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Svikle Z, Paramonova N, Siliņš E, Pahirko L, Zariņa L, Baumane K, Petrovski G, Sokolovska J. DNA Methylation Profiles of PSMA6, PSMB5, KEAP1, and HIF1A Genes in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1354. [PMID: 38927561 PMCID: PMC11202151 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored differences in the DNA methylation statuses of PSMA6, PSMB5, HIF1A, and KEAP1 gene promoter regions in patients with type 1 diabetes and different diabetic retinopathy (DR) stages. Study subjects included individuals with no DR (NDR, n = 41), those with non-proliferative DR (NPDR, n = 27), and individuals with proliferative DR or those who underwent laser photocoagulation (PDR/LPC, n = 46). DNA methylation was determined by Zymo OneStep qMethyl technique. The methylation of PSMA6 (NDR 5.9 (3.9-8.7) %, NPDR 4.5 (3.8-5.7) %, PDR/LPC 6.6 (4.7-10.7) %, p = 0.003) and PSMB5 (NDR 2.2 (1.9-3.7) %, NPDR 2.2 (1.9-3.0) %, PDR/LPC 3.2 (2.5-7.1) %, p < 0.01) differed across the groups. Consistent correlations were observed between the methylation levels of HIF1A and PSMA6 in all study groups. DNA methylation levels of PSMA6, PSMB5, and HIF1A genes were positively correlated with the duration of diabetes, HbA1c, and albuminuria in certain study groups. Univariate regression models revealed a significant association between the methylation level z-scores of PSMA6, PSMB5, and HIF1A and severe DR (PSMA6: OR = 1.96 (1.15; 3.33), p = 0.013; PSMB5: OR = 1.90 (1.14; 3.16), p = 0.013; HIF1A: OR = 3.19 (1.26; 8.06), p = 0.014). PSMB5 remained significantly associated with DR in multivariate analysis. Our findings suggest significant associations between the severity of DR and the DNA methylation levels of the genes PSMA6, PSMB5, and HIF1A, but not KEAP1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Svikle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.S.); (L.Z.); (K.B.)
| | - Natalia Paramonova
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Emīls Siliņš
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Leonora Pahirko
- Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Optometry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia; (E.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Līga Zariņa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.S.); (L.Z.); (K.B.)
- Ophthalmology Department, Riga East University Hospital, Hipokrata Street 2, LV 1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristīne Baumane
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.S.); (L.Z.); (K.B.)
- Ophthalmology Department, Riga East University Hospital, Hipokrata Street 2, LV 1038 Riga, Latvia
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center of Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jelizaveta Sokolovska
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV 1004 Riga, Latvia; (Z.S.); (L.Z.); (K.B.)
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Mittal R, Camick N, Lemos JRN, Hirani K. Gene-environment interaction in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1335435. [PMID: 38344660 PMCID: PMC10858453 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1335435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex metabolic autoimmune disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide and often leads to significant comorbidities. However, the precise trigger of autoimmunity and disease onset remain incompletely elucidated. This integrative perspective article synthesizes the cumulative role of gene-environment interaction in the pathophysiology of T1D. Genetics plays a significant role in T1D susceptibility, particularly at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus and cathepsin H (CTSH) locus. In addition to genetics, environmental factors such as viral infections, pesticide exposure, and changes in the gut microbiome have been associated with the development of T1D. Alterations in the gut microbiome impact mucosal integrity and immune tolerance, increasing gut permeability through molecular mimicry and modulation of the gut immune system, thereby increasing the risk of T1D potentially through the induction of autoimmunity. HLA class II haplotypes with known effects on T1D incidence may directly correlate to changes in the gut microbiome, but precisely how the genes influence changes in the gut microbiome, and how these changes provoke T1D, requires further investigations. These gene-environment interactions are hypothesized to increase susceptibility to T1D through epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which in turn modify gene expression. There is a need to determine the efficacy of new interventions that target these epigenetic modifications such as "epidrugs", which will provide novel avenues for the effective management of T1D leading to improved quality of life of affected individuals and their families/caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nathanael Camick
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joana R. N. Lemos
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Khemraj Hirani
