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Wei C, Lei X, Yu S. Multiplexed Detection Strategies for Biosensors Based on the CRISPR-Cas System. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1633-1646. [PMID: 38860462 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of applications require simultaneous detection of multiplexed nucleic acid targets in a single reaction, which enables higher information density in combination with reduced assay time and cost. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the CRISPR-Cas system have broad applications for the detection of nucleic acids due to their strong specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent programmability. However, realizing multiplexed detection is still challenging for the CRISPR-Cas system due to the nonspecific collateral cleavage activity, limited signal reporting strategies, and possible cross-reactions. In this review, we summarize the principles, strategies, and features of multiplexed detection based on the CRISPR-Cas system and further discuss the challenges and perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wei
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueying Lei
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Songcheng Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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2
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Bauld L, Street A, Connelly R, Bevan I, Morlet Corti Y, Baxter MS, Stagg HR, Christison S, Mulherin T, Sinclair L, Aitman T. Students' and staffs' views and experiences of asymptomatic testing on a university campus during the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065021. [PMID: 36940944 PMCID: PMC10030276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the acceptability of regular asymptomatic testing for SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus using saliva sampling for PCR analysis and the barriers and facilitators to participation. DESIGN Cross-sectional surveys and qualitative semistructured interviews. SETTING Edinburgh, Scotland. PARTICIPANTS University staff and students who had registered for the testing programme (TestEd) and provided at least one sample. RESULTS 522 participants completed a pilot survey in April 2021 and 1750 completed the main survey (November 2021). 48 staff and students who consented to be contacted for interview took part in the qualitative research. Participants were positive about their experience with TestEd with 94% describing it as 'excellent' or 'good'. Facilitators to participation included multiple testing sites on campus, ease of providing saliva samples compared with nasopharyngeal swabs, perceived accuracy compared with lateral flow devices (LFDs) and reassurance of test availability while working or studying on campus. Barriers included concerns about privacy while testing, time to and methods of receiving results compared with LFDs and concerns about insufficient uptake in the university community. There was little evidence that the availability of testing on campus changed the behaviour of participants during a period when COVID-19 restrictions were in place. CONCLUSIONS The provision of free asymptomatic testing for COVID-19 on a university campus was welcomed by participants and the use of saliva-based PCR testing was regarded as more comfortable and accurate than LFDs. Convenience is a key facilitator of participation in regular asymptomatic testing programmes. Availability of testing did not appear to undermine engagement with public health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alice Street
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roxanne Connelly
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Imogen Bevan
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yazmin Morlet Corti
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Helen R Stagg
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Christison
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Tim Aitman
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Lippi G, Henry BM, Plebani M. An overview of the most important preanalytical factors influencing the clinical performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs). Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:196-204. [PMID: 36343376 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to the many technical limitations of molecular biology, the possibility to sustain enormous volumes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnostic testing relies strongly on the use of antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs). Besides a limited analytical sensitivity, the manually intensive test procedures needed for performing these tests, very often performed by unskilled personnel or by the patients themselves, may contribute to considerably impair their diagnostic accuracy. We provide here an updated overview on the leading preanalytical drawbacks that may impair SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT accuracy, and which encompass lower diagnostic sensitivity in certain age groups, in asymptomatic subjects and those with a longer time from symptoms onset, in vaccine recipients, in individuals not appropriately trained to their usage, in those recently using oral or nasal virucidal agents, in oropharyngeal swabs and saliva, as well as in circumstances when instructions provided by the manufacturers are unclear, incomplete or scarcely readable and intelligible. Acknowledging these important preanalytical limitations will lead the way to a better, more clinically efficient and even safer use of this important technology, which represents an extremely valuable resource for management of the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- IFCC Task Force on COVID-19, Milan, Italy
- IFCC Working Group on SARS-COV-2 Variants, Milan, Italy
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- IFCC Task Force on COVID-19, Milan, Italy
- IFCC Working Group on SARS-COV-2 Variants, Milan, Italy
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mario Plebani
- IFCC Working Group on SARS-COV-2 Variants, Milan, Italy
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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4
