1
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Pietri GP, Bertuzzi S, Karnicar K, Unione L, Lisnic B, Malic S, Miklic K, Novak M, Calloni I, Santini L, Usenik A, Romano MR, Adamo R, Jonjic S, Turk D, Jiménez-Barbero J, Lenac Rovis T. Antigenic determinants driving serogroup-specific antibody response to Neisseria meningitidis C, W, and Y capsular polysaccharides: Insights for rational vaccine design. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122349. [PMID: 38876728 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines sourced from capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis strains are well-established measures to prevent meningococcal disease. However, the exact structural factors responsible for antibody recognition are not known. CPSs of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups Y and W differ by a single stereochemical center, yet they evoke specific immune responses. Herein, we developed specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting serogroups C, Y, and W and evaluated their ability to kill bacteria. We then used these mAbs to dissect structural elements responsible for carbohydrate-protein interactions. First, Men oligosaccharides were screened against the mAbs using ELISA to select putative lengths representing the minimal antigenic determinant. Next, molecular interaction features between the mAbs and serogroup-specific sugar fragments were elucidated using STD-NMR. Moreover, X-ray diffraction data with the anti-MenW CPS mAb enabled the elucidation of the sugar-antibody binding mode. Our findings revealed common traits in the epitopes of all three sialylated serogroups. The minimal binding epitopes typically comprise five to six repeating units. Moreover, the O-acetylation of the neuraminic acid moieties was fundamental for mAb binding. These insights hold promise for the rational design of optimized meningococcal oligosaccharides, opening new avenues for novel production methods, including chemical or enzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Pietri
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Katarina Karnicar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Unione
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Suzana Malic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmela Miklic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Matej Novak
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilaria Calloni
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Usenik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dusan Turk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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2
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Kumari R, Syeda S, Shrivastava A. Nature's Elixir for Cancer Treatment: Targeting Tumor-induced Neovascularization. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:5281-5304. [PMID: 38425113 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673282525240222050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a multistep process, involves sprouting of new vessels from the pre-existing vessels in response to a stimulus in its microenvironment. Normally, angiogenesis is important for tissue maintenance and homeostasis, however it is also known to be associated with various pathologies, including cancer. Importantly, neovascularization is very crucial for tumors to grow and metastasize since it allows delivery of oxygen and nutrients as well as promotes tumor cell dissemination to distant sites. Activation of angiogenic switch is a consequence of imbalance in pro- as well as anti-angiogenic factors, that are immensely impacted by reactive oxygen species and epigenetic regulation. Several reports have suggested that angiogenic inhibitors significantly inhibit tumor growth. Therefore, anti-angiogenic therapy has gained substantial attention and has been considered a rational approach in cancer therapeutics. In this line, several anti- angiogenic drugs have been approved, however, their long term usage caused several side effects. In view of this, researchers switched to plant-based natural compounds for identifying safe and cost-effective anti-angiogenic drugs. Of note, various phytochemicals have been evaluated to reduce tumor growth by inhibiting tumor-induced angiogenesis. Moreover, the implication of nano-carriers to enhance the bioavailability of phytochemicals has proven to be more efficient anti-cancer agents. The present review highlights the existing knowledge on tumor-induced neovascularization and its regulation at the epigenetic level. Further, we emphasize the inhibitory effect of phytochemicals on tumor- induced angiogenesis that will open up new avenues in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Kumari
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Saima Syeda
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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3
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Prasanna M, Varela Calvino R, Lambert A, Arista Romero M, Pujals S, Trottein F, Camberlein E, Grandjean C, Csaba N. Semisynthetic Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate Nanovaccine. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1563-1575. [PMID: 37694903 PMCID: PMC10515484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines offer an excellent safety profile and high protection against the serotypes comprised in the vaccine. However, inclusion of protein antigens fromStreptococcus pneumoniaecombined with potent adjuvants and a suitable delivery system are expected to both extend protection to serotype strains not represented in the formulation and stimulate a broader immune response, thus more effective in young children, elderly, and immunocompromised populations. Along this line, nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems can enhance the immunogenicity of antigens by protecting them from degradation and increasing their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, as well as offering co-delivery with adjuvants. We report herein the encapsulation of a semisynthetic glycoconjugate (GC) composed of a synthetic tetrasaccharide mimicking theS. pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide (CP14) linked to the Pneumococcal surface protein A (PsaA) using chitosan NPs (CNPs). These GC-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GC-CNPs) were not toxic to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), showed enhanced uptake, and displayed better immunostimulatory properties in comparison to the naked GC. A comparative study was carried out in mice to evaluate the immune response elicited by the glycoconjugate-administered subcutaneously (SC), where the GC-CNPs displayed 100-fold higher IgG response as compared with the group treated with nonencapsulated GC. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of this chitosan-based nanovaccine for efficient delivery of glycoconjugate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Prasanna
- Center
for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Department
of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago
de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Varela Calvino
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago
de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Annie Lambert
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Maria Arista Romero
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Sylvia Pujals
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - François Trottein
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Emilie Camberlein
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Center
for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Department
of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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4
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El-Kady MM, Ansari I, Arora C, Rai N, Soni S, Kumar Verma D, Singh P, El Din Mahmoud A. Nanomaterials: A Comprehensive Review of Applications, Toxicity, Impact, and Fate to Environment. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Del Bino L, Østerlid KE, Wu DY, Nonne F, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15672-15716. [PMID: 35608633 PMCID: PMC9614730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure-immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kitt Emilie Østerlid
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Das SS, Tambe S, Prasad Verma PR, Amin P, Singh N, Singh SK, Gupta PK. Molecular insights and therapeutic implications of nanoengineered dietary polyphenols for targeting lung cancer: part II. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1799-1816. [PMID: 36636965 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids represent a major group of polyphenolic compounds. Their capacity to inhibit tumor proliferation, cell cycle, angiogenesis, migration and invasion is substantially responsible for their chemotherapeutic activity against lung cancer. However, their clinical application is limited due to poor aqueous solubility, low permeability and quick blood clearance, which leads to their low bioavailability. Nanoengineered systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers and nanotubes can considerably enhance the targeted action of the flavonoids with improved efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties, and flavonoids can be successfully translated from bench to bedside through various nanoengineering approaches. This review addresses the therapeutic potential of various flavonoids and highlights the cutting-edge progress in the nanoengineered systems that incorporate flavonoids for treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.,School of Pharmaceutical & Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Srushti Tambe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Purnima Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Technology, University Polytechnic, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
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7
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Chakraborty N, Jha D, Roy I, Kumar P, Gaurav SS, Marimuthu K, Ng OT, Lakshminarayanan R, Verma NK, Gautam HK. Nanobiotics against antimicrobial resistance: harnessing the power of nanoscale materials and technologies. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:375. [PMID: 35953826 PMCID: PMC9371964 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the spasmodic increment in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), world is on the verge of “post-antibiotic era”. It is anticipated that current SARS-CoV2 pandemic would worsen the situation in future, mainly due to the lack of new/next generation of antimicrobials. In this context, nanoscale materials with antimicrobial potential have a great promise to treat deadly pathogens. These functional materials are uniquely positioned to effectively interfere with the bacterial systems and augment biofilm penetration. Most importantly, the core substance, surface chemistry, shape, and size of nanomaterials define their efficacy while avoiding the development of AMR. Here, we review the mechanisms of AMR and emerging applications of nanoscale functional materials as an excellent substitute for conventional antibiotics. We discuss the potential, promises, challenges and prospects of nanobiotics to combat AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanika Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Diksha Jha
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Indrajit Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, 110007, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Singh Gaurav
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Kalisvar Marimuthu
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, 308442, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), 308433, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oon-Tek Ng
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases (NCID), Singapore, 308442, Singapore.,Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), 308433, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Ocular Infections and Anti-Microbials Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. .,Academic Clinical Program in Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Navin Kumar Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore. .,National Skin Centre, Singapore, 308205, Singapore.
