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Yan F, Mutembei B, Valerio T, Gunay G, Ha JH, Zhang Q, Wang C, Selvaraj Mercyshalinie ER, Alhajeri ZA, Zhang F, Dockery LE, Li X, Liu R, Dhanasekaran DN, Acar H, Chen WR, Tang Q. Optical coherence tomography for multicellular tumor spheroid category recognition and drug screening classification via multi-spatial-superficial-parameter and machine learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2014-2047. [PMID: 38633082 PMCID: PMC11019711 DOI: 10.1364/boe.514079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an ideal imaging technique for noninvasive and longitudinal monitoring of multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). However, the internal structure features within MCTS from OCT images are still not fully utilized. In this study, we developed cross-statistical, cross-screening, and composite-hyperparameter feature processing methods in conjunction with 12 machine learning models to assess changes within the MCTS internal structure. Our results indicated that the effective features combined with supervised learning models successfully classify OVCAR-8 MCTS culturing with 5,000 and 50,000 cell numbers, MCTS with pancreatic tumor cells (Panc02-H7) culturing with the ratio of 0%, 33%, 50%, and 67% of fibroblasts, and OVCAR-4 MCTS treated by 2-methoxyestradiol, AZD1208, and R-ketorolac with concentrations of 1, 10, and 25 µM. This approach holds promise for obtaining multi-dimensional physiological and functional evaluations for using OCT and MCTS in anticancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Bornface Mutembei
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Trisha Valerio
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Gokhan Gunay
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ji-Hee Ha
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | | | - Zaid A. Alhajeri
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren E. Dockery
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ronghao Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Danny N. Dhanasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Handan Acar
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Wei R. Chen
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Qinggong Tang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019, USA
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2
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Morishita J, Nurse P. Identification of a small RhoA GTPase inhibitor effective in fission yeast and human cells. Open Biol 2023; 13:220185. [PMID: 36854376 PMCID: PMC9974304 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPase family proteins are key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. Deregulated activity of Rho GTPases is associated with cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, and their potential as drug targets has long been recognized. Using an economically effective drug screening workflow in fission yeast and human cells, we have identified a Rho GTPase inhibitor, O1. By a suppressor mutant screen in fission yeast, we find a point mutation in the rho1 gene that confers resistance to O1. Consistent with the idea that O1 is the direct inhibitor of Rho1, O1 reduced the cellular amount of activated, GTP-bound Rho1 in wild-type cells, but not in the O1-resistant mutant cells, in which the evolutionarily conserved Ala62 residue is mutated to Thr. Similarly, O1 inhibits activity of the human orthologue RhoA GTPase in tissue culture cells. Our studies illustrate the power of yeast phenotypic screens in the identification and characterization of drugs relevant to human cells and have identified a novel GTPase inhibitor for fission yeast and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Morishita
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Nurse
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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3
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Ou R, Liu X. LncRNA IUR Is Downregulated in Gastric Carcinoma and Associated with Poor Survival. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:116-121. [PMID: 32783641 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: LncRNA IUR has been recently identified as a key regulator of Bcr-Abl-induced tumorigenesis, while its role in gastric carcinoma (GC) is unknown. This study investigated the involvement of IUR in GC. Materials and Methods: Gene expression levels were measured by performing quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Interactions between IUR and ROCK1 were analyzed by transfection experiments. Cell invasion and migration were analyzed by Transwell assay. Results: In this study, the authors showed that IUR was downregulated in GC. A follow-up study showed that low IUR expression levels predicted poor survival. In GC tissues, ROCK1 was upregulated in GC tissues and inversely correlated with IUR. In GC cells, IUR overexpression mediated the downregulation of ROCK1. ROCK1 overexpression resulted in increased GC cell invasion and migration, while IUR overexpression played an opposite role. Conclusion: IUR is downregulated in GC and inhibits GC cell invasion and migration by downregulating ROCK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang City, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Plastic Surgery Department, Puyang Oilfield General Hospital, Fuyang City, China
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Berns ML, Habas R. Biochemical Assays to Detect Activation of Small GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 during Morphogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:83-95. [PMID: 35147936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wnt/Frizzled (Fz) signaling controls developmental, physiological, and pathological processes through several distinct pathways. Wnt/Fz activation of the small GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, is one key mechanism that regulates cell polarity and migration during vertebrate gastrulation. In this chapter, we describe biochemical assays for detection of Wnt/Fz-mediated activation of Rho, Rac and Cdc42 in both mammalian cells and Xenopus embryo explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Berns
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Rai SK, Pathak RK, Singh DB, Bhatt A, Baunthiyal M. Chemo-informatics guided study of natural inhibitors targeting rho GTPase: a lead for treatment of glaucoma. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:4. [PMID: 33442531 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-020-00061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the most perilous disease leading to blindness is a result of optical neuropathy. Accumulation of aqueous humor in the posterior chamber due to a large difference in the rate of formation and its drainage in the anterior chamber causes an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to damage of nerve cells. A literature survey has revealed that inhibition of the Rho guanosine triphosphatases (rho GTPase) pathway by specific inhibitors leads to the relaxation of contractile cells involved in the aqueous outflow pathway. Relaxation of the strained contractile cells results in increased outflow thereby releasing IOP. In the present study molecular docking has been used to screen twenty seven bioactive (17 natural compounds and 10 conventional drugs) compounds that may play a significant role in relaxing contractile cells by inhibiting rho-GTPase protein. Docking results showed that among all-natural bioactive compounds Cyanidin and Delphinidine have a good binding affinity (- 8.4 kcal/mol) than the top screened conventional drug molecule Mitomycin, (- 6.3 kcal/mol) when docked with rho-GTPase protein. Cyanidin and Delphinidin belong to anthocyanidin, a glycoside form of anthocyanins from Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Punica granatum. The resembling potential of Cyanidin and Delphinidin concerning the drug Mitomycin was confirmed through simulation analysis. Molecular dynamics study (MDS) for 100 ns, showed that the rho GTPase-Delphinidine complex structure was energetically more stable than rho GTPase-Cyaniding complex in comparison to rho GTPase-Mitomycin complex. The comparative study of both the selected hits (Cyanidin and Delphinidin) was assessed by RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, H-bond, PCA MM/PBSA analysis. The analysis revealed that Delphinidine is more potent to inhibit the rho GTPase as compare to Cyaniding and available conventional drugs in terms of stability and binding free energy. Based on the results, these molecules have good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties and will prove to be a promising lead compound as a future drug for Glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194 India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Biotechnology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194 India
| | - Dev Bukhsh Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, 208024 India
| | - Arun Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194 India
| | - Mamta Baunthiyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246194 India
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Hormones Secretion and Rho GTPases in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071859. [PMID: 32664294 PMCID: PMC7408961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) belong to a heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising from hormone secreting cells. These tumors are often associated with a dysfunction of their secretory activity. Neuroendocrine secretion occurs through calcium-regulated exocytosis, a process that is tightly controlled by Rho GTPases family members. In this review, we compiled the numerous mutations and modification of expression levels of Rho GTPases or their regulators (Rho guanine nucleotide-exchange factors and Rho GTPase-activating proteins) that have been identified in NETs. We discussed how they might regulate neuroendocrine secretion.
