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Hawley NL, Zarei P, Crouter SE, Desai MM, Pomer A, Rivara AC, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Viali S, Duckham RL, McGarvey ST. Accelerometer-Based Estimates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Among Samoan Adults. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:636-644. [PMID: 38621669 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity-related cardiometabolic disease in Samoa is among the highest globally. While physical activity is a modifiable risk factor for obesity-related disease, little is known about physical activity levels among adult Samoans. Using wrist-worn accelerometer-based devices, this study aimed to characterize physical activity among Samoan adults. METHODS Samoan adults (n = 385; 55% female, mean [SD] age 52 [10] y) wore Actigraph GT3X+ devices for 7 to 10 days. General linear models were used to examine mean daily minutes of sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity by various participant characteristics. RESULTS Time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity did not differ statistically between men (88 [5] min; 95% confidence interval [CI], 80-97) and women (78 [4] min; 95% CI, 70-86; P = .08). Women, however, spent more time than men in light physical activity: 380 (7) minutes (95% CI, 367-393) versus 344 (7) minutes (95% CI, 329-358; P < .001). While there were no differences in physical activity by census region, education, or occupation among women, men in urban areas spent significantly less time in moderate to vigorous physical activity than those in peri-urban and rural areas (P = .015). Women with class II/III obesity spent more time in sedentary activities than those with healthy weight or overweight/class I obesity (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS This study characterizes physical activity among Samoan adults and highlights variation by sex, urbanicity, and weight status. In providing initial device-measured estimates of physical activity in Samoa, this analysis establishes a baseline from which the success of future attempts to intervene on physical activity may be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Parmida Zarei
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott E Crouter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mayur M Desai
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna C Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel L Duckham
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Clinical Leadership Effectiveness and Outcomes (CLEO), Digital Health Division, The Northern Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Rivara AC, Russell EM, Carlson JC, Pomer A, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Manna SL, Viali S, Minster RL, Weeks DE, DeLany JP, Kershaw EE, McGarvey ST, Hawley NL. Associations between fasting glucose rate-of-change and the missense variant, rs373863828, in an adult Samoan cohort. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302643. [PMID: 38829901 PMCID: PMC11146712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The A allele of rs373863828 in CREB3 regulatory factor is associated with high Body Mass Index, but lower odds of type 2 diabetes. These associations have been replicated elsewhere, but to date all studies have been cross-sectional. Our aims were (1) to describe the development of type 2 diabetes and change in fasting glucose between 2010 and 2018 among a longitudinal cohort of adult Samoans without type 2 diabetes or who were not using diabetes medications at baseline, and (2) to examine associations between fasting glucose rate-of-change (mmol/L per year) and the A allele of rs373863828. METHODS We describe and test differences in fasting glucose, the development of type 2 diabetes, body mass index, age, smoking status, physical activity, urbanicity of residence, and household asset scores between 2010 and 2018 among a cohort of n = 401 adult Samoans, selected to have a ~2:2:1 ratio of GG:AG: AA rs373863828 genotypes. Multivariate linear regression was used to test whether fasting glucose rate-of-change was associated with rs373863828 genotype, and other baseline variables. RESULTS By 2018, fasting glucose and BMI significantly increased among all genotype groups, and a substantial portion of the sample developed type 2 diabetes mellitus. The A allele was associated with a lower fasting glucose rate-of-change (β = -0.05 mmol/L/year per allele, p = 0.058 among women; β = -0.004 mmol/L/year per allele, p = 0.863 among men), after accounting for baseline variables. Mean fasting glucose and mean BMI increased over an eight-year period and a substantial number of individuals developed type 2 diabetes by 2018. However, fasting glucose rate-of-change, and type 2 diabetes development was lower among females with AG and AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to understand the effect of the A allele on fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes development. Based on our observations that other risk factors increased over time, we advocate for the continued promotion for diabetes prevention and treatment programming, and the reduction of modifiable risk factors, in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Russell
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Jenna C. Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Center of Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Take Naseri
- Family Health Clinic, Apia, Samoa
- Naseri & Associates Health Consultancy Firm, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Samantha L. Manna
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Satupaitea Viali
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Oceania University of Medicine, Apia, Samoa
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - James P. DeLany