| | - Hemant K Gautam
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Sukhdev Vihar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Aguilera-Juárez A, Hernández-Adame L, Ruíz-Gómez MÁ, Monreal-Escalante E, Reyes-Becerril M, Rosales-Mendoza S, Pereyra HGS, Angulo C. LptD-antigen system on gold nanoparticles: an innovative strategy in the nanovaccine development. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:295602. [PMID: 35395652 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac659b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanovaccine development is a growing research field in which the development of new carriers and bioconjugation approaches is a priority. In this sense, this report describes for the first time, the development of a novel conjugate that consists of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained by a one-step synthesis using an immunogenic peptide of the Lipopolysaccharide-assembly protein LptD fromVibrio parahaemolyticusbacteria as a reducing and capping agent. The resultingLptD@AuNPscompounds were fully characterized and the results showed the high capacity of the peptide to form complexes and reduce gold ions. The reaction yield estimated was higher than 83% and the chemical integrity of the peptide on the NP surface revealed a tyrosine amino acid bonding on the AuNP surface. Furthermore, theLptD@AuNPsystem showed high colloidal stability in a wide pH range (3-11 pH values), where the hydrodynamic diameter and Zeta potential behavior were strongly influenced by the functional groups of the antigenic peptide. The cytotoxicity assays showed that the obtained system is safe for mouse leukocytes, while immunized mice withLptD@AuNPsproduced specific IgG antibodies. These encouraging results revealed the efficacy of some antigenic peptides as reducers and capping agents, in addition, opening the path to determine immunogenicity and immunoprotective efficacy of theLptD@AuNPsystem against the disease induced byVibrio parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aguilera-Juárez
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Luis Hernández-Adame
- CONACYT- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ruíz-Gómez
- CONACYT-CINVESTAV-IPN Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97310, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
- CONACYT- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr Manuel Nava Núm. 6, Zona Universitaria., San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., C. P. 78210, Mexico
| | - Héctor Gabriel Silva Pereyra
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, División de Materiales Avanzados, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4 sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
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9
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Efficacy and Immune Response Elicited by Gold Nanoparticle- Based Nanovaccines against Infectious Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040505. [PMID: 35455254 PMCID: PMC9030786 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles for developing vaccines has become a routine process for researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are chemical inert, have low toxicity, and are easy to modify and functionalize, making them an attractive choice for nanovaccine development. GNPs are modified for diagnostics and detection of many pathogens. The biocompatibility and biodistribution properties of GNPs render them ideal for use in clinical settings. They have excellent immune modulatory and adjuvant properties. They have been used as the antigen carrier for the delivery system to a targeted site. Tagging them with antibodies can direct the drug or antigen-carrying GNPs to specific tissues or cells. The physicochemical properties of the GNP, together with its dynamic immune response based on its size, shape, surface charge, and optical properties, make it a suitable candidate for vaccine development. The clear outcome of modulating dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, which trigger cytokine release in the host, indicates GNPs' efficiency in combating pathogens. The high titer of IgG and IgA antibody subtypes and their enhanced capacity to neutralize pathogens are reported in multiple studies on GNP-based vaccine development. The major focus of this review is to illustrate the role of GNPs in developing nanovaccines against multiple infectious agents, ranging from viruses to bacteria and parasites. Although the use of GNPs has its shortcomings and a low but detectable level of toxicity, their benefits warrant investing more thought and energy into the development of novel vaccine strategies.
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11
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Vartak R, Saraswat A, Yang Y, Chen ZS, Patel K. Susceptibility of Lung Carcinoma Cells to Nanostructured Lipid Carrier of ARV-825, a BRD4 Degrading Proteolysis Targeting Chimera. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2745-2759. [PMID: 35146591 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work was aimed at developing an optimized and modified nanostructured lipid carrier of BRD4 protein degrading Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) against non-small cell lung carcinoma. PROTACs are an emerging class of anticancer molecules with nanomolar activity but associated with significant solubility challenges. Lipid-based colloidal systems like nanostructured lipid carriers are widely explored for such highly lipophilic molecules. ARV-825, a cereblon-based PROTAC was investigated for its anticancer efficacy in vitro in 2D and 3D lung cancer models. ARV-825 loaded PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers (AP-NLC) was prepared using melt emulsification technique. ARV-825 was stabilized using Precirol® ATO5 and Captex® 300 EP/NF as the solid and liquid lipid, respectively. However, hydrophobic ion-pairing with medium chain fatty acid was required to improve drug loading and stability. A hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index of 56.33 ± 0.42 nm and 0.16 respectively with zeta potential of -21 ± 1.24 mV was observed. In vitro migration and colony formation assay confirmed the anticancer activity of ARV-825 alone and AP-NLC. Nearly 38% and 50% apoptotic cell population were observed after ARV-825 and AP-NLC treatment. Immunoblotting assay showed complete suppression of BRD4 and c-Myc protein expression for AP-NLC. Most importantly, significant reduction in the growth of multicellular 3D spheroid of A549 cells confirmed the effectiveness of BRD4 PROTAC and its lipid nanoparticle in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AP-NLC. Higher amount of red fluorescence throughout the spheroid surface further confirmed superior efficacy of AP-NLC in tumor penetration and cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Vartak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. Albert Hall, B49, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Aishwarya Saraswat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. Albert Hall, B49, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. Albert Hall, B49, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. Albert Hall, B49, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. Albert Hall, B49, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, 11439, USA.
