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Bhori M, Rastogi V, Tungare K, Marar T. A review on interplay between obesity, lipoprotein profile and nutrigenetics with selected candidate marker genes of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:687-703. [PMID: 34669123 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a rapidly growing epidemic, and its frequently related complications demand global attention. The two factors commonly attributed to the epidemic are genetic factors and environmental factors. Studies indicate that the genetic makeup at an individual level and the environmental aspects influence the occurrence of the disease. However, there is insufficiency in understanding the mechanisms through which the gene mutations and environmental components individually lead to T2DM. Also, discrepancies have often been noted in the association of gene variants and type 2 diabetes when the gene factor is examined as a sole attribute to the disease. STUDY In this review initially, we have focused on the proposed ways through which CAPN10, FABP2, GLUT2, TCF7L2, and ENPP1 variants lead to T2DM along with the inconsistencies observed in the gene-disease association. The article also emphasizes on obesity, lipoprotein profile, and nutrition as environmental factors and how they lead to T2DM. Finally, the main objective is explored, the environment-gene-disease association i.e. the influence of each environmental factor on the aforementioned specific gene-T2DM relationship to understand if the disease-causing capability of the gene variants is exacerbated by environmental influences. CONCLUSION We found that environmental factors may influence the gene-disease relationship. Reciprocally, the genetic factors may alter the environment-disease relationship. To precisely conclude that the two factors act synergistically to lead to T2DM, more attention has to be paid to the combined influence of the genetic variants and environmental factors on T2DM occurrence instead of studying the influence of the factors separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustansir Bhori
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil Deemed To Be University, Navi Mumbai, 400614, India
| | - Varuni Rastogi
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil Deemed To Be University, Navi Mumbai, 400614, India
| | - Kanchanlata Tungare
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil Deemed To Be University, Navi Mumbai, 400614, India.
| | - Thankamani Marar
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D. Y. Patil Deemed To Be University, Navi Mumbai, 400614, India
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Gohari-Lasaki S, Sharafshah A, Abbaspour S, Keshavarz P. Single locus and haplotype association of ENPP1 gene variants with the development of retinopathy among type 2 diabetic patients. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:639-647. [PMID: 31902046 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was designed to investigate the associations of ENPP1 variants (rs997509, rs1799774, rs1044498 (K121Q), and rs7754561) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) derived from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Total 501 T2DM patients with and without DR were studied as the case and control group, respectively. All four variants were genotyped by TaqMan assay. Statistical analyses were performed through SNPAlyze and SPSS software. RESULTS The statistical analysis of clinical characteristics represented significant differences of HbA1c, and fasting blood sugar between two study groups. The results indicated that among four studied variants, rs997509 and rs7754561 were significantly associated with DR under recessive (P = 0.01) and dominant (P = 0.01) models of inheritance, respectively. One haplotype (T-A-T-A) with a frequency higher than 0.05 was associated with the increased risk of DR (P = 0.04). Genotype-phenotype sub-analysis of rs997509 and rs7754561 showed that only rs7754561 had significant associations with systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively); more specifically, A allele carriers of rs7754561 were in a higher risk of blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that rs997509 and rs7754561 were associated with the increased risk of DR among Iranians with T2DM and rs7754561 might be a potential genetic marker for prognosis and diagnosis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gohari-Lasaki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Sharafshah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saima Abbaspour
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Sharafshah A, Keshavarz P, Rezaei S, Farhadian N. Association and in silico studies of ENPP1 gene variants with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Northern Iranian population. Gene 2018; 675:225-232. [PMID: 29958952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a sample population of Northern Iranians was selected to investigate the association of K121Q, rs1799774, rs7754561, and rs997509 ENPP1 gene variants and their haplotypes with T2DM. Genomic DNAs of 978 samples were extracted by Salting Out standard technique and then genotyped by the TaqMan assay. The results show significant differences between study groups for K121Q (p = 0.0004) under a Dominant and rs7754561 (p = 0.002) under a co-dominant hereditary model. Based on allele frequency, there was a significant difference between two study groups at K121Q and rs7754561 variants (p = 0.010 and p = 0.01, respectively). There was no evidence for an association between ENPP1 haplotypes and overall risk of T2DM. Genotype-phenotype sub-analyses showed no significant relationship of four studied polymorphisms with age, gender, FBS, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Homology modeling and molecular docking of ENPP1 in K173 and Q173 models with ATP, AMP, and 2'3'-cGAMP as ligands revealed that all ligands had a more binding affinity to Lys173 protein model, and 2'3'-cGAMP had a higher affinity to both ENPP1 protein models compared to ATP and AMP. These findings suggest that ENPP1 gene variants may have a potential impact on the occurrence of T2DM in Northern Iranians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sharafshah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Keshavarz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nastaran Farhadian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Barna B, Badaruddoza, Kaur M, Bhanwer A. A multifactor dimensionality reduction model of gene polymorphisms and an environmental interaction analysis in type 2 diabetes mellitus study among Punjabi, a North India population. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Mǎrginean CO, Mǎrginean C, Meliţ LE. New Insights Regarding Genetic Aspects of Childhood Obesity: A Minireview. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:271. [PMID: 30338250 PMCID: PMC6180186 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Childhood obesity is occurring at alarming rates in both developed and developing countries. "Obesogenic" environmental factors must be associated with variants of different risk alleles to determine polygenic or common obesity, and their impact depends on different developmental stages.The interaction between obesogenic environment and genetic susceptibility results in the so-called polygenic forms of obesity. In contrast, monogenic and syndromic obesity are not influenced by environmental events. Therefore, this review aimed to underline the roles of some of the most studied genes in the development of monogenic and polygenic obesity in children. Results: Among the most common obesity related genes, we chose the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, leptin gene and its receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), the melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R), Ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), and others, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes. The roles of these genes are complex and interdependent, being linked to different cornerstones in obesity development, such as appetite behavior, control of food intake and energy balance, insulin signaling, lipid and glucose metabolism, metabolic disorders, adipocyte differentiation, and so on. Conclusions: Genetic predisposition is mandatory, but not enough to trigger obesity.Dietary interventions and proper lifestyle changes can prevent obesity development in genetically predisposed children. Further studies are needed to identify the precise role of both genetic and obesogenic factors in the development of childhood obesity in order to design effective preventive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Oana Mǎrginean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Claudiu Mǎrginean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Lorena Elena Meliţ
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
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Hsiao TJ, Lin E. The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes and related metabolic phenotypes in a Taiwanese population. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 433:20-5. [PMID: 27238374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1044498 (K121Q), in the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene, but this association is unclear among Asians. In this replication study, we reassessed whether the ENPP1 rs1044498 SNP is associated with T2D, obesity, and T2D/obesity-related metabolic traits in a Taiwanese population. A total of 1513 Taiwanese subjects were assessed in this study. The ENPP1 rs1044498 SNP was genotyped by the Taqman assay. T2D/Obesity-related quantitative traits, such as waist circumference and fasting glucose, were measured. Our data showed a significant association of the ENPP1 rs1044498 SNP with T2D (P < 0.001) among the subjects. Moreover, the ENPP1 rs1044498 SNP was significantly associated with T2D/obesity-related metabolic traits, such as waist circumference (P = 0.002) and fasting glucose (P < 0.001), among the subjects. However, we found no association of ENPP1 rs1044498 with obesity (BMI ≧ 27 kg/m(2)). Our study indicates that the ENPP1 rs1044498 SNP is associated with T2D, waist circumference, and fasting glucose in Taiwanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Jen Hsiao
- College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eugene Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Vita Genomics, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; TickleFish Systems Corporation, Seattle, USA.
