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Zhang H, Gomika Udugamasooriya D. Linker optimization and activity validation of a cell surface vimentin targeted homo-dimeric peptoid antagonist for lung cancer stem cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 97:117560. [PMID: 38103535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) endows epithelia-derived cancer cells with properties of stem cells that govern cancer invasion and metastasis. Vimentin is one of the best studied EMT markers and recent reports indicate that vimentin interestingly translocated onto cell surface under various tumor conditions. We recently reported a cell surface vimentin (CSV) specific peptoid antagonist named JM3A. We now investigated the selective antagonist activity of the optimized homo-dimeric version of JM3A, JM3A-L2D on stem-like cancer cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs) over normal cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Homo-dimerization of JM3A provided the avidity effect and improved the biological activity compared to the monomeric version. We first optimized the central linker length of the dimer by designing seven JM3A derivatives with varying linker lengths/types and evaluated the anti-cancer activity using the standard MTS cell viability assay. The most optimized derivative contains a central lysine linker and two glycines, named JM3A-L2D, which displayed 100 nM vimentin binding affinity (Kd) with an anti-cancer activity (IC50) of 6.7 µM on H1299 NSCLC cells. This is a 190-fold improvement in binding over the original JM3A. JM3A-L2D exhibited better potency on high vimentin-expressing NSCLC cells (H1299 and H460) compared to low vimentin-expressing NSCLC cells (H2122). No activity was observed on normal bronchial HBEC3-KT cells. The anti-CSC activity of JM3A-L2D was evaluated using the standard colony formation assay and JM3A-L2D disrupted the colony formation with IC50 ∼ 400 nM. In addition, JM3A-L2D inhibited cell migration activity at IC50 ∼ 2 µM, assessed via wound healing assay. The underlying mechanism of action seems to be the induction of apoptosis by JM3A-L2D on high-vimentin expressing H1229 and H460 NSCLC cells. Our optimized highly CSV selective peptoid has the potential to be developed as an anti-cancer drug candidate, especially considering the high serum stability and economical synthesis of peptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Health Building 2, Room 7033, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - D Gomika Udugamasooriya
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Health Building 2, Room 7033, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA; Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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Liang Y, Li L, Chen Y, Zhang S, Li Z, Xiao J, Wei D. Research Progress on the Role of Intermediate Filament Vimentin in Atherosclerosis. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1495-1502. [PMID: 34931866 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a biopolymer network composed of intermediate filaments, actin, and microtubules, which is the main mechanical structure of cells. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that regulates the mechanical and contractile properties of cells, thereby reflecting their mechanical properties. In recent years, the "nonmechanical function" of vimentin inside and outside of cells has attracted extensive attention. The content of vimentin in atherosclerotic plaques is increased, and the serum secretion of vimentin in patients with coronary heart disease is remarkably increased. In this review, the mechanistic and nonmechanistic roles of vimentin in atherosclerosis progression were summarized on the basis of current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Liang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shulei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jinyan Xiao
- YueYang Maternal-Child Medicine Health Hospital Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Medical Postgraduates, University of China South China and Yueyang Women and Children's Medical Center, Yueyang, Hunan, China
| | - Dangheng Wei
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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3
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Martino ML, Crooke SN, Manchester M, Finn MG. Single-Point Mutations in Qβ Virus-like Particles Change Binding to Cells. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3332-3341. [PMID: 34251176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) constitute large, polyvalent platforms onto which a wide variety of functional units can be grafted. Their use in biological settings often depends on their specific binding to cells or receptors of interest; this can be compromised by excessive nonspecific association with other cells. We found that lysine residues mediate such nonspecific interactions, presumably by virtue of protonation and interaction with anionic membrane lipid headgroups and/or complementary residues of cell surface proteins and polysaccharides. Chemical acylation of surface-exposed amines of the Qβ VLP led to a significant reduction in the association of particles with mammalian cells. Single-point mutations of particular lysine residues to either glutamine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, or phenylalanine were mostly well-tolerated and formed intact capsids, but the introduction of double and triple mutants was far less forgiving. Introduction of glutamic acid at position 13 (K13E) led to a dramatic increase in cellular binding, whereas removal of the lysine at position 46 (K46Q) led to an equally striking reduction. Several plasma membrane components were found to specifically interact with the Qβ capsid irrespective of surface charge. These results suggest that specific cellular interactions are engaged or obviated by such mutations and provide us with more "benign" particles to which can be added binding functionality for targeted delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa L Martino
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stephen N Crooke