- Advent Health Orlando, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology, International Health Institute, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Harries V, Abraham J, Vesi L, Reupena A, Faaselele-Savusa K, Duckham RL, Bribiescas R, Hawley N. The milk study protocol: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study of the relationship between human milk metabolic hormone concentration, maternal body composition, and early growth and satiety development in Samoan infants aged 1-4 months. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292997. [PMID: 38728264 PMCID: PMC11086876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research suggests that energy transfer through human milk influences infant nutritional development and initiates metabolic programming, influencing eating patterns into adulthood. To date, this research has predominantly been conducted among women in high income settings and/or among undernourished women. We will investigate the relationship between maternal body composition, metabolic hormones in human milk, and infant satiety to explore mechanisms of developmental satiety programming and implications for early infant growth and body composition in Samoans; a population at high risk and prevalence for overweight and obesity. Our aims are (1) to examine how maternal body composition influences metabolic hormone transfer from mother to infant through human milk, and (2) to examine the influences of maternal metabolic hormone transfer and infant feeding patterns on early infant growth and satiety. METHODS We will examine temporal changes in hormone transfers to infants through human milk in a prospective longitudinal cohort of n = 80 Samoan mother-infant dyads. Data will be collected at three time points (1, 3, & 4 months postpartum). At each study visit we will collect human milk and fingerpick blood samples from breastfeeding mother-infant dyads to measure the hormones leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Additionally, we will obtain body composition measurements from the dyad, observe breastfeeding behavior, conduct semi-structured interviews, and use questionnaires to document infant hunger and feeding cues and satiety responsiveness. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses will be conducted to address each aim. DISCUSSION This research is designed to advance our understanding of variation in the developmental programming of satiety and implications for early infant growth and body composition. The use of a prospective longitudinal cohort alongside data collection that utilizes a mixed methods approach will allow us to capture a more accurate representation on both biological and cultural variables at play in a population at high risk of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Harries
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jyothi Abraham
- School of Nursing, National University of Samoa, Apia, Samoa
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle, and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Aniva Reupena
- Obesity, Lifestyle, and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Rachel L. Duckham
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Australia
| | - Richard Bribiescas
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicola Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Niclou A, Vesi L, Arorae M, Naseri NC, Savusa KF, Naseri T, Young J, Rivara AC, Ocobock C. Indication of mixed glucose and fatty acid use by inferred brown adipose tissue activity in Samoans. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23998. [PMID: 37823535 PMCID: PMC10939975 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the growing rates of global obesity and the known positive associations between brown adipose tissue (BAT) and cardiovascular health, little is known about the metabolic effects of BAT activity in Samoans, a population at high risk of obesity and type II diabetes. Here we assessed the potential effects of inferred BAT activity on metabolic health markers in Samoan adults exposed to mild cold. METHODS Using point-of-care finger prick technology we measured fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels before and after 30 min of cold exposure among 61 individuals (38 females, 23 males, ages 31-54) from 'Upolu Island, Samoa. Respiratory quotient was measured by indirect calorimetry to determine substrate metabolism at room temperature and cold exposure. RESULTS Fasting glucose levels decreased significantly (p < .001) after cold exposure while neither total cholesterol (p = .88), HDL (p = .312), nor LDL (p = .089) changed. Respiratory quotient decreased significantly (p = .009) between exposures, suggesting an increased preference for lipid metabolism as a response to cold. CONCLUSIONS The observed effects of inferred BAT activity on biomarkers suggest BAT activity utilizes both glucose and lipid-derived fatty acids as fuel for thermogenesis. Our work provides evidence for the beneficial metabolic effects of BAT and emphasizes the need for the population-specific development of metabolic treatments involving BAT to ensure the successful and equitable minimization of extreme consequences of obesity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Maria Arorae
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Young
- Center for Social Science Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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Niclou A, Vesi L, Arorae M, Naseri NC, Savusa KF, Naseri T, DeLany JP, McGarvey ST, Rivara AC, Ocobock C. When the cold gets under your skin: Evidence for brown adipose tissue activity in Samoan adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24848. [PMID: 37740598 PMCID: PMC10843446 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a heat-producing organ aiding nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) during cold stress. Due to its potential cold-adaptive role BAT has been predominantly studied in cold and temperate climate populations, but not among warm-climate adults. This work explores if BAT activity can be inferred in Samoans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We inferred BAT activity by comparing metabolic rate and surface heat dissipation using indirect calorimetry and thermal imaging between room temperature and cold exposure among Samoans (N = 61, females: n = 38) from 'Upolu Island, Samoa. BAT activity was inferred using ANOVA linear regression models with the variables measured at cold exposure as outcomes. T-tests were used to compare changes in surface temperature between room temperature and cold exposure. RESULTS Metabolic rate significantly increased after cooling. In both the supraclavicular area, a known BAT location, and the sternum, a non-BAT location, temperatures decreased significantly upon cold exposure. Differences in supraclavicular temperatures between room temperature and cold were significantly smaller than differences in sternum temperatures between exposures. These results suggest that BAT thermogenesis occurred in known BAT-locations and thus contributed to NST during cooling. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to our understanding of BAT activity across different populations and climates. Further study may illuminate whether the cold-adaptive properties of BAT may have played a role in the successful expansion of populations across the globe, including warm-climate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Maria Arorae
