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Blaylock RL. Additive aluminum as a cause of induced immunoexcitoxicity resulting in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: A biochemical, pathophysiological, and pharmacological analysis. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:171. [PMID: 38840623 PMCID: PMC11152537 DOI: 10.25259/sni_296_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned about the neurotoxicity of aluminum over the past several decades in terms of its ability to disrupt cellular function, result in slow accumulation, and the difficulty of its removal from cells. Newer evidence suggests a central pathophysiological mechanism may be responsible for much of the toxicity of aluminum and aluminofluoride compounds on the brain and spinal cord. This mechanism involves activation of the brain's innate immune system, primarily the microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages, with a release of neurotoxic concentrations of excitotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immune mediators. Many studies suggest that excitotoxicity plays a significant role in the neurotoxic action of several metals, including aluminum. Recently, researchers have found that while most of the chronic pathology involved in the observed neurodegenerative effects of these metals are secondary to prolonged inflammation, it is the enhancement of excitotoxicity by the immune mediators that are responsible for most of the metal's toxicity. This enhancement occurs through a crosstalk between cytokines and glutamate-related mechanisms. The author coined the name immunoexcitotoxicity to describe this process. This paper reviews the evidence linking immunoexcitotoxicity to aluminum's neurotoxic effects and that a slow accumulation of aluminum may be the cause of neurodevelopmental defects as well as neurodegeneration in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L. Blaylock
- Theoretical Neuroscience Research, LLC, Ridgeland, Mississippi, United States
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2
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Kanuri SH, Sirrkay PJ. Adjuvants in COVID-19 vaccines: innocent bystanders or culpable abettors for stirring up COVID-heart syndrome. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2024; 12:25151355241228439. [PMID: 38322819 PMCID: PMC10846003 DOI: 10.1177/25151355241228439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is a multi-system clinical disorder that was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Even though antiviral therapies such as Remdesvir offered modest efficacy in reducing the mortality and morbidity, they were not efficacious in reducing the risk of future infections. So, FDA approved COVID-19 vaccines which are widely administered in the general population worldwide. These COVID-19 vaccines offered a safety net against future infections and re-infections. Most of these vaccines contain inactivated virus or spike protein mRNA that are primarily responsible for inducing innate and adaptive immunity. These vaccines were also formulated to contain supplementary adjuvants that are beneficial in boosting the immune response. During the pandemic, clinicians all over the world witnessed an uprise in the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (COVID-Heart Syndrome) in patients with and without cardiovascular risk factors. Clinical researchers were not certain about the underlying reason for the upsurge of cardiovascular disorders with some blaming them on COVID-19 infections while others blaming them on COVID-19 vaccines. Based on the literature review, we hypothesize that adjuvants included in the COVID-19 vaccines are the real culprits for causation of cardiovascular disorders. Operation of various pathological signaling events under the influence of these adjuvants including autoimmunity, bystander effect, direct toxicity, anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity, genetic susceptibility, epitope spreading, and anti-idiotypic antibodies were partially responsible for stirring up the onset of cardiovascular disorders. With these mechanisms in place, a minor contribution from COVID-19 virus itself cannot be ruled out. With that being said, we strongly advocate for careful selection of vaccine adjuvants included in COVID-19 vaccines so that future adverse cardiac disorders can be averted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harsha Kanuri
- Research Fellow, Stark Neurosciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W 15 ST, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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3
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Nooraei S, Sarkar Lotfabadi A, Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei M, Rezaei N. Immunogenicity of Different Types of Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020453. [PMID: 36851331 PMCID: PMC9962389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent and reduce the damage caused by infectious diseases in animals and humans. So, several vaccines are used for prophylactic purposes before the pathogen infects, while therapeutic vaccines strengthen the immune system after infection with the pathogen. Adjuvants are molecules, compounds, or macromolecules that enhance non-specific immunity and, in collaboration with antigen(s), can improve the body's immune responses and change the type of immune response. The potential and toxicity of adjuvants must be balanced to provide the safest stimulation with the fewest side effects. In order to overcome the limitations of adjuvants and the effective and controlled delivery of antigens, attention has been drawn to nano-carriers that can be a promising platform for better presenting and stimulating the immune system. Some studies show that nanoparticles have a more remarkable ability to act as adjuvants than microparticles. Because nano-adjuvants inactively target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and change their chemical surface, nanoparticles also perform better in targeted antigen delivery because they cross biological barriers more easily. We collected and reviewed various types of nano-adjuvants with their specific roles in immunogenicity as a prominent strategy used in veterinary vaccines in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Nooraei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 8818634141, Iran
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkar Lotfabadi