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - M G Finn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Steinmetz NF, Lim S, Sainsbury F. Protein cages and virus-like particles: from fundamental insight to biomimetic therapeutics. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2771-2777. [PMID: 32352101 PMCID: PMC8085892 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages (viral and non-viral) found in nature have evolved for a variety of purposes and are found in all kingdoms of life. The main functions of these nanoscale compartments are the protection and delivery of nucleic acids e.g. virus capsids, or the enrichment and sequestration of metabolons e.g. bacterial microcompartments. This review focuses on recent developments of protein cages for use in immunotherapy and therapeutic delivery. In doing so, we highlight the unique ways in which protein cages have informed on fundamental principles governing bio-nano interactions. With the enormous existing design space among naturally occurring protein cages, there is still much to learn from studying them as biomimetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore and NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia. and Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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5
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Ablation of miR-144 increases vimentin expression and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6127. [PMID: 32273567 PMCID: PMC7145828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that miR-144 is pro-atherosclerotic via effects on reverse cholesterol transportation targeting the ATP binding cassette protein. This study used proteomic analysis to identify additional cardiovascular targets of miR-144, and subsequently examined the role of a newly identified regulator of atherosclerotic burden in miR-144 knockout mice receiving a high fat diet. To identify affected secretory proteins, miR-144 treated endothelial cell culture medium was subjected to proteomic analysis including two-dimensional gel separation, trypsin digestion, and nanospray liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 5 gel spots representing 19 proteins that changed consistently across the biological replicates. One of these spots, was identified as vimentin. Atherosclerosis was induced in miR-144 knockout mice by high fat diet and vascular lesions were quantified by Oil Red-O staining of the serial sectioned aortic root and from en-face views of the aortic tree. Unexpectedly, high fat diet induced extensive atherosclerosis in miR-144 knockout mice and was accompanied by severe fatty liver disease compared with wild type littermates. Vimentin levels were reduced by miR-144 and increased by antagomiR-144 in cultured cardiac endothelial cells. Compared with wild type, ablation of the miR-144/451 cluster increased plasma vimentin, while vimentin levels were decreased in control mice injected with synthetic miR-144. Furthermore, increased vimentin expression was prominent in the commissural regions of the aortic root which are highly susceptible to atherosclerotic plaque formation. We conclude that miR-144 maybe a potential regulator of the development of atherosclerosis via changes in vimentin signaling.
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Sabharwal P, Sushmitha C, Amritha CK, Natraj U, Murthy MRN, Savithri HS. Development of pepper vein banding virus chimeric virus-like particles for potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1163-1176. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Human Enterovirus Group B Viruses Rely on Vimentin Dynamics for Efficient Processing of Viral Nonstructural Proteins. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01393-19. [PMID: 31619557 PMCID: PMC6955253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01393-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that several viruses from the human enterovirus group B cause massive vimentin rearrangements during lytic infection. Comprehensive studies suggested that viral protein synthesis was triggering the vimentin rearrangements. Blocking the host cell vimentin dynamics with β, β'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) did not significantly affect the production of progeny viruses and only moderately lowered the synthesis of structural proteins such as VP1. In contrast, the synthesis of the nonstructural proteins 2A, 3C, and 3D was drastically lowered. This led to attenuation of the cleavage of the host cell substrates PABP and G3BP1 and reduced caspase activation, leading to prolonged cell survival. Furthermore, the localization of the proteins differed in the infected cells. Capsid protein VP1 was found diffusely around the cytoplasm, whereas 2A and 3D followed vimentin distribution. Based on protein blotting, smaller amounts of nonstructural proteins did not result from proteasomal degradation but from lower synthesis without intact vimentin cage structure. In contrast, inhibition of Hsp90 chaperone activity, which regulates P1 maturation, lowered the amount of VP1 but had less effect on 2A. The results suggest that the vimentin dynamics regulate viral nonstructural protein synthesis while having less effect on structural protein synthesis or overall infection efficiency. The results presented here shed new light on differential fate of structural and nonstructural proteins of enteroviruses, having consequences on host cell survival.IMPORTANCE A virus needs the host cell in order to replicate and produce new progeny viruses. For this, the virus takes over the host cell and modifies it to become a factory for viral proteins. Irrespective of the specific virus family, these proteins can be divided into structural and nonstructural proteins. Structural proteins are the building blocks for the new progeny virions, whereas the nonstructural proteins orchestrate the takeover of the host cell and its functions. Here, we have shown a mechanism that viruses exploit in order to regulate the host cell. We show that viral protein synthesis induces vimentin cages, which promote production of specific viral proteins that eventually control apoptosis and host cell death. This study specifies vimentin as the key regulator of these events and indicates that viral proteins have different fates in the cells depending on their association with vimentin cages.