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Cen B, Lang JD, Du Y, Wei J, Xiong Y, Bradley N, Wang D, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E 2 Induces miR675-5p to Promote Colorectal Tumor Metastasis via Modulation of p53 Expression. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:971-984.e10. [PMID: 31734182 PMCID: PMC7062589 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes colorectal tumor formation and progression by unknown mechanisms. We sought to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that might mediate the effects of PGE2 on colorectal cancer (CRC) development. METHODS We incubated LS174T colorectal cancer cells with PGE2 or without (control) and used miRNA-sequencing technology to compare expression patterns of miRNAs. We knocked down levels of specific miRNAs or proteins in cells using small interfering RNAs or genome editing. Cells were analyzed by immunoblot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, chromosome immunoprecipitation, cell invasion, and luciferase reporter assays; we measured gene expression, binding activity, cell migration and invasion, and transcriptional activity of transcription factors. NOD-scidIL-2Rg-/- mice were given injections of LS174T cells, and growth of primary tumors and numbers of liver and lung metastases were quantified and analyzed by histology. We used public databases to identify correlations in gene expression pattern with patient outcomes. RESULTS We identified miRNA 675-5p (miR675-5p) as the miRNA most highly up-regulated by incubation of colorectal cancer cells with PGE2. PGE2 increased expression of miR675-5p by activating expression of Myc, via activation of protein kinase B, also known as (AKT), nuclear factor κB, and β-catenin. PGE2 increased the invasive activities of cultured CRC cells. LS174T cells incubated with PGE2 formed more liver and lung metastases in mice than control LS174T cells. We identified a 3' untranslated region in the TP53 messenger RNA that bound miR675-5p; binding resulted in loss of the p53 protein. Expression of miR675-5p or its precursor RNA, H19, correlated with expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 and shorter survival times of patients with CRC. CONCLUSIONS We found that treatment of mice with PGE2 increased CRC cells invasive activity and ability to form liver and lung metastases. PGE2 down-regulates expression of p53 by increasing expression of miR675-5p, which binds to and prevents translation of TP53 messenger RNA. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which PGE2 promotes tumor development and progression. Strategies to target PGE2 might be developed for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Jessica D. Lang
- Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287, and Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Yuchen Du
- Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287 (current address: Department of Pediatrics-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030)
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Norma Bradley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425.,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259,Correspondence to: Raymond N. DuBois, MD. Ph.D., 601 Clinical Science Building, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 601, Charleston, SC 29425, Tel: 843-792-2842 and Fax: 843-792-2967,
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8
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Hu M, Han Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Ye L. Retracted Article: lncRNA TINCR sponges miR-214-5p to upregulate ROCK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:2. [PMID: 31900116 PMCID: PMC6942387 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Our preliminary bioinformatics analysis showed that lncRNA TINCR may absorb miR-214-5p by serving is sponge, while miR-214-5p targets ROCK1. This study aimed to investigate the interactions among these 3 factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Expression of TINCR, ROCK1 and miR-214-5p in HCC and non-tumor tissues was detected by performing qPCR. The correlations among TINCR, ROCK1 and miR-214-5p in HCC tissues were analyzed by performing linear regression. Overexpression experiments were performed to analyze gene interactions. Cell proliferation was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. Results We found that TINCR and ROCK1 were upregulated, while miR-214-5p was downregulated in HCC. TINCR and ROCK1 were positively correlated, while TINCR and miR-214-5p were not significantly correlated. In HCC cells, TINCR overexpression is followed by ROCK1 overexpression, while miR-214-5p overexpression induced the downregulation of ROCK1. In addition, TINCR and miR-214-5p did not affect the expression of each other. TINCR and ROCK1 overexpression led to increased rate of cancer cell proliferation, while miR-214-5p played an opposite role and reduced the effects of TINCR overexpression. Therefore, TINCR sponges miR-214-5p to upregulate ROCK1 in HCC, thereby promoting cancer cell invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 1 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui province, China.
| | - Yaowu Han
- Department of Pathology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 1 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012, Anhui province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhou
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Psychology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China
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Olson MF. Rho GTPases, their post-translational modifications, disease-associated mutations and pharmacological inhibitors. Small GTPases 2018; 9:203-215. [PMID: 27548350 PMCID: PMC5927519 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1218407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 20 members of the Rho GTPase family are key regulators of a wide-variety of biological activities. In response to activation, they signal via downstream effector proteins to induce dynamic alterations in the organization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. In this review, post-translational modifications, mechanisms of dysregulation identified in human pathological conditions, and the ways that Rho GTPases might be targeted for chemotherapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Unbekandt M, Belshaw S, Bower J, Clarke M, Cordes J, Crighton D, Croft DR, Drysdale MJ, Garnett MJ, Gill K, Gray C, Greenhalgh DA, Hall JAM, Konczal J, Lilla S, McArthur D, McConnell P, McDonald L, McGarry L, McKinnon H, McMenemy C, Mezna M, Morrice NA, Munro J, Naylor G, Rath N, Schüttelkopf AW, Sime M, Olson MF. Discovery of Potent and Selective MRCK Inhibitors with Therapeutic Effect on Skin Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2096-2114. [PMID: 29382705 PMCID: PMC5901721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinases MRCKα and MRCKβ contribute to the regulation of actin-myosin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, acting in concert with the Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2. The absence of highly potent and selective MRCK inhibitors has resulted in relatively little knowledge of the potential roles of these kinases in cancer. Here, we report the discovery of the azaindole compounds BDP8900 and BDP9066 as potent and selective MRCK inhibitors that reduce substrate phosphorylation, leading to morphologic changes in cancer cells along with inhibition of their motility and invasive character. In over 750 human cancer cell lines tested, BDP8900 and BDP9066 displayed consistent antiproliferative effects with greatest activity in hematologic cancer cells. Mass spectrometry identified MRCKα S1003 as an autophosphorylation site, enabling development of a phosphorylation-sensitive antibody tool to report on MRCKα status in tumor specimens. In a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model of murine squamous cell carcinoma, topical treatments reduced MRCKα S1003 autophosphorylation and skin papilloma outgrowth. In parallel work, we validated a phospho-selective antibody with the capability to monitor drug pharmacodynamics. Taken together, our findings establish an important oncogenic role for MRCK in cancer, and they offer an initial preclinical proof of concept for MRCK inhibition as a valid therapeutic strategy.Significance: The development of selective small-molecule inhibitors of the Cdc42-binding MRCK kinases reveals their essential roles in cancer cell viability, migration, and invasive character. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2096-114. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Unbekandt
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Belshaw
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Bower
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maeve Clarke
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Cordes
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Crighton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Croft
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Drysdale
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Translational Cancer Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Gill
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A M Hall
- Translational Cancer Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Konczal
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan McArthur
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia McConnell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura McDonald
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Screening Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heather McKinnon
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carol McMenemy
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mokdad Mezna
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A Morrice
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - June Munro
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Naylor
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Rath
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mairi Sime
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Olson
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Tajadura-Ortega V, Garg R, Allen R, Owczarek C, Bright MD, Kean S, Mohd-Noor A, Grigoriadis A, Elston TC, Hahn KM, Ridley AJ. An RNAi screen of Rho signalling networks identifies RhoH as a regulator of Rac1 in prostate cancer cell migration. BMC Biol 2018; 16:29. [PMID: 29510700 PMCID: PMC5840776 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell migration is essential for development and tissue repair, but it also contributes to disease. Rho GTPases regulate cell migration, but a comprehensive analysis of how each Rho signalling component affects migration has not been carried out. RESULTS Through an RNA interference screen, and using a prostate cancer cell line, we find that approximately 25% of Rho network components alter migration. Some genes enhance migration while others decrease basal and/or hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated migration. Surprisingly, we identify RhoH as a screen hit. RhoH expression is normally restricted to haematopoietic cells, but we find it is expressed in multiple epithelial cancer cell lines. High RhoH expression in samples from prostate cancer patients correlates with earlier relapse. RhoH depletion reduces cell speed and persistence and decreases migratory polarity. Rac1 activity normally localizes to the front of migrating cells at areas of dynamic membrane movement, but in RhoH-depleted cells active Rac1 is localised around the whole cell periphery and associated with membrane regions that are not extending or retracting. RhoH interacts with Rac1 and with several p21-activated kinases (PAKs), which are Rac effectors. Similar to RhoH depletion, PAK2 depletion increases cell spread area and reduces cell migration. In addition, RhoH depletion reduces lamellipodium extension induced by PAK2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS We describe a novel role for RhoH in prostate cancer cell migration. We propose that RhoH promotes cell migration by coupling Rac1 activity and PAK2 to membrane protrusion. Our results also suggest that RhoH expression levels correlate with prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Tajadura-Ortega
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ritu Garg
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Richard Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Present address: Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Claudia Owczarek
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Michael D Bright
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Present address: Institute for Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Samuel Kean
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Aisyah Mohd-Noor
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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12
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Cardama GA, Alonso DF, Gonzalez N, Maggio J, Gomez DE, Rolfo C, Menna PL. Relevance of small GTPase Rac1 pathway in drug and radio-resistance mechanisms: Opportunities in cancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 124:29-36. [PMID: 29548483 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 GTPase signaling pathway has a critical role in the regulation of a plethora of cellular functions governing cancer cell behavior. Recently, it has been shown a critical role of Rac1 in the emergence of resistance mechanisms to cancer therapy. This review describes the current knowledge regarding Rac1 pathway deregulation and its association with chemoresistance, radioresistance, resistance to targeted therapies and immune evasion. This supports the idea that interfering Rac1 signaling pathway could be an interesting approach to tackle cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Cardama
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D F Alonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Maggio
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical trials Unit, Oncology Department Antwerp University Hospital & Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Antwerp University, Belgium.