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Milad Akbarzadehmoallemkolaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Animal Model Integrated Network (AMIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Gharib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 1419733151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Correspondence:
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Deruelle F. The pharmaceutical industry is dangerous to health. Further proof with COVID-19. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:475. [PMID: 36324959 PMCID: PMC9610448 DOI: 10.25259/sni_377_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 period highlights a huge problem that has been developing for decades, the control of science by industry. In the 1950s, the tobacco industry set the example, which the pharmaceutical industry followed. Since then, the latter has been regularly condemned for illegal marketing, misrepresentation of experimental results, dissimulation of information about the dangers of drugs, and considered as criminal. Therefore, this study was conducted to show that knowledge is powerfully manipulated by harmful corporations, whose goals are: 1/financial; 2/to suppress our ability to make choices to acquire global control of public health. Methods: Pharmaceutical industry techniques for manipulating science and COVID-19 reporting were reviewed. Several sources of official documents were used: PubMed; National Institutes of Health resources; pharmaceutical companies; policy documents; national newspapers and news agencies; and books by prominent professionals (scientific and legal). A few studies have not been published in peer-reviewed journals; however, they have been conducted by reputable scientists in their respective fields. Results: Since the beginning of COVID-19, we can list the following methods of information manipulation which have been used: falsified clinical trials and inaccessible data; fake or conflict-of-interest studies; concealment of vaccines’ short-term side effects and total lack of knowledge of the long-term effects of COVID-19 vaccination; doubtful composition of vaccines; inadequate testing methods; governments and international organizations under conflicts of interest; bribed physicians; the denigration of renowned scientists; the banning of all alternative effective treatments; unscientific and liberticidal social methods; government use of behavior modification and social engineering techniques to impose confinements, masks, and vaccine acceptance; scientific censorship by the media. Conclusion: By supporting and selecting only the one side of science information while suppressing alternative viewpoints, and with obvious conflicts of interest revealed by this study, governments and the media constantly disinform the public. Consequently, the unscientifically validated vaccination laws, originating from industry-controlled medical science, led to the adoption of social measures for the supposed protection of the public but which became serious threats to the health and freedoms of the population.
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Angrand L, Masson JD, Rubio-Casillas A, Nosten-Bertrand M, Crépeaux G. Inflammation and Autophagy: A Convergent Point between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-Related Genetic and Environmental Factors: Focus on Aluminum Adjuvants. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10090518. [PMID: 36136483 PMCID: PMC9502677 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are genetically complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) resulting from genetic factors and gene-environment (GxE) interactions for which onset occurs in early brain development. Recent progress highlights the link between ASD and (i) immunogenetics, neurodevelopment, and inflammation, and (ii) impairments of autophagy, a crucial neurodevelopmental process involved in synaptic pruning. Among various environmental factors causing risk for ASD, aluminum (Al)-containing vaccines injected during critical periods have received special attention and triggered relevant scientific questions. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge on the role of early inflammation, immune and autophagy dysfunction in ASD as well as preclinical studies which question Al adjuvant impacts on brain and immune maturation. We highlight the most recent breakthroughs and the lack of epidemiological, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data constituting a "scientific gap". We propose additional research, such as genetic studies that could contribute to identify populations at genetic risk, improving diagnosis, and potentially the development of new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Angrand
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Masson
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Biology Laboratory, Autlán Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Autlán Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marika Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Setia A, Bhatia J, Bhattacharya S. An Overview of Acute Flaccid Myelitis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:774-794. [PMID: 34823462 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211125101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute Flaccid Myelitis is defined by the presence of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and a spinal cord lesion on magnetic resonance imaging that is primarily limited to the grey matter. AFM is a difficult situation to deal with when you have a neurologic illness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a large number of cases were discovered in the United States in 2014, with 90% of cases occurring in children. Although the exact cause of AFM is unknown, mounting evidence suggests a link between AFM and enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). In 2014, an outbreak of AFM was discovered in the United States. The condition was initially linked to polioviruses; however, it was later found that the viruses were caused by non-polioviruses Enteroviruses D-68 (EV-D68). The number of cases has increased since 2014, and the disease has been declared pandemic in the United States. The sudden onset of muscle weakness, usually in an arm or leg, as well as pain throughout the body, the change in patient's facial expression (facial weakness), and shortness of breath, ingesting, and speaking are all common symptoms in patients suffering from neurologic disease. This article includes graphic and histogram representations of reported AFM incidents and criteria for causality, epidemiology, various diagnostic approaches, signs and symptoms, and various investigational guidelines. It also includes key statements about recent clinical findings related to AFM disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseem Setia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India
