1
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Tompa A, Faresjö M. Shift in the B cell subsets between children with type 1 diabetes and/or celiac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 216:36-44. [PMID: 38134245 PMCID: PMC10929695 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to characterize the pattern of B cell subsets in children with a combined diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (C) since children with single or double diagnosis of these autoimmune diseases may differ in peripheral B cell subset phenotype patterns. B cells were analyzed with flow cytometry for the expression of differentiation/maturation markers to identify transitional, naive, and memory B cells. Transitional (CD24hiCD38hiCD19+) and memory Bregs (mBregs; CD24hiCD27+CD19+, CD1d+CD27+CD19+, and CD5+CD1d+CD19+) were classified as B cells with regulatory capacity. Children with a combined diagnosis of T1D and C showed a pattern of diminished peripheral B cell subsets. The B cells compartment in children with combined diagnosis had higher percentages of memory B subsets and Bregs, including activated subsets, compared to children with either T1D or C. Children with combined diagnosis had a lower percentage of naive B cells (CD27-CD19+; IgD+CD19+) and an increased percentage of memory B cells (CD27+CD19+; IgD-CD19+). A similar alteration was seen among the CD39+ expressing naive and memory B cells. Memory Bregs (CD1d+CD27+CD19+) were more frequent, contrary to the lower percentage of CD5+ transitional Bregs in children with a combined diagnosis. In children with either T1D or C, the peripheral B cell compartment was dominated by naive cells. Differences in the pattern of heterogeneous peripheral B cell repertoire subsets reflect a shifting in the B cell compartment between children with T1D and/or C. This is an immunological challenge of impact on the pathophysiology of these autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tompa
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Division of Diagnostics, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Faresjö
- Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Markmann JF, Burrell BE, Bromberg JS, Hartono C, Kaufman DB, Possselt AM, Naji A, Bridges ND, Breeden C, Kanaparthi S, Pardo J, Kopetskie H, Mason K, Lim N, Chandran S. Immunosuppression withdrawal in living-donor renal transplant recipients following induction with antithymocyte globulin and rituximab: Results of a prospective clinical trial. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00202-8. [PMID: 38467375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Durable tolerance in kidney transplant recipients remains an important but elusive goal. We hypothesized that adding B cell depletion to T cell depletion would generate an immune milieu postreconstitution dominated by immature transitional B cells, favoring tolerance. The Immune Tolerance Network ITN039ST Research Study of ATG and Rituximab in Renal Transplantation was a prospective multicenter pilot study of live donor kidney transplant recipients who received induction with rabbit antithymocyte globulin and rituximab and initiated immunosuppression (IS) withdrawal (ISW) at 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was freedom from rejection at 52 weeks post-ISW. Six of the 10 subjects successfully completed ISW. Of these 6 subjects, 4 restarted immunosuppressive medications due to acute rejection or recurrent disease, 1 remains IS-free for over 9 years, and 1 was lost to follow-up after being IS-free for 42 weeks. There were no cases of patient or graft loss. CD19+ B cell frequencies returned to predepletion levels by 26 weeks posttransplant; immunoglobulin D+CD27--naïve B cells predominated. In contrast, memory cells dominated the repopulation of the T cell compartment. A regimen of combined B and T cell depletion did not generate the tolerogenic B cell profile observed in preclinical studies and did not lead to durable tolerance in the majority of kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Markmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryna E Burrell
- Biomarker Discovery Group, Immune Tolerance Network, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Choli Hartono
- Rogosin Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dixon B Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew M Possselt
- Department of Surgery, University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy D Bridges
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia Breeden
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sai Kanaparthi
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jorge Pardo
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Noha Lim
- Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sindhu Chandran
- Immune Tolerance Network, Clinical Trials Group at the University of California- San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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3
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Jung S, Ben Nasr M, Bahmani B, Usuelli V, Zhao J, Sabiu G, Seelam AJ, Naini SM, Balasubramanian HB, Park Y, Li X, Khalefa SA, Kasinath V, Williams MD, Rachid O, Haik Y, Tsokos GC, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Bromberg JS, Tao W, Fiorina P, Abdi R. Nanotargeted Delivery of Immune Therapeutics in Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300812. [PMID: 37357903 PMCID: PMC10629472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune therapeutics holds great promise in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Nonetheless, their progress is hampered by limited efficacy, equipoise, or issues of safety. To address this, a novel and specific nanodelivery platform for T1D that targets high endothelial venules (HEVs) presented in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) and pancreas is developed. Data indicate that the pancreata of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and patients with T1D are unique in their expression of newly formed HEVs. Anti-CD3 mAb is encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles (NPs), the surfaces of which are conjugated with MECA79 mAb that recognizes HEVs. Targeted delivery of these NPs improves accumulation of anti-CD3 mAb in both the PLNs and pancreata of NOD mice. Treatment of hyperglycemic NOD mice with MECA79-anti-CD3-NPs results in significant reversal of T1D compared to those that are untreated, treated with empty NPs, or provided free anti-CD3. This effect is associated with a significant reduction of T effector cell populations in the PLNs and a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the mice treated with MECA79-anti-CD3-NPs. In summary, HEV-targeted therapeutics may be used as a means by which immune therapeutics can be delivered to PLNs and pancreata to suppress autoimmune diabetes effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwook Jung
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Baharak Bahmani
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gianmarco Sabiu
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Said Movahedi Naini
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hari Baskar Balasubramanian
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Youngrong Park
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Salma Ayman Khalefa
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - MacKenzie D Williams
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ousama Rachid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yousef Haik
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Lima K, Ribas GT, Riella LV, Borges TJ. Inhibitory innate receptors and their potential role in transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2023; 37:100776. [PMID: 37451057 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2023.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory arm of the immune system plays a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing excessive immune responses. Immune regulation comprises various regulatory cells and molecules that work together to suppress or regulate immune responses. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) are examples of inhibitory receptors that counteract activating signals and fine-tune immune responses. While most of the discoveries of immune regulation have been related to T cells and the adaptive immune system, the innate arm of the immune system also has a range of inhibitory receptors that can counteract activating signals and suppress the effector immune responses. Targeting these innate inhibitory receptors may provide a complementary therapeutic approach in several immune-related conditions, including transplantation. In this review, we will explore the potential role of innate inhibitory receptors in controlling alloimmunity during solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lima
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme T Ribas
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Professional and Technological Education Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thiago J Borges
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Boldison J, Hopkinson JR, Davies J, Pearson JA, Leete P, Richardson S, Morgan NG, Wong FS. Gene expression profiling in NOD mice reveals that B cells are highly educated by the pancreatic environment during autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:551-566. [PMID: 36508037 PMCID: PMC9892163 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS B cells play an important role in driving the development of type 1 diabetes; however, it remains unclear how they contribute to local beta cell destruction during disease progression. Here, we use gene expression profiling of B cell subsets identified in inflamed pancreatic tissue to explore their primary functional role during the progression of autoimmune diabetes. METHODS Transcriptional profiling was performed on FACS-sorted B cell subsets isolated from pancreatic islets and the pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice. RESULTS B cells are highly modified by the inflamed pancreatic tissue and can be distinguished by their transcriptional profile from those in the lymph nodes. We identified both a discrete and a core shared gene expression profile in islet CD19+CD138- and CD19+CD138+ B cell subsets, the latter of which is known to have enriched autoreactivity during diabetes development. On localisation to pancreatic islets, compared with CD138- B cells, CD138+ B cells overexpress genes associated with adhesion molecules and growth factors. Their shared signature consists of gene expression changes related to the differentiation of antibody-secreting cells and gene regulatory networks associated with IFN signalling pathways, proinflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Finally, abundant TLR7 expression was detected in islet B cells and was enhanced specifically in CD138+ B cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study provides a detailed transcriptional analysis of islet B cells. Specific gene signatures and interaction networks have been identified that point towards a functional role for B cells in driving autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jessica R Hopkinson
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Pearson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pia Leete
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah Richardson
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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6
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Ji L, Guo W. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights the roles of C1QB and NKG7 in the pancreatic islet immune microenvironment in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106588. [PMID: 36464147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology is a powerful tool for characterizing individual cells and elucidating biological mechanisms at the cellular level. Using this technology, this study focuses on the mechanism of C1QB and NKG7 in pancreatic islet immune microenvironment in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). T1DM-related scRNA-seq data were downloaded from GEO database, followed by batch effect removal, cluster analysis, cell annotation and enrichment analysis. Thereafter, T1DM-related Bulk RNA-seq data were downloaded from GEO database. The infiltrating immune cell abundance was estimated and its correlation with the expression of immune cell marker genes was determined. Functional assays were performed in a constructed rat model of T1DM and cultured monocytes and lymphocytes for further validation. A large number of highly variable genes were found in pancreatic islet samples in T1DM. T1DM islet-derived cells may consist of 14 cell types. Macrophages and T lymphocytes were the major cells in pancreatic islet immune microenvironment. C1QB and NKG7 may be the key genes affecting macrophages and T lymphocytes, respectively. Silencing C1QB inhibited the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and reduced the number of macrophages. Silencing NKG7 prevented T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. In vivo data confirmed that silencing C1QB and NKG7 reduced the number of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the pancreatic islet of T1DM rats, respectively, and alleviated pancreatic islet β-cell damage. Overall, C1QB and NKG7 can increase the number of macrophages and T lymphocytes, respectively, causing pancreatic islet β-cell damage and promoting T1DM in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China.