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Song Y, Zhao X, Qu H, Su Y, He R, Chen L, Fang L, Li J, Zou Z, He J, Li Z, Xu Y, Chen X, Cheng H, Xu Y, Wang Q, Lai L. Epigenetic Regulation of IL-23 by E3 Ligase FBXW7 in Dendritic Cells Is Critical for Psoriasis-like Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1701-1713. [PMID: 37843504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), a driver of psoriasis pathogenesis, produce IL-23 and trigger IL-23/IL-17 cytokine axis activation. However, the mechanisms regulating IL-23 induction remain unclear. In the current study, we found that mice with E3 ligase FBXW7 deficiency in DCs show reduced skin inflammation correlated with the reduction of IL-23/IL-17 axis cytokines in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model. Fbxw7 deficiency results in decreased production of IL-23 in DCs. FBXW7 interacts with the lysine N-methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 39 homolog 2 (SUV39H2), which catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9) during transcription regulation. FBXW7 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of SUV39H2, thus decreasing H3K9m3 deposition on the Il23a promoter. The Suv39h2 knockout mice displayed exacerbated skin inflammation with the IL-23/IL-17 axis overactivating in the psoriasis model. Taken together, our results indicate that FBXW7 increases IL-23 expression in DCs by degrading SUV39H2, thereby aggravating psoriasis-like inflammation. Inhibition of FBXW7 or the FBXW7/SUV39H2/IL-23 axis may represent a novel therapeutic approach to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjing Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rukun He
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luxia Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lutong Fang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia He
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaohan Xu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Hussain A, Ashique S, Afzal O, Altamimi MA, Malik A, Kumar S, Garg A, Sharma N, Farid A, Khan T, Altamimi ASA. A correlation between oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: An updated review. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109650. [PMID: 37734426 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a cytopathic outcome of excessively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), down regulated antioxidant defense signaling pathways, and the imbalance between the produced radicals and their clearance. It plays a role in the genesis of several illnesses, especially hyperglycemia and its effects. Diabetic retinal illness, a micro vascular side effect of the condition, is the prime reason of diabetic related blindness. The OS (directly or indirectly) is associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and related consequences. The OS is responsible to induce and interfere the metabolic signaling pathways to enhance influx of the polyol cascades and hexosamine pathways, stimulate Protein Kinase-C (PKC) variants, and accumulate advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Additionally, the inequity between the scavenging and generation of ROS is caused by the epigenetic alteration caused by hyperglycemia that suppresses the antioxidant defense system. Induced by an excessive buildup of ROS, retinal changes in structure and function include mitochondrial damage, cellular death, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend and clarify the mechanisms connected to oxidative stress that underlie the development of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal, 713346, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shubneesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharat Institute of Technology, School of Pharmacy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250103, India
| | - Ashish Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Guru Ramdas Khalsa Institute of Science and Technology (Pharmacy), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Graduate Assistant, Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Connecticut, UCONN, Storrs Campus, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Tasneem Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abdulmalik S A Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Liu DD, Zhang CY, Zhang JT, Gu LM, Xu GT, Zhang JF. Epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in diabetic retinopathy: beyond the surface. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1441-1449. [PMID: 36571340 PMCID: PMC10075108 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.361536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics focuses on DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNAs, and other gene regulation mechanisms beyond the DNA sequence. In the past decade, epigenetic modifications have drawn more attention as they participate in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy despite tight control of glucose levels. The underlying mechanisms of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy still urgently need to be elucidated. The diabetic condition facilitates epigenetic changes and influences target gene expression. In this review, we summarize the involvement of epigenetic modifications and metabolic memory in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and propose novel insights into the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Aier Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Fa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases; Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine; Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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6