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12
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Stefanetti G, Borriello F, Richichi B, Zanoni I, Lay L. Immunobiology of Carbohydrates: Implications for Novel Vaccine and Adjuvant Design Against Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:808005. [PMID: 35118012 PMCID: PMC8803737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.808005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous molecules expressed on the surface of nearly all living cells, and their interaction with carbohydrate-binding proteins is critical to many immunobiological processes. Carbohydrates are utilized as antigens in many licensed vaccines against bacterial pathogens. More recently, they have also been considered as adjuvants. Interestingly, unlike other types of vaccines, adjuvants have improved immune response to carbohydrate-based vaccine in humans only in a few cases. Furthermore, despite the discovery of many new adjuvants in the last years, aluminum salts, when needed, remain the only authorized adjuvant for carbohydrate-based vaccines. In this review, we highlight historical and recent advances on the use of glycans either as vaccine antigens or adjuvants, and we review the use of currently available adjuvants to improve the efficacy of carbohydrate-based vaccines. A better understanding of the mechanism of carbohydrate interaction with innate and adaptive immune cells will benefit the design of a new generation of glycan-based vaccines and of immunomodulators to fight both longstanding and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Mateu Ferrando R, Lay L, Polito L. Gold nanoparticle-based platforms for vaccine development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 38:57-67. [PMID: 34895641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, therapeutic or prophylactic vaccines represent a promising option to prevent or cure infections and other pathologies, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. More recently, among a number of nanomaterials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as novel tools for vaccine developments, thanks to their inherent ability to tune and upregulate immune response. Moreover, owing to their features, AuNPs can exert optimal actions both as delivery systems and as adjuvants. Notwithstanding the potential huge impact in vaccinology, some challenges remain before AuNPs in vaccine formulations can be translated into the clinic. The current review provides an updated overview of the most recent and effective application of gold nanoparticles as efficient means to develop a new generation of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mateu Ferrando
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Zhu H, Rollier CS, Pollard AJ. Recent advances in lipopolysaccharide-based glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1515-1538. [PMID: 34550840 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1984889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The public health burden caused by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria is increasingly prominent due to antimicrobial resistance. The surface carbohydrates are potential antigens for vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria. The enhanced immunogenicity of the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) moiety of LPS when coupled to a carrier protein may protect against bacterial pathogens. However, because of the toxic lipid A moiety and relatively high costs of O-SP isolation, LPS has not been a popular vaccine antigen until recently. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the rationales for developing LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines, principles of glycoconjugate-induced immunity, and highlight the recent developments and challenges faced by LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Advances in LPS harvesting, LPS chemical synthesis, and newer carrier proteins in the past decade have propelled LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines toward further development, through to clinical evaluation. The development of LPS-based glycoconjugates offers a new horizon for vaccine prevention of Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderson Zhu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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15
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Das R, Mukhopadhyay B. A brief insight to the role of glyconanotechnology in modern day diagnostics and therapeutics. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108394. [PMID: 34265516 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions are very important for various biological processes. Although the magnitude of these interactions is low compared to that of protein-protein interaction, the magnitude can be boosted by multivalent approach known as glycocluster effect. Nanoparticle platform is one of the best ways to present diverse glycoforms in multivalent manner and thus, the field of glyconanotechnology has emerged as an important field of research considering their potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Considerable advances in the field have been achieved through development of novel techniques, use of diverse metallic and non-metallic cores for better efficacy and application of ever-increasing number of carbohydrate ligands for site-specific interaction. The present review encompasses the recent developments in the area of glyconanotechnology and their future promise as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Das
- Sweet Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, India.
| | - Balaram Mukhopadhyay
- Sweet Lab, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741246, India.
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16
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Multicomponent Gold-Linked Glycoconjugate Vaccine Elicits Antigen-Specific Humoral and Mixed T H1-T H17 Immunity, Correlated with Increased Protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei. mBio 2021; 12:e0122721. [PMID: 34182777 PMCID: PMC8263005 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01227-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal disease with a high mortality rate. The intrinsic resistance to commonly used antibiotics combined with the complex bacterial life cycle has hampered the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions and vaccines. Furthermore, the need of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in protection against B. pseudomallei has complicated the development of effective vaccines. Antigen delivery vaccine platforms that promote humoral and cellular responses while maintaining a safe profile are a roadblock to developing subunit vaccines against intracellular pathogens. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used for the delivery of multicomponent antigens with the goal of inducing vaccine-mediated immunity, promoting protection against melioidosis disease. Different nanoglycoconjugates using predicted immunogenic protein candidates, Hcp1, FlgL, OpcP, OpcP1, OmpW, and hemagglutinin, were covalently coupled to AuNPs, together with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Burkholderia thailandensis, which acted as an additional antigen. Animals immunized with individually coupled (AuNP-protein-LPS) formulations containing OpcP or OpcP1, together with CpG as an adjuvant, showed a significant increase in protection, whereas a nanovaccine combination (AuNP-Combo2-LPS) showed significant and complete protection against a lethal intranasal B. pseudomallei challenge. Animals immunized with AuNP-Combo2-LPS showed robust humoral antigen-specific (IgG and IgA) responses with higher IgG2c titer, indicating a TH1-skewed response and promotion of macrophage uptake. In addition, immunization with the nanovaccine combination resulted in a mixed antigen-specific TH1-TH17 cytokine profile after immunization. This study provides the basis for an elegant and refined multicomponent glycoconjugate vaccine formulation capable of eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated responses against lethal B. pseudomallei challenge.
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17
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Ruseska I, Fresacher K, Petschacher C, Zimmer A. Use of Protamine in Nanopharmaceuticals-A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1508. [PMID: 34200384 PMCID: PMC8230241 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular biomolecules are currently dethroning classical small molecule therapeutics because of their improved targeting and delivery properties. Protamine-a small polycationic peptide-represents a promising candidate. In nature, it binds and protects DNA against degradation during spermatogenesis due to electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged DNA-phosphate backbone and the positively charged protamine. Researchers are mimicking this technique to develop innovative nanopharmaceutical drug delivery systems, incorporating protamine as a carrier for biologically active components such as DNA or RNA. The first part of this review highlights ongoing investigations in the field of protamine-associated nanotechnology, discussing the self-assembling manufacturing process and nanoparticle engineering. Immune-modulating properties of protamine are those that lead to the second key part, which is protamine in novel vaccine technologies. Protamine-based RNA delivery systems in vaccines (some belong to the new class of mRNA-vaccines) against infectious disease and their use in cancer treatment are reviewed, and we provide an update on the current state of latest developments with protamine as pharmaceutical excipient for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.R.); (K.F.); (C.P.)
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18
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Hussain Y, Luqman S, Meena A. Research Progress in Flavonoids as Potential Anticancer Drug Including Synergy with Other Approaches. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1791-1809. [PMID: 32357817 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200502005411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In chemotherapy for cancer, conventional drugs aim to target the rapidly growing and dividing cells at the early stages. However, at an advanced stage, cancer cells become less susceptible because of the multidrug resistance and the recruitment of alternative salvage pathways for their survival. Besides, owing to target non-selectivity, healthy proliferating cells also become vulnerable to the damage. The combination therapies offered using flavonoids to cure cancer not only exert an additive effect against cancer cells by targetting supplementary cell carnage pathways but also hampers the drug resistance mechanisms. Thus, the review aims to discuss the potential and pharmacokinetic limitations of flavonoids in cancer treatment. Further successful synergistic studies reported using flavonoids to treat cancer has been described along with potential drug delivery systems. METHODS A literature search was done by exploring various online databases like Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the specific keywords like "Anticancer drugs", "flavonoids", "oncology research", and "pharmacokinetics". RESULTS Dietary phytochemicals, mainly flavonoids, hinder cell signalling responsible for multidrug resistance and cancer progression, primarily targeting cancer cells sparing normal cells. Such properties establish flavonoids as a potential candidate for synergistic therapy. However, due to low absorption and high metabolism rates, the bioavailability of flavonoids becomes a challenge. Such challenges may be overcome using novel approaches like derivatization, and single or co-delivery nano-complexes of flavonoids with conventional drugs. These new approaches may improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of flavonoids. CONCLUSION This review highlights the application of flavonoids as a potential anticancer phytochemical class in combination with known anti-cancer drugs/nanoparticles. It also discusses flavonoid's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics issues and ways to overcome such issues. Moreover, it covers successful methodologies employed to establish flavonoids as a safe and effective phytochemical class for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Hussain
- Molecular Bioprospection Department of Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Molecular Bioprospection Department of Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abha Meena
- Molecular Bioprospection Department of Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Seeberger PH. Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3598-3626. [PMID: 33794090 PMCID: PMC8154330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx, a thick layer of carbohydrates, surrounds the cell wall of most bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Recognition of these unique glycans by the human immune system results in destruction of the invaders. To elicit a protective immune response, polysaccharides either isolated from the bacterial cell surface or conjugated with a carrier protein, for T-cell help, are administered. Conjugate vaccines based on isolated carbohydrates currently protect millions of people against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitides infections. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly discovered by medicinal chemistry and synthetic in origin, rather than isolated from natural sources. Converting vaccines from biologicals to pharmaceuticals requires a fundamental understanding of how the human immune system recognizes carbohydrates and could now be realized. To illustrate the chemistry-based approach to vaccine discovery, I summarize efforts focusing on synthetic glycan-based medicinal chemistry to understand the mammalian antiglycan immune response and define glycan epitopes for novel synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other bacteria. The chemical tools described here help us gain fundamental insights into how the human system recognizes carbohydrates and drive the discovery of carbohydrate vaccines.