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Street A, Lee SJ, Bevan I. The hidden burden of medical testing: public views and experiences of COVID-19 testing as a social and ethical process. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1837. [PMID: 36180839 PMCID: PMC9524338 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2020, the Scottish Government launched Test and Protect, a test, trace and isolate programme for COVID-19 that includes a PCR testing component. The programme's success depended on the willingness of members of the public to seek out testing when they experienced symptoms and to comply with guidelines on isolation should they test positive. Drawing on qualitative interview-based research, this paper analyses public understandings, expectations, and experiences of COVID-19 testing during the early stages of the programme. Through anthropological and sociological analysis of the findings we aim to contribute to social understandings of COVID-19 testing practices; and to inform the design of population level testing programmes for future pandemics. METHODS Between 7 July and 24 September 2020, 70 semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of the general public (aged 19-85) living in the Lothian region of Scotland. Interviews were held online or by telephone, were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis informed by anthropological and sociological theories of medical testing. FINDINGS Social relationships and ethical considerations shape testing practices at every stage of the testing process. Members of the public viewed testing as a civic duty to society and moral duty to friends, family, and colleagues. However, the testing process also placed a significant social, economic, and practical burden on the individual and sometimes generated competing obligations. Many participants experienced a disconnect between the government's portrayal of testing as easy and the everyday burden of testing. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 testing is experienced as a social process shaped by multiple relationships and ethical considerations. The full burden of testing should be considered in the design of future testing programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shona J Lee
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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5
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Blake H, Carlisle S, Fothergill L, Hassard J, Favier A, Corner J, Ball JK, Denning C. Mixed-methods process evaluation of a residence-based SARS-CoV-2 testing participation pilot on a UK university campus during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1470. [PMID: 35915479 PMCID: PMC9343222 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important strategy for controlling virus outbreaks on university campuses during the COVID-19 pandemic but testing participation rates can be low. The Residence-Based Testing Participation Pilot (RB-TPP) was a novel intervention implemented at two student residences on a large UK university campus over 4 weeks. The aim of the pilot was to increase the frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 saliva testing onsite. This process evaluation aimed to determine whether RB-TPP was implemented as planned and identify implementation barriers and facilitators. METHODS A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted alongside the RB-TPP. Evaluation participants were students (opting in, or out of RB-TPP) and staff with a role in service provision or student support. Monitoring data were collected from the intervention delivery team and meeting records. Data were collected from students via online survey (n = 152) and seven focus groups (n = 30), and from staff via individual interviews (n = 13). Quantitative data were analysed descriptively and qualitative data thematically. Barriers and facilitators to implementation were mapped to the 'Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behaviour' (COM-B) behaviour change framework. RESULTS Four hundred sixty-four students opted to participate in RB-TPP (98% of students living onsite). RB-TPP was implemented broadly as planned but relaxed social distancing was terminated early due to concerns relating to national escalation of the COVID-19 Delta variant, albeit testing continued. Most students (97.9%) perceived the period of relaxed social distancing within residences positively. The majority engaged in asymptomatic testing (88%); 46% (52% of testers) were fully compliant with pre-determined testing frequency. Implementation was facilitated by convenience and efficiency of testing, and reduction in the negative impacts of isolation through opportunities for students to socialise. Main barriers to implementation were perceived mixed-messages about the rules, ambivalent attitudes, and lack of adherence to COVID-19 protective measures in the minority. CONCLUSIONS This process evaluation identifies factors that help or hinder the success of university residence-based outbreak prevention and management strategies. RB-TPP led to increased rates of SARS-CoV-2 testing participation among students in university residences. Perceived normalisation of university life significantly enhanced student mental wellbeing. The complexity and challenge generated by multiple lines of communication and rapid adaptions to a changing pandemic context was evident. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UKAS 307727-02-01; Pre-results. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT05045989 ; post-results (first posted, 16/09/21). ETHICAL APPROVAL Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee, University of Nottingham (Ref: FMHS 96-0920).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
| | - S Carlisle
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - L Fothergill
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Hassard
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - A Favier
- Faculty of Registrars, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Corner
- Faculty of Registrars, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - C Denning
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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6