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Hill C, Duffy S, Kettyle LM, McGlynn L, Sandholm N, Salem RM, Thompson A, Swan EJ, Kilner J, Rossing P, Shiels PG, Lajer M, Groop PH, Maxwell AP, McKnight AJ. Differential Methylation of Telomere-Related Genes Is Associated with Kidney Disease in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051029. [PMID: 37239390 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents a major global health problem. Accelerated ageing is a key feature of DKD and, therefore, characteristics of accelerated ageing may provide useful biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Harnessing multi-omics, features affecting telomere biology and any associated methylome dysregulation in DKD were explored. Genotype data for nuclear genome polymorphisms in telomere-related genes were extracted from genome-wide case-control association data (n = 823 DKD/903 controls; n = 247 end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)/1479 controls). Telomere length was established using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Quantitative methylation values for 1091 CpG sites in telomere-related genes were extracted from epigenome-wide case-control association data (n = 150 DKD/100 controls). Telomere length was significantly shorter in older age groups (p = 7.6 × 10-6). Telomere length was also significantly reduced (p = 6.6 × 10-5) in DKD versus control individuals, with significance remaining after covariate adjustment (p = 0.028). DKD and ESKD were nominally associated with telomere-related genetic variation, with Mendelian randomisation highlighting no significant association between genetically predicted telomere length and kidney disease. A total of 496 CpG sites in 212 genes reached epigenome-wide significance (p ≤ 10-8) for DKD association, and 412 CpG sites in 193 genes for ESKD. Functional prediction revealed differentially methylated genes were enriched for Wnt signalling involvement. Harnessing previously published RNA-sequencing datasets, potential targets where epigenetic dysregulation may result in altered gene expression were revealed, useful as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hill
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Seamus Duffy
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Laura M Kettyle
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Liane McGlynn
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rany M Salem
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alex Thompson
- School of Medicine, The Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Swan
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Jill Kilner
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Peter Rossing
- Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark and Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, 2730 Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul G Shiels
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maria Lajer
- Steno Diabetes Center, 2730 Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alexander Peter Maxwell
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
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The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Late Complications in Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040705. [PMID: 35456511 PMCID: PMC9029845 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the destruction of pancreatic β cells leads to hyperglycemia. The prevention of hyperglycemia is very important to avoid or at least postpone the development of micro- and macrovascular complications, also known as late complications. These include diabetic retinopathy, chronic renal failure, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. The impact of long-term hyperglycemia has been shown to persist long after the normalization of blood glucose levels, a phenomenon known as metabolic memory. It is believed that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs, play an important role in metabolic memory. The aim of this review is to address the impact of long-term hyperglycemia on epigenetic marks in late complications of type 1 diabetes.
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Kowluru RA, Mohammad G. Epigenetic modifications in diabetes. Metabolism 2022; 126:154920. [PMID: 34715117 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is now considered as a 'silent epidemic' that claims over four million lives every year, and the disease knows no socioeconomic boundaries. Despite extensive efforts by the National and International organizations, and cutting-edge research, about 11% world's population is expected to suffer from diabetes (and its complications) by year 2045. This life-long disease damages both the microvasculature and the macrovasculature of the body, and affects many metabolic and molecular pathways, altering the expression of many genes. Recent research has shown that external factors, such as environmental factors, lifestyle and pollutants can also regulate gene expression, and contribute in the disease development and progression. Many epigenetic modifications are implicated in the development of micro- and macro- vascular complications including DNA methylation and histone modifications of several genes implicated in their development. Furthermore, several noncoding RNAs, such as micro RNAs and long noncoding RNAs, are also altered, affecting many biochemical pathways. Epigenetic modifications, however, have the advantage that they could be passed to the next generation, or can be erased. They are now being explored as therapeutical target(s) in the cancer field, which opens up the possibility to use them for treating diabetes and preventing/slowing down its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, USA.