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7
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Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M. Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: the immunological perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:93-109. [PMID: 36401835 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prevalent, and yet uncurable, autoimmune disease targeting insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Despite a known genetic component in T1D onset, genetics alone cannot explain the alarming worldwide rise in T1D incidence, which is attributed to a growing impact of environmental factors, including perturbations of the gut microbiome. AREAS COVERED Intestinal commensal bacteria plays a crucial role in host physiology in health and disease by regulating endocrine and immune functions. An aberrant gut microbiome structure and metabolic function have been documented prior and during T1D onset. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current studies depicting the taxonomic profile and role of the gut microbial communities in murine models of T1D, diabetic patients and human interventional trials. EXPERT OPINION Compelling evidence have shown that the intestinal microbiota is instrumental in driving differentiation and functions of immune cells. Therefore, any alterations in the intestinal microbiome composition or microbial metabolite production, particularly early in life, may impact disease susceptibility and amplify inflammatory responses and hence accelerate the course of T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity (AII), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Chen J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Immune responses in diabetic nephropathy: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958790. [PMID: 36045667 PMCID: PMC9420855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic, inflammatory disease affecting millions of diabetic patients worldwide. DN is associated with proteinuria and progressive slowing of glomerular filtration, which often leads to end-stage kidney diseases. Due to the complexity of this metabolic disorder and lack of clarity about its pathogenesis, it is often more difficult to diagnose and treat than other kidney diseases. Recent studies have highlighted that the immune system can inadvertently contribute to DN pathogenesis. Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses can target the kidney due to increased expression of immune-related localization factors. Immune cells then activate a pro-inflammatory response involving the release of autocrine and paracrine factors, which further amplify inflammation and damage the kidney. Consequently, strategies to treat DN by targeting the immune responses are currently under study. In light of the steady rise in DN incidence, this timely review summarizes the latest findings about the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of DN and discusses promising preclinical and clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinhan He
- *Correspondence: Jinhan He, ; Yanping Li,
| | - Yanping Li
- *Correspondence: Jinhan He, ; Yanping Li,
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9
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Scherm MG, Wyatt RC, Serr I, Anz D, Richardson SJ, Daniel C. Beta cell and immune cell interactions in autoimmune type 1 diabetes: How they meet and talk to each other. Mol Metab 2022; 64:101565. [PMID: 35944899 PMCID: PMC9418549 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scope of review Major conclusions
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10
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Ben Nasr M, Robbins D, Parone P, Usuelli V, Tacke R, Seelam AJ, Driver E, Le T, Sabouri-Ghomi M, Guerrettaz L, Shoemaker D, Fiorina P. Pharmacologically Enhanced Regulatory Hematopoietic Stem Cells Revert Experimental Autoimmune Diabetes and Mitigate Other Autoimmune Disorders. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1554-1565. [PMID: 35321879 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the loss of immune self-tolerance, resulting in an aberrant immune responses against self-tissue. A few therapeutics have been partially successful in reverting or slowing down T1D progression in patients, and the infusion of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is emerging as an option to be explored. In this study, we proposed to pharmacologically enhance by ex vivo modulation with small molecules the immunoregulatory and trafficking properties of HSCs to provide a safer and more efficacious treatment option for patients with T1D and other autoimmune disorders. A high-throughput targeted RNA sequencing screening strategy was used to identify a combination of small molecules (16,16-dimethyl PGE2 and dexamethasone), which significantly upregulate key genes involved in trafficking (e.g., CXCR4) and immunoregulation (e.g., programmed death ligand 1). The pharmacologically enhanced, ex vivo-modulated HSCs (regulatory HSCs [HSC.Regs]) have strong trafficking properties to sites of inflammation in a mouse model of T1D, reverted autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, and delayed experimental multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis in preclinical models. Mechanistically, HSC.Regs reduced lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic β cells and inhibited the activity of autoreactive T cells. Moreover, when tested in clinically relevant in vitro autoimmune assays, HSC.Regs abrogated the autoimmune response. Ex vivo pharmacological modulation enhances the immunoregulatory and trafficking properties of HSCs, thus generating HSC.Regs, which mitigated autoimmune diabetes and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufida Ben Nasr
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andy-Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thuy Le
- Fate Therapeutics, San Diego, CA; and
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; .,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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11
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Jiang R, Qin Y, Wang Y, Xu X, Chen H, Xu K, Zhang M. Dynamic Number and Function of IL-10-Producing Regulatory B Cells in the Immune Microenvironment at Distinct Stages of Type 1 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1034-1041. [PMID: 35140133 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of IL-10-producing B cells (B10 cells) with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype in suppressing autoimmune responses and relieving inflammation has been demonstrated in several models of autoimmune diseases. However, the regulatory role of B10 cells in T cell-mediated autoimmune responses during the natural history of type 1 diabetes is unclear. In this study, we used the NOD mouse model of autoimmune diabetes to clarify the changes and potential mechanisms of B10 cells for disease. Compared with B10 cells present in the 4-wk-old normoglycemic NOD mice, the frequency of B10 cells was increased in the insulitis and diabetic NOD mice, with the highest proportion in the insulitis NOD mice. The changes in the relative number of B10 cells were most pronounced in the pancreas-draining lymph nodes. The pathogenic T cells, including Th1 and Th17 cells, remarkably increased. The assays in vitro showed that B10 cells in the NOD mice did not inhibit the proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells. They also had no regulatory effect on IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion or on Foxp3 expression of T cells. B10 cells suppressed T cell-mediated autoimmune responses via an IL-10-dependent pathway. In contrast, B10 cells in the NOD mice exhibited a significant reduction in IL-10 production. In summary, a defect in the number and function of B10 cells may participate in the development and progression of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Fuyang, China; and
| | - Yao Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yueshu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China;
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12
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Ben Nasr M, Usuelli V, Seelam AJ, D'Addio F, Abdi R, Markmann JF, Fiorina P. Regulatory B Cells in Autoimmune Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1117-1125. [PMID: 33685919 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since they were discovered almost three decades ago, a subset of B cells denoted as regulatory B cells (Bregs) have elicited interest throughout the immunology community. Many investigators have sought to characterize their phenotype and to understand their function and immunosuppressive mechanisms. Indeed, studies in murine models have demonstrated that Bregs possess varied phenotypic markers and could be classified into different subsets whose action and pivotal role depend on the pathological condition or stimuli. Similar conclusions were drawn in clinical settings delineating an analogous Breg population phenotypically resembling the murine Bregs that ultimately may be associated with a state of tolerance. Recent studies suggested that Bregs may play a role in the onset of autoimmune diabetes. This review will focus on deciphering the different subclasses of Bregs, their emerging role in autoimmune diabetes, and their potential use as a cell-based therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufida Ben Nasr
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Transplantation Research Center, Nephrology Division, Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vera Usuelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Andy Joe Seelam
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Nephrology Division, Children's Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James F Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; .,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science "L. Sacco," University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
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13
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Long W, Zhang H, Yuan W, Lan G, Lin Z, Peng L, Dai H. The Role of Regulatory B cells in Kidney Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683926. [PMID: 34108975 PMCID: PMC8183681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells, commonly regarded as proinflammatory antibody-producing cells, are detrimental to individuals with autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, several studies have shown that regulatory B (Breg) cells, an immunosuppressive subset of B cells, may exert protective effects against autoimmune diseases by secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10. In practice, Breg cells are identified by their production of immune-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and IL-35, however, no specific marker or Breg cell-specific transcription factor has been identified. Multiple phenotypes of Breg cells have been found, whose functions vary according to their phenotype. This review summarizes the discovery, phenotypes, development, and function of Breg cells and highlights their potential therapeutic value in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Long
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hedong Zhang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjia Yuan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Gongbin Lan
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Longkai Peng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Organ Transplantation in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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Patil S, Gs V, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Khurayzi TA, Mohamed Beshir SE, Gadbail AR, Gondivkar S. Exploring the role of immunotherapeutic drugs in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:291-296. [PMID: 33948430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are group of disorders where an immune response is mounted against the self. The prevalence and burden of this well established and recognised entity is on the rise. Irrespective of being a systemic or organ specific autoimmune disorder, the common underlying mechanism of action, is the imbalance in immune system resulting in loss of tolerance to self-antigens. The oral cavity is no alien to these disorders or to their influences. Pemphigus group of lesions, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and even Sjogren's syndrome are some of the established autoimmune disorders with prominent oral manifestations. Though these diseases are well documented and enumerated, however addressing them is where the dilemma lies. Science, research and discoveries are a crucial part of medical discipline which help in looking beyond the horizon. With the introduction of selective targeted immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases as a treatment modality either in solitary or in combination with the conventional immunosuppressive treatments, are emerging as a promising elixir for patients enduring them. However, being unique, exploration of these biologics from its inception, to its mechanism of action, recognition of its application and evaluation of its safety norms are equally vital. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the novel biologics, the immunotherapies in autoimmune disorders targeting the different cells, their receptors or cytokines of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vidya Gs