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Yako YY, Madubedube JH, Kengne AP, Erasmus RT, Pillay TS, Matsha TE. Contribution of ENPP1, TCF7L2, and FTO polymorphisms to type 2 diabetes in mixed ancestry ethnic population of South Africa. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:1149-60. [PMID: 26958016 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2), fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase gene (ENPP1) are known risk loci for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mostly in European populations. OBJECTIVES To assess the association of these genes with T2DM risk in a South African mixed-ancestry population. METHODS Five hundred and sixty six participants were genotyped for ENPP1-rs997509 and -rs1044498, FTO-9941349 and -rs3751812, TCF7L2-rs12255372 and -rs7903146 polymorphisms using Taqman genotyping assays and validated by automated sequencing to assess the association of the polymorphisms with cardiometabolic traits. RESULTS In logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance, minor allele of rs997509 was associated with a higher risk of prevalent T2DM under a recessive model [odd ratio 4.60 (95% confidence interval: 1.07 to 19.86); p = 0.040].Under additive model, the rs7903146 [1.43 (1.00 to 2.04); p= 0.053] and rs9941349 [1.43 (1.00 to 2.04); p = 0.052] minor alleles showed marginally significant associations with a high risk of T2DM. However, only the rs7903146 alleles (p=0.011) and genotypes (p=0.025) distributions were statistically significantly different between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that ENPP1, TCF7L2, and FTO may predispose to T2DM in the mixed-ancestry population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandiswa Y Yako
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Jabulisile H Madubedube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre P Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv T Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tahir S Pillay
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology, University of Pretoria
| | - Tandi E Matsha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Nowak N, Hohendorff J, Solecka I, Szopa M, Skupien J, Kiec-Wilk B, Mlynarski W, Malecki MT. Circulating ghrelin level is higher in HNF1A-MODY and GCK-MODY than in polygenic forms of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2015; 50:643-9. [PMID: 25987348 PMCID: PMC4662709 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone that regulates appetite. It is likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of varying forms of diabetes. In animal studies, the ghrelin expression was regulated by the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A). Mutations of the HNF1A gene cause maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). We aimed to assess the circulating ghrelin levels in HNF1A-MODY and in other types of diabetes and to evaluate its association with HNF1A mutation status. Our cohort included 46 diabetic HNF1A gene mutation carriers, 55 type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects, 42 type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients, and 31 glucokinase (GCK) gene mutation carriers with diabetes as well as 51 healthy controls. Plasma ghrelin concentration was measured using the immunoenzymatic assay with polyclonal antibody against the C-terminal fragment of its acylated and desacylated forms. Ghrelin concentrations were 0.75 ± 0.32, 0.70 ± 0.21, 0.50 ± 0.20, and 0.40 ± 0.16 ng/ml in patients with HNF1A-MODY, GCK-MODY, T1DM, and T2DM, respectively. The ghrelin levels were higher in HNF1A-MODY and GCK-MODY than in T1DM and T2DM (p < 0.001 for all comparisons) but lower than in non-diabetic controls (1.02 ± 0.29 ng/ml, p < 0.001 for both comparisons). In the multivariate linear model, the differences between both MODY groups and common diabetes types remained significant. Analysis by a HNF1A mutation type indicated that ghrelin concentration is similar in patients with different types of sequence differences. Plasma ghrelin level is higher in HNF1A-MODY and GCK-MODY than in the common polygenic forms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowak
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerzy Hohendorff
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland
- University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Szopa
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland
- University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Skupien
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland
- University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Kiec-Wilk
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland
- University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej T Malecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 Kopernika Street, 31-501, Krakow, Poland.
- University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
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A case-control association study of K121Q (rs 1044498) and G/T (rs 1225572) variants in ENPP1 and TCF7L2 genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus in north Indian Punjabi population. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-015-0337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
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Takabayashi S, Seto S, Katoh H. A new Enpp1 allele, Enpp1(ttw-Ham), identified in an ICR closed colony. Exp Anim 2014; 63:193-204. [PMID: 24770645 PMCID: PMC4160980 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently have reported on a novel ankylosis gene that is closely linked to the Enpp1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) gene on chromosome 10. Here, we have discovered novel mutant mice in a Jcl:ICR closed colony with ankylosis in the toes of the forelimbs at about 3 weeks of age. The mutant mice exhibited rigidity in almost all joints, including the vertebral column, which increased with age. These mice also showed hypogrowth with age after 16 weeks due to a loss of visceral fat, which may have been caused by poor nutrition. Histological examination and soft X-ray imaging demonstrated the ectopic ossification of various joints in the mutant mice. In particular, increased calcium deposits were observed in the joints of the toes, the carpal bones and the vertebral column. We sequenced all exons and exon/intron boundaries of Enpp1 in the normal and mutant mice, and identified a G-to-T substitution (c.259+1G>T) in the 5' splice donor site of intron 2 in the Enpp1 gene of the mutant mice. This substitution led to the skipping of exon 2 (73 bp), which generated a stop codon at position 354 bp (amino acid 62) of the cDNA (p.V63Xfs). Nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase (NPPH) activity of ENPP1 in the mutant mice was also decreased, suggesting that Enpp1 gene function is disrupted in this novel mutant. The mutant mice reported in this study will be a valuable animal model for future studies of human osteochondral diseases and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takabayashi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Tang ST, Shen XR, Tang HQ, Wang CJ, Wei W, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Association of the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in different populations: evidence based on 40 studies. Endocr J 2014; 61:1093-103. [PMID: 25109753 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The K121Q gene polymorphism of ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1(ENPP1) has been widely investigated, however, results have been somewhat conflicting. The aim of this meta-analysis was to establish a precise estimation of the association between ENPP1 gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes (T2D). A literature search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and China Biology Medicine (CBM) databases was conducted on publications published prior to November 21(st), 2013. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was calculated to estimate the strength of the association using a random-effects/fixed-effects model. Statistical analyses were performed using the STATA 11.0 software. For the overall population, there was a significant association between ENPP1 gene polymorphisms and T2D when comparing the Q allele versus K allele (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.44, p = 0.000). Considering diverse ethnic groups, effect sizes were consistent for patients of Caucasian and Asian descent (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.08-1.33 and OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.15-1.89, respectively); however, effect size was not consistent for those of African descent. Under other models of inheritance, significant associations were also observed. Sensitivity analyses did not leading to differing he results. In summary, the Q allele of the ENPP1 K121Q gene may contribute to the susceptibility for T2D in Caucasians and Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Tao Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Maranghi M, Prudente S, D'Erasmo L, Morini E, Ciociola E, Coletta P, Verrienti A, Arciello S, Copetti M, Pellegrini F, Santini SA, Morano S, Filetti S, Trischitta V. The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) K121Q polymorphism modulates the beneficial effect of weight loss on fasting glucose in non-diabetic individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 23:505-510. [PMID: 22402064 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have reported that the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) K121Q polymorphism (rs1044498) interacts with increased adiposity in affecting glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Conversely, one would expect that the amelioration of glucose homeostasis observed after weight loss is modulated by the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism. The aim of our study was to test such hypothesis, in non-diabetic overweight-obese individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS Two hundred eleven non-diabetic overweight-obese individuals were studied. Body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index) and lipid levels were obtained before and after 6-week lifestyle intervention (LI; diet and exercise) and their changes calculated as baseline minus 6-week values. LI decreased BMI, glucose, HOMA-IR and triglyceride levels (p < 0.001 for all). No difference across genotype groups (160 KK and 51 KQ or QQ - named as XQ - individuals) was observed in these changes. In a multivariate model, BMI changes predicted fasting glucose changes (β = 0.139 mmol/L (2.50 mg/dl) for 1 unit BMI change, p = 0.005). This correlation was not significant among KK individuals (β = 0.082; p = 0.15), while much steeper and highly significant among XQ individuals (β = 0.336; p = 0.00008) (p-value for Q121-by-weight loss interaction = 0.047). CONCLUSION Individuals carrying the ENPP1 Q121 variant are highly responsive to the effect of weight loss on fasting glucose. This reinforces the previously suggested hypothesis that the Q121 variant interacts with adiposity in modulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maranghi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Variants of insulin-signaling inhibitor genes in type 2 diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:376454. [PMID: 23762820 PMCID: PMC3674720 DOI: 10.1155/2013/376454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance has a central role in the pathogenesis of several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance and related traits are likely to be caused by abnormalities in the genes encoding for proteins involved in the composite network of insulin-signaling; in this review we have focused our attention on genetic variants of insulin-signaling inhibitor molecules. These proteins interfere with different steps in insulin-signaling: ENPP1/PC-1 and the phosphatases PTP1B and PTPRF/LAR inhibit the insulin receptor activation; INPPL1/SHIP-2 hydrolyzes PI3-kinase products, hampering the phosphoinositide-mediated downstream signaling; and TRIB3 binds the serine-threonine kinase Akt, reducing its phosphorylation levels. While several variants have been described over the years for all these genes, solid evidence of an association with type 2 diabetes and related diseases seems to exist only for rs1044498 of the ENPP1 gene and for rs2295490 of the TRIB3 gene. However, overall the data recapitulated in this Review article may supply useful elements to interpret the results of novel, more technically advanced genetic studies; indeed it is becoming increasingly evident that genetic information on metabolic diseases should be interpreted taking into account the complex biological pathways underlying their pathogenesis.