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, USA
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9
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Zheng W, Guo J, Liu ZS. Effects of metabolic memory on inflammation and fibrosis associated with diabetic kidney disease: an epigenetic perspective. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:87. [PMID: 33883002 PMCID: PMC8061201 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common microvascular complication of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Persistent inflammation and subsequent chronic fibrosis are major causes of loss of renal function, which is associated with the progression of DKD to ESRD. In fact, DKD progression is affected by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Approximately, one-third of diabetic patients progress to develop DKD despite intensive glycemic control, which propose an essential concept "metabolic memory." Epigenetic modifications, an extensively studied mechanism of metabolic memory, have been shown to contribute to the susceptibility to develop DKD. Epigenetic modifications also play a regulatory role in the interactions between the genes and the environmental factors. The epigenetic contributions to the processes of inflammation and fibrogenesis involved in DKD occur at different regulatory levels, including DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA modulation. Compared with genetic factors, epigenetics represents a new therapeutic frontier in understanding the development DKD and may lead to therapeutic breakthroughs due to the possibility to reverse these modifications therapeutically. Early recognition of epigenetic events and biomarkers is crucial for timely diagnosis and intervention of DKD, and for the prevention of the progression of DKD to ESRD. Herein, we will review the latest epigenetic mechanisms involved in the renal pathology of both type 1 (T1DN) and type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) and highlight the emerging role and possible therapeutic strategies based on the understanding of the role of epigenetics in DKD-associated inflammation and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Haukka J, Sandholm N, Valo E, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Cole JB, McGurnaghan SJ, Colhoun HM, Groop PH. Novel Linkage Peaks Discovered for Diabetic Nephropathy in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:986-995. [PMID: 33414249 PMCID: PMC8928864 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and linkage studies have had limited success in identifying genome-wide significantly linked regions or risk loci for diabetic nephropathy (DN) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). As GWAS cohorts have grown, they have also included more documented and undocumented familial relationships. Here we computationally inferred and manually curated pedigrees in a study cohort of >6,000 individuals with T1D and their relatives without diabetes. We performed a linkage study for 177 pedigrees consisting of 452 individuals with T1D and their relatives using a genome-wide genotyping array with >300,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and PSEUDOMARKER software. Analysis resulted in genome-wide significant linkage peaks on eight chromosomal regions from five chromosomes (logarithm of odds score >3.3). The highest peak was localized at the HLA region on chromosome 6p, but whether the peak originated from T1D or DN remained ambiguous. Of other significant peaks, the chromosome 4p22 region was localized on top of ARHGAP24, a gene associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, suggesting this gene may play a role in DN as well. Furthermore, rare variants have been associated with DN and chronic kidney disease near the 4q25 peak, localized on top of CCSER1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Haukka
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Nephrology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Nephrology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Nephrology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Nephrology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Nephrology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanne B. Cole
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Programs in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stuart J. McGurnaghan
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Helen M. Colhoun
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Nephrology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Corresponding author: Per-Henrik Groop,
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11
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Kang Q, Yang C. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101799. [PMID: 33248932 PMCID: PMC7767789 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a cytopathic outcome of excessive generation of ROS and the repression of antioxidant defense system for ROS elimination, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including diabetes and its complications. Retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes, is the primary cause of acquired blindness in diabetic patients. Oxidative stress has been verified as one critical contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Oxidative stress can both contribute to and result from the metabolic abnormalities induced by hyperglycemia, mainly including the increased flux of the polyol pathway and hexosamine pathway, the hyper-activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Moreover, the repression of the antioxidant defense system by hyperglycemia-mediated epigenetic modification also leads to the imbalance between the scavenging and production of ROS. Excessive accumulation of ROS induces mitochondrial damage, cellular apoptosis, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and structural and functional alterations in retina. Therefore, it is important to understand and elucidate the oxidative stress-related mechanisms underlying the progress of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the abnormalities correlated with oxidative stress provide multiple potential therapeutic targets to develop safe and effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Here, we also summarized the main antioxidant therapeutic strategies to control this disease. Oxidative stress can both contribute to and result from hyperglycemia-induced metabolic abnormalities in retina. Genes important in regulation of ROS are epigenetically modified, increasing ROS accumulation in retina. Oxidative stress is closely associated with the pathological changes in the progress of diabetic retinopathy. Antioxidants ameliorate retinopathy through targeting multiple steps of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzheng Kang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chunxue Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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12
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Abstract
The vasculature not only transports oxygenated blood, metabolites, and waste products but also serves as a conduit for hormonal communication between distant tissues. Therefore, it is important to maintain homeostasis within the vasculature. Recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding of the regulation of vasculature development and vascular-related diseases at the epigenetic level, including by protein posttranslational modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs. Integrating epigenetic mechanisms into the pathophysiologic conceptualization of complex and multifactorial vascular-related diseases may provide promising therapeutic approaches. Several reviews have presented detailed discussions of epigenetic mechanisms not including histone methylation in vascular biology. In this review, we primarily discuss histone methylation in vascular development and maturity, and in vascular diseases.