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | | | - James P. DeLany
- AdventHealth Orlando, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute & Departments of Epidemiology and Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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Oyama S, Duckham RL, Pomer A, Rivara AC, Kershaw EE, Wood A, Fidow UT, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Viali S, McGarvey ST, Hawley NL. Association between age at menarche and cardiometabolic risk among Samoan adults. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23982. [PMID: 37668413 PMCID: PMC10845161 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies suggest that early menarche may increase cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Yet few studies have examined this association in the Pacific Islands, where obesity prevalence is among the highest globally. We sought to examine associations between age at menarche and cardiometabolic risk in Samoa. METHODS Participants were from the Soifua Manuia study (n = 285, age 32-72 years) conducted in Samoa from 2017 to 2019. Logistic regressions were conducted to estimate odds of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome per one-year increase in age at menarche. Linear regressions were conducted to examine associations between age at menarche and continuous measures of adiposity, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and serum lipids. RESULTS Median age at menarche was 14 years (IQR = 2). After controlling for relevant covariates, each one-year increase in age at menarche was associated with a 15% decrease (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-1.01, p = .067) in odds of hypertension, but a 21% increase (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.45, p = .044) in odds of diabetes and 18% increase (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.98-1.42, p = .081) in odds of high total cholesterol. Each additional year in age at menarche was associated with a 1.60 ± 0.52 kg (p = .002) decrease in lean mass and 1.56 ± 0.51 kg (p = .003) decrease in fat-free mass. CONCLUSIONS Associations between age at menarche and cardiometabolic risk may be population-specific and are likely influenced by both current and historical nutritional and epidemiological contexts. Prospective studies are needed to clarify the role of childhood adiposity and other early life exposures on age at menarche and subsequent cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Oyama
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel L Duckham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Department of Medicine, Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna C Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashlee Wood
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ulai T Fidow
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tupua Tamasese Meaole Hospital, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | | | - Stephen T McGarvey
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Heinsberg LW, Pomer A, Cade BE, Carlson JC, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Viali S, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST, Redline S, Hawley NL. Characterization of sleep apnea among a sample of adults from Samoa. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.16.23298644. [PMID: 38014025 PMCID: PMC10680886 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.23298644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sleep apnea is a public health concern around the world, but little research has been dedicated to examining this issue in low- and middle-income countries, including Samoa. Using data collected through the Soifua Manuia ("Good Health") study, which aimed to investigate the impact of the body mass index (BMI)-associated genetic variant rs373863828 in CREB3 Regulatory Factor ( CREBRF ) on metabolic traits in Samoan adults, we examined the sample prevalence and characteristics of sleep apnea using data collected with a validated home sleep apnea device (WatchPAT, Itamar). A total of 330 participants (sampled to overrepresent the obesity-risk allele of interest) had sleep data available. Participants (53.3% female) had a mean (SD) age of 52.0 (9.9) years and BMI of 35.5 (7.5) kg/m 2 and 36.3% of the sample had type 2 diabetes. Based on the 3% and 4% apnea hypopnea indices (AHI) and the 4% oxygen desaturation index (ODI), descriptive analyses revealed that many participants had potentially actionable sleep apnea defined as >5 events/hr (87.9%, 68.5%, and 71.2%, respectively) or clinically actionable sleep apnea defined as ≥15 events/hr (54.9%, 31.5%, and 34.5%, respectively). Sleep apnea was more severe in men; for example, clinically actionable sleep apnea (≥15) based on the AHI 3% definition was observed in 61.7% of men and 48.9% of women. Correction for non-representational sampling related to the CREBRF obesity-risk allele resulted in only slightly lower estimates. Across the AHI 3%, AHI 4%, and ODI 4%, multiple linear regression revealed associations between a greater number of events/hr and higher age, male sex, higher body mass index, higher abdominal-hip circumference ratio, and geographic region of residence. Our study identified a much higher frequency of sleep apnea in Samoa compared with published data from other studies, but similar predictors. Continued research addressing generalizability of these findings, as well as a specific focus on diagnosis and affordable and equitable access to treatment, is needed to alleviate the burden of sleep apnea in Samoa and around the world.
