1
|
Xu Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Pan B, Zhu M, Wang T, Xu W, Li L, Wei Y, Wu J, Zhou X. Construction of a TAN-associated risk score model with integrated multi-omics data analysis and clinical validation in gastric cancer. Life Sci 2024; 349:122731. [PMID: 38782354 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS An increasing number of studies have highlighted the biological significance of neutrophil activation and polarization in tumor progression. However, the characterization of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) is inadequately investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients' expression profiles were obtained from TCGA, GEO, and IMvigor210 databases. Six algorithms were used to assess immune cell infiltration. RNA sequencing was conducted to evaluate the differentially expressed genes between induced N1- and N2-like neutrophils. A TAN-associated risk score (TRS) model was established using a combination of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and RNA-seq data and further assessed in pan-cancer. A clinical cohort of 117 GC patients was enrolled to assess the role of TANs in GC via immunohistochemistry (IHC). KEY FINDINGS A TRS signature was built with 10 TAN-related genes (TRGs) and most TRGs were highly abundant in the TANs of the GC microenvironment. The TRS model could accurately predict patients' prognosis, as well as their responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The TRS was positively correlated with pro-tumor immune cells and exhibited negative relationship with anti-tumor immune cells. Additional functional analyses revealed that the signature was positively related to pro-tumor and immunosuppression pathways, such as the hypoxia pathway, across pan-cancer. Furthermore, our clinical cohort demonstrated TANs as an independent prognostic factor for GC patients. SIGNIFICANCE This study constructed and confirmed the value of a novel TRS model for prognostic prediction of GC and pan-cancer. Further evaluation of TRS and TANs will help strengthen the understanding of the tumor microenvironment and guide more effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangdi Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaping Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Bihui Pan
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Tongshan Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Jiazhu Wu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suqian First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223812, China..
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Solanki R, Patel S. Evodiamine and its nano-based approaches for enhanced cancer therapy: recent advances and challenges. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38821861 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Evodiamine is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Evodia rutaecarpa plant. It has various pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-depressant, and cardiac protective properties. Evodiamine demonstrates potent anti-cancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Despite the health-promoting properties of evodiamine, its clinical use is hindered by low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and toxicity. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative drug delivery systems for evodiamine to enhance its solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as to facilitate targeted, prolonged, and controlled drug release. Nanocarriers can increase the therapeutic potential of evodiamine in cancer therapy while reducing adverse side effects. To date, numerous attempts have been made through the development of smart nanocarriers to overcome the drawbacks of evodiamine. This review focuses on the pharmacological applications, anti-cancer mechanisms, and limitations of evodiamine. Various nanocarriers, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, and so forth, have been discussed extensively for evodiamine delivery. Nano-drug delivery systems could increase the solubility, bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of evodiamine. This review aims to present a comprehensive and critical evaluation of several nano-formulations of evodiamine for cancer therapy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Solanki
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sunita Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Siddiquee T, Bhaskaran NA, Nathani K, Sawarkar SP. Empowering lung cancer treatment: Harnessing the potential of natural phytoconstituent-loaded nanoparticles. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38806412 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, accounts for a substantial portion, representing 18.4% of all cancer fatalities. Despite advances in treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, significant challenges persist, including chemoresistance, non-specific targeting, and adverse effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches to overcome these limitations. Natural compounds, particularly phytoconstituents, have emerged as promising candidates due to their potent anticancer properties and relatively low incidence of adverse effects compared to conventional treatments. However, inherent challenges such as poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and enzymatic degradation hinder their clinical utility. To address these obstacles, researchers have increasingly turned to nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (DDS). Nanocarriers offer several advantages, including enhanced drug stability, prolonged circulation time, and targeted delivery to tumor sites, thereby minimizing off-target effects. By encapsulating phytoconstituents within nanocarriers, researchers aim to optimize their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Moreover, the integration of nanotechnology with phytoconstituents allows for a nuanced understanding of the intricate molecular pathways involved in lung cancer pathogenesis. This integrated approach holds promise for modulating key cellular processes