- Sree NRJV Specialists Dental Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaramnagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaramnagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Turki Abdu Khurayzi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiid Elshafey Mohamed Beshir
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amol R Gadbail
- Department of Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Shailesh Gondivkar
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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16
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Li S, Vaziri ND, Swentek L, Takasu C, Vo K, Stamos MJ, Ricordi C, Ichii H. Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by Dimethyl Fumarate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020193. [PMID: 33572792 PMCID: PMC7912218 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study tested the hypothesis that by protecting β-cells against oxidative stress and inflammation, an Nrf2 activator, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), may prevent or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Firstly, islet isolation was conducted to confirm the antioxidative effects of DMF oral administration on islet cells. Secondly, in a spontaneous diabetes model, DMF (25 mg/kg) was fed to mice once daily starting at the age of 8 weeks up to the age of 22 weeks. In a cyclophosphamide-induced accelerated diabetes model, DMF (25 mg/kg) was fed to mice twice daily for 2 weeks. In the islet isolation study, DMF administration improved the isolation yield, attenuated oxidative stress and enhanced GCLC and NQO1 expression in the islets. In the spontaneous model, DMF significantly reduced the onset of diabetes compared to the control group (25% vs. 54.2%). In the accelerated model, DMF reduced the onset of diabetes from 58.3% to 16.7%. The insulitis score in the islets of the DMF treatment group (1.6 ± 0.32) was significantly lower than in the control group (3.47 ± 0.21). The serum IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 and CXCL16 levels in the DMF-treated group were lower than in the control group. In conclusion, DMF may protect islet cells and reduce the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by attenuating insulitis and proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.I.); Tel.: +1-714-456-5160 (S.L.); +1-714-456-8698 (H.I.)
| | | | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Kelly Vo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Stamos
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.I.); Tel.: +1-714-456-5160 (S.L.); +1-714-456-8698 (H.I.)
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17
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Xiao Y, Deng C, Zhou Z. The Multiple Roles of B Lymphocytes in the Onset and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes: Interactions between B Lymphocytes and T Cells. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6581213. [PMID: 34778464 PMCID: PMC8580688 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6581213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although type 1 diabetes is thought to be an organ-specific autoimmune disease, mediated by effective CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, it has recently become clear that B cells participate in the initiation and progress of this disease. Indeed, B cell deletion can prevent or reverse autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice and even result in partially remaining β cell function in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes. This review summarizes the dual role of B cells in this process not only of pathogenic effect but also of immunoregulatory function in type 1 diabetes. We focus on the impact that B cells have on regulating the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of self-reactive T cells along with regulatory T cells, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the interactions between T and B cells in immunopathogenesis and improving the efficacy of interventions for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Xiao
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, Department of Anesthesiology, and Anesthesia Medical Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chao Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, and Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, and Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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18
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Hui C, Tomilov A, Garcia C, Jiang X, Fash DM, Khdour OM, Rosso C, Filippini G, Prato M, Graham J, Hecht S, Havel P, Cortopassi G. Novel idebenone analogs block Shc's access to insulin receptor to improve insulin sensitivity. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110823. [PMID: 33045613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been little innovation in identifying novel insulin sensitizers. Metformin, developed in the 1920s, is still used first for most Type 2 diabetes patients. Mice with genetic reduction of p52Shc protein have improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. By high-throughput screening, idebenone was isolated as the first small molecule 'Shc Blocker'. Idebenone blocks p52Shc's access to Insulin Receptor to increase insulin sensitivity. In this work the avidity of 34 novel idebenone analogs and 3 metabolites to bind p52Shc, and to block the interaction of p52Shc with the Insulin receptor was tested. Our hypothesis was that if an idebenone analog bound and blocked p52Shc's access to insulin receptor better than idebenone, it should be a more effective insulin sensitizing agent than idebenone itself. Of 34 analogs tested, only 2 both bound p52Shc more tightly and/or blocked the p52Shc-Insulin Receptor interaction more effectively than idebenone. Of those 2 only idebenone analog #11 was a superior insulin sensitizer to idebenone. Also, the long-lasting insulin-sensitizing potency of idebenone in rodents over many hours had been puzzling, as the parent molecule degrades to metabolites within 1 h. We observed that two of the idebenone's three metabolites are insulin sensitizing almost as potently as idebenone itself, explaining the persistent insulin sensitization of this rapidly metabolized molecule. These results help to identify key SAR = structure-activity relationship requirements for more potent small molecule Shc inhibitors as Shc-targeted insulin sensitizers for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunKiu Hui
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Chase Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - XiaoSong Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - David M Fash
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Omar M Khdour
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR, Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy; Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain; Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
| | - James Graham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sidney Hecht
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Peter Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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19
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Oftedal BE, Wolff ASB. New era of therapy for endocrine autoimmune disorders. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12961. [PMID: 32853446 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The new era of immune and reconstitution therapy of autoimmune disorders is ongoing. However, endocrine autoimmune diseases comprise a group of elaborating pathologies where the development of new treatment strategies remains slow. Substitution of the missing hormones is still standard practice, taking care of the devastating symptoms but not the cause of disease. As our knowledge of the genetic contribution to the aetiology of endocrine disorders increases and early diagnostic tools are available, it is now possible to identify persons at risk before they acquire full-blown disease. This review summarizes current knowledge and treatment of endocrine autoimmune disorders, focusing on type 1 diabetes, Addison's disease, autoimmune thyroid diseases and primary ovarian insufficiency. We explore which new therapies might be used in the different stages of the disease, focus on legalized therapy and elaborate on the ongoing clinical studies for these diseases and the research front, before hypothesizing on the way ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette S B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by self-reactive T cells, it has become increasingly evident that B cells also play a major role in disease development, likely functioning as antigen-presenting cells. Here we review the biology of islet antigen-reactive B cells and their participation in autoimmune diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Relative to late onset, individuals who develop T1D at an early age display increased accumulation of insulin-reactive B cells in islets. This B-cell signature is also associated with rapid progression of disease and responsiveness to B-cell depletion therapy. Also suggestive of B-cell participation in disease is loss of anergy in high-affinity insulin-reactive B cells. Importantly, loss of anergy is seen in patient's healthy first-degree relatives carrying certain T1D risk alleles, suggesting a role early in disease development. SUMMARY Recent studies indicate that islet-reactive B cells may play a pathogenic role very early in T1D development in young patients, and suggest utility of therapies that target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J. Smith
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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21
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Altered Regulatory B Cell Subsets in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8935694. [PMID: 32775471 PMCID: PMC7391103 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8935694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B regulatory cells (Breg) refer to characteristic subsets of B cells that generally exert anti-inflammatory functions and maintain peripheral tolerance mainly through their ability to secrete interleukin-10 (IL10). Dysregulation in the function of Breg cells was reported in several autoimmune diseases. However, the relation between Breg and children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is poorly understood. Thus, this study is aimed at determining whether Breg cells play a role in T1D in children or not, so we hypothesized that an altered phenotype of B cell subsets is associated with T1D in children. Children with T1D (n = 29) and control children with normal blood glucose levels (n = 14) were recruited. The percentages of different circulating IL10-producing Breg subsets, including B10, immature transitional, and plasmablasts were determined using flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, the association between different IL10-producing B cells and patient parameters was investigated. The percentage of circulating IL10+CD24hiCD27+ (B10) and IL10+CD24hiCD38hi (immature transitional) subsets of Breg cells was significantly lower in T1D patients than in healthy controls. Moreover, these cells were also negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Breg cells did not correlate with autoantibody levels in the serum. These findings suggest that certain Breg subsets are numerically deficient in children with T1D. This alteration in frequency is associated with deficient islet function and glycemia. These findings suggest that Breg cells may be involved in the loss of auto-tolerance and consequent destruction of pancreatic cells and could, therefore, be a potential target for immunotherapy.