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Sabharwal P, Amritha CK, Sushmitha C, Natraj U, Savithri HS. Intracellular trafficking and endocytic uptake pathway of Pepper vein banding virus-like particles in epithelial cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1247-1265. [PMID: 31084385 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Plant virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as a novel platform for delivery of drugs/antibodies. The aim of the present investigation is to establish the entry mechanism of flexuous rod-shaped virus particles into mammalian cells. Methods: Far-Western blot analysis, pull-down and ELISA were used to characterize vimentin and Hsp60 interaction with VLPs. The mode/kinetics of internalization of VLPs was deciphered using pharmacological inhibitors/endosomal markers. Results & discussion: The flexuous rod-shaped VLPs of Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV) enter HeLa and HepG2 cells via cell-surface proteins: vimentin and Hsp60, respectively. VLPs internalize via different modes of endocytosis in HeLa, HepG2 cells and are biodegradable. Vimentin and Hsp60 could be potential epithelial ligands that facilitate targeting of nanoparticles to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sabharwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Cheekati Sushmitha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Usha Natraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Berardi A, Baldelli Bombelli F, Thuenemann EC, Lomonossoff GP. Viral nanoparticles can elude protein barriers: exploiting rather than imitating nature. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:2306-2316. [PMID: 30662985 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein-corona formation in body fluids and/or entrapment of nanoparticles in protein matrices (e.g. food and mucus) can hinder the delivery of nanoparticles, irrespective of the route of administration. Here we demonstrate that certain viral nanoparticles (VNPs) can evade the adhesion of a broad panel of macromolecules from several biological milieus. We also show that the permeability of VNPs through mucin gels is far superior to that of synthetic nanoparticles. The non-sticky nature of VNPs implies that they will be able to readily cross most non-specific protein and glycoprotein barriers encountered, ubiquitously, upon administration through mucosal, and non-mucosal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
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10
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Li XK, Zhang SF, Xu W, Xing B, Lu QB, Zhang PH, Li H, Zhang L, Zhang WC, Chen WW, Cao WC, Liu W. Vascular endothelial injury in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome caused by the novel bunyavirus. Virology 2018; 520:11-20. [PMID: 29754008 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) infection typically causes acute fever, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia, presenting with a high case fatality rate. The pathogenesis of SFTSV infection, however, is not well described. It was hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction might play part in the disease process. In current study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations among a large group of confirmed SFTS cases and found evidence of plasma leakage and vascular endothelial injury. Then we established a SFTSV infection cell model and determined the infectivity and stimulation of SFTSV on vascular endothelial cells in vitro. The hyperpermeability of endothelial cells directly induced by SFTSV was confirmed by electrical resistance and dextran diffusion assay. The virus induced alterations of cell junctions and cytoskeleton was also revealed. It's suggested that vascular endothelial cell injury and barrier function damage were induced after SFTSV infection, which is a vital but neglected pathogenesis of SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xue yuan Road, Hai-dian District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, PR China
| | | | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, PR China.