| | - P L Menna
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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de Cárcer G, Wachowicz P, Martínez-Martínez S, Oller J, Méndez-Barbero N, Escobar B, González-Loyola A, Takaki T, El Bakkali A, Cámara JA, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Bustelo XR, Cañamero M, Mulero F, de Los Ángeles Sevilla M, Montero MJ, Redondo JM, Malumbres M. Plk1 regulates contraction of postmitotic smooth muscle cells and is required for vascular homeostasis. Nat Med 2017; 23:964-974. [PMID: 28692064 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), an essential regulator of cell division, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a target for cancer therapy. We report an unexpected function of Plk1 in sustaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Plk1 haploinsufficiency in mice did not induce obvious cell proliferation defects but did result in arterial structural alterations, which frequently led to aortic rupture and death. Specific ablation of Plk1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) led to reduced arterial elasticity, hypotension, and an impaired arterial response to angiotensin II in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Plk1 regulated angiotensin II-dependent activation of RhoA and actomyosin dynamics in VSMCs in a mitosis-independent manner. This regulation depended on Plk1 kinase activity, and the administration of small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors to angiotensin II-treated mice led to reduced arterial fitness and an elevated risk of aneurysm and aortic rupture. We thus conclude that a partial reduction of Plk1 activity that does not block cell division can nevertheless impair aortic homeostasis. Our findings have potentially important implications for current approaches aimed at PLK1 inhibition for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulina Wachowicz
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Oller
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Méndez-Barbero
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tohru Takaki
- Clare Hall Laboratories, London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Aicha El Bakkali
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Cámara
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J Jiménez-Borreguero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), and Cardiac Imaging Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Comparative Pathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Sevilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jose Montero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Huang SQ, Zhang N, Zhou ZX, Huang CC, Zeng CL, Xiao D, Guo CC, Han YJ, Ye XH, Ye XG, Ou ML, Zhang BH, Liu Y, Zeng EY, Yang G, Jing CX. Association of LPP and TAGAP Polymorphisms with Celiac Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020171. [PMID: 28208589 PMCID: PMC5334725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Lipoma preferred partner (LPP) and T-cell activation Rho GTPase activating protein (TAGAP) polymorphisms might influence the susceptibility to celiac disease. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis by identifying relevant studies to estimate the risks of these polymorphisms on celiac disease. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases were searched (up to October 2016) for LPP rs1464510 and TAGAP rs1738074 polymorphisms. Results: This meta-analysis included the same 7 studies for LPP rs1464510 and TAGAP rs1738074. The minor risk A allele at both rs1464510 and rs1738074 carried risks (odds ratios) of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.22-1.30) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.14-1.21), respectively, which contributed to increased risks in all celiac disease patients by 10.72% and 6.59%, respectively. The estimated lambdas were 0.512 and 0.496, respectively, suggesting that a co-dominant model would be suitable for both gene effects. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides robust estimates that polymorphisms in LPP and TAGAP genes are potential risk factors for celiac disease in European and American. Prospective studies and more genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are needed to confirm these findings, and some corresponding molecular biology experiments should be carried out to clarify the pathogenic mechanisms of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zi-Xing Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chui-Can Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cheng-Li Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cong-Cong Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ya-Jing Han
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xing-Guang Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mei-Ling Ou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bao-Huan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chun-Xia Jing
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Zhai S, Liu C, Zhang L, Zhu J, Guo J, Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhou W, Chang T, Xu S, Qi Y, Zhuang T, Yu N, Wang W, Wang H, Yu S, Li X. PLCE1 Promotes Esophageal Cancer Cell Progression by Maintaining the Transcriptional Activity of Snail. Neoplasia 2017; 19:154-164. [PMID: 28147304 PMCID: PMC5279705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is among the most deadly malignant diseases. However, the genetic factors contributing to its occurrence are poorly understood. Multiple studies with large clinic-based cohorts revealed that variations of the phospholipase C epsilon (PLCE1) gene were associated with esophageal cancer susceptibility. However, the causative role of PLCE1 in esophageal cancer is not clear. We inactivated the functional alleles of PLCE1 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. The resultant PLCE1 inactivated cells were analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that loss of PLCE1 dramatically decreased the invasion and proliferation capacity of esophageal carcinoma cells in vitro. Moreover, such PLCE1 inactivated tumor grafts exhibited significantly decreased tumor size in mice. We found that PLCE1 was required to maintain protein level of snail a key transcription factor responsible for invasion. Our further transcriptomic data revealed that deficient cells were significantly decreased in expression of genes enriched as targets of Snail. Strikingly, recovery of Snail protein at least partially rescued the invasion and proliferation capacity in PLCE1 inactivated cells. In ESCC clinical specimens, PLCE1 was correlated with tumor stage (P<.0001). Interestingly, PLCE1 expression was positively correlated Snail by immunohistochemistry in such specimens (P<.0001). Therefore, our functional experiments showed the essential roles of PLCE1 in esophageal carcinoma cells and provided evidences that targeting PLCE1 and its downstream molecules could be effective therapies for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Zhai
- Center for Cancer Research, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Cui Liu
- School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University; Research Center for Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Jiqiang Guo
- Research Center for Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan, China
| | - Wenping Zhou
- Lymphoma Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tingmin Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan, China
| | - Siguang Xu
- Institute of Lung and Molecular Therapy, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, College of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Ting Zhuang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University; Research Center for Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Weilong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sifan Yu
- Research Center for Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) Department of Renal cancer and Melanoma, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Li
- Center for Cancer Research, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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16
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Te Boekhorst V, Friedl P. Plasticity of Cancer Cell Invasion-Mechanisms and Implications for Therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 132:209-64. [PMID: 27613134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration is a plastic and adaptive process integrating cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion, as well as tissue remodeling. In response to molecular and physical microenvironmental cues during metastatic dissemination, cancer cells exploit a versatile repertoire of invasion and dissemination strategies, including collective and single-cell migration programs. This diversity generates molecular and physical heterogeneity of migration mechanisms and metastatic routes, and provides a basis for adaptation in response to microenvironmental and therapeutic challenge. We here summarize how cytoskeletal dynamics, protease systems, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion pathways control cancer cell invasion programs, and how reciprocal interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment contributes to plasticity of invasion and dissemination strategies. We discuss the potential and future implications of predicted "antimigration" therapies that target cytoskeletal dynamics, adhesion, and protease systems to interfere with metastatic dissemination, and the options for integrating antimigration therapy into the spectrum of targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Te Boekhorst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - P Friedl
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Center (CGC.nl), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Kim C, Yang H, Park I, Chon HJ, Kim JH, Kwon WS, Lee WS, Kim TS, Rha SY. Rho GTPase RhoJ is Associated with Gastric Cancer Progression and Metastasis. J Cancer 2016; 7:1550-6. [PMID: 27471571 PMCID: PMC4964139 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases play a pivotal role in tumor progression by regulating tumor cell migration and invasion. However, the role of Rho GTPases in gastric cancer (GC) remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the clinical implications of RhoJ, which is an uncharted member of Rho family. RhoJ expression in human GC cell lines and surgical specimens from GC patients were analyzed. Moreover, in vitro gain-of-function analysis was performed to evaluate the malignant phenotypes of RhoJ-overexpressing GC cells. The extent of RhoJ expression varied among GC cell lines and GC patients. YCC-9 cell line displayed the strongest expression, while YCC-10, -11, and -16 showed scant expressions. Of the 70 GC patients, 34 (48.6%) had RhoJ expression in their GC tissue, and patients with high RhoJ expression had more diffuse type GC (73.5% vs. 41.7%), were at more advanced stages (stage III, IV: 85.3% vs. 58.4%), and had more frequent metastasis (47.1% vs. 11.1%), denoting that RhoJ has a potential role in GC progression and metastasis. High RhoJ expression significantly correlated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival after surgical resection of gastric cancer. Finally, In vitro gain-of-function experiments showed 41.3% enhanced motility and 60.4% enhanced invasiveness in RhoJ-overexpressing GC cells compared to control, with negligible difference in cell proliferation. Collectively, high RhoJ expression is an independent negative prognostic factor for the survival outcome of GC and correlated with the increased cell motility and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Kim