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Bonnefond A, Yengo L, Philippe J, Dechaume A, Ezzidi I, Vaillant E, Gjesing AP, Andersson EA, Czernichow S, Hercberg S, Hadjadj S, Charpentier G, Lantieri O, Balkau B, Marre M, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Froguel P, Vaxillaire M. Reassessment of the putative role of BLK-p.A71T loss-of-function mutation in MODY and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:492-6. [PMID: 23224494 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS MODY is believed to be caused by at least 13 different genes. Five rare mutations at the BLK locus, including only one non-synonymous p.A71T variant, were reported to segregate with diabetes in three MODY families. The p.A71T mutation was shown to abolish the enhancing effect of BLK on insulin content and secretion from pancreatic beta cell lines. Here, we reassessed the contribution of BLK to MODY and tested the effect of BLK-p.A71T on type 2 diabetes risk and variations in related traits. METHODS BLK was sequenced in 64 unelucidated MODY samples. The BLK-p.A71T variant was genotyped in a French type 2 diabetes case-control study including 4,901 cases and 4,280 controls, and in the DESIR (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) and SUVIMAX (Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants) population-based cohorts (n = 6,905). The variant effects were assessed by logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS No rare non-synonymous BLK mutations were found in the MODY patients. The BLK p.A71T mutation was present in 52 normoglycaemic individuals, making it very unlikely that this loss-of-function mutation causes highly penetrant MODY. We found a nominal association between this variant and increased type 2 diabetes risk, with an enrichment of the mutation in the obese diabetic patients, although no significant association with BMI was identified. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION No mutation in BLK was found in our MODY cohort. From our findings, the BLK-p.A71T mutation may weakly influence type 2 diabetes risk in the context of obesity; however, this will require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonnefond
- CNRS-UMR-8199, Lille Pasteur Institute, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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15
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Sortica DA, Crispim D, Zaffari GP, Friedman R, Canani LH. The role of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 in diabetic nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 55:677-85. [PMID: 22231969 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302011000900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus has caused a rise in the occurrence of its chronic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. Familial aggregation studies have demonstrated that besides the known environmental risk factors, DN has a major genetic component. Therefore, it is necessary to identify genes associated with risk for or protection against DN. Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is expressed in several tissues, including the kidneys. Increased levels of ENPP1 expression inhibit tyrosine-kinase activity of the insulin receptor in several cell types, leading to insulin resistance. K121Q polymorphism of the ENPP1 gene seems to be associated with insulin resistance and DN development. The elucidation of genetic factors and their associations will provide better understanding of the pathogenesis of DN and, may consequently, lead to a more effective approach to prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Alves Sortica
- Endocrinology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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Genetic and Clinical Risk Factors of New-Onset Diabetes After Transplantation in Hispanic Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2011; 91:1114-9. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31821620f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Radha V, Kanthimathi S, Mohan V. Genetics of Type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/dmt.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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18
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Lin CC, Wu CT, Wu LSH. Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1 K173Q Polymorphism Is Associated with Diabetic Nephropathy in the Taiwanese Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 15:239-42. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Lin
- Department of Urological Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Te Wu
- Department of Urological Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
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19
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Bacci S, Rizza S, Prudente S, Spoto B, Powers C, Facciorusso A, Pacilli A, Lauro D, Testa A, Zhang YY, Di Stolfo G, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Xu R, Mangiacotti D, Aucella F, Lauro R, Gervino EV, Hauser TH, Copetti M, De Cosmo S, Pellegrini F, Zoccali C, Federici M, Doria A, Trischitta V. The ENPP1 Q121 variant predicts major cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals: evidence for interaction with obesity in diabetic patients. Diabetes 2011; 60:1000-7. [PMID: 21282363 PMCID: PMC3046818 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular disease may share a common genetic background. We investigated the role of IR-associated ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism (rs1044498) on cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective study (average follow-up, 37 months) was conducted for major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction [MI], stroke, cardiovascular death) from the Gargano Heart Study (GHS; n = 330 with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease), the Tor Vergata Atherosclerosis Study (TVAS; n = 141 who had MI), and the Cardiovascular Risk Extended Evaluation in Dialysis (CREED) database (n = 266 with end-stage renal disease). Age at MI was investigated in cross-sectional studies of 339 type 2 diabetic patients (n = 169 from Italy, n = 170 from the U.S.). RESULTS Incidence of cardiovascular events per 100 person--years was 4.2 in GHS, 10.8 in TVAS, and 11.7 in CREED. Hazard ratios (HRs) for KQ+QQ versus individuals carrying the K121/K121 genotype (KK) individuals were 1.47 (95% CI 0.80-2.70) in GHS, 2.31 (95% CI 1.22-4.34) in TVAS, and 1.36 (95% CI 0.88-2.10) in CREED, and 1.56 (95% CI 1.15-2.12) in the three cohorts combined. In the 395 diabetic patients, the Q121 variant predicted cardiovascular events among obese but not among nonobese individuals (HR 5.94 vs. 0.62, P = 0.003 for interaction). A similar synergism was observed in cross-sectional studies, with age at MI being 3 years younger in Q121 carriers than in KK homozygotes among obese but not among nonobese patients (P = 0.035 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism is an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals. In type 2 diabetes, this effect is exacerbated by obesity. Future larger studies are needed to confirm our finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Bacci
- Unit of Endocrinology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Stefano Rizza
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Prudente
- Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Belinda Spoto
- CNR-IBIM, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Christine Powers
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Unit of Cardiology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Antonio Pacilli
- Unit of Endocrinology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Testa
- CNR-IBIM, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giuseppe Di Stolfo
- Unit of Cardiology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- CNR-IBIM, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- CNR-IBIM, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rui Xu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Davide Mangiacotti
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Filippo Aucella
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Renato Lauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernest V. Gervino
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas H. Hauser
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Salvatore De Cosmo
- Unit of Endocrinology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Fabio Pellegrini
- Unit of Biostatistics, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IBIM, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, ‘Sapienza’ University, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author: Vincenzo Trischitta,
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20
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Jeong DJ, Lee DG, Kim HJ, Cho EH, Kim SW. ENPP1 K121Q Genotype Not Associated with Coronary Artery Calcification in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. KOREAN DIABETES JOURNAL 2010; 34:320-6. [PMID: 21076580 PMCID: PMC2972492 DOI: 10.4093/kdj.2010.34.5.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) generates inorganic pyrophosphate, a solute that serves as an essential physiological inhibitor of calcification. Inactivating mutations of ENPP1 are associated with generalized calcification in infancy and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We hypothesized that the ENPP1 K121Q variant may be associated with increased coronary artery calcification in T2DM patients. Methods The study subjects were aged 34 to 85 years and showed no evidence of clinical cardiovascular disease prior to recruitment. A total of 140 patients with T2DM were assessed for their coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and ENPP1 K121Q polymorphisms were identified. Results The prevalence of subjects carrying the KQ genotype was 12.9% (n = 18). There were no 121QQ homozygotes. Patients with the KQ genotype did not show a significantly higher CAC score (122 vs. 18; P = 0.858). We matched each patient with the KQ genotype to a respective control with the KK genotype by gender, age, and duration of diabetes. When compared to matched controls, we observed no significant difference in CAC score (P = 0.959). Conclusions The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism does not appear to be associated with coronary artery calcification in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Joon Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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21