implicated in tumor growth and progression. Additionally, by leveraging the synergistic effects of phytoconstituents and nanocarriers, researchers seek to develop tailored therapeutic strategies that maximize efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. In conclusion, the integration of phytoconstituents with nanocarriers represents a promising avenue for advancing lung cancer treatment. This synergistic approach has the potential to revolutionize current therapeutic paradigms by offering targeted, efficient, and minimally toxic interventions. Continued research in this field holds the promise of improving patient outcomes and addressing unmet clinical needs in lung cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taufique Siddiquee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Navya Ajitkumar Bhaskaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushali Nathani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujata P Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Desai N, Chavda V, Singh TRR, Thorat ND, Vora LK. Cancer Nanovaccines: Nanomaterials and Clinical Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401631. [PMID: 38693099 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing nanotechnology to augment traditional vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the current state-of-the-art in cancer nanovaccine development, elucidating innovative strategies and technologies employed in their design. It explores both preclinical and clinical advancements, emphasizing key studies demonstrating their potential to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses. The study encompasses various facets, including integrating biomaterial-based nanocarriers for antigen delivery, adjuvant selection, and the impact of nanoscale properties on vaccine performance. Detailed insights into the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and nanovaccine responses are provided, highlighting challenges and opportunities in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the study presents a thorough analysis of ongoing clinical trials, presenting a snapshot of the current clinical landscape. By curating the latest scientific findings and clinical developments, this study aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians engaged in advancing cancer immunotherapy. Integrating nanotechnology into vaccine design holds immense promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, and this review provides a timely update on the evolving landscape of cancer nanovaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | | | - Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC), University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Medical Science Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao Y, Ai M, Liu C. The impact of lipidome on breast cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:109. [PMID: 38622701 PMCID: PMC11017498 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the association between specific lipidomes and the risk of breast cancer (BC) using the Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) approach and Bayesian Model Averaging Mendelian Randomization (BMA-MR) method. METHOD The study analyzed data from large-scale GWAS datasets of 179 lipidomes to assess the relationship between lipidomes and BC risk across different molecular subtypes. TSMR was employed to explore causal relationships, while the BMA-MR method was carried out to validate the results. The study assessed heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy through Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept tests, and MR-PRESSO. Moreover, a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms on the MR study. RESULTS By examining 179 lipidome traits as exposures and BC as the outcome, the study revealed significant causal effects of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids on BC risk. Specifically, for estrogen receptor-positive BC (ER+ BC), phosphatidylcholine (P < 0.05) and phosphatidylinositol (OR: 0.916-0.966, P < 0.05) within glycerophospholipids play significant roles, along with the importance of glycerolipids (diacylglycerol (OR = 0.923, P < 0.001) and triacylglycerol, OR: 0.894-0.960, P < 0.05)). However, the study did not observe a noteworthy impact of sphingolipids on ER+BC. In the case of estrogen receptor-negative BC (ER- BC), not only glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids (OR = 1.085, P = 0.008), and glycerolipids (OR = 0.909, P = 0.002) exerted an influence, but the protective effect of sterols (OR: 1.034-1.056, P < 0.05) was also discovered. The prominence of glycerolipids was minimal in ER-BC. Phosphatidylethanolamine (OR: 1.091-1.119, P < 0.05) was an important causal effect in ER-BC. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal that phosphatidylinositol and triglycerides levels decreased the risk of BC, indicating a potential protective role of these lipid molecules. Moreover, the study elucidates BC's intricate lipid metabolic pathways, highlighting diverse lipidome structural variations that may have varying effects in different molecular subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Cao
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Meichen Ai
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chunjun Liu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan, Beijing, 100144, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marquez CA, Oh CI, Ahn G, Shin WR, Kim YH, Ahn JY. Synergistic vesicle-vector systems for targeted delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:6. [PMID: 38167116 PMCID: PMC10763086 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