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Gagnon F, Bhatt M, Zemek R, Webster RJ, Johnson-Obaseki S, Harman S. Nasopharyngeal swabs vs. saliva sampling for SARS-CoV-2 detection: A cross-sectional survey of acceptability for caregivers and children after experiencing both methods. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270929. [PMID: 35802720 PMCID: PMC9269879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saliva sampling is a promising alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 testing, but acceptability data is lacking. We characterize the acceptability of saliva sampling and nasopharyngeal swabs for primary decision makers and their children after experiencing both testing modalities. Methods We administered a cross-sectional survey to participants aged 6-to-17 years and their primary decision makers at an Ottawa community COVID-19 testing centre in March 2021. Included were participants meeting local guidelines for testing. Excluded were those identified prior to participation as having inability to complete the consent, sampling, or survey process. Acceptability in multiple hypothetical scenarios was rated using a 5-point Likert scale. Pain was measured using the Faces Pain Scale—Revised (FPS-R). Preference for testing was assessed with direct binary questions. Results 48 participants and 48 primary decision makers completed the survey. Nasopharyngeal swab acceptability differed between scenarios, ranging 79% [95%CI: 66, 88] to 100% [95%CI: 95, 100]; saliva sampling acceptability was similar across scenarios, ranging 92% [95%CI: 82, 97] to 98% [95%CI: 89, 99]. 58% of youth described significant pain with nasopharyngeal swabbing, versus none with saliva sampling. 90% of children prefer saliva sampling. 66% of primary decision makers would prefer nasopharyngeal swabbing if it were 10% more sensitive. Conclusion Though youth prefer saliva sampling over nasopharyngeal swabs, primary decision makers present for testing remain highly accepting of both. Acceptance of nasopharyngeal swabs, however, varies with the testing indication and is influenced by perceived test accuracy. Understanding factors that influence sampling acceptance will inform more successful testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gagnon
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Maala Bhatt
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Zemek
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J. Webster
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stuart Harman
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Tobik ER, Kitfield-Vernon LB, Thomas RJ, Steel SA, Tan SH, Allicock OM, Choate BL, Akbarzada S, Wyllie AL. Saliva as a sample type for SARS-CoV-2 detection: implementation successes and opportunities around the globe. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:519-535. [PMID: 35763281 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2094250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Symptomatic testing and asymptomatic screening for SARS-CoV-2 continue to be essential tools for mitigating virus transmission. Though COVID-19 diagnostics initially defaulted to oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal sampling, the worldwide urgency to expand testing efforts spurred innovative approaches and increased diversity of detection methods. Strengthening innovation and facilitating widespread testing remains critical for global health, especially as additional variants emerge and other mitigation strategies are recalibrated. AREAS COVERED A growing body of evidence reflects the need to expand testing efforts and further investigate the efficiency, sensitivity, and acceptability of saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Countries have made pandemic response decisions based on resources, costs, procedures, and regional acceptability - the adoption and integration of saliva-based testing among them. Saliva has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity while being less invasive relative to nasopharyngeal swabs, securing saliva's position as a more acceptable sample type. EXPERT OPINION Despite the accessibility and utility of saliva sampling, global implementation remains low compared to swab-based approaches. In some cases, countries have validated saliva-based methods but face challenges with testing implementation or expansion. Here, we review the localities that have demonstrated success with saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 testing approaches and can serve as models for transforming concepts into globally-implemented best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Tobik
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lily B Kitfield-Vernon
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Russell J Thomas
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sydney A Steel
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steph H Tan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Orchid M Allicock
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brittany L Choate
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sumaira Akbarzada
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in New York metropolitan area: The view from a major urgent care provider. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 74:31-40. [PMID: 35660641 PMCID: PMC9159971 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Tracking severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing and positivity trends is crucial for understanding the trajectory of the pandemic. We describe demographic and clinical characteristics, testing, and positivity rates for SARS-CoV-2 among 2.8 million patients evaluated at an urgent care provider. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients receiving a diagnostic or serologic test for SARS-CoV-2 between March 1, 2020 and July 20, 2021 at 115 CityMD locations in the New York metropolitan area. Temporal trends in SARS-CoV-2 positivity by diagnostic and serologic tests stratified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and borough of residence were assessed. Results During the study period, 6.1 million COVID diagnostic and serological tests were performed on 2.8 million individuals. Testing levels were higher among 20–29-year-old, non-Hispanic White, and female patients compared with other groups. About 35% were repeat testers. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction positivity was higher in non-Hispanic Black (7.9%), Hispanic (8.2%), and Native American (8.2%) compared to non-Hispanic White (5.7%) patients. Overall seropositivity was estimated to be 22.1% (95% confidence interval: 22.0–22.2) and was highest among 10–14 year olds (27.9%), and non-Hispanic Black (26.0%) and Hispanic (31.0%) testers. Conclusion Urgent care centers can provide broad access to diagnostic testing and critical evaluation for ambulatory patients during pandemics, especially in population-dense, urban epicenters. Urgent care center electronic medical records data can provide in-depth surveillance during pandemics complementary to citywide health department data sources.
