase in the abundance of dark cortical neurons (Chrm1-/- 85% versus wild-type 2%). Discussion: Our findings indicate a hitherto unknown effect of Chrm1 deletion in cortical neurons affecting mitochondrial function by altering multiple interdependent factors including ATP synthase oligomerization, respirasome assembly, and mitochondrial ultrastructure. The appearance of dark neurons in Chrm1-/- cortices implies potentially enhanced glutamatergic signaling in pyramidal neurons under Chrm1 loss condition. The findings provide novel mechanistic insights into Chrm1 loss with the appearance of mitochondrial pathophysiological deficits in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Alzo Biosciences Inc, SanDiego, CA, United States
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Mamiko Swanson
- Alzo Biosciences Inc, SanDiego, CA, United States
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Benedict C. Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Barry & Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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11
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Hemha P, Chomphoo S, Polsan Y, Goto K, Watanabe M, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Discrete localization of phospholipase Cβ3 and diacylglycerol kinase ι along the renal proximal tubules of normal rat kidney and gentamicin-induced changes in their expression. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:293-307. [PMID: 36478081 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many signaling enzymes have multiple isozymes that are localized discretely at varying molecular levels in different compartments of cells where they play specific roles. In this study, among the various isozymes of phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), which work sequentially in the phosphoinositide cycle, both PLCβ3 and DGKι were found in renal brush-border microvilli, but found to replace each other along the proximal tubules: PLCβ3 in the proximal straight tubules (PST) of the outer stripe of the outer medulla (OSOM) and the medullary ray (MR), and DGKι in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) in the cortex and partially in the PST of the MR. Following daily injection of gentamicin for 1 week, the expression of PLCβ3 and DGKι was transiently enhanced, as demonstrated by western blot, and the increases were found to most likely occur in their original sites, that is, in the brush borders of the PST for PLCβ3 and in the PCT for DGKι. These findings showing differences in expression along the tubules suggest that the exertion of reabsorption and secretion through various ion channels and transporters in the microvillus membranes and the maintenance of microvillus turnover are regulated by a PLC-mediated signal with the balance shifted toward relative augmentation of the DAG function in the PST, and by a DGK-mediated signal with the balance shifted to relative augmentation of the phosphatidic acid function in the PCT. Our results also suggest the possibility that these isozymes are potential diagnostic signs for the early detection of acute kidney injury caused by gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premrudee Hemha
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Surang Chomphoo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yada Polsan
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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12
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Xu J, Wang Q, Hübner H, Hu Y, Niu X, Wang H, Maeda S, Inoue A, Tao Y, Gmeiner P, Du Y, Jin C, Kobilka BK. Structural and dynamic insights into supra-physiological activation and allosteric modulation of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:376. [PMID: 36690613 PMCID: PMC9870890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R) is a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that serves as a model system for understanding GPCR regulation by both orthosteric and allosteric ligands. Here, we investigate the mechanisms governing M2R signaling versatility using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and NMR spectroscopy, focusing on the physiological agonist acetylcholine and a supra-physiological agonist iperoxo, as well as a positive allosteric modulator LY2119620. These studies reveal that acetylcholine stabilizes a more heterogeneous M2R-G-protein complex than iperoxo, where two conformers with distinctive G-protein orientations were determined. We find that LY2119620 increases the affinity for both agonists, but differentially modulates agonists efficacy in G-protein and β-arrestin pathways. Structural and spectroscopic analysis suggest that LY211620 stabilizes distinct intracellular conformational ensembles from agonist-bound M2R, which may enhance β-arrestin recruitment while impairing G-protein activation. These results highlight the role of conformational dynamics in the complex signaling behavior of GPCRs, and could facilitate design of better drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qinggong Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yunfei Hu
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shoji Maeda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan 1150 Medical Center Dr., 1315 Medical Science Research Bldg III, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuyong Tao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Changwen Jin
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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13
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Sabbir MG, Speth RC, Albensi BC. Loss of Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) Protein in the Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex of a Subset of Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, or Frontotemporal Dementia: Implications for Patient Survival. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:727-747. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysfunction of cholinergic neurotransmission is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); forming the basis for using acetylcholine (ACh) esterase (AChE) inhibitors to mitigate symptoms of ACh deficiency in AD. The Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) is highly expressed in brain regions impaired by AD. Previous analyses of postmortem AD brains revealed unaltered CHRM1 mRNA expression compared to normal brains. However, the CHRM1 protein level in AD and other forms of dementia has not been extensively studied. Reduced expression of CHRM1 in AD patients may explain the limited clinical efficacy of AChE inhibitors. Objective: To quantify CHRM1 protein in the postmortem hippocampus and temporal cortex of AD, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients. Methods: Western blotting was performed on postmortem hippocampus (N = 19/73/7/9: unaffected/AD/FTD/PD) and temporal cortex (N = 9/74/27: unaffected/AD/PD) using a validated anti-CHRM1 antibody. Results: Quantification based on immunoblotting using a validated anti-CHRM1 antibody revealed a significant loss of CHRM1 protein level (<50%) in the hippocampi (78% AD, 66% PD, and 85% FTD) and temporal cortices (56% AD and 42% PD) of dementia patients. Loss of CHRM1 in the temporal cortex was significantly associated with early death (<65–75 years) for both AD and PD patients. Conclusion: Severe reduction of CHRM1 in a subset of AD and PD patients can explain the reported low efficacy of AChE inhibitors as a mitigating treatment for dementia patients. Based on this study, it can be suggested that future research should prioritize therapeutic restoration of CHRM1 protein levels in cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Golam Sabbir
- Alzo Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Robert C. Speth
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Davie, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Benedict C. Albensi
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Davie, FL, USA
- St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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14
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Parween F, Sarker A, Gupta RD. Chlorpyrifos and parathion regulate oxidative stress differentially through the expression of paraoxonase 2 in human neuroblastoma cell. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:60-70. [PMID: 36058312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are frequently linked to both chronic and acute forms of nervous system disorders. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and parathion (PA) are two of the most widely used OP insecticides throughout the world. These compounds are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and cause a cholinergic crisis. However, there are other non-cholinergic effects of the OP compounds as well. The role of Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in the metabolism of OP compounds is well established owing to its significant organophosphatase activity. Since PON2 has no paraoxonase activity and the level of its expression is 20-40 fold higher in the brain, in this article the role of PON2 in response to CPF and PA exposure concerning both cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects are explored. The effect of these OPs on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), PON2 gene expression, and function was studied. Glutathione level, esterase activity, and paraoxonase activity were also measured in CPF- and PA-treated IMR-32 cells. At these levels, both CPF and PA showed different impacts on IMR-32 cells. PA at higher concentrations (50-200µM) proved to be less toxic than CPF. Interestingly, induction of ROS was also lower in the case of PA-treated cells as compared to the CPF. However, PON2 protein expression was increased with the increasing concentration of PA and decreased with the increasing concentration of CPF. To explore the possible mechanism of the differential regulation of PON2 gene expression by CPF and PA, we investigated the possible binding and signaling through the human M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2AChR). Since M2AChRs are similar to G-protein coupled receptors and function through cAMP signalling, we measured the cAMP level after CPF and PA treatment CPF- and PA-treated IMR-32 cells can be used as a model to study the mechanism by which PON2 acts as a ROS scavenger in response to xenobiotics stimulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Parween
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Animesh Sarker
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi-110021, India.