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22
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Le Bagge S, Fotheringham AK, Leung SS, Forbes JM. Targeting the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in type 1 diabetes. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1200-1219. [PMID: 32112452 DOI: 10.1002/med.21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic diseases manifesting in early life, with the prevalence increasing worldwide at a rate of approximately 3% per annum. The prolonged hyperglycaemia characteristic of T1D upregulates the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and accelerates the formation of RAGE ligands, including advanced glycation end products, high-mobility group protein B1, S100 calcium-binding proteins, and amyloid-beta. Interestingly, changes in the expression of RAGE and these ligands are evident in patients before the onset of T1D. RAGE signals via various proinflammatory cascades, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species and cytokines. A large number of proinflammatory ligands that can signal via RAGE have been implicated in several chronic diseases, including T1D. Therefore, it is unsurprising that RAGE has become a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of disease. In this review, we will explore how RAGE might be targeted to prevent the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Le Bagge
- Glycation and Diabetes, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland (MRI-UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia K Fotheringham
- Glycation and Diabetes, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland (MRI-UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sherman S Leung
- Glycation and Diabetes, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland (MRI-UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland (MRI-UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mater Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Dendritic cells license regulatory B cells to produce IL-10 and mediate suppression of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:843-855. [PMID: 31728048 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) suppress and reduce autoimmune pathology. However, given the variety of Breg subsets, the role of Bregs in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is still unclear. Here, we dissect this fundamental mechanism. We show that natural protection from type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is associated with increased numbers of IL-10-producing B cells, while development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice occurs in animals with compromised IL-10 production by B cells. However, B cells from diabetic mice regain IL-10 function if activated by the innate immune receptor TLR4 and can suppress insulin-specific CD8 T cells in a dendritic cell (DC)-dependent, IL-10-mediated fashion. Suppression of CD8 T cells is reliant on B-cell contact with DCs. This cell contact results in deactivation of DCs, inducing a tolerogenic state, which in turn can regulate pathogenic CD8 T cells. Our findings emphasize the importance of DC-Breg interactions during the development of type 1 diabetes.
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24
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Boldison J, Da Rosa LC, Buckingham L, Davies J, Wen L, Wong FS. Phenotypically distinct anti-insulin B cells repopulate pancreatic islets after anti-CD20 treatment in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2019; 62:2052-2065. [PMID: 31444529 PMCID: PMC6805803 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-04974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Autoreactive B cells escape immune tolerance and contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. While global B cell depletion is a successful therapy for autoimmune disease, the fate of autoreactive cells during this treatment in autoimmune diabetes is unknown. We aimed to identify and track anti-insulin B cells in pancreatic islets and understand their repopulation after anti-CD20 treatment. METHODS We generated a double transgenic system, the VH125.hCD20/NOD mouse. The VH125 transgenic mouse, expressing an increased frequency of anti-insulin B cells, was crossed with a human CD20 (hCD20) transgenic mouse, to facilitate B cell depletion using anti-CD20. B cells were analysed using multiparameter and ImageStream flow cytometry. RESULTS We demonstrated that anti-insulin B cells were recruited to the pancreas during disease progression in VH125.hCD20/NOD mice. We identified two distinct populations of anti-insulin B cells in pancreatic islets, based on CD19 expression, with both populations enriched in the CD138int fraction. Anti-insulin B cells were not identified in the plasma-cell CD138hi fraction, which also expressed the transcription factor Blimp-1. After anti-CD20 treatment, anti-insulin B cells repopulated the pancreatic islets earlier than non-specific B cells. Importantly, we observed that a CD138intinsulin+CD19- population was particularly enriched after B cell depletion, possibly contributing to the persistence of disease still observed in some mice after anti-CD20 treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our observations may indicate why the loss of C-peptide is only temporarily delayed following anti-CD20 treatment in human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Larissa C Da Rosa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lucy Buckingham
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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25
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Chen K, Xue Q, Liu F, Liu L, Yu C, Bian G, Zhang K, Fang C, Song J, Ju G, Wang J. B lymphocytes expressing high levels of PD-L1 are key regulators of diabetes development in non-obese diabetic mice. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:289-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Egia-Mendikute L, Arpa B, Rosell-Mases E, Corral-Pujol M, Carrascal J, Carrillo J, Mora C, Chapman H, Panosa A, Vives-Pi M, Stratmann T, Serreze D, Verdaguer J. B-Lymphocyte Phenotype Determines T-Lymphocyte Subset Differentiation in Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1732. [PMID: 31428087 PMCID: PMC6689997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that B-lymphocytes play a key role activating diabetogenic T-lymphocytes during the development of autoimmune diabetes. Recently, two transgenic NOD mouse models were generated: the NOD-PerIg and the 116C-NOD mice. In NOD-PerIg mice, B-lymphocytes acquire an activated proliferative phenotype and support accelerated autoimmune diabetes development. In contrast, in 116C-NOD mice, B-lymphocytes display an anergic-like phenotype delaying autoimmune diabetes onset and decreasing disease incidence. The present study further evaluates the T- and B-lymphocyte phenotype in both models. In islet-infiltrating B-lymphocytes (IIBLs) from 116C-NOD mice, the expression of H2-Kd and H2-Ag7 is decreased, whereas that of BAFF, BAFF-R, and TACI is increased. In contrast, IIBLs from NOD-PerIg show an increase in CD86 and FAS expression. In addition, islet-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (IITLs) from NOD-PerIg mice exhibit an increase in PD-1 expression. Moreover, proliferation assays indicate a high capacity of B-lymphocytes from NOD-PerIg mice to secrete high amounts of cytokines and induce T-lymphocyte activation compared to 116C B-lymphocytes. This functional variability between 116C and PerIg B-lymphocytes ultimately results in differences in the ability to shape T-lymphocyte phenotype. These results support the role of B-lymphocytes as key regulators of T-lymphocytes in autoimmune diabetes and provide essential information on the phenotypic characteristics of the T- and B-lymphocytes involved in the autoimmune response in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Egia-Mendikute
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Berta Arpa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Estela Rosell-Mases
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Corral-Pujol
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Anaïs Panosa
- Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Facility, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Haque M, Lei F, Xiong X, Das JK, Ren X, Fang D, Salek-Ardakani S, Yang JM, Song J. Stem cell-derived tissue-associated regulatory T cells suppress the activity of pathogenic cells in autoimmune diabetes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126471. [PMID: 30777937 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoantigen-specific Tregs from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), i.e., PSC-Tregs, have the ability to suppress autoimmunity. PSC-Tregs can be programmed to be tissue associated and to infiltrate into local inflamed tissues to suppress autoimmune responses after adoptive transfer. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which the autoantigen-specific PSC-Tregs suppress the autoimmune response remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we generated functional autoantigen-specific Tregs from the induced PSC (iPSCs), i.e., iPSC-Tregs, and investigated the underlying mechanisms of autoimmunity suppression by these Tregs in a type 1 diabetes (T1D) murine model. A double-Tg mouse model of T1D was established in F1 mice, in which the first generation of RIP-mOVA Tg mice that were crossed with OT-I T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice was challenged with vaccinia viruses expressing OVA (VACV-OVA). We show that adoptive transfer of OVA-specific iPSC-Tregs greatly suppressed autoimmunity in the animal model and prevented the insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells from destruction. Further, we demonstrate that the adoptive transfer significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1 in the diabetic pancreas and inhibited the migration of pathogenic CD8+ T cells and the production of the proinflammatory IFN-γ in the pancreas. These results indicate that the stem cell-derived tissue-associated Tregs can robustly accumulate in the diabetic pancreas, and, through downregulating the expression of ICAM-1 in the local inflamed tissues and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, suppress the migration and activity of the pathogenic immune cells that cause T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haque