With the immense progress in drug delivery systems (DDS) and the rise of nanotechnology, challenges such as target specificity remain. The vesicle-vector system (VVS) is a delivery system that uses lipid-based vesicles as vectors for a targeted drug delivery. When modified with target-probing materials, these vesicles become powerful vectors for drug delivery with high target specificity. In this review, we discuss three general types of VVS based on different modification strategies: (1) vesicle-probes; (2) vesicle-vesicles; and (3) genetically engineered vesicles. The synthesis of each VVS type and their corresponding properties that are advantageous for targeted drug delivery, are also highlighted. The applications, challenges, and limitations of VVS are briefly examined. Finally, we share a number of insights and perspectives regarding the future of VVS as a targeted drug delivery system at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ardelle Marquez
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Im Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Gna Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gowda BHJ, Ahmed MG, Alshehri SA, Wahab S, Vora LK, Singh Thakur RR, Kesharwani P. The cubosome-based nanoplatforms in cancer therapy: Seeking new paradigms for cancer theranostics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116894. [PMID: 37586450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Lyotropic liquid crystals are self-assembled, non-lamellar, and mesophase nanostructured materials that have garnered significant attention as drug carriers. Cubosomes, a subtype of lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles, possess three-dimensional structures that display bicontinuous cubic liquid-crystalline patterns. These patterns are formed through the self-organization of unsaturated monoglycerides (amphphilic lipids such as glyceryl monooleate or phytantriol), followed by stabilization using steric polymers (poloxamers). Owing to their bicontinuous structure and steric polymer-based stabilization, cubosomes have been demonstrated to possess greater entrapment efficiency for hydrophobic drugs compared to liposomes, while also exhibiting high stability. In the past decade, there has been significant interest in cubosomes due to their ability to deliver therapeutic and contrast agents for cancer treatment and imaging with minimal side effects, establishing them as a safe and effective approach. Concerning these advantages, the present review elaborates on the general aspects, composition, and preparation techniques of cubosomes, followed by explanations of their mechanisms of drug loading and release patterns. Furthermore, the review provides meticulous discussions on the use of cubosomes in the treatment and imaging of various types of cancer, culminating in the enumeration of patents related to cubosome-based drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Saad Ali Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Raghu Raj Singh Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chavda VP, Balar PC, Dodiya P, Bojarska J. Nanocarrier-based delivery of peptides: challenges and way forward. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1903-1906. [PMID: 37955577 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Pankti C Balar
- Pharmacy section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Payal Dodiya
- Pharmacy section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General & Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology,116 Zeromski St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ashfaq R, Rasul A, Asghar S, Kovács A, Berkó S, Budai-Szűcs M. Lipid Nanoparticles: An Effective Tool to Improve the Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15764. [PMID: 37958750 PMCID: PMC10648376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-range bioactive colloidal carrier systems are envisaged to overcome the challenges associated with treatments of numerous diseases. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), one of the extensively investigated drug delivery systems, not only improve pharmacokinetic parameters, transportation, and chemical stability of encapsulated compounds but also provide efficient targeting and reduce the risk of toxicity. Over the last decades, nature-derived polyphenols, vitamins, antioxidants, dietary supplements, and herbs have received more attention due to their remarkable biological and pharmacological health and medical benefits. However, their poor aqueous solubility, compromised stability, insufficient absorption, and accelerated elimination impede research in the nutraceutical sector. Owing to the possibilities offered by various LNPs, their ability to accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules and the availability of various preparation methods suitable for sensitive molecules, loading natural fragile molecules into LNPs offers a promising solution. The primary objective of this work is to explore the synergy between nature and nanotechnology, encompassing a wide range of research aimed at encapsulating natural therapeutic molecules within LNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ashfaq
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| | - Akhtar Rasul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chavda VP, Balar PC, Nalla LV, Bezbaruah R, Gogoi NR, Gajula SNR, Peng B, Meena AS, Conde J, Prasad R. Conjugated Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Theranostics: Unraveling the Interplay of Known and Unknown Factors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37654-37684. [PMID: 37867666 PMCID: PMC10586263 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer diagnoses have been increasing worldwide, and solid tumors are among the leading contributors to patient mortality, creating an enormous burden on the global healthcare system. Cancer is responsible for around 10.3 million deaths worldwide. Solid tumors are one of the most prevalent cancers observed in recent times. On the other hand, early diagnosis is a significant challenge that could save a person's life. Treatment with existing methods has pitfalls that limit the successful elimination of the disorder. Though nanoparticle-based imaging and therapeutics have shown a significant impact in healthcare, current methodologies for solid tumor treatment are insufficient. There are multiple complications associated with the diagnosis and management of solid tumors as well. Recently, surface-conjugated nanoparticles such as lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and