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11
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Berardi A, Evans DJ, Baldelli Bombelli F, Lomonossoff GP. Stability of plant virus-based nanocarriers in gastrointestinal fluids. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1667-1679. [PMID: 29231944 PMCID: PMC5804478 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07182e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is a plant virus which is being extensively investigated as a drug delivery and vaccine nanocarrier for parenteral administration. However, to date little is known about the suitability of plant-based nanocarriers for oral delivery. In this study, the colloidal (i.e. aggregation), physical (i.e. denaturation) and chemical (i.e. digestion of the polypeptides) stability of CPMV and its empty virus-like particles (eVLPs) in conditions resembling the gastrointestinal fluids were evaluated. The nanoparticles were incubated in various simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and in pig gastric and intestinal fluids. CPMV and eVLPs had similar stabilities. In simulated gastric media, they were stable at pH ≥ 2.5. At lower pH destabilisation of the particle structure occurred, which, in turn, rendered the polypeptides extremely sensitive to pepsin digestion. However, both CPMV and eVLPs were stable in simulated intestinal fluids, in pig gastric fluids and in pig intestinal fluids. Thus CPMV, despite being a protein-based nanoparticle, was much more resistant to the harsh GI conditions than soluble proteins. Remarkably, both CPMV and eVLPs incubated in pig gastric and intestinal fluids were not subject to protein adsorption, with no formation of a detectable protein corona. The lack of a protein corona on CPMV and eVLP surfaces in GI fluids would imply that, if orally administered, these nanoparticles could maintain their native surface characteristics; thus, their biological interactions would remain predictable and unchanged. In summary, CPMV and eVLPs can be considered promising nanocarriers for applications requiring oral delivery, given their chemical, physical and colloidal stability and lack of protein adsorption from the environment in most of the tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan. and Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and BioNano Materials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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12
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Chiu HC, Huang WR, Liao TL, Wu HY, Munir M, Shih WL, Liu HJ. Suppression of Vimentin Phosphorylation by the Avian Reovirus p17 through Inhibition of CDK1 and Plk1 Impacting the G2/M Phase of the Cell Cycle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162356. [PMID: 27603133 PMCID: PMC5014334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p17 protein of avian reovirus (ARV) causes cell cycle retardation in a variety of cell lines; however, the underlying mechanism(s) by which p17 regulates the cell cycle remains largely unknown. We demonstrate for the first time that p17 interacts with CDK1 and vimentin as revealed by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that direct interaction of p17 and CDK1/vimentin was mapped within the amino terminus (aa 1-60) of p17 and central region (aa 27-118) of CDK1/vimentin. Furthermore, p17 was found to occupy the Plk1-binding site within the vimentin, thereby blocking Plk1 recruitment to CDK1-induced vimentin phosphorylation at Ser 56. Interaction of p17 to CDK1 or vimentin interferes with CDK1-catalyzed phosphorylation of vimentin at Ser 56 and subsequently vimentin phosphorylation at Ser 82 by Plk1. Furthermore, we have identified upstream signaling pathways and cellular factor(s) targeted by p17 and found that p17 regulates inhibitory phosphorylation of CDK1 and blocks vimentin phosphorylation at Ser 56 and Ser 82. The p17-mediated inactivation of CDK1 is dependent on several mechanisms, which include direct interaction with CDK1, p17-mediated suppression of Plk1 by activating the Tpr/p53 and ATM/Chk1/PP2A pathways, and p17-mediated cdc25C degradation via an ubiquitin- proteasome pathway. Additionally, depletion of p53 with a shRNA as well as inhibition of ATM and vimentin by inhibitors diminished virus yield while Tpr and CDK1 knockdown increased virus yield. Taken together, results demonstrate that p17 suppresses both CDK1 and Plk1functions, disrupts vimentin phosphorylation, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and thus benefits virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | | | - Wing-Ling Shih
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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13
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Satelli A, Hu J, Xia X, Li S. Potential Function of Exogenous Vimentin on the Activation of Wnt Signaling Pathway in Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2016; 7:1824-1832. [PMID: 27698922 PMCID: PMC5039366 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell signaling, growth, morphology, proliferation and tumorigenic potential are largely depending on the signaling molecules present naturally in the tumor microenvironment and the identification of key molecules that drive the tumor progression is critical for the development of new modalities for the prevention of tumor progression. High concentrations of vimentin in the blood of cancer patients have been reported, however the function of blood circulating vimentin remains unknown. Here, we investigated the functional role of exogenously supplemented vimentin on colon cancer cells and examined the Wnt Signaling activation and cancer cell invasion. Vimentin when supplemented to the cancer cells remained bound to the surface of the cancer cells. Furthermore, bound vimentin activates Wnt signaling pathway as detectable by increased β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus with concomitant activation of β-catenin-dependent transcription of Wnt signaling downstream targets. Functionally, there was an increase in the rate of cellular invasion in these cancer cells upon binding with vimentin. Our results thus suggest that free vimentin in the tumor microenvironment acts as a positive regulator of the β-catenin signaling pathway, thus providing a basis for cancer invasive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Satelli
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas;; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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15