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fengyang Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xingcong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deyu Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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28
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Vazquez-Mateo C, Collins J, Goldberg SJ, Lawson M, Hernandez-Escalante J, Dooms H. Combining anti-IL-7Rα antibodies with autoantigen-specific immunotherapy enhances non-specific cytokine production but fails to prevent Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214379. [PMID: 30908554 PMCID: PMC6433345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantigen-specific methods to prevent and treat Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) carry high hopes to permanently cure this disease, but have largely failed in clinical trials. One suggested approach to increase the efficacy of islet antigen-specific vaccination is to combine it with a modulator of the T cell response, with the goal of reducing effector differentiation and promoting regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we asked if addition of antibodies that block the IL-7/IL-7Rα pathway altered the T cell response to islet antigen vaccination and prevented T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Anti-IL-7Rα monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reduced the numbers of islet antigen-specific T cells generated after vaccination with islet peptides and alum. However, addition of anti-IL-7Rα antibodies to peptide/alum vaccination unexpectedly increased non-specific IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 cytokine production and did not result in improved prevention of T1D onset. In a second approach, we used a conjugate vaccine to deliver islet autoantigens, using Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) as a carrier. Islet antigen-KLH vaccination led to a significant expansion of antigen-specific Tregs and delayed diabetes onset in NOD mice. These outcomes were not further improved by addition of anti-IL-7Rα antibodies. To the contrary, blocking IL-7Rα during vaccination led to non-specific cytokine production and reduced the efficacy of a KLH-conjugated vaccine to prevent T1D. Our study thus revealed that adding anti-IL-7Rα antibodies during autoantigen immunization did not improve the efficacy of such vaccinations to prevent T1D, despite altering some aspects of the T cell response in a potentially advantageous way. Further refinement of this approach will be required to separate the beneficial from the adverse effects of anti-IL-7Rα antibodies to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vazquez-Mateo
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Justin Collins
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Goldberg
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maxx Lawson
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaileene Hernandez-Escalante
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hans Dooms
- Arthritis Center, Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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29
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Sheehy DF, Quinnell SP, Vegas AJ. Targeting Type 1 Diabetes: Selective Approaches for New Therapies. Biochemistry 2019; 58:214-233. [PMID: 30608114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The clinical onset of type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas and is caused by autoantigen-induced inflammation (insulitis) of the islets of Langerhans. The current standard of care for type 1 diabetes mellitus patients allows for management of the disease with exogenous insulin, but patients eventually succumb to many chronic complications such as limb amputation, blindness, and kidney failure. New therapeutic approaches now on the horizon are looking beyond glycemic management and are evaluating new strategies from protecting and regenerating endogenous islets to treating the underlying autoimmunity through selective modulation of key immune cell populations. Currently, there are no effective treatments for the autoimmunity that causes the disease, and strategies that aim to delay or prevent the onset of the disease will play an important role in the future of diabetes research. In this review, we summarize many of the key efforts underway that utilize molecular approaches to selectively modulate this disease and look at new therapeutic paradigms that can transform clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Sheehy
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Sean P Quinnell
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Arturo J Vegas
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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30
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Lees JR. Targeting antigen presentation in autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2018; 339:4-9. [PMID: 30554782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are heterogeneous group of disorders that together represent an enormous societal and medical problem. CD4+ T cells have critical roles in the initiation and pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. As such, modulation of T cell activity has proven to have significant therapeutic effects in multiple autoimmune settings. T cell activation is a complex process with multiple potential therapeutic targets, many of which have been successfully utilized to treat human disease. Current pharmacological treatment largely targets T cell intrinsic activities as a means of treating various autoimmune disorders. Here I review extant and potential therapeutic approaches that instead specifically target antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells as a critical checkpoint in autoimmune responses. In addition, the contribution of antigen modulation components in current therapeutic approaches is considered along with the impact of new antigen targeted treatment modalities. Finally, potential challenges are considered in the context of the potential for antigen specific targeting of the antigen presentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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31
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Tomilov A, Allen S, Hui CK, Bettaieb A, Cortopassi G. Idebenone is a cytoprotective insulin sensitizer whose mechanism is Shc inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:89-103. [PMID: 30290222 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
When insulin binds insulin receptor, IRS1 signaling is stimulated to trigger the maximal insulin response. p52Shc protein competes directly with IRS1, thus damping and diverting maximal insulin response. Genetic reduction of p52Shc minimizes competition with IRS1, and improves insulin signaling and glucose control in mice, and improves pathophysiological consequences of hyperglycemia. Given the multiple benefits of Shc reduction in vivo, we investigated whether any of 1680 drugs used in humans may function as Shc inhibitors, and thus potentially serve as novel anti-diabetics. Of the 1680, 30 insulin sensitizers were identified by screening in vitro, and of these 30 we demonstrated that 7 bound Shc protein. Of the 7 drugs, idebenone dose-dependently bound Shc protein in the 50-100 nM range, and induced insulin sensitivity and cytoprotection in this same 100 nM range that clinically dosed idebenone reaches in human plasma. By contrast we observe mitochondrial effects of idebenone in the 5,000 nM range that are not reached in human dosing. Multiple assays of target engagement demonstrate that idebenone physically interacts with Shc protein. Idebenone sensitizes mice to insulin in two different mouse models of prediabetes. Genetic depletion of idebenone's target eliminates idebenone's ability to insulin-sensitize in vivo. Thus, idebenone is the first-in-class member of a novel category of insulin-sensitizing and cytoprotective agents, the Shc inhibitors. Idebenone is an approved drug and could be considered for other indications such as type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease, in which insulin resistance occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sonia Allen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Chun Kiu Hui
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1920, USA.