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Heinsberg LW, Hawley NL, Duckham RL, Pomer A, Rivara AC, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST, Minster RL. Validity of anthropometric equation-based estimators of fat mass in Samoan adults. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23838. [PMID: 36428275 PMCID: PMC10023273 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 1999, a set of highly accurate Polynesian-specific equations to estimate adult body fat from non-invasive field measures of age, sex, height, and weight (Equation 1), age, sex, height, weight, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) resistance (Equation 2), and age, sex, height, weight, and the sum of two skinfold thicknesses (Equation 3) were published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the equation-based estimators in a sample of Samoan adults recruited 20 years later between 2017 and 2019. METHODS Age, sex, height, weight, BIA resistance, skinfold thickness, and fat mass as measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were available for 432 Samoan adults (mean age 50.9 years, 56% female) seen in 2017/2019. We compared equation-derived fat mass and DXA-derived fat mass using scatterplots and Pearson correlation coefficients. We then updated the equation coefficient estimates in a training set (2/3 of the sample) and evaluated the performance of the updated equations in a testing set (the remaining 1/3 of the sample). RESULTS Equation-derived fat mass was strongly correlated with DXA-derived fat mass for Equation (1) (r2 = 0.95, n = 432), Equation (2) (r2 = 0.97, n = 425), and Equation (3) (r2 = 0.95, n = 426). Updating the equation coefficient estimates resulted in mostly similar coefficients and nearly identical testing set performance for Equation (1) (r2 = 0.96, n = 153), Equation (2) (r2 = 0.98, n = 150), and Equation (3) (r2 = 0.96, n = 150). CONCLUSIONS The Polynesian-specific body fat estimation equations remained stable despite changing social and environmental factors and marked increase in obesity prevalence in Samoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey W. Heinsberg
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel L. Duckham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), the University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Heinsberg LW, Carlson JC, Pomer A, Cade BE, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST, Redline S, Hawley NL. Correlates of daytime sleepiness and insomnia among adults in Samoa. SLEEP EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:100042. [PMID: 36338277 PMCID: PMC9635619 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepe.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective To describe daytime sleepiness and insomnia among adults in Samoa and identify modifiable factors associated with these measures. Design/setting Cross-sectional analysis of data from the Soifua Manuia ("Good Health") study (n = 519, 55.1% female); Upolu island, Samoa. Methods Daytime sleepiness and insomnia were assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Women's Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale (WHIIRS), respectively. Detailed physical, sociodemographic, and behavioral factors were collected. Sleep measures were characterized using multiple linear regression with backwards elimination and a bootstrap stability investigation. Results Excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS>10) and insomnia (WHIIRS>10) were reported by 20% and 6.3% of the sample, respectively. ESS scores were higher in individuals reporting more physical activity (Estimate=1.88; 95% CI=1.12 to 2.75), higher material wealth (0.18; 0.09 to 0.28), and asthma (2.85; 1.25 to 4.51). ESS scores were lower in individuals residing in periurban versus urban regions (-1.43; -2.39 to -0.41), reporting no work versus day shift work (-2.26; -3.07 to -1.41), and reporting greater perceived stress (-0.14; -0.23 to -0.06). WHIIRS scores were lower in individuals reporting "other" shift work (split/irregular/on-call/rotating) versus day shift work (-1.96; -2.89 to -1.14) and those who perceived their village's wealth to be poor/average versus wealthy (-0.94; -1.50 to -0.34). Conclusions Participants had a generally higher prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness, but lower prevalence of insomnia, compared with individuals from high-income countries. Factors associated with sleep health differed compared with prior studies, emphasizing potential cultural/environmental differences and the need for targeted interventions to improve sleep health in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey W. Heinsberg
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Public Health 3102A, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. (L.W. Heinsberg)
| | - Jenna C. Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian E. Cade