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15
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Tahk MJ, Torp J, Ali MAS, Fishman D, Parts L, Grätz L, Müller C, Keller M, Veiksina S, Laasfeld T, Rinken A. Live-cell microscopy or fluorescence anisotropy with budded baculoviruses-which way to go with measuring ligand binding to M 4 muscarinic receptors? Open Biol 2022; 12:220019. [PMID: 35674179 PMCID: PMC9175271 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been associated with alcohol and cocaine abuse, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia which makes it an interesting drug target. For many GPCRs, the high-affinity fluorescence ligands have expanded the options for high-throughput screening of drug candidates and serve as useful tools in fundamental receptor research. Here, we explored two TAMRA-labelled fluorescence ligands, UR-MK342 and UR-CG072, for development of assays for studying ligand-binding properties to M4 receptor. Using budded baculovirus particles as M4 receptor preparation and fluorescence anisotropy method, we measured the affinities and binding kinetics of both fluorescence ligands. Using the fluorescence ligands as reporter probes, the binding affinities of unlabelled ligands could be determined. Based on these results, we took a step towards a more natural system and developed a method using live CHO-K1-hM4R cells and automated fluorescence microscopy suitable for the routine determination of unlabelled ligand affinities. For quantitative image analysis, we developed random forest and deep learning-based pipelines for cell segmentation. The pipelines were integrated into the user-friendly open-source Aparecium software. Both image analysis methods were suitable for measuring fluorescence ligand saturation binding and kinetics as well as for screening binding affinities of unlabelled ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris-Johanna Tahk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Torp
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohammed A. S. Ali
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dmytro Fishman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leopold Parts
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Lukas Grätz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Santa Veiksina
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Laasfeld
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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16
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Subtype-selective contribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for filial imprinting in newly-hatched domestic chicks. Behav Brain Res 2022; 424:113789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Mori C, Aoki N, Fujita T, Yamaguchi S, Matsushima T, Homma KJ. Gene expression profiles of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in brain regions relating to filial imprinting of newly-hatched domestic chicks. Behav Brain Res 2021; 420:113708. [PMID: 34902480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the central nervous system play an important role in regulating complex functions such as learning, memory, and selective attention. Five subtypes of the mAChRs (M1-M5) have been identified in mammals, and are classified into two subfamilies: excitatory (M1, M3, and M5) and inhibitory (M2 and M4) subfamilies. Filial imprinting of domestic chicks is a useful model in the laboratory to investigate the mechanisms of memory formation in early learning. We recently found that mAChRs in the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) are involved in the memory formation of imprinting. However, expression profiles of each mAChR subtype in the brain regions including the IMM remain unexplored. Here we show the unique gene expression of each mAChR subtype in the pallial regions involved in imprinting. In terms of the excitatory mAChRs, M5 was expressed in the IMM region and other parts of the pallium, whereas M3 was less expressed in the IMM but highly expressed in the hyperpallium and nidopallium. Regarding the inhibitory mAChRs, M2 was sparsely distributed but clearly in some cells throughout the pallial regions. M4 was highly expressed in the IMM region and other parts of the pallium. These expression profiles can be used as a basis for understanding cholinergic modulation in the memory formation of imprinting and other learning processes in birds, and compared to those of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Mori
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoya Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsushima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Koichi J Homma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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18
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Yang J, Ouyang X, Fu H, Hou X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Yu H, Wang G. Advances in biomedical study of the myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112472. [PMID: 34861634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia has become one of the most critical health problems in the world with the increasing time spent indoors and increasing close work. Pathological myopia may have multiple complications, such as myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, open-angle glaucoma, and severe cases that can cause blindness. Mounting evidence suggests that the cause of myopia can be attributed to the complex interaction of environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility. An increasing number of researchers have focused on the genetic pathogenesis of myopia in recent years. Scleral remodeling and excessive axial elongating induced retina thinning and even retinal detachment are myopia's most important pathological manifestations. The related signaling pathways are indispensable in myopia occurrence and development, such as dopamine, nitric oxide, TGF-β, HIF-1α, etc. We review the current major and recent progress of biomedicine on myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinli Ouyang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Hong Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Haiqun Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China.