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Ganguly R, Wen AM, Myer AB, Czech T, Sahu S, Steinmetz NF, Raman P. Anti-atherogenic effect of trivalent chromium-loaded CPMV nanoparticles in human aortic smooth muscle cells under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6542-6554. [PMID: 26935414 PMCID: PMC5136293 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00398b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a major macrovascular complication associated with diabetes, poses a tremendous burden on national health care expenditure. Despite extensive efforts, cost-effective remedies are unknown. Therapies for atherosclerosis are challenged by a lack of targeted drug delivery approaches. Toward this goal, we turn to a biology-derived drug delivery system utilizing nanoparticles formed by the plant virus, Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The aim herein is to investigate the anti-atherogenic potential of the beneficial mineral nutrient, trivalent chromium, loaded CPMV nanoparticles in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) under hyperglycemic conditions. A non-covalent loading protocol is established yielding CrCl3-loaded CPMV (CPMV-Cr) carrying 2000 drug molecules per particle. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that CPMV-Cr is readily taken up by HASMC in vitro. In glucose (25 mM)-stimulated cells, 100 nM CPMV-Cr inhibits HASMC proliferation concomitant to attenuated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, proliferation marker) expression. This is accompanied by attenuation in high glucose-induced phospho-p38 and pAkt expression. Moreover, CPMV-Cr inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), in glucose-stimulated HASMCs. Finally glucose-stimulated lipid uptake is remarkably abrogated by CPMV-Cr, revealed by Oil Red O staining. Together, these data provide key cellular evidence for an atheroprotective effect of CPMV-Cr in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) under hyperglycemic conditions that may promote novel therapeutic ventures for diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Ganguly
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ashley B Myer
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
| | - Tori Czech
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA.
| | - Soumyadip Sahu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Radiology, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10990 Euclid Avenue and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Priya Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, Rootstown, OH 44272-0095, USA. and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Abraham A, Natraj U, Karande AA, Gulati A, Murthy MRN, Murugesan S, Mukunda P, Savithri HS. Intracellular delivery of antibodies by chimeric Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV) virus like particles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21803. [PMID: 26905902 PMCID: PMC4764859 DOI: 10.1038/srep21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of antibodies has not been fully exploited as they fail to cross cell membrane. In this article, we have tested the possibility of using plant virus based nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antibodies. For this purpose, Sesbania mosaic virus coat protein (CP) was genetically engineered with the B domain of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) at the βH-βI loop, to generate SeMV loop B (SLB), which self-assembled to virus like particles (VLPs) with 43 times higher affinity towards antibodies. CP and SLB could internalize into various types of mammalian cells and SLB could efficiently deliver three different monoclonal antibodies–D6F10 (targeting abrin), anti-α-tubulin (targeting intracellular tubulin) and Herclon (against HER2 receptor) inside the cells. Such a mode of delivery was much more effective than antibodies alone treatment. These results highlight the potential of SLB as a universal nanocarrier for intracellular delivery of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Natraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali A Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh Gulati
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India
| | - Mathur R N Murthy
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the way we prevent, detect, and treat diseases. Viruses have played a special role in these developments because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds that have unique properties and are easily modified. The interiors of virus particles can encapsulate and protect sensitive compounds, while the exteriors can be altered to display large and small molecules in precisely defined arrays. These properties of viruses, along with their innate biocompatibility, have led to their development as actively targeted drug delivery systems that expand on and improve current pharmaceutical options. Viruses are naturally immunogenic, and antigens displayed on their surface have been used to create vaccines against pathogens and to break self-tolerance to initiate an immune response to dysfunctional proteins. Densely and specifically aligned imaging agents on viruses have allowed for high-resolution and noninvasive visualization tools to detect and treat diseases earlier than previously possible. These and future applications of viruses have created an exciting new field within the disciplines of both nanotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of 2Biomedical Engineering
- Radiology
- Materials Science and Engineering, and
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
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18
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Wen AM, Infusino M, De Luca A, Kernan DL, Czapar AE, Strangi G, Steinmetz NF. Interface of physics and biology: engineering virus-based nanoparticles for biophotonics. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:51-62. [PMID: 25541212 PMCID: PMC4306514 DOI: 10.1021/bc500524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs)
have been used for a wide range
of applications, spanning basic materials science and translational
medicine. Their propensity to self-assemble into precise structures
that offer a three-dimensional scaffold for functionalization has
led to their use as optical contrast agents and related biophotonics
applications. A number of fluorescently labeled platforms have been
developed and their utility in optical imaging demonstrated, yet their
optical properties have not been investigated in detail. In this study,
two VNPs of varying architectures were compared side-by-side to determine
the impact of dye density, dye localization, conjugation chemistry,
and microenvironment on the optical properties of the probes. Dyes
were attached to icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and rod-shaped
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) through a range of chemistries to target
particular side chains displayed at specific locations around the
virus. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the particles were
determined, first using photochemical experiments on the benchtop,
and second in imaging experiments using tissue culture experiments.