quantum dots have shown positive results in solid tumor diagnostics and therapeutics in preclinical models. Other nanotheranostic material platforms such as plasmonic theranostics, magnetotheranostics, hybrid nanotheranostics, and graphene theranostics have also been explored. These nanoparticle theranostics ensure the appropriate targeting of tumors along with selective delivery of cargos (both imaging and therapeutic probes) without affecting the surrounding healthy tissues. Though they have multiple applications, nanoparticles still possess numerous limitations that need to be addressed in order to be fully utilized in the clinic. In this review, we outline the importance of materials and design strategies used to engineer nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of solid tumors and how effectively each method overcomes the drawbacks of the current techniques. We also highlight the gaps in each material platform and how design considerations can address their limitations in future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380001, India
| | - Pankti C. Balar
- Pharmacy
Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380001, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department
of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India
| | - Niva Rani Gogoi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Berney Peng
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California at Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Avtar S. Meena
- Department
of Biotechnology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari
Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - João Conde
- ToxOmics,
NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,
NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- School
of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cho E, Mun SJ, Jeon M, Kim HK, Baek H, Ham YS, Gil WJ, Kim JW, Yang CS. Tumor-targeted liposomes with platycodin D2 promote apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100745. [PMID: 37576871 PMCID: PMC10415802 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC), though efficacious, is discouraging due to its limited targeting capability, lack of selectivity, and chemotherapy-associated side effects. With the advent of nanomedicines, a liposomal delivery system making use of a combination of anticancer phytochemicals is fast gaining popularity as one of the most promising nanoplatforms for CRC treatment. Rising evidence supports phytochemicals such as platycosides for their anticancer potency. To this end, a combination therapy including tumor-targeted liposomes along with phytochemicals might have a greater therapeutic potential against cancer. In this study, we developed acidity-triggered rational membrane (ATRAM) along with conjugated platycodin D2 (PCD2) and liposomes (PCD2-Lipo-ATRAM) as a tumor-targeting therapy. The PCD2-Lipo-ATRAM treatment demonstrated a successful tumor-targeting ability in the CRC xenografts, in which PCD2 not only exerted a potent antitumor effect by inducing apoptotic cell death and but also functioned as a liposome membrane stabilizer. Moreover, PCD2-Lipo-ATRAM suppressed antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity toward CRC cells by inducing intrinsic caspase-9/-3 mediated apoptosis. Thus, our data has shown that tumor-targeting PCD2-based liposomal systems represent a promising strategy for CRC therapy, since they directly target the tumors, unlike other therapies that can miss the target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euni Cho
- Department of Bionano Engineering Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04673, South Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Mun
- Department of Bionano Engineering Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04673, South Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Minha Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyo Keun Kim
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Hwira Baek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Yu Seong Ham
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Woo Jin Gil
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim M, Jang H, Kim W, Kim D, Park JH. Therapeutic Applications of Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1286. [PMID: 37372016 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) composed of a lipid bilayer are released from various cell types, including animals, plants, and microorganisms, and serve as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can perform a variety of biological functions through the delivery of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and can also be utilized as carriers for drug delivery. However, the low productivity and high cost of mammalian-derived EVs (MDEVs) are major barriers to their practical clinical application where large-scale production is essential. Recently, there has been growing interest in plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) that can produce large amounts of electricity at a low cost. In particular, PDEVs contain plant-derived bioactive molecules such as antioxidants, which are used as therapeutic agents to treat various diseases. In this review, we discuss the composition and characteristics of PDEVs and the appropriate methods for their isolation. We also discuss the potential use of PDEVs containing various plant-derived antioxidants as replacements for conventional antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wijin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tomou EM, Papakyriakopoulou P, Saitani EM, Valsami G, Pippa N, Skaltsa H. Recent Advances in Nanoformulations for Quercetin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1656. [PMID: 37376104 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonol that has recently received great attention from the research community due to its important pharmacological properties. However, QUE's low solubility and extended first-pass metabolism limit its oral administration. This review aims to present the potential of various nanoformulations in the