- 1. Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea;; 2. Laboratory of Tumor Vasculature and Microenvironment, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hannah Yang
- 3. Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea;; 4. Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Intae Park
- 3. Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea;; 4. Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- 1. Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea;; 2. Laboratory of Tumor Vasculature and Microenvironment, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Joo Hoon Kim
- 5. Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sun Young Rha
- 5. Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea;; 6. Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research;; 7. Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Antkowiak A, Viaud J, Severin S, Zanoun M, Ceccato L, Chicanne G, Strassel C, Eckly A, Leon C, Gachet C, Payrastre B, Gaits-Iacovoni F. Cdc42-dependent F-actin dynamics drive structuration of the demarcation membrane system in megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1268-84. [PMID: 26991240 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Essentials Information about the formation of the demarcation membrane system (DMS) is still lacking. We investigated the role of the cytoskeleton in DMS structuration in megakaryocytes. Cdc42/Pak-dependent F-actin remodeling regulates DMS organization for proper megakaryopoiesis. These data highlight the mandatory role of F-actin in platelet biogenesis. SUMMARY Background Blood platelet biogenesis results from the maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs), which involves the development of a complex demarcation membrane system (DMS). Therefore, MK differentiation is an attractive model for studying membrane remodeling. Objectives We sought to investigate the mechanism of DMS structuration in relationship to the cytoskeleton. Results Using three-dimensional (3D) confocal imaging, we have identified consecutive stages of DMS organization that rely on F-actin dynamics to polarize membranes and nuclei territories. Interestingly, microtubules are not involved in this process. We found that the mechanism underlying F-actin-dependent DMS formation required the activation of the guanosine triphosphate hydrolase Cdc42 and its p21-activated kinase effectors (Pak1/2/3). Förster resonance energy transfer demonstrated that active Cdc42 was associated with endomembrane dynamics throughout terminal maturation. Inhibition of Cdc42 or Pak1/2/3 severely destructured the DMS and blocked proplatelet formation. Even though this process does not require containment within the hematopoietic niche, because DMS structuration was observed upon thrombopoietin-treatment in suspension, integrin outside-in signaling was required for Pak activation and probably resulted from secretion of extracellular matrix by MKs. Conclusions These data indicate a functional link, mandatory for MK differentiation, between actin dynamics, regulated by Cdc42/Pak1/2/3, and DMS maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antkowiak
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - J Viaud
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - S Severin
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - M Zanoun
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - L Ceccato
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - G Chicanne
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - C Strassel
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - A Eckly
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - C Leon
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - C Gachet
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Université de Strasbourg, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Toulouse, France
| | - B Payrastre
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - F Gaits-Iacovoni
- INSERM, UMR1048, Université Toulouse III, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
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19
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Wei L, Surma M, Shi S, Lambert-Cheatham N, Shi J. Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:259-78. [PMID: 26725045 PMCID: PMC4930737 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
| | - Michelle Surma
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Stephanie Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Nathan Lambert-Cheatham
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Jianjian Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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20
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Ye Q, Liao X, Fu P, Dou J, Chen K, Jiang H. Portulacerebroside A inhibits adhesion, migration, and invasion of human leukemia HL60 cells and U937 cells through the regulation of p38/JNK signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6953-6963. [PMID: 27956839 PMCID: PMC5113926 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly malignant hematopoietic tumor. This study aimed to explore the effect of portulacerebroside A (PCA) on the adhesion, migration, and invasion in human leukemia HL60 cells and U937 cells and clarify the possible mechanisms involved, which could provide potential strategies for the treatment of AML. By methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium analysis, it was found that PCA (1-10 μM) suppressed the cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A total of 1, 2, and 5 μM of PCA dramatically inhibited the adhesion, migration, and invasion of HL60 cells and U937 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Phosphorylation level of JNK and P38 protein level was measured by Western blot. After the real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction and Western blot detection of the total RNA and protein, messenger RNA, and protein expression levels of Ras homologous C (RhoC), metastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The phosphorylation level of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38) was decreased dramatically in HL60 cells and U937 cells after PCA treatment. In conclusion, PCA significantly inhibits the adhesion, migration, and invasion of HL60 cells and U937 cells by suppressing the p38/JNK pathway and regulating the expressions of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidong Ye
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qidong Ye, Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 6247 4880, Email
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Fu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Dou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Mardilovich K, Baugh M, Crighton D, Kowalczyk D, Gabrielsen M, Munro J, Croft DR, Lourenco F, James D, Kalna G, McGarry L, Rath O, Shanks E, Garnett MJ, McDermott U, Brookfield J, Charles M, Hammonds T, Olson MF. LIM kinase inhibitors disrupt mitotic microtubule organization and impair tumor cell proliferation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38469-86. [PMID: 26540348 PMCID: PMC4770715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are critically important for cancer cell proliferation, and drugs that target microtubules are widely-used cancer therapies. However, their utility is compromised by toxicities due to dose and exposure. To overcome these issues, we characterized how inhibition of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton regulatory LIM kinases could be used in drug combinations to increase efficacy. A previously-described LIMK inhibitor (LIMKi) induced dose-dependent microtubule alterations that resulted in significant mitotic defects, and increased the cytotoxic potency of microtubule polymerization inhibitors. By combining LIMKi with 366 compounds from the GSK Published Kinase Inhibitor Set, effective combinations were identified with kinase inhibitors including EGFR, p38 and Raf. These findings encouraged a drug discovery effort that led to development of CRT0105446 and CRT0105950, which potently block LIMK1 and LIMK2 activity in vitro, and inhibit cofilin phosphorylation and increase αTubulin acetylation in cells. CRT0105446 and CRT0105950 were screened against 656 cancer cell lines, and rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma and kidney cancer cells were identified as significantly sensitive to both LIMK inhibitors. These large-scale screens have identified effective LIMK inhibitor drug combinations and sensitive cancer types. In addition, the LIMK inhibitory compounds CRT0105446 and CRT0105950 will enable further development of LIMK-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Baugh
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diane Crighton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel R. Croft
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Filipe Lourenco
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel James
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriella Kalna
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lynn McGarry
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Oliver Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Shanks
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Ultan McDermott
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Joanna Brookfield
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Charles
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, Jonas Webb Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Hammonds
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Park JB, Agnihotri S, Golbourn B, Bertrand KC, Luck A, Sabha N, Smith CA, Byron S, Zadeh G, Croul S, Berens M, Rutka JT. Transcriptional profiling of GBM invasion genes identifies effective inhibitors of the LIM kinase-Cofilin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9382-95. [PMID: 25237832 PMCID: PMC4253441 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are highly proliferative and invasive neoplasms where total surgical resection is often impossible and effective local radiation therapy difficult. Consequently, there is a need to develop a greater understanding of the molecular events driving invasion and to identify novel treatment targets. Using microarray analysis comparing normal brain samples and mesenchymal glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), we identified over 140 significant genes involved in cell migration and invasion. The cofilin (CFL) pathway, which disassembles actin filaments, was highly up-regulated compared to normal brain. Up-regulation of LIM domain kinase 1 and 2 (LIMK1/2), that phosphorylates and inactivates cofilin, was confirmed in an additional independent data set comparing normal brain to GBM. We identified and utilized two small molecule inhibitors BMS-5 and Cucurbitacin I directed against the cofilin regulating kinases, LIMK1 and LIMK2, to target this pathway. Significant decreases in cell viability were observed in glioma cells treated with BMS-5 and Cucurbitacin I, while no cytotoxic effects were seen in normal astrocytes that lack LIMK. BMS-5 and Cucurbitacin I promoted increased adhesion in GBM cells, and decreased migration and invasion. Collectively, these data suggest that use of LIMK inhibitors may provide a novel way to target the invasive machinery in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bum Park
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Golbourn
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelsey C Bertrand