The virus-based optical probes were found to be extraordinarily robust
under ultrashort, pulsed laser light conditions with a significant
amount of excitation energy, maintaining structural and chemical stability.
The most effective fluorescence output was achieved through dye placement
at optimized densities coupled to the exterior surface avoiding conjugated
ring systems. Lifetime measurements indicate that fluorescence output
depends not only on spacing the fluorophores, but also on dimer stacking
and configurational changes leading to radiationless relaxation—and
these processes are related to the conjugation chemistry and nanoparticle
shape. For biological applications, the particles were also examined
in tissue culture, from which it was found that the optical properties
differed from those found on the benchtop due to effects from cellular
processes and uptake kinetics. Data indicate that fluorescent cargos
are released in the endolysosomal compartment of the cell targeted
by the virus-based optical probes. These studies provide insight into
the optical properties and fates of fluorescent proteinaceous imaging
probes. The cellular release of cargo has implications not only for
virus-based optical probes, but also for drug delivery and release
systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Physics, §Pathology, ∥Radiology, ⊥Materials Science and Engineering, and #Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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19
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Obermeyer AC, Capehart SL, Jarman JB, Francis MB. Multivalent viral capsids with internal cargo for fibrin imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100678. [PMID: 24960118 PMCID: PMC4069081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is the cause of many cardiovascular syndromes and is a significant contributor to life-threatening diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Thrombus targeted imaging agents have the capability to provide molecular information about pathological clots, potentially improving detection, risk stratification, and therapy of thrombosis-related diseases. Nanocarriers are a promising platform for the development of molecular imaging agents as they can be modified to have external targeting ligands and internal functional cargo. In this work, we report the synthesis and use of chemically functionalized bacteriophage MS2 capsids as biomolecule-based nanoparticles for fibrin imaging. The capsids were modified using an oxidative coupling reaction, conjugating ∼90 copies of a fibrin targeting peptide to the exterior of each protein shell. The ability of the multivalent, targeted capsids to bind fibrin was first demonstrated by determining the impact on thrombin-mediated clot formation. The modified capsids out-performed the free peptides and were shown to inhibit clot formation at effective concentrations over ten-fold lower than the monomeric peptide alone. The installation of near-infrared fluorophores on the interior surface of the capsids enabled optical detection of binding to fibrin clots. The targeted capsids bound to fibrin, exhibiting higher signal-to-background than control, non-targeted MS2-based nanoagents. The in vitro assessment of the capsids suggests that fibrin-targeted MS2 capsids could be used as delivery agents to thrombi for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie C. Obermeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stacy L. Capehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - John B. Jarman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Bruckman M, Jiang K, Simpson EJ, Randolph LN, Luyt LG, Yu X, Steinmetz NF. Dual-modal magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo using VCAM-1 targeted tobacco mosaic virus. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1551-8. [PMID: 24499194 PMCID: PMC4169141 DOI: 10.1021/nl404816m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The underlying cause of major cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes, is atherosclerosis. For accurate diagnosis of this inflammatory disease, molecular imaging is required. Toward this goal, we sought to develop a nanoparticle-based, high aspect ratio, molecularly targeted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agent. Specifically, we engineered the plant viral nanoparticle platform tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to target vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, which is highly expressed on activated endothelial cells at atherosclerotic plaques. To achieve dual optical and MR imaging in an atherosclerotic ApoE(-/-) mouse model, TMV was modified to carry near-infrared dyes and chelated Gd ions. Our results indicate molecular targeting of atherosclerotic plaques. On the basis of the multivalency and multifunctionality, the targeted TMV-based MR probe increased the detection limit significantly; the injected dose of Gd ions could be further reduced 400x compared to the suggested clinical use, demonstrating the utility of targeted nanoparticle cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine