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21
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Behzadi M, Vakili B, Ebrahiminezhad A, Nezafat N. Iron nanoparticles as novel vaccine adjuvants. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105718. [PMID: 33465476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The poor immunogenicity of peptide vaccines compared to conventional ones re usually improved by applying different adjuvants. As chemical or biological substances, adjuvants are added to vaccines to enhance and prolong the immune response. According to considerable investigations over the recent years in the context of finding new adjuvants, a handful of vaccine adjuvants have been licensed for human use. Recently, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been introduced as novel alternatives to traditional vaccine adjuvant. Metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) are among the most promising NPs used for vaccine adjuvant as well as the delivery system that can improve immune responses against pathogens. Iron NPs, as an important class of MeNPs, have gained increasing attention as novel vaccine adjuvants. These particles have shown acceptable results in preclinical studies. Hence, understanding the physicochemical properties of iron NPs, including size, surface properties, charge and route of administration, is of substantial importance. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the immunomodulatory effects of iron NPs as novel adjuvants. Furthermore, physicochemical properties of these NPs were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Behzadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Vakili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahiminezhad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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22
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Bazhenova A, Gao F, Bolgiano B, Harding SE. Glycoconjugate vaccines against Salmonella enterica serovars and Shigella species: existing and emerging methods for their analysis. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:221-246. [PMID: 33868505 PMCID: PMC8035613 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of enteric disease, the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial treatment and the need for effective eradication programs have resulted in an increased demand for glycoconjugate enteric vaccines, made with carbohydrate-based membrane components of the pathogen, and their precise characterisation. A set of physico-chemical and immunological tests are employed for complete vaccine characterisation and to ensure their consistency, potency, safety and stability, following the relevant World Health Organization and Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Variable requirements for analytical methods are linked to conjugate structure, carrier protein nature and size and O-acetyl content of polysaccharide. We investigated a key stability-indicating method which measures the percent free saccharide of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi capsular polysaccharide, by detergent precipitation, depolymerisation and HPAEC-PAD quantitation. Together with modern computational approaches, a more precise design of glycoconjugates is possible, allowing for improvements in solubility, structural conformation and stability, and immunogenicity of antigens, which may be applicable to a broad spectrum of vaccines. More validation experiments are required to establish the most effective and suitable methods for glycoconjugate analysis to bring uniformity to the existing protocols, although the need for product-specific approaches will apply, especially for the more complex vaccines. An overview of current and emerging analytical approaches for the characterisation of vaccines against Salmonella Typhi and Shigella species is described in this paper. This study should aid the development and licensing of new glycoconjugate vaccines aimed at the prevention of enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bazhenova
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Fang Gao
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG UK
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG UK
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Postboks 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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23
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Gening ML, Kurbatova EA, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic Analogs of Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsular Polysaccharides and Immunogenic Activities of Glycoconjugates. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1-25. [PMID: 33776393 PMCID: PMC7980793 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium (pneumococcus) that causes severe diseases in adults and children. It was established that some capsular polysaccharides of the clinically significant serotypes of S. pneumoniae in the composition of commercial pneumococcal polysaccharide or conjugate vaccines exhibit low immunogenicity. The review considers production methods and structural features of the synthetic oligosaccharides from the problematic pneumococcal serotypes that are characterized with low immunogenicity due to destruction or detrimental modification occurring in the process of their preparation and purification. Bacterial serotypes that cause severe pneumococcal diseases as well as serotypes not included in the composition of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are also discussed. It is demonstrated that the synthetic oligosaccharides corresponding to protective glycotopes of the capsular polysaccharides of various pneumococcal serotypes are capable of inducing formation of the protective opsonizing antibodies and immunological memory. Optimal constructs of oligosaccharides from the epidemiologically significant pneumococcal serotypes are presented that can be used for designing synthetic pneumococcal vaccines, as well as test systems for diagnosis of S. pneumoniae infections and monitoring of vaccination efficiency .
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Gening
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E A. Kurbatova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. E. Nifantiev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Morelli L, Polito L, Richichi B, Compostella F. Glyconanoparticles as tools to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:475-490. [PMID: 33728545 PMCID: PMC7964520 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The increased phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance and the slow pace of development of new antibiotics are at the base of a global health concern regarding microbial infections. Antibiotic resistance kills an estimated 700,000 people each year worldwide, and this number is expected to increase dramatically if efforts are not made to develop new drugs or alternative containment strategies. Increased vaccination coverage, improved sanitation or sustained implementation of infection control measures are among the possible areas of action. Indeed, vaccination is one of the most effective tools of preventing infections. Starting from 1970s polysaccharide-based vaccines against Meningococcus, Pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b have been licensed, and provided effective protection for population. However, the development of safe and effective vaccines for infectious diseases with broad coverage remains a major challenge in global public health. In this scenario, nanosystems are receiving attention as alternative delivery systems to improve vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this report, we provide an overview of current applications of glyconanomaterials as alternative platforms in the development of new vaccine candidates. In particular, we will focus on nanoparticle platforms, used to induce the activation of the immune system through the multivalent-displacement of saccharide antigens. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Gao Y, Sun Y, Liao G, Zhang H, Long Q. DSPE-PEG polymers for improving pulmonary absorption of poorly absorbed macromolecules in rats and relative mechanism. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:337-346. [PMID: 33502913 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1879837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the potential of DSPE-PEG polymers (DSPE-PEG-OH and DSPE-PEG-SH) on improving absorption of poorly absorbable macromolecules via intrapulmonary administration and underlying mechanism. METHODS In situ pulmonary absorption experiments were performed to investigate the absorption of model compounds after intrapulmonary administration to rats. The local membrane damage induced by these DSPE-PEG polymers were evaluated based on morphological observation of lung tissues and measurement of biological toxic markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) postintrapulmonary delivery of DSPE-PEG polymers to rats. The underlying enhancement mechanism of these polymers was explored by investigating their effects on the pulmonary membrane fluidity and gene expression of tight junction associated proteins with fluorescence polarization and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Intrapulmonary delivery of these DSPE-PEG polymers significantly enhanced absorptions of poorly absorbed model drugs and did not induce serious damage to the pulmonary membranes of rats. Mechanistic studies demonstrated unaffected pulmonary membrane fluidity and up-regulated expression levels of tight junction-associated proteins by DSPE-PEG polymers, thus indicating that paracellular pathways might be included in the underlying mechanisms by which DSPE-PEG polymers exerted their enhancing actions on drug absorption. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that these DSPE-PEG polymers are potential for promoting absorptions of poorly absorbable macromolecules with no evidence of damage to the local pulmonary membranes of rats.Novelty statementIn this study, DSPE-PEG-OH and DSPE-PEG-SH polymers, two DSPE-PEG2000 conjugates with different terminal groups demonstrated significant promoting effects on the absorption of poorly absorbed macromolecular drugs after intrapulmonary delivery to rats, and did not induce serious damage to the pulmonary membranes of rats. These DSPE-PEG polymers could statistically downregulate expression levels of tight junction-associated proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), indicating the underlying mechanism by which these polymers exerted their absorption enhancing actions through pulmonary epithelial paracellular pathways. Thus, this study exhibited prospective potential of these DSPE-PEG polymers in developing into dosage forms with the aim to improve the poor bioavailability of some poorly absorbed macromolecular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangli Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingzhi Long
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Abstract
Currently, peptide-nanoparticle (NP) conjugates have been demonstrated to be efficient and powerful tools for the treatment and the diagnosis of various diseases as well as in the bioimaging application. Several bioconjugation strategies have been adopted to formulate the peptide-NP conjugates. In this review, we discuss the exciting applications of peptide-gold (Au) NP conjugates in the area of drug delivery, targeting, cancer therapy, brain diseases, vaccines, immune modulation, biosensor, colorimetric detection of heavy metals, and bio-labeling in vitro and in vivo models. Within this framework, various approaches such as radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy and chemo-photothermal therapy have been demonstrated for the treatment of several diseases. Moreover, we highlight how the morphology, size, density of peptide and the protein corona influence the biological activity, biodistribution and biological fate of peptide-AuNP conjugates. In the end, we discuss the future outlook and the challenges being faced in the clinical translation of the peptide-AuNP conjugates. Overall, this review emphasizes that the peptide-AuNP conjugates might be used as potential theranostic agents for the treatment of life-threatening diseases in an economical fashion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Rai