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Luck
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nesrin Sabha
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian A Smith
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Byron
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Croul
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berens
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James T Rutka
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
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23
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Guo Y, Kenney SR, Cook L, Adams SF, Rutledge T, Romero E, Oprea TI, Sklar LA, Bedrick E, Wiggins CL, Kang H, Lomo L, Muller CY, Wandinger-Ness A, Hudson LG. A Novel Pharmacologic Activity of Ketorolac for Therapeutic Benefit in Ovarian Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5064-72. [PMID: 26071482 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously identified the R-enantiomer of ketorolac as an inhibitor of the Rho-family GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate cancer-relevant functions, including cytoskeleton remodeling necessary for tumor cell adhesion and migration. This study investigated whether administration of racemic (R,S) ketorolac after ovarian cancer surgery leads to peritoneal distribution of R-ketorolac, target GTPase inhibition in cells retrieved from the peritoneal cavity, and measureable impact on patient outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eligible patients had suspected advanced-stage ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer. Secondary eligibility was met when ovarian cancer was confirmed and optimally debulked, an intraperitoneal port was placed, and there were no contraindications for ketorolac administration. R- and S-ketorolac were measured in serum and peritoneal fluid, and GTPase activity was measured in peritoneal cells. A retrospective study correlated perioperative ketorolac and ovarian cancer-specific survival in ovarian cancer cases. RESULTS Elevated expression and activity of Rac1 and Cdc42 was detected in ovarian cancer patient tissues, confirming target relevance. Ketorolac in peritoneal fluids was enriched in the R-enantiomer and peritoneal cell GTPase activity was inhibited after ketorolac administration when R-ketorolac was at peak levels. After adjusting for age, AJCC stage, completion of chemotherapy, and neoadjuvant therapy, women given perioperative ketorolac had a lower hazard of death (HR, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.88). CONCLUSIONS Ketorolac has a novel pharmacologic activity conferred by the R-enantiomer and R-ketorolac achieves sufficient levels in the peritoneal cavity to inhibit Rac1 and Cdc42, potentially contributing to the observed survival benefit in women who received ketorolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - S Ray Kenney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
| | - Linda Cook
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Sarah F Adams
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Teresa Rutledge
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Elsa Romero
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Tudor I Oprea
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Translational Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Larry A Sklar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Edward Bedrick
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Charles L Wiggins
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Huining Kang
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lesley Lomo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Carolyn Y Muller
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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24
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MacKay JL, Kumar S. Simultaneous and independent tuning of RhoA and Rac1 activity with orthogonally inducible promoters. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 6:885-94. [PMID: 25044255 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The GTPases RhoA and Rac1 are key regulators of cell spreading, adhesion, and migration, and they exert distinct effects on the actin cytoskeleton. While RhoA classically stimulates stress fiber assembly and contraction, Rac1 promotes branched actin polymerization and membrane protrusion. These competing influences are reinforced by antagonistic crosstalk between RhoA and Rac1, which has complicated efforts to identify the specific mechanisms by which each GTPase regulates cell behavior. We therefore wondered whether RhoA and Rac1 are intrinsically coupled or whether they can be manipulated independently. To address this question, we placed constitutively active (CA) RhoA under a doxycycline-inducible promoter and CA Rac1 under an orthogonal cumate-inducible promoter, and we stably introduced both constructs into glioblastoma cells. We found that doxycycline addition increased RhoA activity without altering Rac1, and similarly cumate addition increased Rac1 activity without altering RhoA. Furthermore, co-expression of both mutants enabled high activation of RhoA and Rac1 simultaneously. When cells were cultured on collagen hydrogels, RhoA activation prevented cell spreading and motility, whereas Rac1 activation stimulated migration and dynamic cell protrusions. Interestingly, high activation of both GTPases induced a third phenotype, in which cells migrated at intermediate speeds similar to control cells but also aggregated into large, contractile clusters. In addition, we demonstrate dynamic and reversible switching between high RhoA and high Rac1 phenotypes. Overall, this approach represents a unique way to access different combinations of RhoA and Rac1 activity levels in a single cell and may serve as a valuable tool for multiplexed dissection and control of mechanobiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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25
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Ji Q, Zheng GY, Xia W, Chen JY, Meng XY, Zhang H, Rahman K, Xin HL. Inhibition of invasion and metastasis of human liver cancer HCCLM3 cells by portulacerebroside A. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:773-780. [PMID: 25472720 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.941505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Portulacerebroside A (PCA) is a novel cerebroside compound isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae), an edible and medicinal plant distributed in the temperate and tropical zones worldwide. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of PCA in human liver cancer HCCLM3 cells on metastasis and invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS After the cells were treated with PCA (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/ml) for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h, adhesion, transwell invasion, and scratch tests were conducted and cell functions were evaluated. Western blot and FQ-RT-PCR assays explored the mechanism of PCA-inhibited invasion and metastasis in the cells. RESULTS The adhesion rate of the cells was suppressed at 0.5 h (79.4 ± 1.0, 68.7 ± 1.3, and 58.1 ± 1.3%, versus 100 ± 1.5% in the control), 1 h (78.2 ± 1.2, 70.9 ± 1.6, and 55.4 ± 1.9%, versus 100 ± 1.2% in the control), and 1.5 h (71.6 ± 1.1, 62.3 ± 0.9, and 50.4 ± 0.9%, versus 100 ± 1.1% in the control). The 24 h invasion ability was decreased (356.6 ± 11.2, 204.0 ± 17.6, and 113.0 ± 9.5%, versus 443.6 ± 15.4% in the control). The migration capability was also restrained by PCA for 24 h (324.8 ± 25.4, 250.4 ± 21.0, and 126.3 ± 10.1, versus 381.6 ± 30.6 in the control) and 48 h (470.3 ± 34.3, 404.0 ± 19.7, and 201.0 ± 15.4, versus 752.0 ± 63.6 in the control). There was an increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of TIMP-2 and nm23-H1, inhibition in the mRNA expression of MTA1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, and suppression in the protein expression of MTA1, RhoA, Rac1/Cdc42, MMP-2, but not RhoC and MMP-9. CONCLUSION PCA suppresses the invasion and metastasis of HCCLM3 cells possibly by modulation of the mRNA and protein expression of related parameters. This is the first study to reveal a new potential therapeutic application of PCA in antimetastatic therapy for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , PR China
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26
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Lefort R. Reversing synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: Rho-guanosine triphosphatases and insights from other brain disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:19-28. [PMID: 25588580 PMCID: PMC4322073 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a monumental public health crisis with no effective cure or treatment. To date, therapeutic strategies have focused almost exclusively on upstream signaling events in the disease, namely on β-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein processing, and have, unfortunately, yielded few, if any, promising results. An alternative approach may be to target signaling events downstream of β-amyloid and even tau. However, with so many pathways already linked to the disease, understanding which ones are "drivers" versus "passengers" in the pathogenesis of the disease remains a tremendous challenge. Given the critical roles of Rho-guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and spine dynamics, and the strong association between spine abnormalities and cognition, it is not surprising that mutations in a number of genes involved in Rho-GTPase signaling have been implicated in several brain disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. And now, there is mounting literature implicating Rho-GTPase signaling in AD pathogenesis as well. Here, I review this evidence, with a particular emphasis on the regulators of Rho-GTPase signaling, namely guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins. Several of these have been linked to various aspects of AD, and each offers a novel potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lefort
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA,
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27
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RHOA inactivation enhances Wnt signalling and promotes colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5458. [PMID: 25413277 PMCID: PMC4255233 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the small GTPase RHOA has strong oncogenic effects in many tumour types, although its role in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Here we show that RHOA inactivation contributes to colorectal cancer progression/metastasis, largely through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. RhoA inactivation in the murine intestine accelerates the tumorigenic process and in human colon cancer cells leads to the redistribution of β-catenin from the membrane to the nucleus and enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signalling, resulting in increased proliferation, invasion and de-differentiation. In mice, RHOA inactivation contributes to colon cancer metastasis and reduced RHOA levels were observed at metastatic sites compared with primary human colon tumours. Therefore, we have identified a new mechanism of activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling and characterized the role of RHOA as a novel tumour suppressor in colorectal cancer. These results constitute a shift from the current paradigm and demonstrate that RHO GTPases can suppress tumour progression and metastasis.