| | - Jasween Bhatia
- Department of Masters in Public Health Science, Symbiosis Institute of Health Science, Pune-411042, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management Shirpur, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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7
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Petersen SB, Gluud C. Was amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate adequately evaluated before authorisation in Europe? BMJ Evid Based Med 2021; 26:285-289. [PMID: 32763959 PMCID: PMC8639934 DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp aluminium adjuvant 'amorphous aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfate' (AAHS), primarily used in the Gardasil vaccines against human papilloma virus, has been criticised for lack of evidence for its safety. Documentation from Danish authorities and answers from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) suggest that AAHS may not have been sufficiently evaluated. Documentation from the Danish Medicines Agency shows discrepancies in the trial documents of two prelicensure clinical trials with Gardasil in 2002 and 2003. For both trials, the Agency seems to have authorised potassium aluminium sulfate as the adjuvant and not AAHS. In addition, the participants in the trial launched in 2002 were informed that the comparator was saline, even though the comparator was AAHS in an expedient consisting of L-histidine, polysorbate-80, sodium borate and sodium chloride. According to the EMA, AAHS was first introduced in Europe in 2004 as the adjuvant in Procomvax, a vaccine against the hepatitis B virus and Haemophilus influenza type b. The EMA reports that AAHS was introduced without any prelicensure safety evaluation. The adjuvant is described by the company to be both physically and functionally distinct from all other previously used aluminium adjuvants. There is a need for rigorous evaluation of benefits and harms of the adjuvant AAHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesilje B Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Gluud
- The Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Bairwa SC, Shaw CA, Kuo M, Yoo J, Tomljenovic L, Eidi H. Cytokines profile in neonatal and adult wild-type mice post-injection of U. S. pediatric vaccination schedule. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100267. [PMID: 34589773 PMCID: PMC8474652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated a number of neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice colony injected with a mouse-weight equivalent dose of all vaccines that are administered to infants in their first 18 months of life according to the U. S. pediatric vaccination schedule. Cytokines have been studied extensively as blood immune and inflammatory biomarkers, and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders. Given the importance of cytokines in early neurodevelopment, we aimed to investigate the potential post-administration effects of the U. S. pediatric vaccines on circulatory cytokines in a mouse model. In the current study, cytokines have been assayed at early and late time points in mice vaccinated early in postnatal life and compared with placebo controls. Materials and methods Newborn mouse pups were divided into three groups: i) vaccine (V1), ii) vaccine × 3 (V3) and iii) placebo control. V1 group was injected with mouse weight-equivalent of the current U. S. pediatric vaccine schedule. V3 group was injected with same vaccines but at triple the dose and the placebo control was injected with saline. Pups were also divided according to the sampling age into two main groups: acute- and chronic-phase group. Blood samples were collected at postnatal day (PND) 23, two days following vaccine schedule for the acute-phase group or at 67 weeks post-vaccination for the chronic-phase groups. Fifteen cytokines were analyzed: GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF-A. Wilcoxon Rank Sum test or unpaired Student's t-test was performed where applicable. Results IL-5 levels in plasma were significantly elevated in the V1 and V3 group compared with the control only in the acute-phase group. The elevation of IL-5 levels in the two vaccine groups were significant irrespective of whether the sexes were combined or analyzed separately. Other cytokines (VEGF-A, TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-13) were also impacted, although to a lesser extent and in a sex-dependent manner. In the acute-phase group, females showed a significant increase in IL-10 and MCP-1 levels and a decrease in VEGF-A levels in both V1 and V3 group compared to controls. In the acute-phase, a significant increase in MCP-1 levels in V3 group and CM-CSF levels in V1 and V3 group and decrease in TNF-α levels in V1 group were observed in treated males as compared with controls. In chronic-phase females, levels of VEGF-A in V1 and V3 group, TNF-α in V3 group, and IL-13 in V1 group were significantly decreased in contrast with controls. In chronic-phase males, TNF-α levels were significantly increased in V1 group and IL-6 levels decreased in V3 group in comparison to controls. The changes in levels of most tested cytokines were altered between the early and the late postnatal assays. Conclusions IL-5 levels significantly increased in the acute-phase of the treatment in the plasma of both sexes that were subjected to V1 and V3 injections. These increases had diminished by the second test assayed at week 67. These results suggest that a profound, albeit transient, effect on cytokine levels may be induced by the whole vaccine administration supporting our recently published observations regarding the behavioral abnormalities in the same mice. These observations support the view that the administration of whole pediatric vaccines in a neonatal period may impact at least short-term CNS functions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bairwa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C A Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Tomljenovic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H Eidi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products (ANMV) - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Fougères, France