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, UC Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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32
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Clark EA, Giltiay NV. CD22: A Regulator of Innate and Adaptive B Cell Responses and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2235. [PMID: 30323814 PMCID: PMC6173129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 (Siglec 2) is a receptor predominantly restricted to B cells. It was initially characterized over 30 years ago and named “CD22” in 1984 at the 2nd International workshop in Boston (1). Several excellent reviews have detailed CD22 functions, CD22-regulated signaling pathways and B cell subsets regulated by CD22 or Siglec G (2–4). This review is an attempt to highlight recent and possibly forgotten findings. We also describe the role of CD22 in autoimmunity and the great potential for CD22-based immunotherapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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33
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Kroger CJ, Clark M, Ke Q, Tisch RM. Therapies to Suppress β Cell Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1891. [PMID: 30166987 PMCID: PMC6105696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is generally considered to be T cell-driven. Accordingly, most strategies of immunotherapy for T1D prevention and treatment in the clinic have targeted the T cell compartment. To date, however, immunotherapy has had only limited clinical success. Although certain immunotherapies have promoted a protective effect, efficacy is often short-term and acquired immunity may be impacted. This has led to the consideration of combining different approaches with the goal of achieving a synergistic therapeutic response. In this review, we will discuss the status of various T1D therapeutic strategies tested in the clinic, as well as possible combinatorial approaches to restore β cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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34
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Ben Nasr M, Tezza S, D'Addio F, Mameli C, Usuelli V, Maestroni A, Corradi D, Belletti S, Albarello L, Becchi G, Fadini GP, Schuetz C, Markmann J, Wasserfall C, Zon L, Zuccotti GV, Fiorina P. PD-L1 genetic overexpression or pharmacological restoration in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells reverses autoimmune diabetes. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/416/eaam7543. [PMID: 29141886 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunologically based clinical trials performed thus far have failed to cure type 1 diabetes (T1D), in part because these approaches were nonspecific. Because the disease is driven by autoreactive CD4 T cells, which destroy β cells, transplantation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) has been recently offered as a therapy for T1D. Our transcriptomic profiling of HSPCs revealed that these cells are deficient in programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an important immune checkpoint, in the T1D nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Notably, the immunoregulatory molecule PD-L1 plays a determinant role in controlling/inhibiting activated T cells and thus maintains immune tolerance. Furthermore, our genome-wide and bioinformatic analysis revealed the existence of a network of microRNAs (miRNAs) controlling PD-L1 expression, and silencing one of key altered miRNAs restored PD-L1 expression in HSPCs. We therefore sought to determine whether restoration of this defect would cure T1D as an alternative to immunosuppression. Genetically engineered or pharmacologically modulated HSPCs overexpressing PD-L1 inhibited the autoimmune response in vitro, reverted diabetes in newly hyperglycemic NOD mice in vivo, and homed to the pancreas of hyperglycemic NOD mice. The PD-L1 expression defect was confirmed in human HSPCs in T1D patients as well, and pharmacologically modulated human HSPCs also inhibited the autoimmune response in vitro. Targeting a specific immune checkpoint defect in HSPCs thus may contribute to establishing a cure for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufida Ben Nasr
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy
| | - Sara Tezza
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan 20154, Italy
| | - Vera Usuelli
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy
| | - Anna Maestroni
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Albarello
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | | | | | - Christian Schuetz
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James Markmann
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Leonard Zon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan 20154, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, "L. Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan 20157, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan 20121, Italy
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Da Rosa LC, Boldison J, De Leenheer E, Davies J, Wen L, Wong FS. B cell depletion reduces T cell activation in pancreatic islets in a murine autoimmune diabetes model. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1397-1410. [PMID: 29594371 PMCID: PMC6449006 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, resulting in deficient insulin production. B cell depletion therapy has proved successful in preventing diabetes and restoring euglycaemia in animal models of diabetes, as well as in preserving beta cell function in clinical trials in the short term. We aimed to report a full characterisation of B cell kinetics post B cell depletion, with a focus on pancreatic islets. METHODS Transgenic NOD mice with a human CD20 transgene expressed on B cells were injected with an anti-CD20 depleting antibody. B cells were analysed using multivariable flow cytometry. RESULTS There was a 10 week delay in the onset of diabetes when comparing control and experimental groups, although the final difference in the diabetes incidence, following prolonged observation, was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). The co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 were reduced on stimulation of B cells during B cell depletion and repopulation. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells were not induced in repopulated B cells in the periphery, post anti-CD20 depletion. However, the early depletion of B cells had a marked effect on T cells in the local islet infiltrate. We demonstrated a lack of T cell activation, specifically with reduced CD44 expression and effector function, including IFN-γ production from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These CD8+ T cells remained altered in the pancreatic islets long after B cell depletion and repopulation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that B cell depletion can have an impact on T cell regulation, inducing a durable effect that is present long after repopulation. We suggest that this local effect of reducing autoimmune T cell activity contributes to delay in the onset of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C Da Rosa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Evy De Leenheer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- University of Sheffield, New Spring House, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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36
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Smith MJ, Rihanek M, Wasserfall C, Mathews CE, Atkinson MA, Gottlieb PA, Cambier JC. Loss of B-Cell Anergy in Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated With High-Risk HLA and Non-HLA Disease Susceptibility Alleles. Diabetes 2018; 67:697-703. [PMID: 29343548 PMCID: PMC5860860 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although B cells reactive with islet autoantigens are silenced by tolerance mechanisms in healthy individuals, they can become activated and contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. We previously demonstrated that high-affinity insulin-binding B cells (IBCs) occur exclusively in the anergic (BND) compartment in peripheral blood of healthy subjects. Consistent with their activation early in disease development, high-affinity IBCs are absent from the BND compartment of some first-degree relatives (FDRs) as well as all patients with autoantibody-positive prediabetes and new-onset type 1 diabetes, a time when they are found in pancreatic islets. Loss of BND IBCs is associated with a loss of the entire BND B-cell compartment consistent with provocation by an environmental trigger or predisposing genetic factors. To investigate potential mechanisms operative in subversion of B-cell tolerance, we explored associations between HLA and non-HLA type 1 diabetes-associated risk allele genotypes and loss of BNDs in FDRs. We found that high-risk HLA alleles and a subset of non-HLA risk alleles (i.e., PTPN2 [rs1893217], INS [rs689], and IKZF3 [rs2872507]), relevant to B- and T-cell development and function are associated with loss of anergy. Hence, the results suggest a role for risk-conferring alleles in perturbation of B-cell anergy during development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia J Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Peter A Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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37
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Korf H, Breser L, Van Hoeck J, Godoy J, Cook DP, Stijlemans B, De Smidt E, Moyson C, Monteiro Carvalho Mori Cunha JP, Rivero V, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. MIF inhibition interferes with the inflammatory and T cell-stimulatory capacity of NOD macrophages and delays autoimmune diabetes onset. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187455. [PMID: 29095944 PMCID: PMC5667746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute in the initiation and progression of insulitis during type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanisms governing their recruitment into the islets as well as the manner of retention and activation are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated a role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its transmembrane receptor, CD74, in the progression of T1D. Our data indicated elevated MIF concentrations especially in long-standing T1D patients and mice. Additionally, NOD mice featured increased MIF gene expression and CD74+ leukocyte frequencies in the pancreas. We identified F4/80+ macrophages as the main immune cells in the pancreas expressing CD74 and showed that MIF antagonism of NOD macrophages prevented their activation-induced cytokine production. The physiological importance was highlighted by the fact that inhibition of MIF delayed the onset of autoimmune diabetes in two different diabetogenic T cell transfer models. Mechanistically, macrophages pre-conditioned with the MIF inhibitor featured a refractory capacity to trigger T cell activation by keeping them in a naïve state. This study underlines a possible role for MIF/CD74 signaling pathways in promoting macrophage-mediated inflammation in T1D. As therapies directed at the MIF/CD74 pathway are in clinical development, new opportunities may be proposed for arresting T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Breser
- Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Jelter Van Hoeck
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janet Godoy
- Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Dana P. Cook
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elien De Smidt
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carolien Moyson
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Virginia Rivero
- Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder that affects an estimated 30 million people worldwide. It is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells by the immune system, which leads to lifelong dependency on exogenous insulin and imposes an enormous burden on patients and health-care resources. T1DM is also associated with an increased risk of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), further contributing to the burden of this disease. Although T cells are largely considered to be responsible for β-cell destruction in T1DM, increasing evidence points towards a role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. B cell-depletion, for example, delays disease progression in patients with newly diagnosed T1DM. Loss of tolerance of islet antigen-reactive B cells occurs early in disease and numbers of pancreatic CD20+ B cells correlate with β-cell loss. Although the importance of B cells in T1DM is increasingly apparent, exactly how these cells contribute to disease and its comorbidities, such as DKD, is not well understood. Here we discuss the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM and how these cells are activated during disease development. Finally, we speculate on how B cells might contribute to the development of DKD.