| | - Guohui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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19
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Czarnecki P, Lin J, Aton SJ, Zochowski M. Dynamical Mechanism Underlying Scale-Free Network Reorganization in Low Acetylcholine States Corresponding to Slow Wave Sleep. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 1:759131. [PMID: 35785148 PMCID: PMC9249096 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.759131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is indispensable for most animals' cognitive functions, and is hypothesized to be a major factor in memory consolidation. Although we do not fully understand the mechanisms of network reorganisation driving memory consolidation, available data suggests that sleep-associated neurochemical changes may be important for such processes. In particular, global acetylcholine levels change across the sleep/wake cycle, with high cholinergic tone during wake and REM sleep and low cholinergic tone during slow wave sleep. Furthermore, experimental perturbation of cholinergic tone has been shown to impact memory storage. Through in silico modeling of neuronal networks, we show how spiking dynamics change in highly heterogenous networks under varying levels of cholinergic tone, with neuronal networks under high cholinergic modulation firing asynchronously and at high frequencies, while those under low cholinergic modulation exhibit synchronous patterns of activity. We further examined the network's dynamics and its reorganization mediated via changing levels of acetylcholine within the context of different scale-free topologies, comparing network activity within the hub cells, a small group of neurons having high degree connectivity, and with the rest of the network. We show a dramatic, state-dependent change in information flow throughout the network, with highly active hub cells integrating information in a high-acetylcholine state, and transferring it to rest of the network in a low-acetylcholine state. This result is experimentally corroborated by frequency-dependent frequency changes observed in vivo experiments. Together, these findings provide insight into how new neurons are recruited into memory traces during sleep, a mechanism which may underlie system memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Czarnecki
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jack Lin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sara J. Aton
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michal Zochowski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Neuropharmacology of Cevimeline and Muscarinic Drugs-Focus on Cognition and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168908. [PMID: 34445613 PMCID: PMC8396258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias cannot be cured. Therefore, scientists all over the world are trying to find a new approach to prolong an active life of patients with initial dementia. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological pathways are investigated to improve the key symptom of the disease, memory loss. In this respect, influencing the neuromodulator acetylcholine via muscarinic receptors, such as cevimeline, might be one of the therapeutic alternatives. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of cevimeline on the cognitive functions of AD patients. The methodology is based on a systematic literature review of available studies found in Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, and Scopus on the research topic. The findings indicate that cevimeline has shown an improvement in experimentally induced cognitive deficits in animal models. Furthermore, it has demonstrated to positively influence tau pathology and reduce the levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the cerebral spinal fluid of Alzheimer’s patients. Although this drug has not been approved by the FDA for its use among AD patients and there is a lack of clinical studies confirming and extending this finding, cevimeline might represent a breakthrough in the treatment of AD.
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21
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Dai X, Zhou E, Yang W, Mao R, Zhang W, Rao Y. Molecular resolution of a behavioral paradox: sleep and arousal are regulated by distinct acetylcholine receptors in different neuronal types in Drosophila. Sleep 2021; 44:6119684. [PMID: 33493349 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and arousal are both important for animals. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) has long been found to promote both sleep and arousal in mammals, an apparent paradox which has also been found to exist in flies, causing much confusion in understanding sleep and arousal. Here, we have systematically studied all 13 ACh receptors (AChRs) in Drosophila to understand mechanisms underlying ACh function in sleep and arousal. We found that exogenous stimuli-induced arousal was decreased in nAChRα3 mutants, whereas sleep was decreased in nAChRα2 and nAChRβ2 mutants. nAChRα3 functions in dopaminergic neurons to promote exogenous stimuli-induced arousal, whereas nAChRα2 and β2 function in octopaminergic neurons to promote sleep. Our studies have revealed that a single transmitter can promote endogenous sleep and exogenous stimuli-induced arousal through distinct receptors in different types of downstream neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihuimin Dai
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Enxing Zhou
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Renbo Mao
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhang
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
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22
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Pohanka M. Pharmacological Influencing of The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in Infectious Diseases and Inflammatory Pathologies. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:660-669. [PMID: 33208075 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201117111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and it can also be entitled as an anti-inflammatory reflex. It consists of terminations of the vagal nerve into blood, acetylcholine released from the terminations, macrophages and other cells having α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), calcium ions crossing through the receptor and interacting with nuclear factors, and erythrocytes with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminating the neurotransmission. Stopping of inflammatory cytokines production is the major task for the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be stimulated or suppressed by agonizing or antagonizing α7 nAChR or by inhibition of AChE. This review is focused on cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulation by drugs. Compounds that inhibit cholinesterases (for instance, huperzine, rivastigmine, galantamine), and their impact on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway are discussed here and a survey of actual literature is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine hydrolase whose primary function is to degrade acetylcholine (ACh) and terminate neurotransmission. Apart from its role in synaptic transmission, AChE has several "non-classical" functions in non-neuronal cells. AChE is involved in cellular growth, apoptosis, drug resistance pathways, response to stress signals and inflammation. The observation that the functional activity of AChE is altered in human tumors (relative to adjacent matched normal tissue) has raised several intriguing questions about its role in the pathophysiology of human cancers. Published reports show that AChE is a vital regulator of oncogenic signaling pathways involving proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of primary tumors. The objective of this book chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the AChE-signaling pathway in the growth of progression of human cancers. The AChE isoforms, AChE-T, AChE-R and AChE-S are robustly expressed in human cancer cell lines as well in human tumors (isolated from patients). Traditionally, AChE-modulators have been used in the clinic for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging studies reveal that these drugs could be repurposed for the treatment of human cancers. The discovery of potent, selective AChE ligands will provide new knowledge about AChE-regulatory pathways in human cancers and foster the hope of novel therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nicholas A Nolan
- West Virginia University Medical School, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
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Ruan Y, Patzak A, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Retina-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4989. [PMID: 34066677 PMCID: PMC8125843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The family of mAChRs is composed of five subtypes, M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, which have distinct expression patterns and functions. In the eye and its adnexa, mAChRs are widely expressed and exert multiple functions, such as modulation of tear secretion, regulation of pupil size, modulation of intraocular pressure, participation in cell-to-cell signaling and modula-tion of vascular diameter in the retina. Due to this variety of functions, it is reasonable to assume that abnormalities in mAChR signaling may contribute to the development of various ocular diseases. On the other hand, mAChRs may offer an attractive therapeutic target to treat ocular diseases. Thus far, non-subtype-selective mAChR ligands have been used in ophthalmology to treat dry eye disease, myopia and glaucoma. However, these drugs were shown to cause various side-effects. Thus, the use of subtype-selective ligands would be useful to circumvent this problem. In this review, we give an overview on the localization and on the functional role of mAChR subtypes in the eye and its adnexa with a special focus on the retina. Moreover, we describe the pathophysiological role of mAChRs in retinal diseases and discuss potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.P.); (A.G.)