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and represent a pandemic risk. With current vaccine methods struggling to protect populations against emerging strains, there is a demand for a next-generation flu vaccine capable of providing broad protection. Recombinant biotechnology, combined with nanomedicine techniques, could address this demand by increasing immunogenicity and directing immune responses toward conserved antigenic targets on the virus. Various nanoparticle candidates have been tested for use in vaccines, including virus-like particles, protein and carbohydrate nanoconstructs, antigen-carrying lipid particles, and synthetic and inorganic particles modified for antigen presentation. These methods have yielded some promising results, including protection in animal models against antigenically distinct influenza strains, production of antibodies with broad reactivity, and activation of potent T cell responses. Based on the evidence of current research, it is feasible that the next generation of influenza vaccines will combine recombinant antigens with nanoparticle carriers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Protein Engineering
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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The Impact of Nanoparticles on Innate Immune Activation by Live Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249695. [PMID: 33353206 PMCID: PMC7766945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system evolved to detect and react against potential dangers such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental particles. The advent of modern technology has exposed innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to a relatively novel type of particulate matter, i.e., engineered nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are not inherently pathogenic, and yet cases have been described in which specific nanoparticle types can either induce innate/inflammatory responses or modulate the activity of activated innate cells. Many of these studies rely upon activation by agonists of toll-like receptors, such as lipopolysaccharide or peptidoglycan, instead of the more realistic stimulation by whole live organisms. In this review we examine and discuss the effects of nanoparticles on innate immune cells activated by live bacteria. We focus in particular on how nanoparticles may interfere with bacterial processes in the context of innate activation, and confine our scope to the effects due to particles themselves, rather than to molecules adsorbed on the particle surface. Finally, we examine the long-lasting consequences of coexposure to nanoparticles and bacteria, in terms of potential microbiome alterations and innate immune memory, and address nanoparticle-based vaccine strategies against bacterial infection.
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The effects of amino acids and fatty acids on the disease resistance of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus in response to Vibrio vulnificus infection. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:544. [PMID: 33240745 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass mortality resulting from bacterial infection poses a major problem in the grouper aquaculture industry. The purpose of this study was to profile the metabolites released in challenged fish and to reconstruct the metabolic pathways of brown marble grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in response to Vibrio vulnificus infection. Metabolite profiles from control and challenged treatment groups after feeding were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Forty metabolites were identified from the GC-MS analysis. These metabolites comprised of amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids and carbohydrates. The profiles showed the highest percent area (33.1%) for leucine from the amino acid class in infected fish compared to the control treatment group (12.3%). Regarding the fatty acid class, a higher percent area of the metabolite 8,11-eicosadienoic acid (27.04%) was observed in fish infected with V. vulnificus than in the control treatment group (22.5%). Meanwhile, in the carbohydrate class, glucose (47.0%) was the metabolite in the carbohydrate class present at highest percentage in the control treatment group compared to infected fish (30.0%). Our findings highlight the importance of a metabolic analysis for understanding the changes of metabolites in E. fuscoguttatus in response to bacterial infections.
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Dai X, Yu L, Zhao X, Ostrikov KK. Nanomaterials for oncotherapies targeting the hallmarks of cancer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:392001. [PMID: 32503023 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab99f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence has demonstrated the diverse functionalities of nanomaterials in oncotherapies such as drug delivery, imaging, and killing cancer cells. This review aims to offer an authoritative guide for the development of nanomaterial-based oncotherapies and shed light on emerging yet understudied hallmarks of cancer where nanoparticles can help improve cancer control. With this aim, three nanomaterials, i.e. those based on gold, graphene, and liposome, were selected to represent and encompass metal inorganic, nonmetal inorganic, and organic nanomaterials, and four oncotherapies, i.e. phototherapies, immunotherapies, cancer stem cell therapies, and metabolic therapies, were characterized based on the differential hallmarks of cancer that they target. We also view physical plasma as a cocktail of reactive species and carrier of nanomaterials and focus on its roles in targeting the hallmarks of cancer provided with its unique traits and ability to selectively induce epigenetic and genetic modulations in cancer cells that halt tumor initiation and progression. This review provides a clear understanding of how the physico-chemical features of particles at the nanoscale contribute alone or create synergistic effects with current treatment modalities in combating each of the hallmarks of cancer that ultimately leads to desired therapeutic outcomes and shapes the toolbox for cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
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Bhattarai JK, Neupane D, Maruf MHU, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Recent Advances in the Application of Glycan-Modified Self-Assembled Monolayers. ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH 2020; 60:95-119. [PMID: 33224429 PMCID: PMC7673301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycans have many important roles in human health and disease in processes such as infection, fertilization, cellular development, cellular adhesion, cancer metastasis and immune system response. The presentation of glycan structures on surfaces for screening of their interaction with protein binding partners, interactions with individual cells, and development of bioassays is an actively developing field. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of glycan terminated alkanethiols on gold have found application in many of these areas. Additionally, more complex structures such as glycan modified polymers on gold surfaces have provided new routes for multivalent glycan presentation. Glycans have also been conjugated to monolayers formed on other useful substrates such as glass or silicon wafers. SAMs have been formed both by direct immobilization of glycan terminated alkanethiols and by conjugation of glycans to pre-formed SAMs with reactive terminal groups. The structure of the SAMs has been characterized using a range of methods including surface spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and electrochemical methods. The binding of proteins to these SAMs has been followed using methods including surface plasmon resonance and electrochemical techniques such as impedance spectroscopy. In this chapter, we will seek to review the recent literature concerning SAMs containing terminal glycans, with a focus on their biomolecular interactions. The applications of these glycan-modified SAMs to the screening and study of protein and cellular binding and to biosensor and assay development will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K. Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, US
| | - Dharmendra Neupane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, US
| | - Md Helal Uddin Maruf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, US
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, US
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri–St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, US
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Dykman LA. Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:465-477. [PMID: 32306785 PMCID: PMC7196924 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1758070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination remains very effective in stimulating protective immune responses against infections. An important task in antibody and vaccine preparation is to choose an optimal carrier that will ensure a high immune response. Particularly promising in this regard are nanoscale particle carriers. An antigen that is adsorbed or encapsulated by nanoparticles can be used as an adjuvant to optimize the immune response during vaccination. a very popular antigen carrier used for immunization and vaccination is gold nanoparticles, with are being used to make new vaccines against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes what is currently known about the use of gold nanoparticles as an antigen carrier and adjuvant to prepare antibodies in vivo and design vaccines against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. The basic principles, recent advances, and current problems in the use of gold nanoparticles are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Gold nanoparticles can be used as adjuvants to increase the effectiveness of vaccines by stimulating antigen-presenting cells and ensuring controlled antigen release. Studying the characteristics of the immune response obtained from the use of gold nanoparticles as a carrier and an adjuvant will permit the particles' potential for vaccine design to be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev A. Dykman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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Berti F, Micoli F. Improving efficacy of glycoconjugate vaccines: from chemical conjugates to next generation constructs. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 65:42-49. [PMID: 32361591 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most successful vaccines developed during the past 30 years. Since the first semisynthetic chemical conjugate vaccine licensed in the 1980's to protect human against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection, conjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae have been developed and registered using the same approach (i.e. bacterial growth to produce capsular polysaccharide antigen and chemical coupling to carrier protein). Other types of conjugate vaccines have been recently developed and tested in clinical trials, prepared by coupling chemically synthesized oligosaccharides to proteins, by engineering Escherichia coli to directly produce bioconjugates or by delivering the native carbohydrate antigen in engineered membrane vesicles (i.e. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens, GMMA). Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the history and the characteristics of different types of conjugate vaccines, and the attributes that might affect their immunogenicity and their potential for future applications.