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Association and meta-analysis of ENPP1 K121Q with type 2 diabetes in Han Chinese. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2010; 32:808-16. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2010.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Ermakov S, Rosenbaum MG, Malkin I, Livshits G. Family-based study of association between ENPP1 genetic variants and craniofacial morphology. Ann Hum Biol 2010; 37:754-66. [PMID: 20446819 DOI: 10.3109/03014461003639231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human craniofacial morphology is characterized by considerable diversity among individuals. The ENPP1 gene is essential for bone physiology. However, the potential effects of its genetic variants on head size phenotypes have not yet been studied. AIM The aim of this research was to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the ENPP1 locus with normal variability of craniofacial phenotypes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fourteen SNPs and 13 haplotypes in the ENPP1 locus were tested for association with six head size traits in 1042 Western Eurasian individuals. RESULTS The most significant and consistent association was observed between upper facial height and the polymorphisms located near the promoter region and upstream from ENPP1 gene (p = 0.00009), which remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. Additionally, association signals were detected between head breadths and lower face height, and markers residing in or close to the promoter and 3' untranslated regions of the ENPP1 gene (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings obtained in this study suggest that the upstream, promoter and 3' untranslated regions in the ENPP1 locus harbor genetic variants affecting different aspects of craniofacial morphology. Further research is required to validate the relevancy of the potentially functional ENPP1 regions to normal and pathologic craniofacial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ermakov
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Ermakov S, Toliat MR, Cohen Z, Malkin I, Altmüller J, Livshits G, Nürnberg P. Association of ALPL and ENPP1 gene polymorphisms with bone strength related skeletal traits in a Chuvashian population. Bone 2010; 46:1244-50. [PMID: 19931660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralization of the extracellular matrix of bone is an essential element of bone development, maintenance and repair. ALPL and ENPP1 genes and their products are known to be central in local regulation of bone mineralization. The present study investigates potential associations of ENPP1 and ALPL polymorphisms with several phenotypes reflecting bone size and hand BMD. The study sample included 310 Caucasian nuclear families. Forty SNPs in ALPL and 14 SNPs in ENPP1 genetic loci as well as pairwise haplotypes were tested for association with bone strength related traits. Our findings suggest that the region corresponding to exons 7 through 9 of the ALPL gene harbors functional polymorphism affecting both bone size at various skeletal sites (p-value ranged from 0.01 to 0.0001) and hand bone mineral density (p-value=0.0007). The other important finding of consistent association between bone size phenotypes and the 3' untranslated region of ENPP1 gene (p-value ranged from 0.01 to 0.001) imply functional significance of this region to bone growth. The considered anthropometric and radiographic bone phenotypes are closely related to bone fragility thus suggesting a role for both genes in osteoporosis. Further research is required to validate the relevancy of the potentially functional regions identified by our and other studies to normal and pathologic bone development as well as to determine the relevancy of the polymorphisms in ALPL and ENPP1 gene loci to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ermakov
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Prudente S, Morini E, Trischitta V. Insulin signaling regulating genes: effect on T2DM and cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5:682-93. [PMID: 19924153 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disorder that has a heterogeneous genetic and environmental background. In this Review, we discuss the role of relatively infrequent polymorphisms of genes that regulate insulin signaling (including the K121Q polymorphism of ENPP1, the G972R polymorphism of IRS1 and the Q84R polymorphism of TRIB3) in T2DM and other conditions related to insulin resistance. The biological relevance of these three polymorphisms has been very thoroughly characterized both in vitro and in vivo and the available data indicate that they all affect insulin signaling and action as well as insulin secretion. They also affect insulin-mediated regulation of endothelial cell function. In addition, several reports indicate that the effects of all three polymorphisms on the risk of T2DM and cardiovascular diseases related to insulin resistance depend on the clinical features of the individual, including their body weight and age at disease onset. Thus, these polymorphisms might be used to demonstrate how difficult it is to ascertain the contribution of relatively infrequent genetic variants with heterogeneous effects on disease susceptibility. Unraveling the role of such variants might be facilitated by improving disease definition and focusing on specific subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Prudente
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Mendel Institute, Rome, Italy
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25
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Bacci S, Di Paola R, Menzaghi C, Di Fulvio P, Di Silvestre S, Pellegrini F, Baratta R, Marucci A, Mastroianno S, Fini G, Formoso G, Consoli A, Perticone F, Frittitta L, Pandolfi A, Trischitta V. ENPP1
Q121 Variant, Increased Pulse Pressure and Reduced Insulin Signaling, and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1678-83. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.189191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Insulin resistance induces increased pulse pressure (PP), endothelial dysfunction (ED), and reduced bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The genetic background of these 3 cardiovascular risk factors might be partly common. The
ENPP1
K121Q polymorphism is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.
Methods and Results—
We investigated whether the K121Q polymorphism is associated with increased PP in white Caucasians and with ED in vitro. In 985 individuals, (390 unrelated and 595 from 248 families), the K121Q polymorphism was associated with PP (
P
=8.0×10
−4
). In the families, the Q121 variant accounted for 0.08 of PP heritability (
P
=9.4×10
−4
). This association was formally replicated in a second sample of 475 individuals (
P
=2.6×10
−2
) but not in 2 smaller samples of 289 and 236 individuals (
P
=0.49 and 0.21, respectively). In the individual patients’ data meta-analysis, comprising 1985 individuals, PP was associated with the Q121 variant (
P
=1.2×10
−3
). Human endothelial cells carrying the KQ genotype showed, as compared to KK cells, reduced insulin-mediated insulin receptor autophosphorylation (
P
=0.03), Ser
473
-Akt phosphorylation (
P
=0.03), and NO synthase activity (
P
=0.003).
Conclusions—
Our data suggest that the
ENPP1
Q121 variant is associated with increased PP in vivo and reduced insulin signaling and ED in vitro, thus indicating a possible pathogenic mechanism for the increased cardiovascular risk observed in
ENPP1
Q121 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Bacci
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Rosa Di Paola
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Claudia Menzaghi
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Patrizia Di Fulvio
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Sara Di Silvestre
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Fabio Pellegrini
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Roberto Baratta
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Antonella Marucci
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Sandra Mastroianno
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Grazia Fini
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Gloria Formoso
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Agostino Consoli
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Francesco Perticone
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- From the Endocrine Unit (S.B., S.M.), the Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases (R.D.P., C.M., A.M., G. Fini, V.T.), and the Unit of Biostatistics (F.P.), IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza,” San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; the Departments of Medicine and Aging Sciences (P.D.F., G. Formoso, A.C.) and Biomedical Sciences (S.D.S., A.P.), University “G. d’Annunzio,” Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; the Department of Clinical
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease that is caused by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes has an evident genetic component and represents a polygenic disease. During the last decade, considerable progress was made in the identification of type 2 diabetes risk genes. This was crucially influenced by the development of affordable high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays that prompted several successful genome-wide association scans in large case-control cohorts. Subsequent to the identification of type 2 diabetes risk SNPs, cohorts thoroughly phenotyped for prediabetic traits with elaborate in vivo methods allowed an initial characterization of the pathomechanisms of these SNPs. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood, a surprising result of these pathomechanistic investigations was that most of the risk SNPs affect beta-cell function. This favors a beta-cell-centric view on the genetics of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the type 2 diabetes risk genes and their variants' pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Lin E, Pei D, Huang YJ, Hsieh CH, Wu LSH. Gene-Gene Interactions Among Genetic Variants from Obesity Candidate Genes for Nonobese and Obese Populations in Type 2 Diabetes. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:485-93. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2008.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Bioinformatics Division, Vita Genomics, Inc., Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Dee Pei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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El Achhab Y, Meyre D, Bouatia-Naji N, Berraho M, Deweirder M, Vatin V, Delplanque J, Serhier Z, Lyoussi B, Nejjari C, Froguel P, Chikri M. Association of the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism with type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Moroccan population. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Moore AF, Jablonski KA, Mason CC, McAteer JB, Arakaki RF, Goldstein BJ, Kahn SE, Kitabchi AE, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Florez JC. The association of ENPP1 K121Q with diabetes incidence is abolished by lifestyle modification in the diabetes prevention program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:449-55. [PMID: 19017751 PMCID: PMC2646511 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin resistance is an important feature of type 2 diabetes. Ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) inhibits insulin signaling, and a recent meta-analysis reported a nominal association between the Q allele in the K121Q (rs1044498) single nucleotide polymorphism in its gene ENPP1 and type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE AND INTERVENTION: We examined the impact of this polymorphism on diabetes incidence as well as insulin secretion and sensitivity at baseline and after treatment with a lifestyle intervention or metformin vs. placebo in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND OUTCOME: We genotyped ENPP1 K121Q in 3548 DPP participants and performed Cox regression analyses using genotype, intervention, and interactions as predictors of diabetes incidence. RESULTS Fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin were higher in QQ homozygotes at baseline (P < 0.001 for both). There was a significant interaction between genotype at rs1044498 and intervention under the dominant model (P = 0.03). In analyses stratified by treatment arm, a positive association with diabetes incidence was found in Q allele carriers compared to KK homozygotes [hazard ratio (HR), 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.76; P = 0.009] in the placebo arm (n = 996). Lifestyle modification eliminated this increased risk. These findings persisted after adjustment for body mass index and race/ethnicity. Association of ENPP1 K121Q genotype with diabetes incidence under the additive and recessive genetic models showed consistent trends [HR, 1.10 (95% CI, 0.99-1.23), P = 0.08; and HR, 1.16 (95% CI, 0.92-1.45), P = 0.20, respectively] but did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS ENPP1 K121Q is associated with increased diabetes incidence; the DPP lifestyle intervention eliminates this increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan F Moore