and Engineering, 10900
Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine
and Engineering, 10900
Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
| | - Emily J. Simpson
- Departments
of Chemistry, Oncology, Medical Imaging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Lauren N. Randolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine
and Engineering, 10900
Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
| | - Leonard G. Luyt
- Departments
of Chemistry, Oncology, Medical Imaging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 4L6, Canada
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine
and Engineering, 10900
Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine
and Engineering, 10900
Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United
States
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21
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Yildiz I, Lee KL, Chen K, Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. Infusion of imaging and therapeutic molecules into the plant virus-based carrier cowpea mosaic virus: cargo-loading and delivery. J Control Release 2013; 172:568-78. [PMID: 23665254 PMCID: PMC3815978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work is focused on the development of a plant virus-based carrier system for cargo delivery, specifically 30nm-sized cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). Whereas previous reports described the engineering of CPMV through genetic or chemical modification, we report a non-covalent infusion technique that facilitates efficient cargo loading. Infusion and retention of 130-155 fluorescent dye molecules per CPMV using DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride), propidium iodide (3,8-diamino-5-[3-(diethylmethylammonio)propyl]-6-phenylphenanthridinium diiodide), and acridine orange (3,6-bis(dimethylamino)acridinium chloride), as well as 140 copies of therapeutic payload proflavine (PF, acridine-3,6-diamine hydrochloride), is reported. Loading is achieved through interaction of the cargo with the CPMV's encapsidated RNA molecules. The loading mechanism is specific; empty RNA-free eCPMV nanoparticles could not be loaded. Cargo-infused CPMV nanoparticles remain chemically active, and surface lysine residues were covalent modified with dyes leading to the development of dual-functional CPMV carrier systems. We demonstrate cargo-delivery to a panel of cancer cells (cervical, breast, and colon): CPMV nanoparticles enter cells via the surface marker vimentin, the nanoparticles target the endolysosome, where the carrier is degraded and the cargo is released allowing imaging and/or cell killing. In conclusion, we demonstrate cargo-infusion and delivery to cells; the methods discussed provide a useful means for functionalization of CPMV toward its application as drug and/or contrast agent delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Karin L. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Engineering, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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22
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Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and blood compatibility of native and PEGylated tobacco mosaic virus nano-rods and -spheres in mice. Virology 2013; 449:163-73. [PMID: 24418549 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pharmacokinetics, blood compatibility, biodistribution and clearance properties of nanoparticles is of great importance to their translation to clinical application. In this paper we report the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic properties of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in the forms of 300×18nm(2) rods and 54nm-sized spheres. The availability of rods and spheres made of the same protein provides a unique scaffold to study the effect of nanoparticle shape on in vivo fate. For enhanced biocompatibility, we also considered a PEGylated formulation. Overall, the versions of nanoparticles exhibited comparable in vivo profiles; a few differences were noted: data indicate that rods circulate longer than spheres, illustrating the effect that shape plays on circulation. Also, PEGylation increased circulation times. We found that macrophages in the liver and spleen cleared the TMV rods and spheres from circulation. In the spleen, the viral nanoparticles trafficked through the marginal zone before eventually co-localizing in B-cell follicles. TMV rods and spheres were cleared from the liver and spleen within days with no apparent changes in histology, it was noted that spheres are more rapidly cleared from tissues compared to rods. Further, blood biocompatibility was supported, as none of the formulations induced clotting or hemolysis. This work lays the foundation for further application and tailoring of TMV for biomedical applications.