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Mohana Devi S, Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, Chinnkulandhai V, Balachandar V. Does epigenetics have a role in age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy? Genes Dis 2020; 8:279-286. [PMID: 33997175 PMCID: PMC8093576 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play an important part in the regulation of gene expression and these alterations may induce long-term changes in gene function and metabolism. They have received extensive attention in bridging the gap between environmental exposures and disease development via their influence on gene expression. DNA methylation is the earliest discovered epigenetic alteration. In this review, we try to examine the role of DNA methylation and histone modification in Age related macular degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), its vascular complications and recent progress. Given the complex nature of AMD and DR, it is crucial to improve therapeutics which will greatly enhance the quality of life and reduce the burden for millions of patients living with these potentially blinding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohana Devi
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Chennai, 600006, India
| | - I Mahalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - J Kaavya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - V Chinnkulandhai
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr.N.G.P Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - V Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cells Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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15
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Syreeni A, Sandholm N, Cao J, Toppila I, Maahs DM, Rewers MJ, Snell-Bergeon JK, Costacou T, Orchard TJ, Caramori ML, Mauer M, Klein BE, Klein R, Valo E, Parkkonen M, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Paterson AD, Groop PH. Genetic Determinants of Glycated Hemoglobin in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:858-867. [PMID: 30674623 PMCID: PMC6425874 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is an important measure of glycemia in diabetes. HbA1c is influenced by environmental and genetic factors both in people with and in people without diabetes. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for HbA1c in a Finnish type 1 diabetes (T1D) cohort, FinnDiane. Top results were examined for replication in T1D cohorts DCCT/EDIC, WESDR, CACTI, EDC, and RASS, and a meta-analysis was performed. Three SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 13 near relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) were associated with HbA1c in FinnDiane at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8). The minor alleles of rs2085277 and rs1360072 were associated with higher HbA1c also in the meta-analysis with RASS (P < 5 × 10-8), where these variants had minor allele frequencies ≥1%. Furthermore, these SNPs were associated with HbA1c in an East Asian population without diabetes (P ≤ 0.013). A weighted genetic risk score created from 55 HbA1c-associated variants from the literature was associated with HbA1c in FinnDiane but explained only a small amount of variation. Understanding the genetic basis of glycemic control and HbA1c may lead to better prevention of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Syreeni
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iiro Toppila
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David M. Maahs
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Marian J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Janet K. Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Tina Costacou
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Trevor J. Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M. Luiza Caramori
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael Mauer
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Barbara E.K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Parkkonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author: Per-Henrik Groop,
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16
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Mazzone R, Zwergel C, Artico M, Taurone S, Ralli M, Greco A, Mai A. The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 30808407 PMCID: PMC6390373 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic pathways play a pivotal role in the development and function of the immune system. Over the last decade, a growing body of studies has been published out seeking to explain a correlation between epigenetic modifications and the development of autoimmune disorders. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases mainly by regulating gene expression. This paper reviews the importance of epigenetic alterations during the development of the most prevalent human autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), and type 1 diabetes (T1D), aiming to provide new insights in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the possibility to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Samanta Taurone
- IRCCS G.B. Bietti Foundation, Via Livenza, 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Rodriguez H, El-Osta A. Epigenetic Contribution to the Development and Progression of Vascular Diabetic Complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1074-1091. [PMID: 29304555 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The number of people suffering from diabetes worldwide is steadily rising. Complications from diabetes, including cardiovascular and renal disease, contribute to the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Recent Advances: Hyperglycemia promotes tissue damage through diverse mechanisms involving increased production of reactive oxygen species. Increased oxidative stress drives changes in chromatin structure that mediate gene expression changes leading to the upregulation of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators. The epigenetic contribution to diabetes-induced changes in gene expression is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the development and progression of vascular diabetic complications. CRITICAL ISSUES The mechanisms through which stimuli from the diabetic milieu promote epigenetic changes remain poorly understood. In addition, glycemic control constitutes an important factor influencing epigenetic states in diabetes, and the phenomenon of hyperglycemic memory warrants further research. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic changes in diabetes may allow the design of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the burden of diabetic complications. Furthermore, certain epigenetic markers are detected early during the onset of diabetes and its complications and may prove useful as biomarkers for disease risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanah Rodriguez