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2622, USA
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Morandi A, Pinelli L, Petrone A, Vatin V, Buzzetti R, Froguel P, Meyre D. The Q121 variant of ENPP1 may protect from childhood overweight/obesity in the Italian population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:202-6. [PMID: 18948963 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase Phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) downregulates insulin signaling by inhibiting the insulin receptor's tyrosine-kinase. K121Q and other ENPP1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), IVS20delT-11 and A/G+1044TGA, have been previously associated with obesity in French children, and the risk haplotype QdelTG has also been associated with this condition in both French and German children. Our aim was to perform a case-control replication study in order to assess the possible association of childhood obesity and overweight with the above-mentioned ENPP1 SNPs, and with the QdelTG haplotype, in the Italian population. A total of 865 healthy Italian children were studied: 453 normal-weight, 243 overweight and 169 obese subjects. Genotyping was performed by Taq-Man or Light-Cycler Technology. The Q variant of K121Q showed a negative association with overweight-obesity under both additive (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.57-0.97, P = 0.030) and recessive (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.10-0.97, P = 0.035) modes of inheritance. The Z-score of BMI showed a significant decreasing trend from children K/K homozygous to K/Q heterozygous, and to Q/Q homozygous (0.45 vs. 0.28 vs. -0.19; P = 0.009), according to the additive model. The two other SNPs and the QdelTG haplotype did not exhibit any association with overweight/obesity. This is the first child-based study showing a protective role of the 121Q variant of ENPP1 against overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Morandi
- 1Department of Mother and Child, Biology-Genetics, Section of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Santoro N, Cirillo G, Lepore MG, Palma A, Amato A, Savarese P, Marzuillo P, Grandone A, Perrone L, Del Giudice EM. Effect of the rs997509 polymorphism on the association between ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 and metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance in childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:300-5. [PMID: 18940878 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Variants on the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP-1) gene have been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Because insulin resistance is a pivotal factor in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), we aimed to test the association between the K121Q and rs997509 ENPP-1 variants with obesity, MS and IGT in obese children and adolescents. METHODS We screened 809 children, 409 obese and 400 lean controls. Obese subjects underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test, whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) were calculated. RESULTS No difference in prevalence for K121Q and rs997509 polymorphisms between obese and controls (P > 0.05) were observed. Obese children carrying the rs997509 rare allele showed higher insulin (P = 0.001), HOMA (P < .001) and lower WBISI values (P = 0.04) compared with common allele homozygous. A similar observation was done for K121Q variant, with 121Q allele carriers showing higher insulin (P = 0.03) and HOMA (P = 0.04) values than 121K homozygotes. Moreover, subjects carrying the rs997509 rare allele had higher risk of MS (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-4.3) and IGT (odds ratio 4.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.9-11.4) than common allele homozygotes. Evaluating combined effects of both polymorphisms, which are in strong linkage disequilibrium, we showed that the effect on insulin sensitivity was due to the rs997509 T variant. CONCLUSION We conclude that the ENPP1 rs997509T allele can predispose obese children to MS and IGT and that this variant might drive the association between the ENPP1 121Q allele and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Santoro
- Dipartimento di Pediatria, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio No. 2, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Abstract
CONTEXT Over the last few months, genome-wide association studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. If and how this information will impact clinical practice is not yet clear. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Primary papers reporting genome-wide association studies in type 2 diabetes or establishing a reproducible association for specific candidate genes were compiled. Further information was obtained from background articles, authoritative reviews, and relevant meeting conferences and abstracts. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS As many as 17 genetic loci have been convincingly associated with type 2 diabetes; 14 of these were not previously known, and most of them were unsuspected. The associated polymorphisms are common in populations of European descent but have modest effects on risk. These loci highlight new areas for biological exploration and allow the initiation of experiments designed to develop prediction models and test possible pharmacogenetic and other applications. CONCLUSIONS Although substantial progress in our knowledge of the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes is taking place, these new discoveries represent but a small proportion of the genetic variation underlying the susceptibility to this disorder. Major work is still required to identify the causal variants, test their role in disease prediction and ascertain their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Florez
- Simches Research Building-CPZN 5.250, 185 Cambridge Street, Diabetes Unit/Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Baratta R, Rossetti P, Prudente S, Barbetti F, Sudano D, Nigro A, Farina MG, Pellegrini F, Trischitta V, Frittitta L. Role of the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2008; 57:3360-4. [PMID: 18776139 PMCID: PMC2584144 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of the ENPP1 Q121 variant on glucose homeostasis in whites from Italy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted case-control studies in 764 adults (from two independent samples of 289 nonobese and 485 obese individuals) and 240 overweight/obese children undergoing oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT). Early-phase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (the insulinogenic index and the insulin sensitivity index) and their interplay (the disposition index) were calculated. RESULTS In adult subjects, glucose profiles during OGTT were significantly (P = 2 x 10(-2)) different across K121Q genotype groups and higher in QQ than KK individuals (P = 5 x 10(-2)). The insulinogenic index was significantly reduced in QQ (18.5 +/- 3.4) compared with both KK (31.6 +/- 1.0; P = 2.2 x 10(-7)) and KQ (30.5 +/- 1.5; P = 3.2 x 10(-6)) individuals. KQ individuals also showed a reduced insulin sensitivity index compared with KK subjects (P = 3.6 x 10(-2)). The disposition index was lower in QQ carriers than in KQ and KK individuals (P = 8 x 10(-3) and 4 x 10(-4), respectively) and lower in KQ than in KK individuals (P = 3 x 10(-2)). Data obtained in overweight/obese children were very similar to those observed in adults, with QQ individuals showing (compared with KQ and KK subjects) a reduced insulinogenic index (P = 7 x 10(-3) and 2 x 10(-2), respectively) and disposition index (P = 2 x 10(-2) and 7 x 10(-3), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Homozygous carriers of the ENPP1 Q121 variant are characterized by an altered glucose homeostasis. Reduced early-phase insulin secretion and inefficient interplay between insulin secretion and sensitivity, which occur at early ages, are major determinants of this defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Baratta
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Catania Medical School, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Rossetti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Catania Medical School, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Sabrina Prudente
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza (CSS) Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- CSS-Mendel Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barbetti
- Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Dora Sudano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Catania Medical School, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Nigro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Catania Medical School, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Farina
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Catania Medical School, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Pellegrini
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza (CSS) Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Trischitta
- Research Unit of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza (CSS) Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- CSS-Mendel Institute, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, CSS Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Frittitta
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, University of Catania Medical School, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania, Italy