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Saleem A, Akhtar MF, Haris M, Abdel-Daim MM. Recent updates on immunological, pharmacological, and alternative approaches to combat COVID-19. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1331-1346. [PMID: 34331179 PMCID: PMC8324454 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is mainly transmitted via the inhalation route and characterized by fever, coughing and shortness of breath. COVID-19 affects all age groups with no single cure. The drug discovery, manufacturing, and safety studies require extensive time and sources and, therefore, struggled to match the exponential spread of COVID-19. Yet, various repurposed drugs (antivirals, immune-modulators, nucleotide analogues), and convalescent plasma therapy have been authorized for emergency use against COVID-19 by Food and Drug Administration under certain limits and conditions. The discovery of vaccine is the biggest milestone achieved during the current pandemic era. About nine vaccines were developed for human use with varying claims of efficacy. The rapid emergence of mutations in SARS-CoV-2, suspected adverse drug reactions of current therapies in special population groups and limited availability of drugs in developing countries necessitate the development of more efficacious, safe and cheap drugs/vaccines for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Keeping in view these limitations, the current review provides an update on the efficacy and safety of the repurposed, and natural drugs to treat COVID-19 as well as the vaccines used for its prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Haris
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Wang M, Zeng W, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Su H, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Liu Y, Shi Q. The Improvement of Immune Effect of Recombinant Human Beta-Defensin 2 on Hepatitis B Vaccine in Mice. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:96-111. [PMID: 33370550 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with hepatitis B vaccine is an effective measure for prevention and control of hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Although lots of efforts to improve the effect of hepatitis B vaccine have been made, the function of human beta defensin 2 (hBD2) on hepatitis B vaccine keeps unclear. In this article, we report that hBD2 not only promoted the activation and maturation of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) by increasing MHC II and CD86 expression, but it also significantly upregulated the mRNA level of IL-6 and IL-12B in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The serum concentrations of IFN-γ in mice stimulated with 300 ng hBD2 increased from 25.21 to 42.04 pg/mL, with a time extension from 4 to 12 h post-injection. During the process of three times immunization (1, 14, 28 days) with 3 μg hepatitis B vaccine combined with or without 300 ng hBD2 with a 2 week interval in BALB/c mice, the antibody against HBsAg (HBsAb) concentration in serum at every time point of observation in the combined group was statistically higher than the hepatitis B vaccine group. The serum concentration of IgG2a subclass HBsAb on the 14th day post last injection in the combined group was significantly higher than the hepatitis B vaccine group. Further, the splenic cells from the mice treated with both hBD2 and hepatitis B vaccine possessed a greater ability to produce a surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) specific IFN-γ than those treated with hepatitis B vaccine alone. The percentages of CD3+/CD4+ T cells and CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes in spleens from the mice treated with 300 ng hBD2 were statistically higher than the phosphate buffered saline group. These data suggest that hBD2 improves iDC maturation and the immune efficiency of hepatitis B vaccine in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,The Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Examination, Yichun City People's Hospital, Yichun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- The Community Health Service Center of Jianbei Sub-District Administration, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Examination, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Jiang
- Department of Clinical Examination, the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaofa Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Eidi H, Yoo J, Bairwa SC, Kuo M, Sayre EC, Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA. Early postnatal injections of whole vaccines compared to placebo controls: Differential behavioural outcomes in mice. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 212:111200. [PMID: 33039918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible effects of the paediatric vaccination schedule in the United States on the central nervous system in a murine model. We compared the impact of treatment with the whole vaccines versus true placebo control. Seventy-six pups were divided into three groups: two vaccinated groups and unvaccinated control. The two vaccinated groups were treated between 7 and 21 post-natal days either with one or three times of the vaccine doses per body weight as used in children between newborn and eighteen months of age. The post-vaccination development, neuromotor behaviours and neurobehavioural abnormalities (NBAs) were evaluated in all mouse groups during the 67 post-natal weeks of mouse age. Mouse body weight was affected only in the vaccinated females compared to males and control. Some NBAs such as decreased sociability, increased anxiety-like behaviours, and alteration of visual-spatial learning and memory were observed in vaccinated male and female mice compared to controls. The present study also shows a slower acquisition of some neonatal reflexes in vaccinated female mice compared to vaccinated males and controls. The observed neurodevelopmental alterations did not show a linear relationship with vaccine dose, suggesting that the single dose gave a saturated response. The outcomes seemed to be sex-dependent and transient with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housam Eidi
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; French agency for veterinary medicinal products (ANMV) - French agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES), Fougères, France.