development of QUE dosage forms for bioavailability enhancement. Advanced drug delivery nanosystems can be used for more efficient encapsulation, targeting, and controlled release of QUE. An overview of the primary nanosystem categories, formulation processes, and characterization techniques are described. In particular, lipid-based nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanostructured-lipid carries, and solid-lipid nanoparticles, are widely used to improve QUE's oral absorption and targeting, increase its antioxidant activity, and ensure sustained release. Moreover, polymer-based nanocarriers exhibit unique properties for the improvement of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicology (ADME(T)) profile. Namely, micelles and hydrogels composed of natural or synthetic polymers have been applied in QUE formulations. Furthermore, cyclodextrin, niosomes, and nanoemulsions are proposed as formulation alternatives for administration via different routes. This comprehensive review provides insight into the role of advanced drug delivery nanosystems for the formulation and delivery of QUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Elmina-Marina Saitani
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Natassa Pippa
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Section of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaikwad SS, Morade YY, Kothule AM, Kshirsagar SJ, Laddha UD, Salunkhe KS. Overview of phytosomes in treating cancer: Advancement, challenges, and future outlook. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16561. [PMID: 37260890 PMCID: PMC10227328 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major causes of death on the globe is cancer. It has remained a significant obstacle for current therapies and has not yet been effectively treated. Conventional treatment strategies available for cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy etc. have severe adverse effects. The use of herbal active constituents in cancer treatment has tremendous potential to increase the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapy. Natural plant active components have been reported to have strong in vitro pharmacological activity but narrow in vivo absorption. In order to increase their bioavailability and absorption and get around the drawbacks and negative effects of traditional herbal extracts, Phytosomes are one of the growing nanotechnologies that can be used to improve the miscibility of bioactive phytoconstituents in lipid-rich barriers and overcome their poor bioavailability. Many novel drug delivery carriers are employed for targeted delivery of phytoconstituent at the site of action. Phytosomes are well-known biocompatible nanocarriers that can be employed to increase the solubility and permeability of phytopharmaceuticals among various novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). This review mainly focused on various conventional as well as novel approaches and various Nano carrier used in cancer therapies. Also comprising summary of the most recent research on the development and use of phytosomes as a better carrier for herbal constituents in the treatment of cancer. Additionally provides information about the formulation, characterization technique and mechanism of drug release from phytosome. Some of the major herbal active constituents made of phytosome which have shown proven anticancer activity are also studied. Finally, challenges and future perspective related to phytosome in cancer treatment are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S. Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET’s Institute of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik 422003, India
| | - Yogita Y. Morade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
| | - Akshada M. Kothule
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
| | - Sanjay J. Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET’s Institute of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik 422003, India
| | - Umesh D. Laddha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MET’s Institute of Pharmacy, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Adgaon, Nashik 422003, India
| | - Kishor S. Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, At Sahajanandnagar, Post-Shinganapur, Tal-Kopargaon, Dist-Ahmednagar, Maharashtra 423603, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Afzal O, Rizwanullah M, Altamimi AS, Alossaimi MA, Kamal M, Ahmad J. Harnessing natural polysaccharides-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of phytochemicals: Knocking down the barriers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
|
16
|
Chen M, Wang S, Qi Z, Meng X, Hu M, Liu X, Song Y, Deng Y. Deuterated colchicine liposomes based on oligomeric hyaluronic acid modification enhance anti-tumor effect and reduce systemic toxicity. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122578. [PMID: 36596316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Deuterated drugs are produced by substituting hydrogen atoms with deuterium atoms at specific sites in a drug molecule to prolong its metabolic cycle and reduce the production of toxic metabolites. Deuterated drugs have recently attracted increasing attention from the pharmaceutical industry. Colchicine exhibits a strong anti-tumor activity but has a short half-life, rapid attenuated drug concentration, narrow treatment window, and lack of tumor-specific targeting in vivo, resulting in toxicity and side effects. In this study, we explored whether deuteration could reduce the toxicity of colchicine. We prepared deuterated colchicine liposomes coated with oligo-hyaluronic acid, which can bind to the tumor-specific CD44 receptor and reduce the clearance of immune cells from the blood, resulting in a long blood circulation time and active targeting. We observed that deuteration of the colchicine B ring reduced drug toxicity and improved the anti-tumor response in 4 T1 breast cancer. Liposomes modified with oligo-hyaluronic acid exhibited increased tumor accumulation, further improving the anti-tumor effect of the drugs. Our results