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Tanyolaç S, Mahley RW, Hodoglugil U, Goldfine ID. Gender differences in the relationship of ENPP1/PC-1 variants to obesity in a Turkish population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2468-71. [PMID: 18719658 PMCID: PMC4486356 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ectoenzyme ENPP1 (also termed membrane glycoprotein PC-1 or ENPP1/PC-1) is an inhibitor of insulin-induced activation of the insulin receptor. There is evidence from previous studies that coding variants of ENPP1/PC-1 (K121Q) are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Studies in the general Turkish population have demonstrated: unique plasma lipid characteristics, a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, and an increased prevalence of obesity and T2D. We investigated, therefore, the association of ENPP1/PC-1 variants with obesity and T2D in Turkish individuals. The TaqMan allelic discrimination assay was used for genotyping the relationship of ENPP1/PC-1 variants to obesity and T2D in a genetic association study of 1,553 genotyped, randomly selected subjects from the Turkish Heart Study. The K121Q (rs1044498) variant and other previously reported variants (rs997509, rs1799774, rs1044548, rs11964389, rs7754561) were analyzed. In this cohort, the minor allele frequency (MAF) of the K121Q variant was associated with obesity in male, but not in female subjects (male, odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.004-2.698, P = 0.048; female, odds ratio 1.003, 95% confidence interval 0.684-1.471, P = ns). In addition, the previously reported ENPP1/PC-1 "risk haplotype" (Q (rs1044498), delT (rs1799774), and G (rs7754561) alleles) was found to be associated with obesity in male, but not in female, subjects (P = 0.035). In contrast, there was no association of either the K121Q variant or the ENPP1/PC-1 haplotype with T2D. We find evidence that variants of ENPP1/PC-1 are associated with obesity in the male Turkish population; thus, these variants may contribute to the development of the obesity in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Tanyolaç
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of California, San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert W. Mahley
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Uğur Hodoglugil
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ira D. Goldfine
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of California, San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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De Cosmo S, Minenna A, Zhang YY, Thompson R, Thompson R, Miscio G, Vedovato M, Rauseo A, Saller A, Mastroianno S, Pellegrini F, Trevisan R, Fioretto P, Doria A, Trischitta V. Association of the Q121 variant of ENPP1 gene with decreased kidney function among patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 53:273-80. [PMID: 18950909 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance has a role in diabetic kidney complications. The K121Q (lysine to glutamine substitution at amino acid 121, encoded by single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1044498) variant of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase gene (ENPP1) has been associated with insulin resistance and related vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, although not all, studies. This study investigated whether the ENPP1 Q121 variant modulates the risk of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with T2D. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 2 diabetes units from Italy (in Gargano and Padua) and 1 from the United States (Boston, MA) recruited a total of 1,392 patients with T2D. PREDICTOR The ENPP1 Q121 variant. MEASUREMENTS Estimated GFR from serum creatinine, urinary albumin excretion, blood pressure, hemoglobin A(1c), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. OUTCOMES Decreased GFRs (ie, estimated GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). RESULTS In the Gargano and Boston populations, according to the dominant model of inheritance, Q121 carriers (ie, individual with either KQ or QQ alleles) had an increased risk of decreased GFR: odds ratios (ORs) of 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 2.6) and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.2), respectively. In the Padua set, the association was in the same direction, but did not reach formal statistical significance (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 0.7 to 4.5). When the 3 studies were pooled, Q121 carriers showed an increased risk of decreased GFR (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.1; P = 0.002). Also, pooled mean differences in absolute GFRs were different across genotype groups, with Q121 carriers showing lower GFRs compared with KK individuals (P = 0.04). LIMITATIONS P values not approaching a genome-wide level of significance. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that patients with T2D carrying the ENPP1 Q121 variant are at increased risk of decreased GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore De Cosmo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Scientific Institute Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
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Bouhaha R, Meyre D, Kamoun HA, Ennafaa H, Vaillant E, Sassi R, Baroudi T, Vatin V, Froguel P, Elgaaied A, Vaxillaire M. Effect of ENPP1/PC-1-K121Q and PPARgamma-Pro12Ala polymorphisms on the genetic susceptibility to T2D in the Tunisian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81:278-83. [PMID: 18657335 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic metabolic disease. The raising diabetes epidemic is unfolding as an interaction between several environmental factors and a genetic predisposition. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of the PPARgamma-Pro12Ala and ENPP1-K121Q polymorphisms on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in a case-control study in the Tunisian population. To assess for any association of ENPP1-K121Q and PPARgamma-Pro12Ala polymorphisms with T2D risk, we analysed the genotypic and allelic distributions of each variant in the studied cohort. Our results support that the genetic variation at ENPP1-K121Q predisposes to T2D in the Tunisian population after adjustment on gender, age and BMI status (OR=1.55, 95%CI [1.11-2.16], p=0.007). Conversely, the PPARgamma-Pro12Ala variant seems not to have a significant effect on T2D risk in our Tunisian cohort. However, the minor A-allele would convey protection against overweight in the Tunisian population. In fact, the over weighted subjects showed a significantly lower frequency of A-allele than lean controls (OR=0.49, 95%CI [0.25-0.97], p=0.02). In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that ENPP1-121Q is involved in the genetic susceptibility of T2D in the Tunisian population, while the PPARgamma-12Ala allele may confer protection against overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bouhaha
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathologies, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
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Valli-Jaakola K, Suviolahti E, Schalin-Jäntti C, Ripatti S, Silander K, Oksanen L, Salomaa V, Peltonen L, Kontula K. Further evidence for the role of ENPP1 in obesity: association with morbid obesity in Finns. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2113-9. [PMID: 18551113 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate a series of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, MC5R, POMC, and ENPP1 for association with obesity. Twenty-five SNPs (2-7 SNPs/gene) were genotyped in 246 Finns with extreme obesity (BMI > or = 40 kg/m2) and in 481 lean subjects (BMI 20-25 kg/m2). Of the obese subjects, 23% had concomitant type 2 diabetes. SNPs and SNP haplotypes were tested for association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Allele frequencies differed between obese and lean subjects for two SNPs in the ENPP1 gene, rs1800949 (P = 0.006) and rs943003 (P = 0.0009). These SNPs are part of a haplotype (rs1800949 C-rs943003 A), which was observed more frequently in lean subjects compared to obese subjects (P = 0.0007). Weaker associations were detected between the SNPs rs1541276 in the MC5R, rs1926065 in the MC3R genes and obesity (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively), and between SNPs rs2236700 in the MC5R, rs2118404 in the POMC, rs943003 in the ENPP1 genes and type 2 diabetes (P = 0.03, P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively); these associations did not, however, remain significant after correction for multiple testing. In conclusion, a previously unexplored ENPP1 haplotype composed of SNPs rs1800949 and rs943003 showed suggestive evidence for association with adult-onset morbid obesity in Finns. In this study, we did not find association between the frequently studied ENPP1 K121Q variant, nor SNPs in the MCR or POMC genes and obesity or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Valli-Jaakola
- Department of Medicine and Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Skupien J, Gorczynska-Kosiorz S, Klupa T, Wanic K, Button EA, Sieradzki J, Malecki MT. Clinical application of 1,5-anhydroglucitol measurements in patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Diabetes Care 2008; 31:1496-501. [PMID: 18492944 PMCID: PMC2494661 DOI: 10.2337/dc07-2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a short-term marker of metabolic control in diabetes. Its renal loss is stimulated in hyperglycemic conditions by glycosuria, which results in a lowered plasma concentration. As a low renal threshold for glucose has been described in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF-1alpha) maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), the 1,5-AG level may be altered in these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the 1,5-AG levels in patients with HNF-1alpha MODY and in type 2 diabetic subjects with a similar degree of metabolic control. In addition, we aimed to evaluate this particle as a biomarker for HNF-1alpha MODY. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 33 diabetic patients from the Polish Nationwide Registry of MODY. In addition, we examined 43 type 2 diabetic patients and 47 nondiabetic control subjects. The 1,5-AG concentration was measured with an enzymatic assay (GlycoMark). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate 1,5-AG as a screening marker for HNF-1alpha MODY. RESULTS The mean 1,5-AG plasma concentration in diabetic HNF-1alpha mutation carriers was 5.9 microg/ml, and it was lower than that in type 2 diabetic patients (11.0 microg/ml, P = 0.003) and in nondiabetic control subjects (23.9 microg/ml, P < 0.00005). The ROC curve analysis revealed 85.7% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity of 1,5-AG in screening for HNF-1alpha MODY at the criterion of <6.5 microg/ml in patients with an A1C level between 6.5 and 9.0%. CONCLUSIONS 1,5-AG may be a useful biomarker for differential diagnosis of patients with HNF-1alpha MODY with a specific range of A1C, although this requires further investigation. However, the clinical use of this particle in diabetic HNF-1alpha mutation carriers for metabolic control has substantial limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skupien