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9
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Arbaciauskaite S, Babakhani P, Sandetskaya N, Vitkus D, Jancoriene L, Karosiene D, Karciauskaite D, Zablockiene B, Kuhlmeier D. Self-Sampled Gargle Water Direct RT-LAMP as a Screening Method for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040775. [PMID: 35453823 PMCID: PMC9030430 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the viability of self-sampled gargle water direct RT-LAMP (LAMP) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections by estimating its sensitivity with respect to the gold standard indirect RT-PCR of paired oro-nasopharyngeal swab samples. We also assessed the impact of symptom onset to test time (STT)—i.e., symptom days at sampling, on LAMP. In addition, we appraised the viability of gargle water self-sampling versus oro-nasopharyngeal swab sampling, by comparing paired indirect RT-PCR results. 202 oro-nasopharyngeal swab and paired self-sampled gargle water samples were collected from hospital patients with COVID-19 associated symptoms. LAMP, indirect and direct RT-PCR were performed on all gargle water samples, and indirect RT-PCR was performed on all oro-nasopharyngeal samples. LAMP presented a sensitivity of 80.8% (95% CI: 70.8–90.8%) for sample pairs with sub-25 Ct oro-nasopharyngeal indirect RT-PCR results, and 77.6% (66.2–89.1%) sensitivity for sub-30 Ct samples with STT ≤ 7 days. STT, independently of Ct value, correlated negatively with LAMP performance. 80.7% agreement was observed between gargle water and oro-nasopharyngeal indirect RT-PCR results. In conclusion, LAMP presents an acceptable sensitivity for low Ct and low STT samples. Gargle water may be considered as a viable sampling method, and LAMP as a screening method, especially for symptomatic persons with low STT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skaiste Arbaciauskaite
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (N.S.); (D.K.)
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Pouya Babakhani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Natalia Sandetskaya
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (N.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dalius Vitkus
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, M.K. Ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.V.); (D.K.)
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu 14, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Ligita Jancoriene
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, M.K. Ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (B.Z.)
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu 14, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Karosiene
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu 14, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Dovile Karciauskaite
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, M.K. Ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.V.); (D.K.)
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu 14, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Birute Zablockiene
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, M.K. Ciurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (B.Z.)
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Santariskiu 14, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dirk Kuhlmeier
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstraße 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (N.S.); (D.K.)
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10
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Comparison between Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Swabs for SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Detection in an Asymptomatic Population, and Direct Confirmation by RT-PCR from the Residual Buffer. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0245521. [PMID: 35171010 PMCID: PMC8849095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02455-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Containment measures employed during the COVID-19 pandemic included prompt recognition of cases, isolation, and contact tracing. Bilateral nasal (NA) swabs applied to a commercial antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) offer a simpler and more comfortable alternative to nasopharyngeal (NP) collection; however, little is known about the sensitivity of this method in an asymptomatic population. Participants in community-based asymptomatic testing sites were screened for SARS-CoV-2 using an Ag-RDT with NP sampling. Positive individuals returned for confirmatory molecular testing and consented to repeating the Ag-RDT using a bilateral NA swab for comparison. Residual test buffer (RTB) from Ag-RDTs was subjected to real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Of 123,617 asymptomatic individuals, 197 NP Ag-RDT-positive participants were included, with 175 confirmed positive by RT-PCR. Of these cases, 154 were identified from the NA swab collection with Ag-RDT, with a sensitivity of 88.0% compared to the NP swab collection. Stratifying results by RT-PCR cycle threshold demonstrated that sensitivity of the nasal collection method varied based on the cycle threshold (CT) value of the paired RT-PCR sample. RT-PCR testing on the RTB from the Ag-RDT using NP and NA swab collections resulted in 100.0% and 98.7% sensitivity, respectively. NA swabs provide an adequate alternative to NP swab collection for use with Ag-RDT, with the recognition that the test is most sensitive in specimens with high viral loads. With the high sensitivity of RT-PCR testing on RTB from Ag-RDT, a more streamlined approach to confirmatory testing is possible without recollection or use of paired collections strategies. IMPORTANCE Nasal swabbing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) comes with many benefits but is slightly less sensitive than traditional nasopharyngeal swabbing; however, confirmatory lab-based testing could be performed directly from the residual buffer from either sample type.