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Hawley NL, Duckham RL, Carlson JC, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Lameko V, Pomer A, Wetzel A, Selu M, Lupematisila V, Unasa F, Vesi L, Fatu T, Unasa S, Faasalele-Savusa K, Rivara AC, Russell E, Delany JP, Viali S, Kershaw EE, Minster RL, Weeks DE, McGarvey ST. The protective effect of rs373863828 on type 2 diabetes does not operate through a body composition pathway in adult Samoans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:2468-2476. [PMID: 36284436 PMCID: PMC10111239 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand whether the paradoxical association of missense variant rs373863828 in CREB3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) with higher BMI but lower odds of diabetes is explained by either metabolically favorable body fat distribution or greater fat-free mass. METHODS This study explored the association of the minor allele with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived body composition in n = 421 Samoans and used path analysis to examine the mediating role of fat and fat-free mass on the relationship between rs373863828 and fasting glucose. RESULTS Among females, the rs373863828 minor A allele was associated with greater BMI. There was no association of genotype with percent body fat, visceral adiposity, or fat distribution in either sex. In both females and males, lean mass was greater with each A allele: 2.16 kg/copy (p = 0.0001) and 1.73 kg/copy (p = 0.02), respectively. Path analysis showed a direct negative effect of rs373863828 genotype on fasting glucose (p = 0.004) consistent with previous findings, but also an indirect positive effect on fasting glucose operating through fat-free mass (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of rs373863828 in CREBRF, common among Pacific Islanders, on type 2 diabetes does not operate through body composition. Rather, the variant's effects on body size/composition and fasting glucose likely operate via different, tissue-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel L. Duckham
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenna C. Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alysa Pomer
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abigail Wetzel
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melania Selu
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Folla Unasa
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Tracy Fatu
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Seipepa Unasa
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Russell
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James P. Delany
- AdventHealth, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Erin E. Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan L. Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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11
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Li Y, Wang H, Chen H, Liao Y, Gou S, Yan Q, Zhuang Z, Li H, Wang J, Suo Y, Lan T, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zou Q, Nie T, Hui X, Lai L, Wu D, Fan N. Generation of a genetically modified pig model with CREBRF R457Q variant. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22611. [PMID: 36250915 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is among the strongest risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The CREBRF missense allele rs373863828 (p. Arg457Gln, p. R457Q) is associated with increased body mass index but reduced risk of T2D in people of Pacific ancestry. To investigate the functional consequences of the CREBRF variant, we introduced the corresponding human mutation R457Q into the porcine genome. The CREBRFR457Q pigs displayed dramatically increased fat deposition, which was mainly distributed in subcutaneous adipose tissue other than visceral adipose tissue. The CREBRFR457Q variant promoted preadipocyte differentiation. The increased differentiation capacity of precursor adipocytes conferred pigs the unique histological phenotype that adipocytes had a smaller size but a greater number in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of CREBRFR457Q variant pigs. In addition, in SAT of CREBRFR457Q pigs, the contents of the peroxidative metabolites 4-hydroxy-nonenal and malondialdehyde were significantly decreased, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, was increased, which was in accordance with the declined level of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CREBRFR457Q pigs. Together, these data supported a causal role of the CREBRFR457Q variant in the pathogenesis of obesity, partly via adipocyte hyperplasia, and further suggested that reduced oxidative stress in adipose tissue may mediate the relative metabolic protection afforded by this variant despite the related obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Huangyao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shixue Gou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanmei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaowei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjian Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Tao Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Liangxue Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Nana Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Sanya Institute of Swine Resource, Hainan Provincial Research Centre of Laboratory Animals, Sanya, China.,Research Unit of Generation of Large Animal Disease Models, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU015), Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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12