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Sherafat Y, Bautista M, Fowler CD. Multidimensional Intersection of Nicotine, Gene Expression, and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:649129. [PMID: 33828466 PMCID: PMC8019722 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.649129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in nervous system function with important effects on developmental processes, cognition, attention, motivation, reward, learning, and memory. Nicotine, the reinforcing component of tobacco and e-cigarettes, directly acts on the cholinergic system by targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. Activation of nAChRs leads to a multitude of immediate and long-lasting effects in specific cellular populations, thereby affecting the addictive properties of the drug. In addition to the direct actions of nicotine in binding to and opening nAChRs, the subsequent activation of circuits and downstream signaling cascades leads to a wide range of changes in gene expression, which can subsequently alter further behavioral expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the actions of nicotine that lead to changes in gene expression and further highlight evidence supporting how these changes can often be bidirectional, thereby inducing subsequent changes in behaviors associated with further drug intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Malia Bautista
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
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26
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Udo MSB, da Silva MAA, de Souza Prates S, Dal'Jovem LF, de Oliveira Duro S, Faião-Flores F, Garcia RCT, Maria-Engler SS, Marcourakis T. Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, a cocaine pyrolysis product, contributes to cocaine-induced rat primary hippocampal neuronal death in a synergistic and time-dependent manner. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1779-1791. [PMID: 33674969 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Crack cocaine users are simultaneously exposed to volatilized cocaine and to its main pyrolysis product, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME). Although the neurotoxic effects of cocaine have been extensively studied, little is known about AEME or its combination. We investigated cell death processes using rat primary hippocampal cells exposed to cocaine (2 mM), AEME (1 mM) and their combination (C + A), after 1, 3, 6 and 12 h. Cocaine increased LC3 I after 6 h and LC3 II after 12 h, but reduced the percentage of cells with acid vesicles, suggesting failure in the autophagic flux, which activated the extrinsic apoptotic pathway after 12 h. AEME neurotoxicity did not involve the autophagic process; rather, it activated caspase-9 after 6 h and caspase-8 after 12 h leading to a high percentage of cells in early apoptosis. C + A progressively reduced the percentage of undamaged cells, starting after 3 h; it activated both apoptotic pathways after 6 h, and was more neurotoxic than cocaine and AEME alone. Also, C + A increased the phosphorylation of p62 after 12 h, but there was little difference in LC3 I or II, and a small percentage of cells with acid vesicles at all time points investigated. In summary, the present study provides new evidence for the neurotoxic mechanism and timing response of each substance alone and in combination, indicating that AEME is more than just a biological marker for crack cocaine consumption, as it may intensify and hasten cocaine neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sayuri Berto Udo
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sara de Souza Prates
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Ferreira Dal'Jovem
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie de Oliveira Duro
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Faião-Flores
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Caio Tamborelli Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departament of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nerve growth factor interacts with CHRM4 and promotes neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer and castration resistance. Commun Biol 2021; 4:22. [PMID: 33398073 PMCID: PMC7782543 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) contributes to the progression of malignancy. However, the functional role and regulatory mechanisms of NGF in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) are unclear. Here, we show that an androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT)-stimulated transcription factor, ZBTB46, upregulated NGF via ZBTB46 mediated-transcriptional activation of NGF. NGF regulates NEPC differentiation by physically interacting with a G-protein-coupled receptor, cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), after ADT. Pharmacologic NGF blockade and NGF knockdown markedly inhibited CHRM4-mediated NEPC differentiation and AKT-MYCN signaling activation. CHRM4 stimulation was associated with ADT resistance and was significantly correlated with increased NGF in high-grade and small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (SCNC) patient samples. Our results reveal a role of the NGF in the development of NEPC that is linked to ZBTB46 upregulation and CHRM4 accumulation. Our study provides evidence that the NGF-CHRM4 axis has potential to be considered as a therapeutic target to impair NEPC progression. Here, the authors discover that NGF, upregulated by transcription factor ZBTB46 in prostate cancer exposed to androgen therapy, promotes neuroendocrine differentiation. They show that NGF interacts with the GPCR CHRM4, that both NGF and CHRM4 are upregulated in highly metastatic prostate cancer and that targeting NGF reduces therapy resistance in a mouse xenograft model.
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Moreira TS, Sobrinho CR, Falquetto B, Oliveira LM, Lima JD, Mulkey DK, Takakura AC. The retrotrapezoid nucleus and the neuromodulation of breathing. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:699-719. [PMID: 33427575 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00497.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing is regulated by a host of arousal and sleep-wake state-dependent neuromodulators to maintain respiratory homeostasis. Modulators such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin (5-HT), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), substance P, somatostatin, bombesin, orexin, and leptin can serve complementary or off-setting functions depending on the target cell type and signaling mechanisms engaged. Abnormalities in any of these modulatory mechanisms can destabilize breathing, suggesting that modulatory mechanisms are not overly redundant but rather work in concert to maintain stable respiratory output. The present review focuses on the modulation of a specific cluster of neurons located in the ventral medullary surface, named retrotrapezoid nucleus, that are activated by changes in tissue CO2/H+ and regulate several aspects of breathing, including inspiration and active expiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleyton R Sobrinho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Falquetto
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janayna D Lima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel K Mulkey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Synthesis, Biological, and Computational Evaluation of Antagonistic, Chiral Hydrobenzoin Esters of Arecaidine Targeting mAChR M1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120437. [PMID: 33266067 PMCID: PMC7760838 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are a pivotal constituent of the central and peripheral nervous system. Yet, therapeutic and diagnostic applications thereof are hampered by the lack of subtype selective ligands. Within this work, we synthesized and chemically characterized three different stereoisomers of hydrobenzoin esters of arecaidine by NMR, HR-MS, chiral chromatography, and HPLC-logP. All compounds are structurally eligible for carbon-11 labeling and show appropriate stability in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) and F12 cell culture medium. A competitive radioligand binding assay on Chinese hamster ovary cell membranes comprising the human mAChR subtypes M1-M5 showed the highest orthosteric binding affinity for subtype M1 and a strong influence of stereochemistry on binding affinity, which corresponds to in silico molecular docking experiments. Ki values toward M1 were determined as 99 ± 19 nM, 800 ± 200 nM, and 380 ± 90 nM for the (R,R)-, (S,S)-, and racemic (R,S)-stereoisomer, respectively, highlighting the importance of stereochemical variations in mAChR ligand development. All three stereoisomers were shown to act as antagonists toward mAChR M1 using a Fluo-4 calcium efflux assay. With respect to future positron emission tomography (PET) tracer development, the (R,R)-isomer appears especially promising as a lead structure due to its highest subtype selectivity and lowest Ki value.