| | - Janice Yoo
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suresh C Bairwa
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Kuo
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Bellavite P. Causality assessment of adverse events following immunization: the problem of multifactorial pathology. F1000Res 2020; 9:170. [PMID: 32269767 PMCID: PMC7111503 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22600.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) is important in a balanced epidemiological evaluation of vaccines and in the issues related to national vaccine injury compensation programs. If manufacturing defects or vaccine storage and delivering errors are excluded, the majority of adverse reactions to vaccines occur as excessive or biased inflammatory and immune responses. These unwanted phenomena, occasionally severe, are associated with many different endogenous and exogenous factors, which often interact in complex ways. The confirmation or denial of the causal link between an AEFI and vaccination is determined pursuant to WHO guidelines, which propose a four-step analysis and algorithmic diagramming. The evaluation process from the onset considers all possible "other causes" that can explain the AEFI and thus exclude the role of the vaccine. Subsequently, even if there was biological plausibility and temporal compatibility for a causal association between the vaccine and the AEFI, the guidelines ask to look for any possible evidence that the vaccine could not have caused that event. Such an algorithmic method presents some concerns that are discussed here, in the light of the multifactorial nature of the inflammatory and immune pathologies induced by vaccines, including emerging knowledge of genetic susceptibility to adverse effects. It is proposed that the causality assessment could exclude a consistent association of the adverse event with the vaccine only when the presumed "other cause" is independent of an interaction with the vaccine. Furthermore, the scientific literature should be viewed not as an exclusion criterion but as a comprehensive analysis of all the evidence for or against the role of the vaccine in causing an adverse reaction. These issues are discussed in relation to the laws that, in some countries, regulate the mandatory vaccinations and the compensation for those who have suffered serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, 37134, Italy
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14
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Abstract
The analysis of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) is important in a balanced epidemiological evaluation of vaccines and in the issues related to vaccine injury compensation programs. The majority of adverse reactions to vaccines occur as excessive or biased inflammatory and immune responses. These unwanted phenomena, occasionally severe, are associated with many different endogenous and exogenous factors, which often interact in complex ways. The confirmation or denial of the causal link between an AEFI and vaccination is determined pursuant to WHO guidelines, which propose a four-step analysis and algorithmic diagramming. The evaluation process from the onset considers all possible "other causes" that might explain the AEFI and thus exclude the role of the vaccine. Subsequently, even if there was biological plausibility and temporal compatibility for a causal association between the vaccine and the AEFI, the guidelines ask to look for any possible evidence that the vaccine could not have caused that event. Such an algorithmic method presents several concerns that are discussed here, in the light of the multifactorial nature of the inflammatory and immune pathologies induced by vaccines, including emerging knowledge of genetic susceptibility to adverse effects. It is proposed that the causality assessment could exclude a consistent association of the adverse event with the vaccine only when the presumed "other cause" is independent of an interaction with the vaccine. Furthermore, the scientific literature should be viewed not as an exclusion criterion but as a comprehensive analysis of all the evidence for or against the role of the vaccine in causing an adverse reaction. Given these inadequacies in the evaluation of multifactorial diseases, the WHO guidelines need to be reevaluated and revised. These issues are discussed in relation to the laws that, in some countries, regulate the mandatory vaccinations and the compensation for those who have suffered serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, 37134, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Aluminum has no known biological function; however, it is a contaminant present in most foods and medications. Aluminum is excreted by the renal system, and patients with renal diseases should avoid aluminum-containing medications. Studies demonstrating long-term toxicity from the aluminum content in parenteral nutrition components led the US Food and Drug Administration to implement rules for these solutions. Large-volume ingredients were required to reduce the aluminum concentration, and small-volume components were required to be labeled with the aluminum concentration. Despite these rules, the total aluminum concentration from some components continues to be above the recommended final concentration. The concerns about toxicity from the aluminum present in infant formulas and antiperspirants have not been substantiated but require more research. Aluminum is one of the most effective adjuvants used in vaccines, and a large number of studies have documented minimal adverse effects from this use. Long-term, high-concentration exposure to aluminum has been linked in meta-analyses with the development of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Corkins
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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16