provide a basis for the development and application of deuterated drugs in the field of nano-preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Xianmin Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Miao Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Xinrong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Yihui Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zeng L, Gowda BHJ, Ahmed MG, Abourehab MAS, Chen ZS, Zhang C, Li J, Kesharwani P. Advancements in nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for skin cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:10. [PMID: 36635761 PMCID: PMC9835394 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer has emerged as the fifth most commonly reported cancer in the world, causing a burden on global health and the economy. The enormously rising environmental changes, industrialization, and genetic modification have further exacerbated skin cancer statistics. Current treatment modalities such as surgery, radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are facing several issues related to cost, toxicity, and bioavailability thereby leading to declined anti-skin cancer therapeutic efficacy and poor patient compliance. In the context of overcoming this limitation, several nanotechnological advancements have been witnessed so far. Among various nanomaterials, nanoparticles have endowed exorbitant advantages by acting as both therapeutic agents and drug carriers for the remarkable treatment of skin cancer. The small size and large surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles escalate the skin tumor uptake through their leaky vasculature resulting in enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In this context, the present review provides up to date information about different types and pathology of skin cancer, followed by their current treatment modalities and associated drawbacks. Furthermore, it meticulously discusses the role of numerous inorganic, polymer, and lipid-based nanoparticles in skin cancer therapy with subsequent descriptions of their patents and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - B H Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chavda VP, Ping FF, Chen ZS. An Impact of COVID-19 on Cancer Care: An Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122072. [PMID: 36560482 PMCID: PMC9780966 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has been affected socioeconomically for the last two years due to the emergence of different variants of the COVID-19 virus. Vaccination is the major and most efficient way to prevent the widening of this pandemic. Those who are having comorbidities are more vulnerable to serious infections due to their immunocompromised state. Additionally, cancer patients could be at significant risk for COVID-19. In this pandemic era, the diagnosis and treatment of cancer were significantly affected. Clinical trials at the initial stage were performed on healthy or COVID-19 infected patients. This produces a greater level of hesitancy in cancer patients. This review article provide an update regarding the vaccination and treatment for COVID-19 in patients with cancer and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Feng-Feng Ping
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
- Correspondence: (F.-F.P.); (Z.-S.C.)
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York, NY 11439, USA
- Correspondence: (F.-F.P.); (Z.-S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jampilek J, Kralova K. Anticancer Applications of Essential Oils Formulated into Lipid-Based Delivery Nanosystems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122681. [PMID: 36559176 PMCID: PMC9781429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural compounds is becoming increasingly popular among patients, and there is a renewed interest among scientists in nature-based bioactive agents. Traditionally, herbal drugs can be taken directly in the form of teas/decoctions/infusions or as standardized extracts. However, the disadvantages of natural compounds, especially essential oils, are their instability, limited bioavailability, volatility, and often irritant/allergenic potential. However, these active substances can be stabilized by encapsulation and administered in the form of nanoparticles. This brief overview summarizes the latest results of the application of nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers used as drug delivery systems of herbal essential oils or used directly for their individual secondary metabolites applicable in cancer therapy. Although the discussed bioactive agents are not typical compounds used as anticancer agents, after inclusion into the aforesaid formulations improving their stability and bioavailability and/or therapeutic profile, they indicated anti-tumor activity and became interesting agents with cancer treatment potential. In addition, co-encapsulation of essential oils with synthetic anticancer drugs into nanoformulations with the aim to achieve synergistic effect in chemotherapy is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dewi MK, Chaerunisaa AY, Muhaimin M, Joni IM. Improved Activity of Herbal Medicines through Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12224073. [PMID: 36432358 PMCID: PMC9695685 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals or secondary metabolites are substances produced by plants that have been shown to have many biological activities, providing a scientific basis for using herbs in traditional medicine. In addition, the use of herbs is considered to be safe and more economical compared to synthetic medicine. However, herbal medicines have disadvantages, such as having low solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Some of them can undergo physical and chemical degradation, which reduces their pharmacological activity. In recent decades, nanotechnology-based herbal drug formulations have attracted attention due to their enhanced activity and potential for overcoming the problems associated with herbal medicine. Approaches using nanotechnology-based delivery systems that are biocompatible, biodegradable, and based on lipids, polymers, or nanoemulsions can increase the solubility, stability, bioavailability, and pharmacological activity of herbals. This review article aims to provide an overview of the latest advances in the development of nanotechnology-based herbal drug formulations for increased activity, as well as a summary of the challenges these delivery systems for herbal medicines face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayang Kusuma Dewi
- Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 21,5, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Muhaimin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - I Made Joni
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bezbaruah R, Chavda VP, Nongrang L, Alom S, Deka K, Kalita T, Ali F, Bhattacharjee B, Vora L. Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111946. [PMID: 36423041 PMCID: PMC9694785 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is still the most cost-effective way to combat infectious illnesses. Conventional vaccinations may have low immunogenicity and, in most situations, only provide partial protection. A new class of nanoparticle-based vaccinations has shown considerable promise in addressing the majority of the shortcomings of traditional and subunit vaccines. This is due to recent breakthroughs in chemical and biological engineering, which allow for the exact regulation of nanoparticle size, shape, functionality, and surface characteristics, resulting in improved antigen presentation and robust immunogenicity. A blend of physicochemical, immunological, and toxicological experiments can be used to accurately characterize nanovaccines. This narrative review will provide an overview of the current scenario of the nanovaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Lawandashisha Nongrang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Shahnaz Alom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science-Tezpur, Sonitpur 784501, Assam, India
| | - Kangkan Deka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Mirza, Guwahati 781125, Assam, India
| | - Tutumoni Kalita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Azara, Guwahati 781017, Assam, India
| | - Farak Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science-Tezpur, Sonitpur 784501, Assam, India
| | - Bedanta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science-Tezpur, Sonitpur 784501, Assam, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chavda VP, Solanki HK, Davidson M, Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J. Peptide-Drug Conjugates: A New Hope for Cancer Management. Molecules 2022; 27:7232. [PMID: 36364057 PMCID: PMC9658517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite advances in treatment options for patients. As such, safe and effective therapeutics are required. Short peptides provide advantages to be used in cancer management due to their unique properties, amazing versatility, and progress in biotechnology to overcome peptide limitations. Several appealing peptide-based therapeutic strategies have been developed. Here, we provide an overview of peptide conjugates, the better equivalents of antibody-drug conjugates, as the next generation of drugs for required precise targeting, enhanced cellular permeability, improved drug selectivity, and reduced toxicity for the efficient treatment of cancers. We discuss the basic components of drug conjugates and their release action, including the release of cytotoxins from the linker. We also present peptide-drug conjugates under different stages of clinical development as well as regulatory and other challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
| | - Hetvi K. Solanki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chavda VP, Patel AB, Pandya A, Vora LK, Patravale V, Tambuwala ZM, Aljabali AAA, Serrano-Aroca Á, Mishra V, Tambuwala MM. Co-infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 and their management. Future Sci OA 2022; 8:FSO819. [PMID: 36788985 PMCID: PMC9912272 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 was discovered in Wuhan, China and quickly spread throughout the world. This deadly virus moved from person to person, resulting in severe pneumonia, fever, chills and hypoxia. Patients are still experiencing problems after recovering from COVID-19. This review covers COVID-19 and associated issues following recovery from COVID-19, as well as multiorgan damage risk factors and treatment techniques. Several unusual illnesses, including mucormycosis, white fungus infection, happy hypoxia and other systemic abnormalities, have been reported in recovered individuals. In children, multisystem inflammatory syndrome with COVID-19 (MIS-C) is identified. The reasons for this might include uncontrollable steroid usage, reduced immunity, uncontrollable diabetes mellitus and inadequate care following COVID-19 recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Aayushi B Patel
- Pharmacy Section, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380058, India
| | - Anjali Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400 019, India
| | - Zara M Tambuwala
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Alaa AA Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid, 566, Jordan
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials & Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, Valencia, 46001, Spain
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School University of Lincoln, Brayford Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chavda VP, Jogi G, Shah N, Athalye MN, Bamaniya N, K Vora L, Cláudia Paiva-Santos A. Advanced particulate carrier-mediated technologies for nasal drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
25
|
Aged Population and Immunocompromised Patients: Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Treatment Outcomes. Biologics 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics2030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with an immunocompromised state are at risk of developing a long-term infection from the coronavirus 2 that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) [...]