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30
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Agha-Hosseini F, Moosavi MS, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Samami M. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in minor salivary gland tissues of patients with oral lichen planus: A case-control study. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:816-821. [PMID: 32744338 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common, chronic immunological and inflammatory condition. Many of the OLP patients complain of xerostomia. The M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MR3) are the main receptors in the salivary glands responsible for water secretion into the saliva. This study aimed to assess the level of M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors in minor salivary glands of OLP patients. METHODS This case-control cross-sectional study evaluated 40 OLP patients and 22 controls. All participants completed two questionnaires (xerostomia and xerostomia inventory). Stimulated and unstimulated saliva samples were collected. The saliva flow rate was calculated by dividing the saliva volume (in milliliters) by time (in minutes). Six minor salivary glands were also surgically removed from the lower lip of patients and controls, and weighed using a digital scale with 10-4 g accuracy. They were then frozen at -80°C, and the level of M3 receptors of the glands was determined using the ELISA kit. RESULTS The unstimulated and stimulated saliva flow rate was significantly lower in OLP patients. The xerostomia inventory score was significantly higher in the OLP group. The level of M3 muscarinic receptors in minor salivary glands of OLP patients was significantly higher than that in controls. CONCLUSIONS It may be concluded that the reduction in saliva flow significantly increases the number of M3 receptors in an attempt to compensate for this shortage and prevent xerostomia (compensatory upregulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Agha-Hosseini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Academy of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran, Fellowship of Research Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samami
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Pozhidaev IV, Boiko AS, Loonen AJM, Paderina DZ, Fedorenko OY, Tenin G, Kornetova EG, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Wilffert B, Ivanova SA. Association of Cholinergic Muscarinic M4 Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Schizophrenia. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2020; 13:97-105. [PMID: 32368127 PMCID: PMC7183770 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s247174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have linked muscarinic M4 receptors (CHRM4) to schizophrenia. Specifically, the rs2067482 polymorphism was found to be highly associated with this disease. Purpose To test whether rs2067482 and rs72910092 are potential risk factors for schizophrenia and/or pharmacogenetic markers for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Patients and Methods We genotyped DNA of 449 patients with schizophrenia and 134 healthy controls for rs2067482 and rs72910092 polymorphisms of the CHRM4 gene with the use of the MassARRAY® System by Agena Bioscience. Mann–Whitney test was used to compare qualitative traits and χ2 test was used for categorical traits. Results The frequency of genotypes and alleles of rs72910092 did not differ between patients with schizophrenia and control subjects. We did not reveal any statistical differences for both rs2067482 and rs72910092 between schizophrenia patients with and without tardive dyskinesia. The frequency of the C allele of the polymorphic variant rs2067482 was significantly higher in healthy persons compared to patients with schizophrenia (OR=0.51, 95% CI [0.33–0.80]; p=0.003). Accordingly, the CC genotype was found significantly more often in healthy persons compared to patients with schizophrenia (OR=0.49, 95% CI [0.31–0.80]; p=0.010). Conclusion Our study found the presence of the minor allele (T) of rs2067482 variant being associated with schizophrenia. We argue that the association of rs2067482 with schizophrenia may be via its regulatory effect on some other gene with protein kinase C and casein Kknase substrate in neurons 3 (PACSIN3) as a possible candidate. Neither rs2067482 nor rs72910092 is associated with tardive dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Pozhidaev
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia S Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anton J M Loonen
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diana Z Paderina
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadiy Tenin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Bob Wilffert
- Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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Cox MA, Bassi C, Saunders ME, Nechanitzky R, Morgado-Palacin I, Zheng C, Mak TW. Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation. J Intern Med 2020; 287:120-133. [PMID: 31710126 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is best known as a neurotransmitter and was the first such molecule identified. ACh signalling in the neuronal cholinergic system has long been known to regulate numerous biological processes (reviewed by Beckmann and Lips). In actuality, ACh is a ubiquitous signalling molecule that is produced by numerous non-neuronal cell types and even by some single-celled organisms. Within multicellular organisms, a non-neuronal cholinergic system that includes the immune system functions in parallel with the neuronal cholinergic system. Several immune cell types both respond to ACh signals and can directly produce ACh. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the capacity to produce ACh is an intrinsic property of T cells responding to viral infection, and that this ability to produce ACh is dependent upon IL-21 signalling to the T cells. Furthermore, during infection this immune-derived ACh is necessary for the T cells to migrate into infected tissues. In this review, we will discuss the various sources of ACh that are relevant during immune responses and describe how ACh acts on immune cells to influence their functions. We will also address the clinical implications of this fascinating aspect of immunity, focusing on ACh's role in the migration of T cells during infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cox
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Bassi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M E Saunders
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Nechanitzky
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - I Morgado-Palacin
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Zheng
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Wang Z, Li M, Liu L, Geng B. Muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor subtypes play opposite roles in LPS-induced septic shock. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1108-1114. [PMID: 31634798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare pharmacologic effects of pirenzepine and AF-DX116, a selective competitive antagonist for M1 and M2 subtype muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs), respectively, with atropine, a non-selective competitive antagonist for mAChRs, on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish models of LPS-induced experimental endotoxemia. Mice were intraperitoneally injected 10 min prior to LPS injection with control (saline), atropine, pirenzepine and AF-DX116, respectively. Overall survival time was estimated using Kaplan-Meier plots. Inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was monitored at various intervals after LPS injection and individual reagent administration. Pathological alternations in lungs and liver were analyzed. RESULTS Pirenzepine and atropine pretreatment improved survival rate of LPS-induced septic shock; in contrast, AF-DX116 accelerated death from sepsis. Moreover, TNF-α plasma level was decreased in response to pirenzepine or atropine, whereas increased in response to AF-DX116. Pirenzepine and atropine relieved whereas AF-DX116 accelerated LPS-induced pulmonary and hepatic injury. Pirenzepine reduced proportion of M1 subtype of macrophages, while AF-DX116 promoted polarization of macrophages to M1 subtype. Pirenzepine pretreatment reduced while AF-DX116 enhanced expression of SOCS3 at mRNA level. CONCLUSIONS The administration of pirenzepine and atropine may have beneficial effects on septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 9th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China.