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Vinayak M, Maurya AK. Quercetin Loaded Nanoparticles in Targeting Cancer: Recent Development. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:1560-1576. [PMID: 31284873 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190705150214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The spread of metastatic cancer cell is the main cause of death worldwide. Cellular and molecular basis of the action of phytochemicals in the modulation of metastatic cancer highlights the importance of fruits and vegetables. Quercetin is a natural bioflavonoid present in fruits, vegetables, seeds, berries, and tea. The cancer-preventive activity of quercetin is well documented due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities. However, poor water solubility and delivery, chemical instability, short half-life, and low-bioavailability of quercetin limit its clinical application in cancer chemoprevention. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of controlled and regulated drug delivery is essential for the development of novel and effective therapies. To overcome the limitations of accessibility by quercetin, it can be delivered as nanoconjugated quercetin. Nanoconjugated quercetin has attracted much attention due to its controlled drug release, long retention in tumor, enhanced anticancer potential, and promising clinical application. The pharmacological effect of quercetin conjugated nanoparticles typically depends on drug carriers used such as liposomes, silver nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, PLGA (Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLA (poly(D,L-lactic acid)) nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, chitosan nanoparticles, etc. In this review, we described various delivery systems of nanoconjugated quercetin like liposomes, silver nanoparticles, PLGA (Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polymeric micelles including DOX conjugated micelles, metal conjugated micelles, nucleic acid conjugated micelles, and antibody-conjugated micelles on in vitro and in vivo tumor models; as well as validated their potential as promising onco-therapeutic agents in light of recent updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Vinayak
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Study in Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Akhilendra K Maurya
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Study in Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Poon C, Patel AA. Organic and inorganic nanoparticle vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ab8075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pitirollo O, Micoli F, Necchi F, Mancini F, Carducci M, Adamo R, Evangelisti C, Morelli L, Polito L, Lay L. Gold nanoparticles morphology does not affect the multivalent presentation and antibody recognition of Group A Streptococcus synthetic oligorhamnans. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103815. [PMID: 32289587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel delivery systems capable of enhancing the antibody binding affinity and immunoactivity of short length saccharide antigens is at the forefront of modern medicine. In this regard, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) raised great interest as promising nano-vaccine platform, as they do not interfere with the desired immune response and their surface can be easily functionalized, enabling the antigen multivalent presentation. In addition, the nanoparticles morphology can have a great impact on their biological properties. Gram-positive Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a bacterium responsible for many infections and represents a priority healthcare concern, but a universal vaccine is still unavailable. Since all the GAS strains have a cell wall characterized by a common polyrhamnose backbone, this can be employed as alternative antigen to develop an anti-GAS vaccine. Herein, we present the synthesis of two oligorhamnoside fragments and their corresponding oligorhamnoside-AuNPs, designed with two different morphologies. By competitive ELISA we assessed that both symmetric and anisotropic oligorhamnan nanoparticles inhibit the binding of specific polyclonal serum much better than the unconjugated oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Pitirollo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Necchi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Evangelisti
- National Council of the Research, CNR-ICCOM, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 20124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Morelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- National Council of the Research, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010132. [PMID: 32192117 PMCID: PMC7157650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated S. pneumoniae. This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (Δpep27ΔcomD mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based S. pneumoniae vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
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Burygin GL, Abronina PI, Podvalnyy NM, Staroverov SA, Kononov LO, Dykman LA. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:480-493. [PMID: 32274287 PMCID: PMC7113550 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of bacterial glycans are specific markers for the detection and the serological identification of microorganisms and are also widely used as antigenic components of vaccines. The use of gold nanoparticles as carriers for glyco-epitopes is becoming an important alternative to the traditional conjugation with proteins and synthetic polymers. In this study, we aimed to prepare and evaluate in vivo glyco-gold nanoparticles (glyco-GNPs) bearing the terminal-branched hexaarabinofuranoside fragment (Ara6) of arabinan domains of lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan, which are principal polysaccharides of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. In particular, we were interested whether the antibodies generated against Ara6-GNPs would recognize the natural saccharides on the cell surface of different mycobacterial strains. Two synthetic Ara6 glycosides with amino-functionalized spacer aglycons differing in length and hydrophilicity were directly conjugated with spherical gold nanoparticles (d = 15 nm) to give two sets of glyco-GNPs, which were used for the immunization of rabbits. Dot assays revealed cross-reactions between the two obtained antisera with the hexaarabinofuranoside and the 2-aminoethyl aglycon used for the preparation of glyco-GNPs. Both antisera contained high titers of antibodies specific for Mycobacteria as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using M. bovis and M. smegmatis cells as antigens while there was only a weak response to M. phlei cells and no interaction with E. coli cells. The results obtained suggest that glyco-GNPs are promising agents for the generation of anti-mycobacterial antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady L Burygin
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov, 410049, Russia
- Department of Horticulture, Breeding, and Genetics, Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Teatralnaya Ploshchad 1, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Polina I Abronina
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita M Podvalnyy
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey A Staroverov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Leonid O Kononov
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Lev A Dykman
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov, 410049, Russia
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Li C, Gao L, Zhang Y, Simpson BK. Preparation of Quercetin Loaded Microparticles and their Antitumor Activity against Human Lung Cancer Cells (A549) in vitro. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:945-954. [PMID: 31264544 DOI: 10.2174/1573407215666190628145902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel quercetin-loaded microparticles (QM) were fabricated using coaxial electrospraying, characterized for surface morphology and release profile, and evaluated for antitumor activity in vitro. METHODS QM exhibited an average diameter of 1.69 ±1.13 mm, which was an appropriate size suitable for respiratory delivery. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the components in QM existed in an amorphous physical form, leading to favorable interactions between the drug (quercetin), the polymer matrix (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) and other excipients (sodium dodecyl sulfate and sucralose). RESULTS QM performed much faster release rate compared with free quercetin powder (Q) in vitro. Furthermore, QM also showed more potent inhibitory effects on A549 cell growth with reduced cell viability, decreased cell migration and induced more G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest than Q. CONCLUSION Thus, the quercetin loaded microparticles exhibited more potent inhibitory effects than free quercetin on A549 cell. The increased antitumor activity could be attributed to the enhanced accumulation of quercetin in the A549 cells with the QM. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University; No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Liufang Gao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University; No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University (Macdonald Campus); Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Benjamin K Simpson
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University (Macdonald Campus); Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Ackova DG, Smilkov K, Bosnakovski D. Contemporary Formulations for Drug Delivery of Anticancer Bioactive Compounds. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:19-31. [PMID: 30636616 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190111104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immense development in the field of anticancer research has led to an increase in the research of bioactive compounds with anticancer potential. It has been known that many bioactive natural compounds have low solubility (and low bioavailability) as their main drawback when it comes to the formulation and drug delivery to specific sites. OBJECTIVE As many attempts have been made to overcome this issue, this review gives a summary of the current accomplishments regarding the development of new Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) represented by nanoparticles (NPs) and exosomes. METHODS We analyzed the published data concerning selected compounds that present the most prominent plant secondary metabolites with anticancer potential, specifically flavone (quercetin), isoflavone (genistein and curcumin) and stilbene (resveratrol) groups that have been formulated as NPs and exosomes. In addition, we summarized the patent literature published from 2015-2018 that address these formulations. RESULTS Although the exact mechanism of action for the selected natural compounds still remains unclear, the anticancer effect is evident and the main research efforts are directed to finding the most suitable delivery systems. Recent patents in this field serve as evidence that these newly designed natural compound delivery systems could be powerful new anticancer agents in the very near future if the noted difficulties are overcome. CONCLUSION The focus of recent research is not only to clarify the exact mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects, but also to answer the issue of suitable delivery systems that can transport sufficient doses of bioactive compounds to the desired target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darinka G Ackova