- 1Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Jenkinson CP, Coletta DK, Flechtner-Mors M, Hu SL, Fourcaudot MJ, Rodriguez LM, Schneider J, Arya R, Stern MP, Blangero J, Duggirala R, DeFronzo RA. Association of genetic variation in ENPP1 with obesity-related phenotypes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1708-13. [PMID: 18464750 PMCID: PMC4889449 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (ENPP1) is a positional candidate gene at chromosome 6q23 where we previously detected strong linkage with fasting-specific plasma insulin and obesity in Mexican Americans from the San Antonio Family Diabetes Study (SAFDS). We genotyped 106 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ENPP1 in all 439 subjects from the linkage study, and measured association with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS)-related traits. Of 72 polymorphic SNPs, 24 were associated, using an additive model, with at least one of eight key metabolic traits. Three traits were associated with at least four SNPs. They were high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), leptin, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). HDL-C was associated with seven SNPs, of which the two most significant P values were 0.0068 and 0.0096. All SNPs and SNP combinations were analyzed for functional contribution to the traits using the Bayesian quantitative-trait nucleotide (BQTN) approach. With this SNP-prioritization analysis, HDL-C was the most strongly associated trait in a four-SNP model (P=0.00008). After accounting for multiple testing, we conclude that ENPP1 is not a major contributor to our previous linkage peak with MS-related traits in Mexican Americans. However, these results indicate that ENPP1 is a genetic determinant of these traits in this population, and are consistent with multiple positive association findings in independent studies in diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Jenkinson
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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Stolerman ES, Manning AK, McAteer JB, Dupuis J, Fox CS, Cupples LA, Meigs JB, Florez JC. Haplotype structure of the ENPP1 Gene and Nominal Association of the K121Q missense single nucleotide polymorphism with glycemic traits in the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes 2008; 57:1971-7. [PMID: 18426862 PMCID: PMC2453609 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a nominal association of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) K-->Q missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 121 with type 2 diabetes. We set out to confirm the association of ENPP1 K121Q with hyperglycemia, expand this association to insulin resistance traits, and determine whether the association stems from K121Q or another variant in linkage disequilibrium with it. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We characterized the haplotype structure of ENPP1 and selected 39 tag SNPs that captured 96% of common variation in the region (minor allele frequency > or =5%) with an r(2) value > or =0.80. We genotyped the SNPs in 2,511 Framingham Heart Study participants and used age- and sex-adjusted linear mixed effects (LME) models to test for association with quantitative metabolic traits. We also examined whether interaction between K121Q and BMI affected glycemic trait levels. RESULTS The Q allele of K121Q (rs1044498) was associated with increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG), A1C, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR; all P = 0.01-0.006). Two noncoding SNPs (rs7775386 and rs7773477) demonstrated similar associations, but LME models indicated that their effects were not independent from K121Q. We found no association of K121Q with obesity, but interaction models suggested that the effect of the Q allele on FPG and HOMA-IR was stronger in those with a higher BMI (P = 0.008 and 0.01 for interaction, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The Q allele of ENPP1 K121Q is associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in whites. We found an adiposity-SNP interaction, with a stronger association of K121Q with diabetes-related quantitative traits in people with a higher BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot S. Stolerman
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alisa K. Manning
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jarred B. McAteer
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James B. Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Florez JC. Newly identified loci highlight beta cell dysfunction as a key cause of type 2 diabetes: where are the insulin resistance genes? Diabetologia 2008; 51:1100-10. [PMID: 18504548 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although type 2 diabetes has been traditionally understood as a metabolic disorder initiated by insulin resistance, it has recently become apparent that an impairment in insulin secretion contributes to its manifestation and may play a prominent role in its early pathophysiology. The genetic dissection of Mendelian and, more recently, polygenic types of diabetes confirms the notion that primary defects in insulin synthesis, processing and/or secretion often give rise to the common form of this disorder. This concept, first advanced with the discovery and physiological characterisation of various genetic subtypes of MODY, has been extended to other forms of monogenic diabetes (e.g. neonatal diabetes). It has also led to the identification of common risk variants via candidate gene approaches (e.g. the E23K polymorphism in KCNJ11 or common variants in the MODY genes), and it has been validated by the description of the robust physiological effects conferred by polymorphisms in the TCF7L2 gene. More recently, the completion and integration of genome-wide association scans for this disease has uncovered a number of heretofore unsuspected variants, several of which also affect insulin secretion. This review provides an up-to-date account of genetic loci that influence risk of common type 2 diabetes via impairment of beta cell function, outlines their presumed mechanisms of action, and places them in the context of gene-gene and/or gene-environment interactions. Finally, a strategy for the analogous discovery of insulin resistance genes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Cauchi S, Nead KT, Choquet H, Horber F, Potoczna N, Balkau B, Marre M, Charpentier G, Froguel P, Meyre D. The genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes may be modulated by obesity status: implications for association studies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:45. [PMID: 18498634 PMCID: PMC2412856 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Considering that a portion of the heterogeneity amongst previous replication studies may be due to a variable proportion of obese subjects in case-control designs, we assessed the association of genetic variants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in large groups of obese and non-obese subjects. Methods We genotyped RETN, KCNJ11, HNF4A, HNF1A, GCK, SLC30A8, ENPP1, ADIPOQ, PPARG, and TCF7L2 polymorphisms in 1,283 normoglycemic (NG) and 1,581 T2D obese individuals as well as in 3,189 NG and 1,244 T2D non-obese subjects of European descent, allowing us to examine T2D risk over a wide range of BMI. Results Amongst non-obese individuals, we observed significant T2D associations with HNF1A I27L [odds ratio (OR) = 1.14, P = 0.04], GCK -30G>A (OR = 1.23, P = 0.01), SLC30A8 R325W (OR = 0.87, P = 0.04), and TCF7L2 rs7903146 (OR = 1.89, P = 4.5 × 10-23), and non-significant associations with PPARG Pro12Ala (OR = 0.85, P = 0.14), ADIPOQ -11,377C>G (OR = 1.00, P = 0.97) and ENPP1 K121Q (OR = 0.99, P = 0.94). In obese subjects, associations with T2D were detected with PPARG Pro12Ala (OR = 0.73, P = 0.004), ADIPOQ -11,377C>G (OR = 1.26, P = 0.02), ENPP1 K121Q (OR = 1.30, P = 0.003) and TCF7L2 rs7903146 (OR = 1.30, P = 1.1 × 10-4), and non-significant associations with HNF1A I27L (OR = 0.96, P = 0.53), GCK -30G>A (OR = 1.15, P = 0.12) and SLC30A8 R325W (OR = 0.95, P = 0.44). However, a genotypic heterogeneity was only found for TCF7L2 rs7903146 (P = 3.2 × 10-5) and ENPP1 K121Q (P = 0.02). No association with T2D was found for KCNJ11, RETN, and HNF4A polymorphisms in non-obese or in obese individuals. Conclusion Genetic variants modulating insulin action may have an increased effect on T2D susceptibility in the presence of obesity, whereas genetic variants acting on insulin secretion may have a greater impact on T2D susceptibility in non-obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Cauchi
- CNRS UMR8090, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Génomique et Physiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Métaboliques, Lille, France.
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González-Sánchez JL, Zabena C, Martínez-Larrad MT, Martínez-Calatrava MJ, Pérez-Barba M, Serrano-Ríos M. Association of ENPP1 (PC-1) K121Q polymorphism with obesity-related parameters in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:724-9. [PMID: 17986276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome (MS), a cluster of several metabolic disorders, is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), originally described as a plasma cell allo-antigen and named plasma cell membrane glycoprotein (PC-1), is an inhibitor of insulin-induced activation of the insulin receptor. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) K121Q in the ENPP1 gene has been studied in relation to obesity, insulin resistance and other features of MS in several populations with conflicting results. We therefore investigate the role of the K121Q SNP in the ENPP1 gene in MS in Caucasians from the province of Segovia in Central Spain (Castille). DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited 794 unrelated persons (46.5% males and 53.5% females), ages 35-74 years from a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological survey in the province of Segovia in Central Spain (Castille). Obesity-related anthropometric measurements included BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure and lipid profile. MS was defined by International Diabetes Federation (IDF) guidelines. K121Q PC-1 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS The 121Q allele was associated with an increased BMI and waist circumference among subjects fulfilling the criteria for MS. These differences remained statistically significant even after the adjustment for sex, age and degree of glucose tolerance (beta = 1.347, P = 0.017 and beta = 2.824, P = 0.046; for BMI and waist circumference, respectively). Moreover, among type 2 diabetic patients those carrying the 121Q allele had higher BMI and higher leptin levels than subjects carrying the K121K genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the ENPP1121Q allele might contribute to the genetic susceptibility to abdominal obesity among subjects with MS.