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11
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McLaughlin HP, Worrell MC, Malone S, Dawson P, Maricque B, Halpin JL, Lee S, Fritz SA, Tinker SC, Neidich JA, Towns K, Lee JS, Barrios LC, Neatherlin JC, Newland JG, Salzer JS. Acceptance of Saliva-Based Specimen Collection for SARS-CoV-2 Testing Among K-12 Students, Teachers, and Staff. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:557-563. [PMID: 35137643 PMCID: PMC9109545 DOI: 10.1177/00333549221074395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Saliva specimens collected in school populations may offer a more feasible, noninvasive alternative to nasal swabs for large-scale COVID-19 testing efforts in kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) schools. We investigated acceptance of saliva-based COVID-19 testing among quarantined K-12 students and their parents, teachers, and staff members who recently experienced a SARS-CoV-2 exposure in school. METHODS We surveyed 719 participants, in person or by telephone, who agreed to or declined a free saliva-based COVID-19 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction test as part of a surveillance investigation about whether they would have consented to testing if offered a nasal swab instead. We conducted this investigation in 6 school districts in Greene County (n = 3) and St. Louis County (n = 3), Missouri, from January 25 through March 23, 2021. RESULTS More than one-third (160 of 446) of K-12 students (or their parents or guardians), teachers, and staff members who agreed to a saliva-based COVID-19 test indicated they would have declined testing if specimen collection were by nasal swab. When stratified by school level, 51% (67 of 132) of elementary school students or their parents or guardians would not have agreed to testing if a nasal swab was offered. CONCLUSIONS Some students, especially those in elementary school, preferred saliva-based COVID-19 testing to nasal swab testing. Use of saliva-based testing might increase voluntary participation in screening efforts in K-12 schools to help prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather P. McLaughlin
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Heather P. McLaughlin, PhD, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Mary Claire Worrell
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara Malone
- Washington University in St. Louis, St.
Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Dawson
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jessica L. Halpin
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sooji Lee
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sarah C. Tinker
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Katie Towns
- Springfield-Greene County Health
Department, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Justin S. Lee
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa C. Barrios
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John C. Neatherlin
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Johanna S. Salzer
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Zimba R, Romo ML, Kulkarni SG, Berry A, You W, Mirzayi C, Westmoreland DA, Parcesepe AM, Waldron L, Rane MS, Kochhar S, Robertson MM, Maroko AR, Grov C, Nash D. Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 Testing Preferences in a National Cohort in the United States: Latent Class Analysis of a Discrete Choice Experiment. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e32846. [PMID: 34793320 PMCID: PMC8722498 DOI: 10.2196/32846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate screening and diagnostic testing in the United States throughout the first several months of the COVID-19 pandemic led to undetected cases transmitting disease in the community and an underestimation of cases. Though testing supply has increased, maintaining testing uptake remains a public health priority in the efforts to control community transmission considering the availability of vaccinations and threats from variants. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify patterns of preferences for SARS-CoV-2 screening and diagnostic testing prior to widespread vaccine availability and uptake. METHODS We conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) among participants in the national, prospective CHASING COVID (Communities, Households, and SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology) Cohort Study from July 30 to September 8, 2020. The DCE elicited preferences for SARS-CoV-2 test type, specimen type, testing venue, and result turnaround time. We used latent class multinomial logit to identify distinct patterns of preferences related to testing as measured by attribute-level part-worth utilities and conducted a simulation based on the utility estimates to predict testing uptake if additional testing scenarios were offered. RESULTS Of the 5098 invited cohort participants, 4793 (94.0%) completed the DCE. Five distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 testing emerged. Noninvasive home testers (n=920, 19.2% of participants) were most influenced by specimen type and favored less invasive specimen collection methods, with saliva being most preferred; this group was the least likely to opt out of testing. Fast-track testers (n=1235, 25.8%) were most influenced by result turnaround time and favored immediate and same-day turnaround time. Among dual testers (n=889, 18.5%), test type was the most important attribute, and preference was given to both antibody and viral tests. Noninvasive dual testers (n=1578, 32.9%) were most strongly influenced by specimen type and test type, preferring saliva and cheek swab specimens and both antibody and viral tests. Among hesitant home testers (n=171, 3.6%), the venue was the most important attribute; notably, this group was the most likely to opt out of testing. In addition to variability in preferences for testing features, heterogeneity was observed in the distribution of certain demographic characteristics (age, race/ethnicity, education, and employment), history of SARS-CoV-2 testing, COVID-19 diagnosis, and concern about the pandemic. Simulation models predicted that testing uptake would increase from 81.6% (with a status quo scenario of polymerase chain reaction by nasal swab in a provider's office and a turnaround time of several days) to 98.1% by offering additional scenarios using less invasive specimens, both viral and antibody tests from a single specimen, faster turnaround time, and at-home testing. CONCLUSIONS We identified substantial differences in preferences for SARS-CoV-2 testing and found that offering additional testing options would likely increase testing uptake in line with public health goals. Additional studies may be warranted to understand if preferences for testing have changed since the availability and widespread uptake of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Zimba