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Igbokwe IO, Igwenagu E, Igbokwe NA. Aluminium toxicosis: a review of toxic actions and effects. Interdiscip Toxicol 2019; 12:45-70. [PMID: 32206026 PMCID: PMC7071840 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is frequently accessible to animal and human populations to the extent that intoxications may occur. Intake of Al is by inhalation of aerosols or particles, ingestion of food, water and medicaments, skin contact, vaccination, dialysis and infusions. Toxic actions of Al induce oxidative stress, immunologic alterations, genotoxicity, pro-inflammatory effect, peptide denaturation or transformation, enzymatic dysfunction, metabolic derangement, amyloidogenesis, membrane perturbation, iron dyshomeostasis, apoptosis, necrosis and dysplasia. The pathological conditions associated with Al toxicosis are desquamative interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, granulomas, granulomatosis and fibrosis, toxic myocarditis, thrombosis and ischemic stroke, granulomatous enteritis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, anemia, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, sclerosis, autism, macrophagic myofasciitis, osteomalacia, oligospermia and infertility, hepatorenal disease, breast cancer and cyst, pancreatitis, pancreatic necrosis and diabetes mellitus. The review provides a broad overview of Al toxicosis as a background for sustained investigations of the toxicology of Al compounds of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Onyebuchi Igbokwe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Igwenagu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Nanacha Afifi Igbokwe
- Department Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
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17
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Tippairote T, Temviriyanukul P, Benjapong W, Trachootham D. Prevalence and Factors Associated with High Levels of Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in Hair Samples of Well-Nourished Thai Children in Bangkok and Perimeters. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:334-343. [PMID: 30006914 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxic element exposure increases risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, hair element profiles of well-nourished urban resident children were largely unknown. We identified prevalence and the contributing factors of high hair aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) levels in 111 Thai children (aged 3-7 years old). Most participants were well-nourished with high socioeconomic status. Since ROC curve of hair element data showed inadequate sensitivity for cutoff set-up, US reference hair levels were used to categorize high and low level groups. Nevertheless, compared to the current reference at 5 μg/dL, blood lead cutoff at 2.15 μg/dL provided more consistent results with that of hair lead levels. High As and Pb levels were the first and second most prevalent element, while Al was the element found in highest amount in hair. High hair Al (12% prevalence) levels were associated with being male regardless of age or nutritional status. High hair As levels were associated with living in Bangkok (OR = 6.57) regardless of school type. High hair Pb levels were associated with being under 5 years old and living in Bangkok (OR = 3.06). However, no associations were found between blood Pb, hair Cd, Hg, and tested factors. These findings suggested that under 5-year-old boys living in capital city like Bangkok may be at risk of exposure to multiple toxic elements. Future studies in these children are warranted to identify their exposure sources and proper risk management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Dunyaporn Trachootham, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wenika Benjapong
- Dunyaporn Trachootham, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Dunyaporn Trachootham, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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18
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Chlorogenic acid protects against aluminum toxicity via MAPK/Akt signaling pathway in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 190:113-120. [PMID: 30428426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), which may bring about damage to the macrophages, has been implicated in the development of immunological diseases. It has been reported that chlorogenic acid (CGA, 5‑caffeoylquinic acid, chemical formula: C16H18O9) is a natural antioxidant and chelating agent with the capacity against Al (III)-induced biotoxicity. The present study was carried out to investigate whether CGA could reduce AlCl3-induced cellular damage in RAW264.7 cells. After treatment with AlCl3, the inhibition rate of viability and phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells was 54.5% and 27.6%, respectively. Administration of CGA significantly improved the integrity and phagocytic activity, and attenuated the accumulation of intracellular Al(III) level and oxidative stress in Al(III)-treated cells. Furthermore, CGA significantly inhibited Al(III)-induced increase of phospho-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein (Bad), cytochrome c and decrease of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt) protein expressions. These results showed that CGA has a protective effect against Al(III)-induced cytotoxicity through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Akt-mediated caspase pathways in RAW264.7 cells.
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19
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Aluminum in vaccines: Does it create a safety problem? Vaccine 2018; 36:5825-5831. [PMID: 30139653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For almost a century, aluminum (Al) in the form of Al oxyhydroxide (a crystalline compound), Al hydroxyphosphate (an amorphous Al phosphate hydroxide), Al phosphate, and Al potassium sulfate has been used to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines. Al is currently included in vaccines against tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Official health authorities consider the inclusion of Al in most of the presently recommended vaccines to be extremely effective and sufficiently safe. However, the inclusion of Al salts in vaccines has been debated for several years because of studies that seem to indicate that chronic Al exposure through vaccine administration can interfere with cellular and metabolic processes leading to severe neurologic diseases. Children, who in their first years of life receive several vaccine doses over a reduced period of time, would be most susceptible to any risk that might be associated with vaccines or vaccine components. The main aim of this paper was to discuss the data presently available regarding Al neurotoxicity and the risk for children receiving vaccines or other pharmaceutical preparations containing Al. Analysis of the literature showed that no apparent reason exists to support the elimination of Al from vaccines for fear of neurotoxicity. The only problem that deserves attention is the suggested relationship between Al oxyhydroxide-containing vaccines and macrophagic myofaciitis or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Currently, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn on these risks and further studies must be conducted. Until then, Al remains the best solution to improve vaccine efficacy.