Collapse
|
26
|
Abd-El-Azim H, Tekko IA, Ali A, Ramadan A, Nafee N, Khalafallah N, Rahman T, Mcdaid W, Aly RG, Vora LK, Bell SJ, Furlong F, McCarthy HO, Donnelly RF. Hollow microneedle assisted intradermal delivery of hypericin lipid nanocapsules with light enabled photodynamic therapy against skin cancer. J Control Release 2022; 348:849-869. [PMID: 35728715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) to manage non-melanoma skin cancers has garnered great attention over the past few years. Hypericin (Hy) is a potent lipid-soluble photosensitiser with promising anticancer therapeutic activities. Nevertheless, its poor water-solubility, aggregation in biological systems and insufficient skin penetration restricted its effective exploitation. Herein, we report for the first-time encapsulation of Hy into lipid nanocapsules (Hy-LNCs), and then application of an AdminPen™ hollow microneedles (Ho-MNs) array and an in-house fabricated Ho-MN to enable efficient intradermal delivery. The physicochemical properties, photoactivity, ex vivo drug distribution and cellular uptake were evaluated. Results showed that Hy-LNCs were successfully formed with a particle size of 47.76 ± 0.49 nm, PDI of 0.12 ± 0.02, high encapsulation efficiency (99.67% ± 0.35), 396 fold higher photoactivity, 7 fold higher skin drug deposition, significantly greater cellular uptake and higher photocytotoxicity compared to free Hy. The therapeutic effect of Hy-LNCs was finally assessed in vivo using a nude mouse model with transplanted tumours. Interestingly, Hy-LNCs delivered by Ho-MN exhibited remarkable anti-tumour destruction (85.84%) after irradiation with 595 nm. This study showed that Ho-MNs-driven delivery of Hy-LNCs followed by irradiation could form a promising minimally invasive, effective and site-specific approach for managing non-melanoma skin cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abd-El-Azim
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Beheira, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ismaiel A Tekko
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Ahlam Ali
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Alyaa Ramadan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Nafee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Taifur Rahman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - William Mcdaid
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Rania G Aly
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Steven J Bell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Fiona Furlong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Song JW, Liu YS, Guo YR, Zhong WX, Guo YP, Guo L. Nano-Liposomes Double Loaded with Curcumin and Tetrandrine: Preparation, Characterization, Hepatotoxicity and Anti-Tumor Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126858. [PMID: 35743311 PMCID: PMC9224699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Curcumin (CUR) and tetrandrine (TET) are natural compounds with various bioactivities, but have problems with low solubility, stability, and absorption rate, resulting in low bioavailability, and limited applications in food, medicine, and other fields. It is very important to improve the solubility while maintaining the high activity of drugs. Liposomes are micro–vesicles synthesized from cholesterol and lecithin. With high biocompatibility and biodegradability, liposomes can significantly improve drug solubility, efficacy, and bioavailability. (2) Methods: In this work, CUR and TET were encapsulated with nano–liposomes and g DSPE–MPEG 2000 (DP)was added as a stabilizer to achieve better physicochemical properties, biosafety, and anti–tumor effects. (3) Results: The nano–liposome (CT–DP–Lip) showed stable particle size (under 100 nm) under different conditions, high solubility, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), release rate in vitro, and stability. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated CT–DP–Lip had no significant toxicity on zebrafish. Tumor cytotoxicity test showed that CT–DP–Lip had a strong inhibitory effect on a variety of cancer cells. (4) Conclusions: This work showed that nano–liposomes can significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of CUR and TET and make them safer and more efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (J.-W.S.); (Y.-S.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.-R.G.); (W.-X.Z.)
| | - Yu-Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (J.-W.S.); (Y.-S.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.-R.G.); (W.-X.Z.)
| | - Yu-Rou Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.-R.G.); (W.-X.Z.)
| | - Wen-Xiao Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.-R.G.); (W.-X.Z.)
| | - Yi-Ping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (J.-W.S.); (Y.-S.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.-R.G.); (W.-X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-P.G.); (L.G.); Tel.: +86-13881721018 (L.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (J.-W.S.); (Y.-S.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Y.-R.G.); (W.-X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-P.G.); (L.G.); Tel.: +86-13881721018 (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|