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Fu H, Hawley NL, Carlson JC, Russell EM, Pomer A, Cheng H, Naseri T, Reupena MS, Deka R, Choy CC, McGarvey ST, Minster RL, Weeks DE. The missense variant, rs373863828, in CREBRF plays a role in longitudinal changes in body mass index in Samoans. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:220-227. [PMID: 35606300 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A missense variant, rs373863828, in CREBRF is associated with obesity in Polynesians. We investigate whether rs373863828 and other factors are associated with body mass index (BMI) rate-of-change between 2010 and 2017-19 in Samoans. METHODS We used sex-stratified models to test whether BMI rate-of-change was associated with rs373863828, baseline BMI, age, residence, physical activity, and household asset score in a cohort study of 480 Samoan adults measured in both 2010 (mean age 43.8 years) and 2017-19. RESULTS Mean BMI increased from 32.1 to 33.5 kg/m2 in males (n = 220, p = 1.3 ×10-8) and from 35.9 to 37.8 kg/m2 in females (n = 260, p = 1.2 ×10-13). In females, the A allele was associated with a higher rate-of-change (0.150 kg/m2/year/allele, p = 1.7 ×10-4). Across 10-year age groups, mean BMI rate-of-change was lower in older participants. The BMI rate of change differed by genotype: it was, in females with AA genotype, approximately half that seen in GG and AG participants. In females lower baseline household asset scores were associated with a higher rate-of-change (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS In Samoans, the minor A allele of rs373863828 is associated with an increased rate-of-change in BMI in females. On average, BMI of females with the AA genotype increased 0.30 kg/m2/year more than of those with the GG genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Fu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola L Hawley
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology (Chronic Disease), School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jenna C Carlson
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emily M Russell
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Take Naseri
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Ministry of Health, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Courtney C Choy
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Epidemiology (Chronic Disease), School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- International Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ryan L Minster
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Rivara AC, Corley M, Choy CC, Duckham RL, Pomer A, Reupena MS, Viali S, Naseri T, Kershaw EE, Crouter S, McGarvey ST, Bribiescas RG, Valeggia C, Hawley NL. C-reactive protein in adult Samoans: Population variation and physiological correlates. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23646. [PMID: 34260111 PMCID: PMC8758804 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic disease risk in many populations but remains remarkably understudied in Pacific Islander populations. Here, we provide the first examination of correlates of CRP in adult Samoans (n = 108, ages 35-55 years) to test the hypotheses that CRP exhibits sex-dependent associations with measures of BMI, adiposity, and cardiometabolic disease risks. METHODS We analyzed associations between measures of adiposity (total fat mass, visceral fat mass, percent total body fat), body mass index (BMI), cardiometabolic risks, behaviors, demographics, and CRP. Unadjusted analyses of CRP were undertaken using Pearson's pairwise, and Spearman's rank correlations; one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed variables by CRP quartiles. Adjusted analyses of CRP correlates were examined using generalized linear regression. RESULTS Serum CRP ranged from 0.08 to 13.3 mg/L (median 1.4 mg/L) and varied significantly by sex t (108) = -2.47, p = .015. CRP was weakly to moderately associated with measures of adiposity and BMI (r and ρ ranged between 0.25 and 0.50, p < .05) and some cardiometabolic markers (including HbA1c, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance). CRP was significantly associated with percent body fat in women and men, adjusting for other variables. CONCLUSIONS These data are among the first to demonstrate CRP correlates in a sample of adult Samoans. CRP differed by sex and was associated with BMI, adiposity, and some cardiometabolic risk markers. These data align with findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margaret Corley
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Courtney C Choy
- Department of Epidemiology, International Health Institute, Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rachel L Duckham
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia,Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alysa Pomer
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Scott Crouter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen T McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology, International Health Institute, Brown School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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