| | - Mingyi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 9th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 9th Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijng, China
| | - Bin Geng
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijng, China
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Yin QQ, Xu LH, Zhang M, Xu C. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 mediates prostate cancer cell migration and invasion through hedgehog signaling. Asian J Androl 2019; 20:608-614. [PMID: 30027929 PMCID: PMC6219293 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_55_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system contributes to prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) expression was measured via immunohistochemical analysis in human prostate cancer tissue array slides. PC-3, LNCaP, and A549 cells were treated with pirenzepine or carbachol, and the cell migration and invasion abilities were evaluated. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to measure GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1), patched 1 (PTCH1), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) expression levels. High expression of CHRM1 was found in early-stage human prostate cancer tissues. In addition, the selective CHRM1 antagonist pirenzepine inhibited PC-3, LNCaP, and A549 cell migration and invasion, but the agonist carbachol promoted the migration and invasion of these three cell lines. Muscarinic signaling can be relayed by hedgehog signaling. These data show that CHRM1 is involved in the regulation of prostate cancer migration and invasion through the hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lin-Hui Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Farag AM, Holliday C, Cimmino J, Roomian T, Papas A. Comparing the effectiveness and adverse effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline in patients with hyposalivation. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1937-1944. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arwa M. Farag
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences Faculty of Dentistry King AbdulAziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Division of Oral Medicine Department of Diagnostic Sciences Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| | | | - Joseph Cimmino
- Department of Research Administration Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
| | - Tamar Roomian
- The Pediatric Physicians' Organization at Children's Hospital Brookline MA
| | - Athena Papas
- Division of Oral Medicine Department of Diagnostic Sciences Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Boston MA
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36
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Gunning WT, Kvale H, Kramer PM, Karabin BL, Grubb BP. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Is Associated With Elevated G-Protein Coupled Receptor Autoantibodies. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013602. [PMID: 31495251 PMCID: PMC6818019 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The etiology of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is yet to be established. The disorder is often misdiagnosed as chronic anxiety or a panic disorder because the autonomic failure in these patients is not severe. A growing body of evidence suggests that POTS may be an autoimmune disorder. Antinuclear antibodies and elevations of ganglionic, adrenergic, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies have all been reported. Methods and Results We collected detailed clinical symptoms of 55 patients diagnosed with POTS. We also evaluated serum levels of autoantibodies against 4 subtypes of G‐protein coupled adrenergic receptors and 5 subtypes of G‐protein coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by ELISA. Our patients had a multitude of comorbidities, were predominantly young females, and reported viral‐like symptoms preceding episodes of syncope. We detected a significant number of patients with elevated levels of autoantibodies against the adrenergic alpha 1 receptor (89%) and against the muscarinic acetylcholine M4 receptor (53%). Surprisingly, elevations of muscarinic receptor autoantibodies appeared to be dependent upon elevation of autoantibodies against the A1 adrenergic receptor! Four patients had elevations of G‐protein coupled autoantibodies against all 9 receptor subtypes measured in our study. Five POTS patients had no elevation of any autoantibody; similarly, controls were also negative for autoantibody elevations. There was a weak correlation of clinical symptom severity with G‐protein coupled autoantibodies. Conclusions Our observations provide further evidence that, in most cases, POTS patients have at least 1 elevated G‐protein coupled adrenergic autoantibody and, in some instances, both adrenergic and muscarinic autoantibodies, supporting the hypothesis that POTS may be an autoimmune disorder.
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Silva JN, Oliveira LM, Souza FC, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. Distinct pathways to the parafacial respiratory group to trigger active expiration in adult rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L402-L413. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00467.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Active expiration (AE) is part of the breathing phase; it is conditional and occurs when we increase our metabolic demand, such as during hypercapnia, hypoxia, or exercise. The parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) is involved in AE. Data from the literature suggest that excitatory and the absence of inhibitory inputs to the pFRG are necessary to determine AE. However, the source of the inputs to the pFRG that trigger AE remains unclear. We show in adult urethane-anesthetized Wistar rats that the pharmacological inhibition of the medial aspect of the nucleus of the solitary tract (mNTS) or the rostral aspect of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (rPPTg) is able to generate AE. In addition, direct inhibitory projection from the mNTS or indirect cholinergic projection from the rPPTg is able to contact pFRG to trigger AE. The inhibition of the mNTS or the rPPTg under conditions of high metabolic demand, such as hypercapnia (9–10% CO2), did not affect the AE. The present results suggest for the first time that inhibitory sources from the mNTS and a cholinergic pathway from the rPPTg, involving M2/M4 muscarinic receptors, could be important sources to modulate and sustain AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane N. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz M. Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe C. Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago S. Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C. Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Chagas C, Alisaraie L. Metabolites of Vinca Alkaloid Vinblastine: Tubulin Binding and Activation of Nausea-Associated Receptors. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9784-9799. [PMID: 31460070 PMCID: PMC6648052 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vinblastine (VLB) is an antimitotic drug that binds to the vinca site of tubulin. The molecule possesses a high molecular weight and a complex chemical structure with many possibilities of metabolization. Despite advances in drug discovery research in reducing drug toxicity, the cause and mechanism of VLB-induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remains poorly understood. VLB is metabolized to at least 35 known metabolites, which have been identified and collected in this present work. This study also explores how VLB metabolites affect nausea-associated receptors such as muscarinic, dopaminergic, and histaminic. The metabolites have stronger binding interactions than acetylcholine (ACh) for muscarinic M1, M4, and M5 receptors and demonstrate similar binding profiles to that of the natural substrate, ACh. The affinities of VLB metabolites to dopaminergic and histaminic receptors, their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity properties, and the superiority of VLB to ACh for binding to M5R, indicate their potential to trigger activation of nausea-associated receptors during chemotherapy with VLB. It has been shown that metabolite 20-hydroxy-VLB (metabolite 10) demonstrates a stronger binding affinity to the vinca site of tubulin than VLB; however, they have similar modes of action. VLB and metabolite 10 have similar gastric solubility (FaSSGF), intestinal solubility (FeSSIF), and log P values. Metabolite 10 has a more acceptable pharmacokinetic profile than VLB, a better gastric and intestinal solubility. Furthermore, metabolite 10 was found to be less bound to plasma proteins than VLB. These are desired and essential features for effective drug bioavailability. Metabolite 10 is not a substrate of CYP2D6 and thus is less likely to cause drug-drug interactions and ADRs compared to its parent drug. The hydroxyl group added upon metabolism of VLB suggests that it can also be a reasonable starting compound for designing the next generation of antimitotic drugs to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance, which is often observed with vinca alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline
Manto Chagas
- School
of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr., A1B 3V6 St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Laleh Alisaraie
- School
of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr., A1B 3V6 St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, A1B 3X7 St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
- E-mail:
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Pharmacology, toxicology and clinical safety of glycopyrrolate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 370:154-169. [PMID: 30905688 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinical use of the anticholinergic glycopyrrolate dates back to the early 1960s when it was first approved in the U.S. Since then, oral and inhalation formulations have been developed as therapeutic agents inhibiting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in various indications including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), excessive salivation, and peptic ulcers. More recently, topical formulations of glycopyrrolate (GPB, also known as glycopyrronium bromide) have gained interest as a treatment option for excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first topical glycopyrronium product for the treatment of hyperhidrosis in 2018. Glycopyrrolate, as a quaternary amine, shows minimal penetration of the blood brain barrier which limits CNS side effects. In addition, lack of phototoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity makes it suitable for chronic indications. The information on the nonclinical and clinical safety profile of glycopyrronium supporting various therapeutically approved uses has been obtained from published literature, our own data as well as summary documents issued by regulatory bodies. Collectively, these data support the conclusion that the benefits of glycopyrronium generally outweigh the risks in chronic use indications that require muscarinic receptor antagonism to provide therapeutic effects.