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20
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Elwood JM, Ameratunga R. Autoimmune diseases after hepatitis B immunization in adults: Literature review and meta-analysis, with reference to 'autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants' (ASIA). Vaccine 2018; 36:5796-5802. [PMID: 30100071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess if hepatitis B vaccination in adults is causally associated with autoimmune diseases. Such causation has been claimed based mainly on case reports and uncontrolled studies, and a syndrome 'Autoimmune/autoinflammatory Disorder Induced by Adjuvants' (ASIA) has been claimed to be linked to immunization, particularly hepatitis B vaccination. METHODS Review of peer-reviewed literature from January 1990 to March 2017 identifying controlled studies with documented incidence of autoimmune diseases occurring after hepatitis B vaccinations in adults. From 1297 studies identified, 259 were further assessed and 49 reviewed further; 19 relevant papers reporting 21 results are reviewed here, and 14 results included in a meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall no association between hepatitis B vaccination and the onset of autoimmune diseases was seen. The overall odds ratio was 1.06, with 95% confidence limits of 0.93-1.21, with non-significant heterogeneity. Only one study showed a significant excess risk between hepatitis B immunisation and autoimmune disease. CONCLUSIONS Despite multiple case reports, there is no reliable scientific evidence of autoimmune diseases being caused by hepatitis B vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Elwood
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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21
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Chirumbolo S, Bjørklund G. Vaccination is fundamental but can it escape from a more insightful and critical information about its action? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 55:8-13. [PMID: 28800561 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy; Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
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22
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Inbar R, Weiss R, Tomljenovic L, Arango MT, Deri Y, Shaw CA, Chapman J, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Behavioral abnormalities in female mice following administration of aluminum adjuvants and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil. Immunol Res 2016; 65:136-149. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Abstract
We are living in the 'aluminium age'. Human exposure to aluminium is inevitable and, perhaps, inestimable. Aluminium's free metal cation, Alaq(3+), is highly biologically reactive and biologically available aluminium is non-essential and essentially toxic. Biologically reactive aluminium is present throughout the human body and while, rarely, it can be acutely toxic, much less is understood about chronic aluminium intoxication. Herein the question is asked as to how to diagnose aluminium toxicity in an individual. While there are as yet, no unequivocal answers to this problem, there are procedures to follow to ascertain the nature of human exposure to aluminium. It is also important to recognise critical factors in exposure regimes and specifically that not all forms of aluminium are toxicologically equivalent and not all routes of exposure are equivalent in their delivery of aluminium to target sites. To ascertain if Alzheimer's disease is a symptom of chronic aluminium intoxication over decades or breast cancer is aggravated by the topical application of an aluminium salt or if autism could result from an immune cascade initiated by an aluminium adjuvant requires that each of these is considered independently and in the light of the most up to date scientific evidence. The aluminium age has taught us that there are no inevitabilities where chronic aluminium toxicity is concerned though there are clear possibilities and these require proving or discounting but not simply ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom.
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24
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Gherardi RK, Aouizerate J, Cadusseau J, Yara S, Authier FJ. Aluminum adjuvants of vaccines injected into the muscle: Normal fate, pathology and associated disease. Morphologie 2016; 100:85-94. [PMID: 26948677 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum oxyhydroxide (Alhydrogel(®)) is a nano-crystalline compound forming aggregates that has been introduced in vaccine for its immunologic adjuvant effect in 1926. It is the most commonly used adjuvant in human and veterinary vaccines but mechanisms by which it stimulates immune responses remain ill-defined. Although generally well tolerated on the short term, it has been suspected to occasionally cause delayed neurologic problems in susceptible individuals. In particular, the long-term persistence of aluminic granuloma also termed macrophagic myofasciitis is associated with chronic arthromyalgias and fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. Safety concerns largely depend on the long biopersistence time inherent to this adjuvant, which may be related to its quick withdrawal from the interstitial fluid by avid cellular uptake; and the capacity of adjuvant particles to migrate and slowly accumulate in lymphoid organs and the brain, a phenomenon documented in animal models and resulting from MCP1/CCL2-dependant translocation of adjuvant-loaded monocyte-lineage cells (Trojan horse phenomenon). These novel insights strongly suggest that serious re-evaluation of long-term aluminum adjuvant phamacokinetics and safety should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gherardi
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Expert Centre for Neuromuscular Pathology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - J Aouizerate
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Expert Centre for Neuromuscular Pathology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - J Cadusseau
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - S Yara
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - F J Authier
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Expert Centre for Neuromuscular Pathology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France.