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew L Romo
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sarah G Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amanda Berry
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - William You
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chloe Mirzayi
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Drew A Westmoreland
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Angela M Parcesepe
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Levi Waldron
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Madhura S Rane
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shivani Kochhar
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - McKaylee M Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew R Maroko
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian Grov
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Robertson MM, Kulkarni SG, Rane M, Kochhar S, Berry A, Chang M, Mirzayi C, You W, Maroko A, Zimba R, Westmoreland D, Grov C, Parcesepe AM, Waldron L, Nash D. Cohort profile: a national, community-based prospective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outcomes in the USA-the CHASING COVID Cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048778. [PMID: 34548354 PMCID: PMC8458000 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Communities, Households and SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology (CHASING) COVID Cohort Study is a community-based prospective cohort study launched during the upswing of the USA COVID-19 epidemic. The objectives of the cohort study are to: (1) estimate and evaluate determinants of the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease and deaths; (2) assess the impact of the pandemic on psychosocial and economic outcomes and (3) assess the uptake of pandemic mitigation strategies. PARTICIPANTS We began enrolling participants from 28 March 2020 using internet-based strategies. Adults≥18 years residing anywhere in the USA or US territories were eligible. 6740 people are enrolled in the cohort, including participants from all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam. Participants are contacted regularly to complete study assessments, including interviews and dried blood spot specimen collection for serologic testing. FINDINGS TO DATE Participants are geographically and sociodemographically diverse and include essential workers (19%). 84.2% remain engaged in cohort follow-up activities after enrolment. Data have been used to assess SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, seroincidence and related risk factors at different phases of the US pandemic; the role of household crowding and the presence of children in the household as potential risk factors for severe COVID-19 early in the US pandemic; to describe the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and its relationship to COVID-19 outcomes and other potential stressors; to identify preferences for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing when community transmission is on the rise via a discrete choice experiment and to assess vaccine hesitancy over time and its relationship to vaccine uptake. FUTURE PLANS The CHASING COVID Cohort Study has outlined a research agenda that involves ongoing monitoring of the incidence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes, mental health outcomes and economic outcomes. Additional priorities include assessing the incidence, prevalence and correlates of long-haul COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKaylee M Robertson
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Gorrell Kulkarni
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Madhura Rane
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shivani Kochhar
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda Berry
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mindy Chang
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chloe Mirzayi
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - William You
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Maroko
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Zimba
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Drew Westmoreland
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Grov
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
- Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela Marie Parcesepe
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
- Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Levi Waldron
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Denis Nash
- City University of New York (CUNY) Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, New York, USA