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Rawangwong A, Khrongyut S, Chomphoo S, Konno K, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Kondo H, Hipkaeo W. Heterogeneous localization of muscarinic cholinoceptor M 1 in the salivary ducts of adult mice. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 100:14-22. [PMID: 30743058 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize variation in expression and localization, along the course of the glandular tubule, of muscarinic cholinergic receptor M1 which plays as a distinct contribution, though minor in comparison with M3 receptor, in saliva secretion. Localization of the M1 receptor was examined using immunohistochemistry in three major salivary glands. Although all glandular cells were more or less M1-immunoreactive, acinar cells were weakly immunoreactive, while ductal cells exhibited substantial M1-immunoreactivity. Many ductal cells exhibited clear polarity with higher immunoreactivity in their apical/supra-nuclear domain. However, some exhibited indistinct polarity because of additional higher immunoreactivity in their basal/infra-nuclear domain. A small group of cells with intense immunoreactivity was found, mostly located in the intercalated ducts or in portions of the striated ducts close to the intercalated ducts. In immuno-electron microscopy, the immunoreactive materials were mainly in the cytoplasm including various vesicles and vacuoles. Unexpectedly, distinct immunoreactivity on apical and basal plasma membranes was infrequent in most ductal cells. The heterogeneous localization of M1-immunoreactivity along the gland tubular system is discussed in view of possible modulatory roles of the M1 receptor in saliva secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsara Rawangwong
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suthankamon Khrongyut
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Surang Chomphoo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kohtaro Konno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisatake Kondo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Wiphawi Hipkaeo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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41
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Acute behavioral effects of deliriant hallucinogens atropine and scopolamine in adult zebrafish. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:274-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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42
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Effects of carbachol on apoptosis in human chronic myelogenous leukemic K562 cell line. MARMARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5472/marumj.518983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Abudukeyoumu N, Hernandez-Flores T, Garcia-Munoz M, Arbuthnott GW. Cholinergic modulation of striatal microcircuits. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:604-622. [PMID: 29797362 PMCID: PMC6587740 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to bridge the gap between earlier literature on striatal cholinergic interneurons and mechanisms of microcircuit interaction demonstrated with the use of newly available tools. It is well known that the main source of the high level of acetylcholine in the striatum, compared to other brain regions, is the cholinergic interneurons. These interneurons provide an extensive local innervation that suggests they may be a key modulator of striatal microcircuits. Supporting this idea requires the consideration of functional properties of these interneurons, their influence on medium spiny neurons, other interneurons, and interactions with other synaptic regulators. Here, we underline the effects of intrastriatal and extrastriatal afferents onto cholinergic interneurons and discuss the activation of pre‐ and postsynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors that participate in the modulation of intrastriatal neuronal interactions. We further address recent findings about corelease of other transmitters in cholinergic interneurons and actions of these interneurons in striosome and matrix compartments. In addition, we summarize recent evidence on acetylcholine‐mediated striatal synaptic plasticity and propose roles for cholinergic interneurons in normal striatal physiology. A short examination of their role in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Tourette's pathologies and dystonia is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gordon W Arbuthnott
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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44
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Kim D, Kim JN, Nam JH, Lee JR, Kim SC, Kim BJ. Modulation of Pacemaker Potentials in Murine Small Intestinal Interstitial Cells of Cajal by Gamisoyo-San, a Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. Digestion 2018; 98:56-68. [PMID: 29672308 DOI: 10.1159/000487186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gamisoyo-san (GSS) has been used for -improving the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of GSS, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on the pacemaker potentials of mouse small intestinal interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). METHODS ICCs from the small intestines were dissociated and cultured. Whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials and membrane currents. RESULTS GSS depolarized ICC pacemaker potentials in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with 4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide completely inhibited GSS-induced pacemaker potential depolarizations. Intracellular GDP-β-S inhibited GSS-induced effects, and in the presence of U-73122, GSS-induced effects were inhibited. Also, GSS in the presence of a Ca2+-free solution or thapsigargin did not depolarize pacemaker potentials. However, in the presence of calphostin C, GSS slightly depolarized pacemaker potentials. Furthermore, GSS inhibited both transient receptor potential melastatin7 and Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (anoctamin1) currents. CONCLUSION GSS depolarized pacemaker potentials of ICCs via G protein and muscarinic M3 receptor signaling pathways and through internal or external Ca2+-, phospholipase C-, and protein kinase C-dependent and transient receptor potential melastatin 7-, and anoctamin 1-independent pathways. The study shows that GSS may regulate GI tract motility, suggesting that GSS could be a basis for developing novel prokinetic agents for treating GI motility dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doeun Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Nam Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center (HAKMRC), Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Nam
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rok Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.,Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center (HAKMRC), Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Cao X, Ye Z, Jin M, Yan S, Song X, Huang R. Downregulated caveolin-1 expression serves a potential role in coronary artery spasm by inducing nitric oxide production in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3567-3573. [PMID: 30233709 PMCID: PMC6143842 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of downregulated caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-damaged primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a model of coronary artery spasm (CAS) microenvironment induced by acetylcholine (ACh) treatment. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated Cav-1 downregulation in HUVECs was confirmed by western blotting. The cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibition in HUVECs incubated with LPS (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml) were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay and a SOD kit, respectively. Intracellular Ca2+ [(Ca2+)i] in Fluo4-acetoxymethyl ester-loaded cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy. NO levels in the cell culture supernatants were measured by the nitrate reductase method. The results indicated that transfection with Cav-1 siRNA, in particular siCav-1 (2), downregulated the Cav-1 protein expression. LPS at a dose of 75 µg/ml induced a significant decrease in HUVECs/si-NC and HUVECs/siCav-1 viability compared with the other concentrations of LPS. Compared with the effects of untreated cells, SOD inhibition in HUVECs/si-NC and HUVECs/siCav-1 was significantly decreased by LPS (75 µg/ml). In addition, ACh stimulation caused a greater increase in [Ca2+]i in HUVECs/si-NC as compared with LPS-treated HUVECs/si-NC. ACh stimulation also induced significantly higher NO levels in LPS-treated HUVECs/siCav-1 compared with LPS-treated HUVECs/si-NC cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, the downregulated Cav-1 expression served a key role in NO production in the in vitro model of CAS induced by ACh stimulation of LPS-damaged HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhishuai Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiantao Song