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23
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Thiagarajan PS, Yakubenko VP, Elsori DH, Yadav SP, Willard B, Tan CD, Rodriguez ER, Febbraio M, Cathcart MK. Vimentin is an endogenous ligand for the pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:494-504. [PMID: 23674515 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of cholesterol deposition in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) within the arterial wall leading to impingement on the lumen of the vessel. In atherosclerotic lesions, MDM are the primary source of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide anion (O₂⁻) inducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation leading to their unregulated uptake of oxidized LDL and foam cell formation. We recently discovered that zymosan potently activates monocyte NADPH oxidase via the non-toll pattern recognition receptor (PRR), Dectin-1. Other PRRs bind endogenous human ligands, yet no such ligands have been identified for Dectin-1. Our hypothesis was that inflammation generates endogenous ligands for Dectin-1 that activate O₂⁻ production and thereby contributes to atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human: anti-zymosan antibodies were used to identify similar, cross-reactive epitopes in human atherosclerotic tissue extracts. Immunoblot analysis revealed consistent antibody reactive protein bands on one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses. Vimentin was identified by mass spectrometry in the immunoreactive bands across different tissue samples. Direct binding of vimentin to Dectin-1 was observed using BIACORE. Further data revealed that vimentin induces O₂⁻ production by human monocytes. Analysis of human atherosclerotic lesions revealed that vimentin was detected extracellularly in the necrotic core and in areas of active inflammation. Vimentin also co-localized with Dectin-1 in macrophage-rich regions where O₂⁻ is produced. CONCLUSION We conclude that vimentin is an endogenous, activating ligand for Dectin-1. Its presence in areas of artery wall inflammation and O₂⁻ production suggests that vimentin activates Dectin-1 and contributes to the oxidation of lipids and cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena S Thiagarajan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is an Aphthovirus within the Picornaviridae family. During infection with FMDV, several host cell membrane rearrangements occur to form sites of viral replication. FMDV protein 2C is part of the replication complex and thought to have multiple roles during virus replication. To better understand the role of 2C in the process of virus replication, we have been using a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify host proteins that interact with 2C. We recently reported that cellular Beclin1 is a natural ligand of 2C and that it is involved in the autophagy pathway, which was shown to be important for FMDV replication. Here, we report that cellular vimentin is also a specific host binding partner for 2C. The 2C-vimentin interaction was further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining to occur in FMDV-infected cells. It was shown that upon infection a vimentin structure forms around 2C and that this structure is later resolved or disappears. Interestingly, overexpression of vimentin had no effect on virus replication; however, overexpression of a truncated dominant-negative form of vimentin resulted in a significant decrease in viral yield. Acrylamide, which causes disruption of vimentin filaments, also inhibited viral yield. Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to map the specific amino acid residues in 2C critical for vimentin binding. Using reverse genetics, we identified 2C residues that are necessary for virus growth, suggesting that the interaction between FMDV 2C and cellular vimentin is essential for virus replication.
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25
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Shriver LP, Plummer EM, Thomas DM, Ho S, Manchester M. Localization of gadolinium-loaded CPMV to sites of inflammation during central nervous system autoimmunity. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5256-5263. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Agrawal A, Manchester M. Differential uptake of chemically modified cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles in macrophage subpopulations present in inflammatory and tumor microenvironments. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3320-6. [PMID: 22963597 PMCID: PMC3590107 DOI: 10.1021/bm3010885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There remains a tremendous need to develop targeted therapeutics that can both image and localize the toxic effects of chemotherapeutics and antagonists on diseased tissue while reducing adverse systemic effects. These needs have fostered the development of a nanotechnology-based approach that can combine targeting and toxicity potential. In this study, CPMV nanoparticles were chemically modified with the dye Alexa Flour 488 and were also tandemly modified with PEG1000 followed by AF488; and the derivatized nanoparticles were subsequently added to macrophages stimulated with either LPS (M1) or IL-4 (M2). Previously published studies have shown that M1/M2 macrophages are both present in an inflammatory microenvironment (such as a tumor microenvironment and atherosclerosis) and play opposing yet balancing roles; M2 macrophages have a delayed and progressive onset in the tumor microenvironment (concomitant with an immunosuppression of M1 macrophages). In this study, we show higher uptake of CPMV-AF488 and CPMV-PEG-AF488 by M2 macrophages compared to M1 macrophages. M1 macrophages showed no uptake of CPMV-PEG-AF488. More specifically, M2 macrophages are known to be up-regulated in early atherosclerosis plaque. Indeed, previous work showed that M2 macrophages in plaque also correlate with CPMV internalization. These studies emphasize the potential effectiveness of CPMV as a tailored vehicle for targeting tumor macrophages involved in cancer metastasis or vascular inflammation and further highlight the potential of CPMV in targeted therapeutics against other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Agrawal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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27
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Abstract
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has been used as a nanoparticle platform for biomedical applications including vaccine development, in vivo vascular imaging, and tissue-targeted delivery. A better understanding of the mechanisms of CPMV targeting and cell internalization would enable enhanced targeting and more effective delivery. Previous studies showed that, following binding and internalization by mammalian cells, CPMV localizes in a perinuclear late-endosome compartment where it remains for as long as several days. To further investigate endocytic trafficking of CPMV within the cell, we used multiple approaches including pharmacologic inhibition of pathways and colocalization with endocytic vesicle compartments. CPMV internalization was clathrin-independent and utilized a combination of caveolar endocytosis and macropinocytosis pathways for entry. CPMV particles colocalized with Rab5(+) early endosomes to traffic ultimately to a lysosomal compartment. These studies facilitate the further development of effective intracellular drug-delivery strategies using CPMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Plummer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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