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McAteer JB, Prudente S, Bacci S, Lyon HN, Hirschhorn JN, Trischitta V, Florez JC. The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes in European populations: evidence from an updated meta-analysis in 42,042 subjects. Diabetes 2008; 57:1125-30. [PMID: 18071025 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional studies suggest that the nonsynonymous K121Q polymorphism in the ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) may confer susceptibility to insulin resistance; genetic evidence on its effect on type 2 diabetes, however, has been conflicting. We therefore conducted a new meta-analysis that includes novel unpublished data from the ENPP1 Consortium and recent negative findings from large association studies to address the contribution of K121Q to type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS After a systematic review of the literature, we evaluated the effect of ENPP1 K121Q on diabetes risk under three genetic models using a random-effects approach. Our primary analysis consisted of 30 studies comprising 15,801 case and 26,241 control subjects. Due to considerable heterogeneity and large differences in allele frequencies across populations, we limited our meta-analysis to those of self-reported European descent and, when available, included BMI as a covariate. RESULTS We found a modest increase in risk of type 2 diabetes for QQ homozygotes in white populations (combined odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [95% CI 1.10-1.74], P = 0.005). There was no evidence of publication bias, but we noted significant residual heterogeneity among studies (P = 0.02). On meta-regression, 16% of the effect was accounted for by the mean BMI of control subjects. This association was stronger in studies in which control subjects were leaner but disappeared after adjustment for mean control BMI (combined OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.75-1.15], P = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS The ENPP1 Q121 variant increases risk of type 2 diabetes under a recessive model of inheritance in whites, an effect that appears to be modulated by BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred B McAteer
- Diabetes Unit/Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Keene KL, Mychaleckyj JC, Smith SG, Leak TS, Perlegas PS, Langefeld CD, Freedman BI, Rich SS, Bowden DW, Sale MM. Association of the distal region of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 gene with type 2 diabetes in an African-American population enriched for nephropathy. Diabetes 2008; 57:1057-62. [PMID: 18184924 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variants in the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) gene have shown positive associations with diabetes and related phenotypes, including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Additionally, evidence for linkage for type 2 diabetes in African Americans was observed at 6q24-27, with the proximal edge of the peak encompassing the ENPP1 gene. Our objective was to comprehensively evaluate variants in ENPP1 for association with type 2 diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Forty-nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the coding and flanking regions of ENPP1 were genotyped in 577 African-American individuals with type 2 diabetic ESRD and 596 African-American control subjects. Haplotypic association and genotypic association for the dominant, additive, and recessive models were tested by calculating a chi(2) statistic and corresponding P value. RESULTS Nine SNPs showed nominal evidence for association (P < 0.05) with type 2 diabetic ESRD in one or more genotypic model. The most significant associations were observed with rs7754586 (P = 0.003 dominant model, P = 0.0005 additive, and P = 0.007 recessive), located in the 3' untranslated region, and an intron 24 SNP (rs1974201: P = 0.004 dominant, P = 0.0005 additive, and P = 0.005 recessive). However, the extensively studied K121Q variant (rs1044498) did not reveal evidence for association with type 2 diabetic ESRD in this African-American population. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to comprehensively evaluate variants of the ENPP1 gene for association in an African-American population with type 2 diabetes and ESRD and suggests that variants in the distal region of the ENPP1 gene may contribute to diabetes or diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Keene
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Cauchi S, Choquet H, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R, Capel F, Grau K, Proença C, Dina C, Duval A, Balkau B, Marre M, Potoczna N, Langin D, Horber F, Sørensen TIA, Charpentier G, Meyre D, Froguel P. Effects of TCF7L2 polymorphisms on obesity in European populations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:476-82. [PMID: 18239663 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) rs7903146 T allele was previously associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and decreased BMI whereas haplotypes carrying the rs7903146 C and rs10885406 A alleles (HapA) were associated with increased BMI. The functional relevance of TCF7L2 polymorphisms and their effects on T2D and obesity remained to be further investigated. In white European populations, we found that the rs7903146 T allele was more associated with T2D in 3,547 non-obese individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 1.88 (1.69-2.10)) than in 1,110 class III obese subjects (OR = 1.24 (1.03-1.50)). No direct effect of the rs7903146 C allele and HapA was found on any form of obesity in 3,507 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) individuals, 1,106 pedigrees with familial obesity and 5,512 individuals from the French general population. However, in T2D subjects, the rs7903146 C allele was less prevalent in the 1,111 non-obese individuals (55.2%) compared to 659 class III obese subjects (67.5% OR = 1.69 (1.46-1.95)). Functional studies showed that the rs7903146 T allele is less prone to be bound by protein factors than the C allele in 3T3-L1, HepG2 and beta-TC3 cell lines and that TCF7L2 expression decreases in subcutaneous adipose tissue from NGT obese T/T carriers under calorie restriction. In conclusion, TCF7L2 is not a risk factor for obesity in European populations, but its effect on T2D risk is modulated by obesity. Furthermore, our data suggest that the rs7903146 T allele may be possibly functional and associated with a nominal decrease in TCF7L2 expression in adipose tissue of individuals under calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Cauchi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8090, Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
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Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Youngren JF, Reaven G, Accili D, Trischitta V, Vigneri R, Frittitta L. The role of membrane glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1/ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related abnormalities. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:62-75. [PMID: 18199690 PMCID: PMC2244935 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major feature of most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). A number of laboratories have observed that PC-1 (membrane [corrected] glycoprotein plasma cell antigen 1; also termed [corrected] ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 or ENPP1) [corrected] is either overexpressed or overactive in muscle, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and other tissues of insulin-resistant individuals, both nondiabetic and diabetic. Moreover, PC-1 (ENPP1) overexpression [corrected] in cultured cells in vitro and in transgenic mice in vivo, [corrected] impairs insulin stimulation of insulin receptor (IR) activation and downstream signaling. PC-1 binds to the connecting domain of the IR alpha-subunit that is located in residues 485-599. The connecting domain transmits insulin binding in the alpha-subunit to activation of tyrosine kinase activation in the beta-subunit. When PC-1 is overexpressed, it inhibits insulin [corrected]induced IR beta-subunit tyrosine kinase activity. In addition, a polymorphism of PC-1 (K121Q) in various ethnic populations is closely associated with insulin resistance, T2D, and cardio [corrected] and nephrovascular diseases. The product of this polymorphism has a 2- to 3-fold increased binding affinity for the IR and is more potent than the wild-type PC-1 protein (K121K) in inhibiting the IR. These data suggest therefore that PC-1 is a candidate protein that may play a role in human insulin resistance and T2D by its overexpression, its overactivity, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira D Goldfine
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Meyre D, Bouatia-Naji N, Vatin V, Veslot J, Samson C, Tichet J, Marre M, Balkau B, Froguel P. ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism and obesity, hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes in the prospective DESIR Study. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2090-6. [PMID: 17704904 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We assessed the predictive value of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 gene (ENPP1) SNPs with regard to the risk of developing obesity and/or type 2 diabetes in a large French general population. METHODS We genotyped the ENPP1 SNPs K121Q (rs1044498), IVS20delT-11 (rs1799774) and A/G+1044TGA (rs7754561) in 5,153 middle-aged participants of the Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort. RESULTS At baseline, the K121Q polymorphism was not associated either with BMI (p = 0.98) or with class I obesity (odds ratio [OR] 0.99, p = 0.81), but showed a borderline association with class II obesity (OR 1.65, p = 0.02). The K121Q variant was not associated with any trait during the 9-year follow-up. Pooled analyses both at baseline and at follow-up failed to show any association with hyperglycaemia (OR 1.08, p = 0.28) or type 2 diabetes (OR 1.15, p = 0.38). However, we did show an association of the Q121 allele with the risk of hyperglycaemia (OR 1.45, p = 0.001; n = 265) and type 2 diabetes (OR 1.65, p = 0.01; n = 103) in participants reporting a family history of type 2 diabetes. These results did not remain significant after a Bonferroni correction. The IVS20delT-11 and A/G+1044TGA polymorphisms and the three-allele risk haplotype (K121Q, IVS20delT-11 and A-->G+1044TGA [QdelTG]) were not associated with any trait, either at baseline or at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In a general French population we did not find an association of the QdelTG risk haplotype with adult obesity and type 2 diabetes. We detected nominal evidence of association between the K121Q polymorphism and both severe adult obesity at baseline and the risk of hyperglycaemia or type 2 diabetes in participants with a family history of type 2 diabetes in pooled analyses both at baseline and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Meyre
- CNRS 8090-Institute of Biology, Pasteur Institute, Lille, France
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:329-57. [PMID: 17940461 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282c3a898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bacci S, De Cosmo S, Prudente S, Trischitta V. ENPP1 gene, insulin resistance and related clinical outcomes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:403-9. [PMID: 17563456 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3281e386c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance plays a significant role in both morbidity and mortality of the general population. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance would help the identification of at-risk individuals in the presymptomatic stage, and the discovery of novel and more effective treatments. The transmembrane glycoprotein ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) inhibits insulin receptor signalling and has recently emerged as a key player in the development of insulin resistance. This review will summarize data available on the relationship between ENPP1 and insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS Overexpression of ENPP1 in insulin target tissues is an early, intrinsic defect observed in human insulin resistance. A missense ENPP1 single nucleotide polymorphism, K121Q, has been recently described with the Q121 variant being a stronger inhibitor than K121 of insulin receptor function. In addition, the Q121 variant has been repeatedly associated with insulin resistance and related abnormalities including body weight changes, type 2 diabetes and macrovascular complications, thus suggesting a pleiotropic role of the ENPP1 gene on several metabolic abnormalities. SUMMARY A deep understanding of ENPP1 mode of action and the mechanisms regulating its expression and function are likely to provide new tools for early identification and treatments of patients at risk for the devastating clinical outcomes related to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Bacci
- Research Laboratory of Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases, CSS Scientific Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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