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Rongchong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Merighi A. The histology, physiology, neurochemistry and circuitry of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (lamina II) in mammalian spinal cord. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 169:91-134. [PMID: 29981393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The substantia gelatinosa Rolandi (SGR) was first described about two centuries ago. In the following decades an enormous amount of information has permitted us to understand - at least in part - its role in the initial processing of pain and itch. Here, I will first provide a comprehensive picture of the histology, physiology, and neurochemistry of the normal SGR. Then, I will analytically discuss the SGR circuits that have been directly demonstrated or deductively envisaged in the course of the intensive research on this area of the spinal cord, with particular emphasis on the pathways connecting the primary afferent fibers and the intrinsic neurons. The perspective existence of neurochemically-defined sets of primary afferent neurons giving rise to these circuits will be also discussed, with the proposition that a cross-talk between different subsets of peptidergic fibers may be the structural and functional substrate of additional gating mechanisms in SGR. Finally, I highlight the role played by slow acting high molecular weight modulators in these gating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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47
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Sabbir MG, Calcutt NA, Fernyhough P. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Type 1 Receptor Activity Constrains Neurite Outgrowth by Inhibiting Microtubule Polymerization and Mitochondrial Trafficking in Adult Sensory Neurons. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:402. [PMID: 29997469 PMCID: PMC6029366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (M1R) is a metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor. Knockout of M1R or exposure to selective or specific receptor antagonists elevates neurite outgrowth in adult sensory neurons and is therapeutic in diverse models of peripheral neuropathy. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous M1R activation constrained neurite outgrowth via a negative impact on the cytoskeleton and subsequent mitochondrial trafficking. We overexpressed M1R in primary cultures of adult rat sensory neurons and cell lines and studied the physiological and molecular consequences related to regulation of cytoskeletal/mitochondrial dynamics and neurite outgrowth. In adult primary neurons, overexpression of M1R caused disruption of the tubulin, but not actin, cytoskeleton and significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Over-expression of a M1R-DREADD mutant comparatively increased neurite outgrowth suggesting that acetylcholine released from cultured neurons interacts with M1R to suppress neurite outgrowth. M1R-dependent constraint on neurite outgrowth was removed by selective (pirenzepine) or specific (muscarinic toxin 7) M1R antagonists. M1R-dependent disruption of the cytoskeleton also diminished mitochondrial abundance and trafficking in distal neurites, a disorder that was also rescued by pirenzepine or muscarinic toxin 7. M1R activation modulated cytoskeletal dynamics through activation of the G protein (Gα13) that inhibited tubulin polymerization and thus reduced neurite outgrowth. Our study provides a novel mechanism of M1R control of Gα13 protein-dependent modulation of the tubulin cytoskeleton, mitochondrial trafficking and neurite outgrowth in axons of adult sensory neurons. This novel pathway could be harnessed to treat dying-back neuropathies since anti-muscarinic drugs are currently utilized for other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G Sabbir
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nigel A Calcutt
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Mir-34a-5p Mediates Cross-Talk between M2 Muscarinic Receptors and Notch-1/EGFR Pathways in U87MG Glioblastoma Cells: Implication in Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061631. [PMID: 29857516 PMCID: PMC6032387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive human brain tumor. The high growth potential and decreased susceptibility to apoptosis of the glioma cells is mainly dependent on genetic amplifications or mutations of oncogenic or pro-apoptotic genes, respectively. We have previously shown that the activation of the M2 acetylcholine muscarinic receptors inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in two GBM cell lines and cancer stem cells. The aim of this study was to delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying the M2-mediated cell proliferation arrest. Exploiting U87MG and U251MG cell lines as model systems, we evaluated the ability of M2 receptors to interfere with Notch-1 and EGFR pathways, whose activation promotes GBM proliferation. We demonstrated that the activation of M2 receptors, by agonist treatment, counteracted Notch and EGFR signaling, through different regulatory cascades depending, at least in part, on p53 status. Only in U87MG cells, which mimic p53-wild type GBMs, did M2 activation trigger a molecular circuitry involving p53, Notch-1, and the tumor suppressor mir-34a-5p. This regulatory module negatively controls Notch-1, which affects cell proliferation mainly through the Notch-1/EGFR axis. Our data highlighted, for the first time, a molecular circuitry that is deregulated in the p53 wild type GBM, based on the cross-talk between M2 receptor and the Notch-1/EGFR pathways, mediated by mir-34a-5p.
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Del Bello F, Bonifazi A, Giorgioni G, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Petrelli R, Piergentili A, Fontana S, Mammoli V, Yano H, Matucci R, Vistoli G, Quaglia W. 1-[3-(4-Butylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one (77-LH-28-1) as a Model for the Rational Design of a Novel Class of Brain Penetrant Ligands with High Affinity and Selectivity for Dopamine D4 Receptor. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3712-3725. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Del Bello
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse−Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefano Fontana
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development-DMPK, Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Valerio Mammoli
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development-DMPK, Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Hideaki Yano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse−Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Rosanna Matucci
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA), Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Kumar K, Kumar A, Keegan RM, Deshmukh R. Recent advances in the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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