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28
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Ko HK, Guo LW, Su B, Gao L, Gelman IH. Suppression of chemotaxis by SSeCKS via scaffolding of phosphoinositol phosphates and the recruitment of the Cdc42 GEF, Frabin, to the leading edge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111534. [PMID: 25356636 PMCID: PMC4214753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis is controlled by interactions between receptors, Rho-family GTPases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, and cytoskeleton remodeling proteins. We investigated how the metastasis suppressor, SSeCKS, attenuates chemotaxis. Chemotaxis activity inversely correlated with SSeCKS levels in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF), DU145 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. SSeCKS loss induced chemotactic velocity and linear directionality, correlating with replacement of leading edge lamellipodia with fascin-enriched filopodia-like extensions, the formation of thickened longitudinal F-actin stress fibers reaching to filopodial tips, relative enrichments at the leading edge of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)P3 (PIP3), Akt, PKC-ζ, Cdc42-GTP and active Src (SrcpoY416), and a loss of Rac1. Leading edge lamellipodia and chemotaxis inhibition in SSeCKS-null MEF could be restored by full-length SSeCKS or SSeCKS deleted of its Src-binding domain (ΔSrc), but not by SSeCKS deleted of its three MARCKS (myristylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) polybasic domains (ΔPBD), which bind PIP2 and PIP3. The enrichment of activated Cdc42 in SSeCKS-null leading edge filopodia correlated with recruitment of the Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Frabin, likely recruited via multiple PIP2/3-binding domains. Frabin knockdown in SSeCKS-null MEF restores leading edge lamellipodia and chemotaxis inhibition. However, SSeCKS failed to co-immunoprecipitate with Rac1, Cdc42 or Frabin. Consistent with the notion that chemotaxis is controlled by SSeCKS-PIP (vs. -Src) scaffolding activity, constitutively-active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase could override the ability of the Src inhibitor, SKI-606, to suppress chemotaxis and filopodial enrichment of Frabin in SSeCKS-null MEF. Our data suggest a role for SSeCKS in controlling Rac1 vs. Cdc42-induced cellular dynamics at the leading chemotactic edge through the scaffolding of phospholipids and signal mediators, and through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton controlling directional movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Ko
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Li-wu Guo
- Div. of Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Berger A, Sexl V, Valent P, Moriggl R. Inhibition of STAT5: a therapeutic option in BCR-ABL1-driven leukemia. Oncotarget 2014; 5:9564-76. [PMID: 25333255 PMCID: PMC4259420 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B are central signaling molecules in leukemias driven by Abelson fusion tyrosine kinases and they fulfill all criteria of drug targets. STAT5A and STAT5B display unique nuclear shuttling mechanisms and they have a key role in resistance of leukemic cells against treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Moreover, STAT5A and STAT5B promote survival of leukemic stem cells. We here discuss the possibility of targeting up-stream kinases with TKI, direct STAT5 inhibition via SH2 domain obstruction and blocking nuclear translocation of STAT5. All discussed options will result in a stop of STAT5 transport to the nucleus to block STAT5-mediated transcriptional activity. In summary, recently described shuttling functions of STAT5 are discussed as potentially druggable pathways in leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Berger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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30
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Shen M, Zhou S, Li Y, Li D, Hou T. Theoretical study on the interaction of pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as LIMK2 inhibitors: insight into structure-based inhibitor design. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2435-46. [PMID: 23881296 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
LIM kinases (LIMKs), downstream of Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) and p21-activated protein kinases (PAKs), are shown to be promising targets for the treatment of cancers. In this study, the inhibition mechanism of 41 pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as LIMK2 inhibitors was explored through a series of theoretical approaches. First, a model of LIMK2 was generated through molecular homology modeling, and the studied inhibitors were docked into the binding active site of LIMK2 by the docking protocol, taking into consideration the flexibility of the protein. The binding poses predicted by molecular docking for 17 selected inhibitors with different bioactivities complexed with LIMK2 underwent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and the binding free energies for the complexes were predicted by using the molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) method. The predicted binding free energies correlated well with the experimental bioactivities (r(2) = 0.63 or 0.62). Next, the free energy decomposition analysis was utilized to highlight the following key structural features related to biological activity: (1) the important H-bond between Ile408 and pyrrolopyrimidine, (2) the H-bonds between the inhibitors and Asp469 and Gly471 which maintain the stability of the DFG-out conformation, and (3) the hydrophobic interactions between the inhibitors and several key residues (Leu337, Phe342, Ala345, Val358, Lys360, Leu389, Ile408, Leu458 and Leu472). Finally, a variety of LIMK2 inhibitors with a pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold were designed, some of which showed improved potency according to the predictions. Our studies suggest that the use of molecular docking with MD simulations and free energy calculations could be a powerful tool for understanding the binding mechanism of LIMK2 inhibitors and for the design of more potent LIMK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyun Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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Wang Y, Lei R, Zhuang X, Zhang N, Pan H, Li G, Hu J, Pan X, Tao Q, Fu D, Xiao J, Chin YE, Kang Y, Yang Q, Hu G. DLC1-dependent parathyroid hormone-like hormone inhibition suppresses breast cancer bone metastasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1646-59. [PMID: 24590291 DOI: 10.1172/jci71812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer that is often accelerated by TGF-β signaling; however, little is known about how the TGF-β pathway is regulated during bone metastasis. Here we report that deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) is an important regulator of TGF-β responses and osteolytic metastasis of breast cancer cells. In murine models, breast cancer cells lacking DLC1 expression exhibited enhanced capabilities of bone metastasis. Knockdown of DLC1 in cancer cells promoted bone metastasis, leading to manifested osteolysis and accelerated death in mice, while DLC1 overexpression suppressed bone metastasis. Activation of Rho-ROCK signaling in the absence of DLC1 mediated SMAD3 linker region phosphorylation and TGF-β-induced expression of parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH), leading to osteoclast maturation for osteolytic colonization. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Rho-ROCK effectively reduced PTHLH production and breast cancer bone metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of clinical breast tumor samples revealed that reduced DLC1 expression was linked to elevated PTHLH expression and organ-specific metastasis to bone. Overall, our findings define a stroma-dependent paradigm of Rho signaling in cancer and implicate Rho-TGF-β crosstalk in osteolytic bone metastasis.