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39
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Wang Q, Racine JJ, Ratiu JJ, Wang S, Ettinger R, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA, Serreze DV. Transient BAFF Blockade Inhibits Type 1 Diabetes Development in Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Enriching Immunoregulatory B Lymphocytes Sensitive to Deletion by Anti-CD20 Cotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3757-3770. [PMID: 29055002 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In NOD mice and also likely humans, B lymphocytes play an important role as APC-expanding autoreactive T cell responses ultimately causing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Currently, humans at high future T1D risk can only be identified at late prodromal stages of disease indicated by markers such as insulin autoantibodies. When commenced in already insulin autoantibody+ NOD mice, continuous BAFFR-Fc treatment alone or in combination with anti-CD20 (designated combo therapy) inhibited T1D development. Despite eliciting broader B lymphocyte depletion, continuous combo therapy afforded no greater T1D protection than did BAFFR-Fc alone. As previously observed, late disease stage-initiated anti-CD20 monotherapy did not inhibit T1D, and in this study was additionally found to be associated with development of drug-blocking Abs. Promisingly, NOD mice given transient late disease stage BAFFR-Fc monotherapy were rendered T1D resistant. However, combo treatment abrogated the protective effect of transient BAFFR-Fc monotherapy. NOD mice receiving transient BAFF blockade were characterized by an enrichment of regulatory B lymphocytes that inhibit T1D development through IL-10 production, but this population is sensitive to deletion by anti-CD20 treatment. B lymphocytes from transient BAFFR-Fc-treated mice suppressed T cell proliferation to a greater extent than did those from controls. Proportions of B lymphocytes expressing CD73, an ecto-enzyme operating in a pathway converting proinflammatory ATP to anti-inflammatory adenosine, were also temporarily increased by transient BAFFR-Fc treatment, but not anti-CD20 therapy. These collective studies indicate transient BAFFR-Fc-mediated B lymphocyte depletion elicits long-term T1D protection by enriching regulatory B lymphocytes that are deleted by anti-CD20 cotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | | | - Shu Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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40
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Degn SE, Alicot E, Carroll MC. B cell tolerance to epidermal ribonuclear-associated neo-autoantigen in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:151-165. [PMID: 28984923 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining how self-antigens are perceived by the immune system is pivotal to understand how tolerance is maintained under homeostatic conditions. Clinically relevant, natural autoantigens targeted by autoantibodies, in e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly have an intrinsic ability to engage not only the B cell receptor (BCR), but also a co-stimulatory pathway in B cells, such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 pathway. Here we developed a novel mouse model displaying inducible expression of a fluorescent epidermal neo-autoantigen carrying an OT-II T cell epitope, B cell antigen and associated ribonucleic acids capable of stimulating TLR-7. The neo-autoantigen was expressed in skin, but did not drain in intact form into draining lymph nodes, even after ultraviolet B (UVB)-stimulated induction of apoptosis in the basal layer. Adoptively transferred autoreactive B cells were excluded follicularly and perished at the T-B border in the spleen, preventing their recirculation and encounter with antigen peripherally. This transitional check-point was bypassed by crossing the reporter to a BCR knock-in line on a C4-deficient background. Adoptively transferred OT-II T cells homed rapidly into cutaneous lymph nodes and up-regulated CD69. Surprisingly, however, tolerance was not broken, as the T cells subsequently down-regulated activation markers and contracted. Our results highlight how sequestration of intracellular and peripheral antigen, the transitional B cell tolerance check-point and T cell regulation co-operate to maintain immunological tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Degn
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - E Alicot
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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41
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De Riva A, Wållberg M, Ronchi F, Coulson R, Sage A, Thorne L, Goodfellow I, McCoy KD, Azuma M, Cooke A, Busch R. Regulation of type 1 diabetes development and B-cell activation in nonobese diabetic mice by early life exposure to a diabetogenic environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181964. [PMID: 28771521 PMCID: PMC5542673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes, including viruses, influence type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, but many such influences remain undefined. Previous work on underlying immune mechanisms has focussed on cytokines and T cells. Here, we compared two nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse colonies, NODlow and NODhigh, differing markedly in their cumulative T1D incidence (22% vs. 90% by 30 weeks in females). NODhigh mice harbored more complex intestinal microbiota, including several pathobionts; both colonies harbored segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), thought to suppress T1D. Young NODhigh females had increased B-cell activation in their mesenteric lymph nodes. These phenotypes were transmissible. Co-housing of NODlow with NODhigh mice after weaning did not change T1D development, but T1D incidence was increased in female offspring of co-housed NODlow mice, which were exposed to the NODhigh environment both before and after weaning. These offspring also acquired microbiota and B-cell activation approaching those of NODhigh mice. In NODlow females, the low rate of T1D was unaffected by cyclophosphamide but increased by PD-L1 blockade. Thus, environmental exposures that are innocuous later in life may promote T1D progression if acquired early during immune development, possibly by altering B-cell activation and/or PD-L1 function. Moreover, T1D suppression in NOD mice by SFB may depend on the presence of other microbial influences. The complexity of microbial immune regulation revealed in this murine model may also be relevant to the environmental regulation of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Riva
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ADR); (RB)
| | - Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Coulson
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sage
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Thorne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy D. McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ADR); (RB)
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42
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Frumento D, Ben Nasr M, El Essawy B, D'Addio F, Zuccotti GV, Fiorina P. Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:803-814. [PMID: 28260183 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although many approaches have been tested to overcome the insulin dependence caused by the pancreatic β-cells destruction observed in individuals affected by type 1 diabetes (T1D), medical research has largely failed to halt the onset or to reverse T1D. METHODS In this work, the state of the art of immunotherapy will be examined, and the most important achievement in the field will be critically discussed. Particularly, we will focus on the clinical aspect, thus avoiding the tedious preclinical work done in NOD mice, which has been so poorly translated to the bedside. CONCLUSIONS Stem cell therapies achieved thus this far the most promising results, while immune ablation and standard immunosuppressants did not maintain the premises of preclinical results. The next step will be to generate a feasible and safe clinical approach in order to cure the thousands of patients affected by T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Francesca D'Addio
- DITID, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Banday VS, Thyagarajan R, Lejon K. Contribution of both B-cell intrinsic alterations as well as non-hematopoietic-derived factors in the enhanced immune response of the NOD mouse. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:363-369. [PMID: 28686488 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1344977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The underlying cellular and molecular mechanism for the development of Type 1 diabetes is still to be fully revealed. We have previously demonstrated that the NOD mouse, a model for Type 1 diabetes, display a prolonged and enhanced immune response to both self and non-self-antigens. The molecular explanation for this defect however, has not been determined. In this study we immunized NOD and C57BL/6 (B6) with the conventional antigen i.e. hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and analyzed B cell activation, germinal center reaction and antibody clearance. Corroborating our previous observations NOD mice responded robustly to a single immunization of HEL. Immunofluorescence analysis of the spleen revealed an increased number of germinal centers in unimmunized NOD compared to B6. However, post immunization germinal center numbers were similar in NOD and B6. NOD mice showed lower response to BCR stimulation with anti-IgM, in particular at lower concentrations of anti-IgM. Antibody clearance in vivo did not differ between the strains. To determine the cell type that is responsible for the prolonged and enhance immune response, we reconstituted NOD-RAGs with cells from primed donors in different combinations. NOD B cells were required to reproduce the phenotype; however the non-lymphoid compartment of NOD origin also played a role. Based on our results we propose that preexisting GCs in the NOD promote the robust response and alteration in the BCR signaling could promote survival of stimulated cells. Overall, this mechanism could in turn also contribute to the activation and maintenance of autoreactive B cells in the NOD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viqar Showkat Banday
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Radha Thyagarajan
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
| | - Kristina Lejon
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology , Umeå University , Umeå , Sweden
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44
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Loretelli C, Moore RF, Ben Nasr M, Dellepiane S, Balan M, Mounayar M, Usuelli V, El Essawy B, D'Addio F, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Zuccotti GV, Pal S, Fiorina P, Abdi R. Immunoevasion rather than intrinsic oncogenicity may confer MSCs from non-obese diabetic mice the ability to generate neural tumors. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:707-712. [PMID: 28224274 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-0967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Loretelli
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert F Moore
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, LMRC Building, Room 310, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergio Dellepiane
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Murugabaskar Balan
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marwan Mounayar
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, LMRC Building, Room 310, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vera Usuelli
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Francesca D'Addio
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini-V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Soumitro Pal
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Reza Abdi
- Nephrology Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, LMRC Building, Room 310, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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45