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev - Stip, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
| | - Katarina Smilkov
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev - Stip, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
| | - Darko Bosnakovski
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev - Stip, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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41
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Chemically engineered glycan-modified cancer vaccines to mobilize skin dendritic cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:167-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gragnani T, Cuffaro D, Fallarini S, Lombardi G, D'Andrea F, Guazzelli L. Selectively Charged and Zwitterionic Analogues of the Smallest Immunogenic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 14. Molecules 2019; 24:E3414. [PMID: 31546911 PMCID: PMC6767069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPs) have been shown in recent years to display peculiar immunological properties, thus attracting the interest of the carbohydrate research community. To fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying these properties and exploit the potential of this kind of structures, in depth studies are still required. In this context, the preparation of two cationic, an anionic, as well as two zwitterionic tetrasaccharide analogues of the smallest immunogenic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 (SP14) capsular polysaccharide are presented. By exploiting a block strategy, the negative charge has been installed on the non-reducing end of the lactose unit of the tetrasaccharide and the positive charge either on the non-reducing end of the lactosamine moiety or on an external linker. These structures have then been tested by competitive ELISA, showing that the structural variations we made do not modify the affinity of the neutral compound to binding to a specific antibody. However, lower efficacies than the natural SP14 compound were observed. The results obtained, although promising, point to the need to further elongate the polysaccharide structure, which is likely too short to cover the entire epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Gragnani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6/33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6/33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fallarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Grazia Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Felicia D'Andrea
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6/33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6/33, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Micoli F, Del Bino L, Alfini R, Carboni F, Romano MR, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:881-895. [PMID: 31475596 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1657012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decades, glycoconjugate vaccines have been proven to be a successful strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Many diseases remain to be controlled, especially in developing countries, and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria present an alarming public-health threat. The increasing complexity of future vaccines, and the need to accelerate development processes have triggered the development of faster approaches to glycoconjugate vaccines design. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of recent progress in glycoconjugation technologies toward faster vaccine design. Expert opinion: Among the different emerging approaches, glycoengineering has the potential to combine glycan assembly and conjugation to carrier systems (such as proteins or outer membrane vesicles) in one step, resulting in a simplified manufacturing process and fewer analytical controls. Chemical and enzymatic strategies, and their automation can facilitate glycoepitope identification for vaccine design. Other approaches, such as the liposomal encapsulation of polysaccharides, potentially enable fast and easy combination of numerous antigens in the same formulation. Additional progress is envisaged in the near future, and some of these systems still need to be further validated in humans. In parallel, new strategies are needed to accelerate the vaccine development process, including the associated clinical trials, up to vaccine release onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
| | | | - Renzo Alfini
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
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44
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Brzezicka KA, Serna S, Reichardt NC. Fluorescent Neoglycoprotein Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Applications in Plant Lectin Sensing and Cell Imaging. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:360. [PMID: 30421263 PMCID: PMC6232188 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions mediate fundamental biological processes, such as fertilization, cell signaling, or host-pathogen communication. However, because of the enormous complexity of glycan recognition events, new tools enabling their analysis or applications emerge in recent years. Here, we describe the first preparation of neoglycoprotein functionalized fluorescent gold nanoclusters, containing a biantennary N-glycan G0 as targeting molecule, ovalbumin as carrier/model antigen, and a fluorescent gold core as imaging probe (G0-OVA-AuNCs). Subsequently, we demonstrate the utility of generated G0-OVA-AuNCs for specific sensing of plant lectins and in vitro imaging of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Alicja Brzezicka
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels Christian Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
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45
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Terán-Navarro H, Calderon-Gonzalez R, Salcines-Cuevas D, García I, Marradi M, Freire J, Salmon E, Portillo-Gonzalez M, Frande-Cabanes E, García-Castaño A, Martinez-Callejo V, Gomez-Roman J, Tobes R, Rivera F, Yañez-Diaz S, Álvarez-Domínguez C. Pre-clinical development of Listeria-based nanovaccines as immunotherapies for solid tumours: insights from melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1541534. [PMID: 30713801 PMCID: PMC6343812 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1541534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold glyconanoparticles loaded with the listeriolysin O peptide 91-99 (GNP-LLO91-99), a bacterial peptide with anti-metastatic properties, are vaccine delivery platforms facilitating immune cell targeting and increasing antigen loading. Here, we present proof of concept analyses for the consideration of GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines as a novel immunotherapy for cutaneous melanoma. Studies using mouse models of subcutaneous melanoma indicated that GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines recruite and modulate dendritic cell (DC) function within the tumour, alter tumour immunotolerance inducing melanoma-specific cytotoxic T cells, cause complete remission and improve survival. GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines showed superior tumour regression and survival benefits, when combined with anti-PD-1 or anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitors, resulting in an improvement in the efficacy of these immunotherapies. Studies on monocyte-derived DCs from patients with stage IA, IB or IIIB melanoma confirmed the ability of GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines to complement the action of checkpoint inhibitors, by not only reducing the expression of cell-death markers on DCs, but also potentiating DC antigen-presentation. We propose that GNP-LLO91-99 nanovaccines function as immune stimulators and immune effectors and serve as safe cancer therapies, alone or in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Terán-Navarro
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Calderon-Gonzalez
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - David Salcines-Cuevas
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Isabel García
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marco Marradi
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Nanomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Javier Freire
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Erwan Salmon
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Mar Portillo-Gonzalez
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Elisabet Frande-Cabanes
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Almudena García-Castaño
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Virginia Martinez-Callejo
- Servicio de Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Roman
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Raquel Tobes
- Oh no Sequences! Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Andalucia, Spain
| | - Fernando Rivera
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Yañez-Diaz
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Carmen Álvarez-Domínguez
- Group of Listeria based Nanovaccines and cellular vaccines and their applications in biomedicine, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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46