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Amin E, Dubey BN, Zhang SC, Gremer L, Dvorsky R, Moll JM, Taha MS, Nagel-Steger L, Piekorz RP, Somlyo AV, Ahmadian MR. Rho-kinase: regulation, (dys)function, and inhibition. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1399-410. [PMID: 23950574 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a variety of normal and pathological cell types, Rho-kinases I and II (ROCKI/II) play a pivotal role in the organization of the nonmuscle and smooth muscle cytoskeleton and adhesion plaques as well as in the regulation of transcription factors. Thus, ROCKI/II activity regulates cellular contraction, motility, morphology, polarity, cell division, and gene expression. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the Rho-ROCK pathways at different stages is linked to cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. This review focuses on the current status of understanding the multiple functions of Rho-ROCK signaling pathways and various modes of regulation of Rho-ROCK activity, thereby orchestrating a concerted functional response.
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Irwin CR, Favis NA, Agopsowicz KC, Hitt MM, Evans DH. Myxoma virus oncolytic efficiency can be enhanced through chemical or genetic disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84134. [PMID: 24391902 PMCID: PMC3877188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoma virus (MYXV) is one of many animal viruses that exhibit oncolytic properties in transformed human cells. Compared to orthopoxviruses like vaccinia (VACV), MYXV spreads inefficiently, which could compromise its use in treating tumors and their associated metastases. The VACV F11 protein promotes virus exit and rapid spread by inhibiting Rho signalling, which results in a disruption of cortical actin. We have previously shown that although MYXV lacks an F11 homolog, the F11L gene can be introduced into MYXV promoting the spread of this Leporipoxvirus in natural host cells. Here we show that the F11-encoding (F11L+) MYXV strain replicates to higher levels in a number of human cancer cells. We also show that F11L+ MYXV induces better tumor control and prolonged survival of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that this virus also spreads more efficiently from the site of growth in one injected tumor, to a second untreated tumor. While we focused mostly on the use of a modified MYXV we were able to show that the effects of F11 on MYXV growth in cancer cells could be mimicked through the use of pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated silencing of key regulators of cortical actin (RhoA, RhoC, mDia1, or LIMK2). These data suggest that it may be possible to increase the oncolytic efficacy of wild-type MYXV using chemical inhibitors of RhoA/C or their downstream targets. Furthermore, since all viruses must overcome barriers to exit posed by structures like cortical actin, these findings suggest that the oncolytic activity of other viruses may be enhanced through similar strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R. Irwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole A. Favis
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Mary M. Hitt
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka-Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka-Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Targeting Cdc42 with the small molecule drug AZA197 suppresses primary colon cancer growth and prolongs survival in a preclinical mouse xenograft model by downregulation of PAK1 activity. J Transl Med 2013; 11:295. [PMID: 24279335 PMCID: PMC4222769 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho GTPases play important roles in cytoskeleton organization, cell cycle progression and are key regulators of tumor progression. Strategies to modulate increased Rho GTPase activities during cancer progression could have therapeutic potential. METHODS We report here the characterization of a Cdc42-selective small-molecule inhibitor AZA197 for the treatment of colon cancer that was developed based on structural information known from previously developed compounds affecting Rho GTPase activation. We investigated the effects of AZA197 treatment on RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 activities and associated molecular mechanisms in colon cancer cells in vitro. Therapeutic effects of AZA197 were examined in vivo using a xenograft mouse model of SW620 human colon cancer cells. After treatment, tumors were excised and processed for Ki-67 staining, TUNEL assays and Western blotting to evaluate proliferative and apoptotic effects induced by AZA197. RESULTS In SW620 and HT-29 human colon cancer cells, AZA197 demonstrated selectivity for Cdc42 without inhibition of Rac1 or RhoA GTPases from the same family. AZA197 suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion and increased apoptosis associated with down-regulation of the PAK1 and ERK signaling pathways in vitro. Furthermore, systemic AZA197 treatment reduced tumor growth in vivo and significantly increased mouse survival in SW620 tumor xenografts. Ki-67 staining and tissue TUNEL assays showed that both inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis associated with reduced PAK/ERK activation contributed to the AZA197-induced therapeutic effects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate the therapeutic potential of the small-molecule inhibitor AZA197 based on targeting Cdc42 GTPase activity to modulate colorectal cancer growth.
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Schlienger S, Campbell S, Claing A. ARF1 regulates the Rho/MLC pathway to control EGF-dependent breast cancer cell invasion. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:17-29. [PMID: 24196838 PMCID: PMC3873888 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ARF1 is overexpressed in invasive breast cancer cells. This ARF isoform controls MMP-9 activity to degrade the extracellular matrix by regulating invadopodia maturation and microvesicle shedding. The molecular mechanisms by which ARF1 controls invasiveness involve regulation of the Rho/MLC pathway. Invasion of tumor cells is a key step in metastasis that depends largely on the ability of these cells to degrade the extracellular matrix. Although we have showed that the GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is overexpressed in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines and that epidermal growth factor stimulation can activate this ARF isoform to regulate migration as well as proliferation, the role of this small GTP-binding protein has not been addressed in the context of invasiveness. Here we report that modulation of ARF1 expression and activity markedly impaired the ability of M.D. Anderson-metastatic breast-231 cells, a prototypical highly invasive breast cancer cell line, to degrade the extracellular matrix by controlling metalloproteinase-9 activity. In addition, we demonstrate that this occurs through inhibition of invadopodia maturation and shedding of membrane-derived microvesicles, the two key structures involved in invasion. To further define the molecular mechanisms by which ARF1 controls invasiveness, we show that ARF1 acts to modulate RhoA and RhoC activity, which in turn affects myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Together our findings underscore for the first time a key role for ARF1 in invasion of breast cancer cells and suggest that targeting the ARF/Rho/MLC signaling axis might be a promising strategy to inhibit invasiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schlienger
- Department of Pharmacology and Membrane Protein Research Group (GEPROM), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Narayanan AS, Reyes SB, Um K, McCarty JH, Tolias KF. The Rac-GAP Bcr is a novel regulator of the Par complex that controls cell polarity. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3857-68. [PMID: 24152735 PMCID: PMC3861082 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-06-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Par complex (Par3, Par6, and PKCζ) controls cell polarity, which is essential for many biological processes. Here we identify the Rac1 GTPase-activating protein Bcr as an integral member of the Par complex that regulates polarized cell migration by locally restricting both Rac1 and PKCζ function. Cell polarization is essential for many biological processes, including directed cell migration, and loss of polarity contributes to pathological conditions such as cancer. The Par complex (Par3, Par6, and PKCζ) controls cell polarity in part by recruiting the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1) to specialized cellular sites, where Tiam1 promotes local Rac1 activation and cytoskeletal remodeling. However, the mechanisms that restrict Par-Tiam1 complex activity to the leading edge to maintain cell polarity during migration remain unclear. We identify the Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP) breakpoint cluster region protein (Bcr) as a novel regulator of the Par-Tiam1 complex. We show that Bcr interacts with members of the Par complex and inhibits both Rac1 and PKCζ signaling. Loss of Bcr results in faster, more random migration and striking polarity defects in astrocytes. These polarity defects are rescued by reducing PKCζ activity or by expressing full-length Bcr, but not an N-terminal deletion mutant or the homologous Rac-GAP, Abr, both of which fail to associate with the Par complex. These results demonstrate that Bcr is an integral member of the Par-Tiam1 complex that controls polarized cell migration by locally restricting both Rac1 and PKCζ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana S Narayanan
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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RhoA and RhoC differentially modulate estrogen receptor α recruitment, transcriptional activities, and expression in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:2079-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Targeting the Dbl and dock-family RhoGEFs: a yeast-based assay to identify cell-active inhibitors of Rho-controlled pathways. Enzymes 2013; 33 Pt A:169-91. [PMID: 25033805 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416749-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ras-like superfamily of low molecular weight GTPases is made of five major families (Arf/Sar, Rab, Ran, Ras, and Rho), highly conserved across evolution. This is in keeping with their roles in basic cellular functions (endo/exocytosis, vesicular trafficking, nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, cell signaling, proliferation and apoptosis, gene regulation, F-actin dynamics), whose alterations are associated with various types of diseases, in particular cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. For these reasons, Ras-like pathways are of great potential in therapeutics and identifying inhibitors that decrease signaling activity is under intense research. Along this line, guanine exchange factors (GEFs) represent attractive targets. GEFs are proteins that promote the active GTP-bound state of GTPases and represent the major entry points whereby extracellular cues are converted into Ras-like signaling. We previously developed the yeast exchange assay (YEA), an experimental setup in the yeast in which activity of a mammalian GEF can be monitored by auxotrophy and color reporter genes. This assay was further engineered for medium-throughput screening of GEF inhibitors, which can readily select for cell-active and specific compounds. We report here on the successful identification of inhibitors against Dbl and CZH/DOCK-family members, GEFs for Rho GTPases, and on the experimental setup to screen for inhibitors of GEFs of the Arf family. We also discuss on inhibitors developed using virtual screening (VS), which target the GEF/GTPase interface with high efficacy and specificity. We propose that using VS and YEA in combination may represent a method of choice for identifying specific and cell-active GEF inhibitors.