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Bevan I, Stage Baxter M, Stagg HR, Street A. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Related to COVID-19 Testing: A Rapid Scoping Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1685. [PMID: 34574026 PMCID: PMC8472251 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing programs for COVID-19 depend on the voluntary actions of members of the public for their success. Understanding people's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to COVID-19 testing is, therefore, key to the design of effective testing programs worldwide. This paper reports on the findings of a rapid scoping review to map the extent, characteristics, and scope of social science research on COVID-19 testing and identifies key themes from the literature. Main findings include the discoveries that people are largely accepting of testing technologies and guidelines and that a sense of social solidarity is a key motivator of testing uptake. The main barriers to accessing and undertaking testing include uncertainty about eligibility and how to access tests, difficulty interpreting symptoms, logistical issues including transport to and from test sites and the discomfort of sample extraction, and concerns about the consequences of a positive result. The review found that existing research was limited in depth and scope. More research employing longitudinal and qualitative methods based in under-resourced settings and examining intersections between testing and experiences of social, political, and economic vulnerability is needed. Last, the findings of this review suggest that testing should be understood as a social process that is inseparable from processes of contact tracing and isolation and is embedded in people's everyday routines, livelihoods and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Bevan
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, UK;
| | - Mats Stage Baxter
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK; (M.S.B.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Helen R. Stagg
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK; (M.S.B.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Alice Street
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, UK;
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15
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Marx GE, Biggerstaff BJ, Nawrocki CC, Totten SE, Travanty EA, Burakoff AW, Scott T, De Hey JCV, Carlson JJ, Wendel KA, Harcourt JL, Tamin A, Thomas JD, Rowan SE. Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 on Self-Collected Saliva or Anterior Nasal Specimens Compared With Healthcare Personnel-Collected Nasopharyngeal Specimens. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S65-S73. [PMID: 33912930 PMCID: PMC8135412 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal specimens (NPS) are commonly used for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing but can be uncomfortable for patients. Self-collected saliva specimens (SS) or anterior nasal specimens (ANS) for SARS-CoV-2 detection are less invasive, but the sensitivity of these specimen types has not been thoroughly evaluated. METHODS During September-November 2020, 730 adults undergoing SARS-CoV-2 testing at community testing events and homeless shelters in Denver provided self-collected SS and ANS before NPS collection and answered a short survey about symptoms and specimen preference. Specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by means of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR); viral culture was performed on a subset of specimens positive by rRT-PCR. The sensitivity of SS and ANS for SARS-CoV-2 detection by rRT-PCR was measured against that of NPS. Subgroup analyses included test outcomes by symptom status and culture results. RESULTS Sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection by rRT-PCR appeared higher for SS than for ANS (85% vs 80%) and higher among symptomatic participants than among those without symptoms (94% vs 29% for SS; 87% vs 50% for ANS). Among participants with culture-positive SARS-CoV-2 by any specimen type, the sensitivities of SS and ANS by rRT-PCR were 94% and 100%, respectively. SS and ANS were equally preferred by participants; most would undergo NPS collection again despite this method's being the least preferred. CONCLUSIONS SS were slightly more sensitive than ANS for SARS-CoV-2 detection with rRT-PCR. With both SS and ANS, SARS-CoV-2 was reliably detected among participants with symptoms. Self-collected SS and ANS offer practical advantages, are preferred by patients, and might be most useful for testing people with coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Marx
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Courtney C Nawrocki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sarah E Totten
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily A Travanty
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexis W Burakoff
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tracy Scott
- Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jesse J Carlson
- Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen A Wendel
- Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Azaibi Tamin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sarah E Rowan
- Denver Public Health, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA.,University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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16
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Rane MS, Profeta A, Poehlein E, Kulkarni S, Robertson M, Gainus C, Parikh A, LeBenger K, Frogel D, Nash D. The emergence, surge and subsequent wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in New York metropolitan area: The view from a major region-wide urgent care provider. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.04.06.21255009. [PMID: 33880480 PMCID: PMC8057248 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.06.21255009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing SARS-CoV-2 testing and positivity trends among urgent care users is crucial for understanding the trajectory of the pandemic. OBJECTIVE To describe demographic and clinical characteristics, positivity rates, and repeat testing patterns among patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 at CityMD, an urgent care provider in the New York City metropolitan area. DESIGN Retrospective study of all persons testing for SARS-CoV-2 between March 1, 2020 and January 8, 2021 at 115 CityMD locations in the New York metropolitan area. PATIENTS Individuals receiving a SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic or serologic test. MEASUREMENTS Test and individual level SARS-CoV-2 positivity by PCR, rapid antigen, or serologic tests. RESULTS During the study period, 3.4 million COVID tests were performed on 1.8 million individuals. In New York City, CityMD diagnosed 268,298 individuals, including 17% of all reported cases. Testing levels were higher among 20-29 year olds, non-Hispanic Whites, and females compared with other groups. About 24.8% (n=464,902) were repeat testers. Test positivity was higher in non-Hispanic Black (6.4%), Hispanic (8.0%), and Native American (8.0%) patients compared to non-Hispanic White (5.4%) patients. Overall seropositivity was estimated to be 21.7% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 21.6-21.8) and was highest among 10-14 year olds (27.3%). Seropositivity was also high among non-Hispanic Black (24.5%) and Hispanic (30.6%) testers, and residents of the Bronx (31.3%) and Queens (30.5%). Using PCR as the gold standard, SARS-CoV-2 rapid tests had a false positive rate of 5.4% (95%CI 5.3-5.5). CONCLUSION Urgent care centers can provide broad access to critical evaluation, diagnostic testing and treatment of a substantial number of ambulatory patients during pandemics, especially in population-dense, urban epicenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura S Rane
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
| | | | - Emily Poehlein
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
| | - McKaylee Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York. New York, NY USA
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17
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Romo ML, Zimba R, Kulkarni S, Berry A, You W, Mirzayi C, Westmoreland D, Parcesepe AM, Waldron L, Rane M, Kochhar S, Robertson M, Maroko AR, Grov C, Nash D. Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 testing preferences in a national cohort in the United States. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.12.22.20248747. [PMID: 33398293 PMCID: PMC7781336 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.22.20248747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand preferences about SARS-CoV-2 testing, we conducted a discrete choice experiment among 4793 participants in the Communities, Households, and SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology (CHASING COVID) Cohort Study from July 30-September 8, 2020. We used latent class analysis to identify distinct patterns of preferences related to testing and conducted a simulation to predict testing uptake if additional testing scenarios were offered. Five distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 testing emerged. "Comprehensive testers" (18.9%) ranked specimen type as most important and favored less invasive specimen types, with saliva most preferred, and also ranked venue and result turnaround time as highly important, with preferences for home testing and fast result turnaround time. "Fast track testers" (26.0%) ranked result turnaround time as most important and favored immediate and same day turnaround time. "Dual testers" (18.5%) ranked test type as most important and preferred both antibody and viral tests. "Non-invasive dual testers" (33.0%) ranked specimen type and test type as similarly most important, preferring cheek swab specimen type and both antibody and viral tests. "Home testers" (3.6%) ranked venue as most important and favored home-based testing. By offering less invasive (saliva specimen type), dual testing (both viral and antibody tests), and at home testing scenarios in addition to standard testing scenarios, simulation models predicted that testing uptake would increase from 81.7% to 98.1%. We identified substantial differences in preferences for SARS-CoV-2 testing and found that offering additional testing options, which consider this heterogeneity, would likely increase testing uptake. SIGNIFICANCE During the COVID-19 pandemic, diagnostic testing has allowed for early detection of cases and implementation of measures to reduce community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding individuals' preferences about testing and the service models that deliver tests are relevant in efforts to increase and sustain uptake of SARS-CoV-2 testing, which, despite vaccine availability, will be required for the foreseeable future. We identified substantial differences in preferences for SARS-CoV-2 testing in a discrete choice experiment among a large national cohort of adults in the US. Offering additional testing options that account for or anticipate this heterogeneity in preferences (e.g., both viral and antibody tests, at home testing), would likely increase testing uptake. CLASSIFICATION Biological Sciences (major); Psychological and Cognitive Sciences (minor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Romo
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Rebecca Zimba
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Sarah Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Amanda Berry
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - William You
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Chloe Mirzayi
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Drew Westmoreland
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Angela M. Parcesepe
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516 USA
| | - Levi Waldron
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Madhura Rane
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Shivani Kochhar
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - McKaylee Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Andrew R. Maroko
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Christian Grov
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
| | - Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY); New York, NY, 10027 USA
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