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25
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Sealey LA, Hughes BW, Sriskanda AN, Guest JR, Gibson AD, Johnson-Williams L, Pace DG, Bagasra O. Environmental factors in the development of autism spectrum disorders. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:288-298. [PMID: 26826339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heterogeneous developmental conditions characterized by deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and obsessive/stereotyped patterns of behavior and repetitive movements. Social interaction impairments are the most characteristic deficits in ASD. There is also evidence of impoverished language and empathy, a profound inability to use standard nonverbal behaviors (eye contact, affective expression) to regulate social interactions with others, difficulties in showing empathy, failure to share enjoyment, interests and achievements with others, and a lack of social and emotional reciprocity. In developed countries, it is now reported that 1%-1.5% of children have ASD, and in the US 2015 CDC reports that approximately one in 45 children suffer from ASD. Despite the intense research focus on ASD in the last decade, the underlying etiology remains unknown. Genetic research involving twins and family studies strongly supports a significant contribution of environmental factors in addition to genetic factors in ASD etiology. A comprehensive literature search has implicated several environmental factors associated with the development of ASD. These include pesticides, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, solvents, air pollutants, fragrances, glyphosate and heavy metals, especially aluminum used in vaccines as adjuvant. Importantly, the majority of these toxicants are some of the most common ingredients in cosmetics and herbicides to which almost all of us are regularly exposed to in the form of fragrances, face makeup, cologne, air fresheners, food flavors, detergents, insecticides and herbicides. In this review we describe various scientific data to show the role of environmental factors in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sealey
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - B W Hughes
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - A N Sriskanda
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - J R Guest
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - A D Gibson
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - L Johnson-Williams
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - D G Pace
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States
| | - O Bagasra
- South Carolina Center for Biotechnology, Claflin University, 400 Magnolia Street, Orangeburg, SC, 29115, United States.
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26
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Kimber I, Carrillo JC. Oral exposure to mineral oils: Is there an association with immune perturbation and autoimmunity? Toxicology 2016; 344-346:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Inbar R, Weiss R, Tomljenovic L, Arango MT, Deri Y, Shaw CA, Chapman J, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. WITHDRAWN: Behavioral abnormalities in young female mice following administration of aluminum adjuvants and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil. Vaccine 2016:S0264-410X(16)00016-5. [PMID: 26778424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Editor-in-Chief due to serious concerns regarding the scientific soundness of the article. Review by the Editor-in-Chief and evaluation by outside experts, confirmed that the methodology is seriously flawed, and the claims that the article makes are unjustified. As an international peer-reviewed journal we believe it is our duty to withdraw the article from further circulation, and to notify the community of this issue. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Inbar
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronen Weiss
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L8
| | - Maria-Teresa Arango
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - Yael Deri
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L8
| | - Joab Chapman
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Blank
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kip Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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28
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Abstract
Use of highly pure antigens to improve vaccine safety has led to reduced vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy. This has led to the need to use adjuvants to improve vaccine immunogenicity. The ideal adjuvant should maximize vaccine immunogenicity without compromising tolerability or safety. Unfortunately, adjuvant research has lagged behind other vaccine areas such as antigen discovery, with the consequence that only a very limited number of adjuvants based on aluminium salts, monophosphoryl lipid A and oil emulsions are currently approved for human use. Recent strategic initiatives to support adjuvant development by the National Institutes of Health should translate into greater adjuvant choices in the future. Mechanistic studies have been valuable for better understanding of adjuvant action, but mechanisms of adjuvant toxicity are less well understood. The inflammatory or danger-signal model of adjuvant action implies that increased vaccine reactogenicity is the inevitable price for improved immunogenicity. Hence, adjuvant reactogenicity may be avoidable only if it is possible to separate inflammation from adjuvant action. The biggest remaining challenge in the adjuvant field is to decipher the potential relationship between adjuvants and rare vaccine adverse reactions, such as narcolepsy, macrophagic myofasciitis or Alzheimer's disease. While existing adjuvants based on aluminium salts have a strong safety record, there are ongoing needs for new adjuvants and more intensive research into adjuvants and their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Böhm KJ, Shabanpour M, Kalchishkova N. Aluminum-Induced Kinesin Inactivation as Potential Molecular Cause of Impairment of Neuronal Transport Processes. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1275-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad J. Böhm
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research -
Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße
11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mitra Shabanpour
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research -
Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße
11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nikolina Kalchishkova
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research -
Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstraße
11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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