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Lopez-Haber C, Kazanietz MG. Cucurbitacin I inhibits Rac1 activation in breast cancer cells by a reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanism and independently of Janus tyrosine kinase 2 and P-Rex1. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1141-54. [PMID: 23478800 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rac1 has been widely implicated in mammary tumorigenesis and metastasis. Previous studies established that stimulation of ErbB receptors in breast cancer cells activates Rac1 and enhances motility via the Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor P-Rex1. As the Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (Jak2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) pathway has been shown to be functionally associated with ErbB receptors, we asked if this pathway could mediate P-Rex1/Rac1 activation in response to ErbB ligands. Here we found that the anticancer agent cucurbitacin I, a Jak2 inhibitor, reduced the activation of Rac1 and motility in response to the ErbB3 ligand heregulin in breast cancer cells. However, Rac1 activation was not affected by Jak2 or Stat3 RNA interference, suggesting that the effect of cucurbitacin I occurs through a Jak2-independent mechanism. Cucurbitacin I also failed to affect the activation of P-Rex1 by heregulin. Subsequent analysis revealed that cucurbitacin I strongly activates RhoA and the Rho effector Rho kinase (ROCK) in breast cancer cells and induces the formation of stress fibers. Interestingly, disruption of the RhoA-ROCK pathway prevented the inhibitory effect of cucurbitacin I on Rac1 activation by heregulin. Lastly, we found that RhoA activation by cucurbitacin I is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS scavenger N-acetyl L-cysteine and the mitochondrial antioxidant Mito-TEMPO rescued the inhibitory effect of cucurbitacin I on Rac1 activation. In conclusion, these results indicate that ErbB-driven Rac1 activation in breast cancer cells proceeds independently of the Jak2 pathway. Moreover, they established that the inhibitory effect of cucurbitacin I on Rac1 activity involves the alteration of the balance between Rho and Rac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lopez-Haber
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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de Toledo M, Anguille C, Roger L, Roux P, Gadea G. Cooperative anti-invasive effect of Cdc42/Rac1 activation and ROCK inhibition in SW620 colorectal cancer cells with elevated blebbing activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48344. [PMID: 23144867 PMCID: PMC3492328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key regulators of tumour cell invasion and therefore constitute attractive targets for the design of anticancer agents. Several strategies have been developed to modulate their increased activities during cancer progression. Interestingly, none of these approaches took into account the existence of the well-known antagonistic relationship between RhoA and Rac1. In this study, we first compared the invasiveness of a collection of colorectal cancer cell lines with their RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. A marked decrease of active Cdc42 and Rac1 correlated with the high invasive potential of the cell lines established from metastatic sites of colorectal adenocarcinoma (LoVo, SKCo1, SW620 and CoLo205). Conversely, no correlation between RhoA activity and invasiveness was detected, whereas the activity of its kinase effector ROCK was higher in cancer cell lines with a more invasive phenotype. In addition, invasiveness in these colon cancer cell lines was correlated with a typical round and blebbing morphology. We then tested whether treatment with PDGF to restore Cdc42 and Rac1 activities and/or with Y27632, a chemical inhibitor of ROCK, could decrease the invasiveness of SW620 cells. The association of both treatments substantially decreased the invasive potential of SW620 cells and this effect was accompanied by loss of membrane blebbing, restoration of a more elongated cell morphology and re-establishment of E-cadherin-dependent adherens junctions. This study paves the road to the development of therapeutic strategies in which different Rho GTPase modulators are combined to modulate the cross-talk between Rho GTPases and their specific input in metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion de Toledo
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Anguille
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Laureline Roger
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Roux
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Centre de Recherche en Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 5237, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Jordan SN, Canman JC. Rho GTPases in animal cell cytokinesis: an occupation by the one percent. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:919-30. [PMID: 23047851 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are molecular switches that elicit distinct effects on the actomyosin cytoskeleton to accurately promote cytokinesis. Although they represent less than 1% of the human genome, Rho GTPases exert disproportionate control over cell division. Crucial to this master regulatory role is their localized occupation of specific domains of the cell to ensure the assembly of a contractile ring at the proper time and place. RhoA occupies the division plane and is the central positive Rho family regulator of cytokinesis. Rac1 is a negative regulator of cytokinesis and is inactivated within the division plane while active Rac1 occupies the cell poles. Cdc42 regulation during cytokinesis is less studied, but thus far a clear role has only been shown during polar body emission. Here we review what is known about the function of Rho family GTPases during cell division, as well as their upstream regulators and known downstream cytokinetic effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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42
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Rath N, Olson MF. Rho-associated kinases in tumorigenesis: re-considering ROCK inhibition for cancer therapy. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:900-8. [PMID: 22964758 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho-associated (ROCK) serine/threonine kinases have emerged as central regulators of the actomyosin cytoskeleton, their main purpose being to promote contractile force generation. Aided by the discovery of effective inhibitors such as Y27632, their roles in cancer have been extensively explored with particular attention focused on motility, invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have revealed a surprisingly diverse range of functions of ROCK. These insights could change the way ROCK inhibitors might be used in cancer therapy to include the targeting of stromal rather than tumour cells, the concomitant blocking of ROCK and proteasome activity in K-Ras-driven lung cancers and the combination of ROCK with tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treating haematological malignancies such as chronic myeloid leukaemia. Despite initial optimism for therapeutic efficacy of ROCK inhibition for cancer treatment, no compounds have progressed into standard therapy so far. However, by carefully defining the key cancer types and expanding the appreciation of ROCK's role in cancer beyond being a cell-autonomous promoter of tumour cell invasion and metastasis, the early promise of ROCK inhibitors for cancer therapy might still be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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