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Ratiu JJ, Racine JJ, Hasham MG, Wang Q, Branca JA, Chapman HD, Zhu J, Donghia N, Philip V, Schott WH, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA, Mills KD, Leeth CM, Serreze DV. Genetic and Small Molecule Disruption of the AID/RAD51 Axis Similarly Protects Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Type 1 Diabetes through Expansion of Regulatory B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4255-4267. [PMID: 28461573 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a key role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) development by serving as a subset of APCs preferentially supporting the expansion of autoreactive pathogenic T cells. As a result of their pathogenic importance, B lymphocyte-targeted therapies have received considerable interest as potential T1D interventions. Unfortunately, the B lymphocyte-directed T1D interventions tested to date failed to halt β cell demise. IgG autoantibodies marking humans at future risk for T1D indicate that B lymphocytes producing them have undergone the affinity-maturation processes of class switch recombination and, possibly, somatic hypermutation. This study found that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene required for class switch recombination/somatic hypermutation induction inhibits T1D development in the NOD mouse model. The activation-induced cytidine deaminase protein induces genome-wide DNA breaks that, if not repaired through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination, result in B lymphocyte death. Treatment with the RAD51 inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid also strongly inhibited T1D development in NOD mice. The genetic and small molecule-targeting approaches expanded CD73+ B lymphocytes that exert regulatory activity suppressing diabetogenic T cell responses. Hence, an initial CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic modification approach has identified the AID/RAD51 axis as a target for a potentially clinically translatable pharmacological approach that can block T1D development by converting B lymphocytes to a disease-inhibitory CD73+ regulatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | | | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | | | | | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | | | - Caroline M Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061;
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46
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Boldison J, Wong FS. Immune and Pancreatic β Cell Interactions in Type 1 Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:856-867. [PMID: 27659143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islet β cells is due to a targeted lymphocyte attack. Different T cell subsets communicate with each other and with the insulin-producing β cells in this process, with evidence not only of damage to the tissue cells but also of lymphocyte regulation. Here we explore the various components of the immune response as well as the cellular interactions that are involved in causing or reducing immune damage to the β cells. We consider these in the light of the possibility that understanding them may help us identify therapeutic targets to reduce the damage and destruction leading to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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47
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Banday VS, Thyagarajan R, Sundström M, Lejon K. Increased expression of TACI on NOD B cells results in germinal centre reaction anomalies, enhanced plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. Immunology 2016; 149:297-305. [PMID: 27444337 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have an important pathogenic role in the development of type 1 diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. We have previously reported that NOD mice display an increased percentage of TACIhigh -expressing B cells compared with C57BL/6 mice and this trait is linked to chromosomes 1 and 8. In this paper the genetic association of the transmembrane activator, calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) trait was confirmed using double congenic NOD.B6C1/Idd22 mice. TACI ligation by a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) has been shown to influence plasma cell differentiation, immunoglobulin production and isotype switch. Hence, the functional consequence of the up-regulation of TACI on NOD B cells was analysed both in vitro and in vivo. NOD B cells stimulated with APRIL showed an enhanced plasma cell differentiation and class switch to IgG and IgA compared with B cells from C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, flow cytometry analyses revealed that germinal centre B cells in NOD failed to down-regulate TACI. Availability of the TACI ligand B-cell activating factor (BAFF) has been shown to be a limiting factor in the germinal centre reaction. In line with this, upon immunization with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten-conjugated hen egg lysozyme, NOD mice produced higher titres of low-affinity antibodies compared with C57BL/6 mice. This observation was supported by the detection of increased levels of BAFF in NOD germinal centres after immunization compared with C57BL/6 by immunofluorescence. Our results support the hypothesis that increased TACI expression on NOD B cells contributes to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viqar S Banday
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Radha Thyagarajan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mia Sundström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lejon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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48
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Leeth CM, Racine J, Chapman HD, Arpa B, Carrillo J, Carrascal J, Wang Q, Ratiu J, Egia-Mendikute L, Rosell-Mases E, Stratmann T, Verdaguer J, Serreze DV. B-lymphocytes expressing an Ig specificity recognizing the pancreatic ß-cell autoantigen peripherin are potent contributors to type 1 diabetes development in NOD mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1977-1987. [PMID: 26961115 PMCID: PMC4915583 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic ß-cells underlying type 1 diabetes (1D) development is ultimately mediated by T-cells in NOD mice and also likely humans, B-lymphocytes play an additional key pathogenic role. It appears expression of plasma membrane bound immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules that efficiently capture ß-cell antigens allows autoreactive B-lymphocytes bypassing normal tolerance induction processes to be the subset of antigen presenting cells most efficiently activating diabetogenic T-cells. NOD mice transgenically expressing Ig molecules recognizing antigens that are (insulin) or not (hen egg lysozyme; HEL) expressed by ß-cells have proven useful in dissecting the developmental basis of diabetogenic B-lymphocytes. However, these transgenic Ig specificities were originally selected for their ability to recognize insulin or HEL as foreign, rather than autoantigens. Thus, we generated and characterized NOD mice transgenically expressing an Ig molecule representative of a large proportion of naturally occurring islet-infiltrating B-lymphocytes in NOD mice recognizing the neuronal antigen peripherin. Transgenic peripherin autoreactive B-lymphocytes infiltrate NOD pancreatic islets, acquire an activated proliferative phenotype, and potently support accelerated T1D development. These results support the concept of neuronal autoimmunity as a pathogenic feature of T1D, and targeting such responses could ultimately provide an effective disease intervention approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Leeth
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Berta Arpa
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrascal
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida & IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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49
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang J, Diao Y, Qian X, Zhu N. T-bet-Expressing B Cells Are Positively Associated with Crohn's Disease Activity and Support Th1 Inflammation. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:628-635. [PMID: 27348235 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is thought to involve the chronic activation of T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th17-mediated inflammation, such as the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 17 (IL-17). However, studies have also shown that although IFN-γ is required, IFN-γ-producing or T-bet-expressing Th1 cells are dispensable. We therefore examined T-bet-expressing B cells as another source of IFN-γ that potentially supported intestinal inflammation in CD patients. We found that the frequencies of T-bet-expressing B cells were significantly upregulated and abundantly present in the gut of active, but not quiescent, CD patients. The frequencies of T-bet-expressing B cells were also directly correlated with CD disease activity. These T-bet+ B cells were almost exclusively IgG expressing and produced significantly higher amounts of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-12 than IgA- and IgM-expressing T-bet- B cells. These B cells also supported IFN-γ production of CD4+ T cells. T-bet expression was induced in vitro in peripheral blood B cells through the stimulation of B-cell receptor (BCR), Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), and IFN-γ, which resembled gut T-bet+ B cells in terms of elevated IFN-γ. We found that these stimulated B cells, but not unstimulated B cells, supported the IFN-γ and IL-12 production from autologous CD4+ T cells. In addition, in patients with higher gut T-bet+ B-cell percentage, a higher frequency of gut-infiltrating IFN-γ+ and IL-12+ T cells was also observed. Together, our results suggested that T-bet-expressing B cells could contribute to the intestinal Th1 inflammation in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqing Diao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
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50
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Thornley TB, Agarwal KA, Kyriazis P, Ma L, Chipashvili V, Aker JE, Korniotis S, Csizmadia E, Strom TB, Koulmanda M. Contrasting Roles of Islet Resident Immunoregulatory Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150792. [PMID: 26943809 PMCID: PMC4778921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system critically shapes diabetogenic adaptive immunity during type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. While the role of tissue-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages in T1D is well established, the role of their tissue-resident counterparts remains undefined. We now demonstrate that islet resident macrophages (IRMs) from non-autoimmune mice have an immunoregulatory phenotype and powerfully induce FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro. The immunoregulatory phenotype and function of IRMs is compromised by TLR4 activation in vitro. Moreover, as T1D approaches in NOD mice, the immunoregulatory phenotype of IRMs is diminished as is their relative abundance compared to immunostimulatory DCs. Our findings suggest that maintenance of IRM abundance and their immunoregulatory phenotype may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent and/or cure T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Thornley
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Krishna A. Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Periklis Kyriazis
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Lingzhi Ma
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Vaja Chipashvili
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Aker
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Sarantis Korniotis
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TBS); (MK)
| | - Maria Koulmanda
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TBS); (MK)
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