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Zhang Q, Huang X, Pu Y, Yi Y, Zhang T, Wang B. pH-sensitive and biocompatible quercetin-loaded GO-PEA-HA carrier improved antitumour efficiency and specificity. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S28-S37. [PMID: 30183379 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1489261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel drug carrier was designed based on a new biomaterial, that is, graphene oxide (GO), to improve the efficiency and specificity of anticancer drug. In this study, GO was successively modified with polyetheramine (PEA) and hyaluronic acid (HA). The carrier was utilized to load an antitumor component, that is, quercetin (Que), which was derived from traditional Chinese medicine, namely the pagoda tree flower bud. This drug delivery system (DDS) exhibited pH sensibility under subacid condition and good biocompatibility even when GO concentration reached 350 μg/mL. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy was doubly improved and more long-acting compared with Que alone. Results show that the GO-based material has potential clinical applications for antitumor drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- a Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Xing Huang
- a Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- a Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yaxiong Yi
- a Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Tong Zhang
- a Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Bing Wang
- a Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Pharmacy , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
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47
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Rizvi SMD, Hussain T, Ahmed ABF, Alshammari TM, Moin A, Ahmed MQ, Barreto GE, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. Gold nanoparticles: A plausible tool to combat neurological bacterial infections in humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:7-18. [PMID: 30075371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of bacterial infections of central nervous system is a major challenge for the scientists all over the world. Despite the development of various potential drugs, the issue of central nervous system infections persists in the society. The main constraint is the delivery of drugs across the blood brain barrier and only a few drugs after meeting the stringent criteria could cross the blood brain barrier. On the other hand, certain bacterial pathogens could easily enter the brain by using several factors and mechanisms by crossing the blood brain barriers. Interestingly, in the recent past, gold nanoparticles have shown immense potential to overcome the issues associated with the treatment of central nervous system infections, especially due to their inherent ability to cross the blood brain barrier. Initially, the present review summarized the recent updates on the pathogenesis and factors involved in neurological bacterial infections, including the mechanism used by bacterial pathogens to cross the blood brain barriers. Thereafter, the emphasis of the review was on providing current information on gold nanoparticles pertinent to their applicability for the treatment of neurological infections. After discussing the background of neurological bacterial infections, the characteristic features, antibacterial properties, mechanisms of antibacterial action and ability to cross the blood brain barrier of gold nanoparticles have been summarized. Some of the features of gold nanoparticles that make them an ideal candidate for brain delivery are biocompatibity, stability, ability to get synthesized in different sizes with facile methods, surface affinity towards various functional groups, spontaneous crossing of blood brain barrier without applying any external field and most importantly, easy non-invasive tracing by CT imaging. The current updates on the development of gold nanoparticles based therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of central nervous system infections have been discussed in the present study. However, further investigation would be required to translate these preclinical outcomes into clinical applications. Nevertheless, we could safely state that the information gathered and discussed in the present review would benefit the scientists working in the field of neuro-nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Talib Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abo Bakr Fathy Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir M Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Qumani Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine,University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mohammad Ajmal Kamal
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Sydney, Australia; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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48
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Colombo C, Pitirollo O, Lay L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates for Vaccine Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071712. [PMID: 30011851 PMCID: PMC6099631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in glycoimmunology, a relatively new research field dealing with the specific interactions of carbohydrates with the immune system. Pathogens’ cell surfaces are covered by a thick layer of oligo- and polysaccharides that are crucial virulence factors, as they mediate receptors binding on host cells for initial adhesion and organism invasion. Since in most cases these saccharide structures are uniquely exposed on the pathogen surface, they represent attractive targets for vaccine design. Polysaccharides isolated from cell walls of microorganisms and chemically conjugated to immunogenic proteins have been used as antigens for vaccine development for a range of infectious diseases. However, several challenges are associated with carbohydrate antigens purified from natural sources, such as their difficult characterization and heterogeneous composition. Consequently, glycoconjugates with chemically well-defined structures, that are able to confer highly reproducible biological properties and a better safety profile, are at the forefront of vaccine development. Following on from our previous review on the subject, in the present account we specifically focus on the most recent advances in the synthesis and preliminary immunological evaluation of next generation glycoconjugate vaccines designed to target bacterial and fungal infections that have been reported in the literature since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Lin LCW, Chattopadhyay S, Lin JC, Hu CMJ. Advances and Opportunities in Nanoparticle- and Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines against Bacterial Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701395. [PMID: 29508547 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the dawn of the postantibiotic era we approach, antibacterial vaccines are becoming increasingly important for managing bacterial infection and reducing the need for antibiotics. Despite the success of vaccination, vaccines remain unavailable for many pressing microbial diseases, including tuberculosis, chlamydia, and staphylococcus infections. Amid continuing research efforts in antibacterial vaccine development, the advancement of nanomaterial engineering has brought forth new opportunities in vaccine designs. With increasing knowledge in antibacterial immunity and immunologic adjuvants, innovative nanoparticles are designed to elicit the appropriate immune responses for effective antimicrobial defense. Rationally designed nanoparticles are demonstrated to overcome delivery barriers to shape the adaptive immunity. This article reviews the advances in nanoparticle- and nanomaterial-based antibacterial vaccines and summarizes the development of nanoparticulate adjuvants for immune potentiation against microbial pathogens. In addition, challenges and progress in ongoing antibacterial vaccine development are discussed to highlight the opportunities for future vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chien-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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50
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Micoli F, Adamo R, Costantino P. Protein Carriers for Glycoconjugate Vaccines: History, Selection Criteria, Characterization and New Trends. Molecules 2018; 23:E1451. [PMID: 29914046 PMCID: PMC6100388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of a carbohydrate moiety covalently linked to a protein carrier. Polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens able to directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. Disease burden caused by polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria is highest in the first year of life, where plain polysaccharides are not generally immunogenic, limiting their use as vaccines. This limitation has been overcome by covalent coupling carbohydrate antigens to proteins that provide T cell epitopes. In addition to the protein carriers currently used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines, there is a search for new protein carriers driven by several considerations: (i) concerns that pre-exposure or co-exposure to a given carrier can lead to immune interference and reduction of the anti-carbohydrate immune response; (ii) increasing interest to explore the dual role of proteins as carrier and protective antigen; and (iii) new ways to present carbohydrates antigens to the immune system. Protein carriers can be directly coupled to activated glycans or derivatized to introduce functional groups for subsequent conjugation. Proteins can be genetically modified to pre-determine the site of glycans attachment by insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing specific functional groups, or glycosylation consensus sequences for in vivo expression of the glycoconjugate. A large portion of the new protein carriers under investigation are recombinant ones, but more complex systems such as Outer Membrane Vesicles and other nanoparticles are being investigated. Selection criteria for new protein carriers are based on several aspects including safety, manufacturability, stability, reactivity toward conjugation, and preclinical evidence of immunogenicity of corresponding glycoconjugates. Characterization panels of protein carriers include tests before conjugation, after derivatization when applicable, and after conjugation. Glycoconjugate vaccines based on non-covalent association of carrier systems to carbohydrates are being investigated with promising results in animal models. The ability of these systems to convert T-independent carbohydrate antigens into T-dependent ones, in comparison to traditional glycoconjugates, needs to be assessed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy.
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