- 1 Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- 1 Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,3 Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Swan R, Kim SJ, Campbell JP, Paul Chan RV, Sonmez K, Taylor KD, Li X, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Simmons C, Chiang MF. The genetics of retinopathy of prematurity: a model for neovascular retinal disease. Ophthalmol Retina 2018; 2:949-962. [PMID: 30250936 PMCID: PMC6150458 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TOPIC Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative retinal vascular disease in premature infants, and is a major cause of childhood blindness worldwide. In addition to known clinical risk factors such as low birth weight and gestational age, there is a growing body of evidence supporting a genetic basis for ROP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE While comorbidities and environmental factors have been identified as contributing to ROP outcomes in premature infants, most notably gestational age and oxygen, some infants progress to severe disease despite absence of these clinical risk factors. The contribution of genetic factors may explain these differences and allow better detection and treatment of infants at risk for severe ROP. METHODS To comprehensively review genetic factors that potentially contribute to the development and severity of ROP, we conducted a literature search focusing on the genetic basis for ROP. Terms related to other heritable retinal vascular diseases like "familial exudative vitreoretinopathy", as well as to genes implicated in animal models of ROP, were also used to capture research in diseases with similar pathogenesis to ROP in humans with known genetic components. RESULTS Contributions across several genetic domains are described including vascular endothelial growth factor, the Wnt signaling pathway, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammatory mediators, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. CONCLUSIONS Most candidate gene studies of ROP have limitations such as inability to replicate results, conflicting results from various studies, small sample size, and differences in clinical characterization. Additional difficulty arises in separating the contribution of genetic factors like Wnt signaling to ROP and prematurity. Although studies have implicated involvement of multiple signaling pathways in ROP, the genetics of ROP have not been clearly elucidated. Next-generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies have potential to expand future understanding of underlying genetic risk factors and pathophysiology of ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Swan
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J. Peter Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - R. V. Paul Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Center for Global Health, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kemal Sonmez
- Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Charles Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael F. Chiang
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Corso-Díaz X, Jaeger C, Chaitankar V, Swaroop A. Epigenetic control of gene regulation during development and disease: A view from the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:1-27. [PMID: 29544768 PMCID: PMC6054546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes, such as organogenesis and homeostasis, are stringently regulated by genetic programs that are fine-tuned by epigenetic factors to establish cell fates and/or to respond to the microenvironment. Gene regulatory networks that guide cell differentiation and function are modulated and stabilized by modifications to DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we focus on two key epigenetic changes - DNA methylation and histone modifications - and discuss their contribution to retinal development, aging and disease, especially in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We highlight less-studied roles of DNA methylation and provide the RNA expression profiles of epigenetic enzymes in human and mouse retina in comparison to other tissues. We also review computational tools and emergent technologies to profile, analyze and integrate epigenetic information. We suggest implementation of editing tools and single-cell technologies to trace and perturb the epigenome for delineating its role in transcriptional regulation. Finally, we present our thoughts on exciting avenues for exploring epigenome in retinal metabolism, disease modeling, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Keating ST, van Diepen JA, Riksen NP, El-Osta A. Epigenetics in diabetic nephropathy, immunity and metabolism. Diabetologia 2018; 61:6-20. [PMID: 29128937 PMCID: PMC6448927 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When it comes to the epigenome, there is a fine line between clarity and confusion-walk that line and you will discover another fascinating level of transcription control. With the genetic code representing the cornerstone of rules for information that is encoded to proteins somewhere above the genome level there is a set of rules by which chemical information is also read. These epigenetic modifications show a different side of the genetic code that is diverse and regulated, hence modifying genetic transcription transiently, ranging from short- to long-term alterations. While this complexity brings exquisite control it also poses a formidable challenge to efforts to decode mechanisms underlying complex disease. Recent technological and computational advances have improved unbiased acquisition of epigenomic patterns to improve our understanding of the complex chromatin landscape. Key to resolving distinct chromatin signatures of diabetic complications is the identification of the true physiological targets of regulatory proteins, such as reader proteins that recognise, writer proteins that deposit and eraser proteins that remove specific chemical moieties. But how might a diverse group of proteins regulate the diabetic landscape from an epigenomic perspective? Drawing from an ever-expanding compendium of experimental and clinical studies, this review details the current state-of-play and provides a perspective of chromatin-dependent mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications, with a special focus on diabetic nephropathy. We hypothesise a codified signature of the diabetic epigenome and provide examples of prime candidates for chemical modification. As for the pharmacological control of epigenetic marks, we explore future strategies to expedite and refine the search for clinically relevant discoveries. We also consider the challenges associated with therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Keating
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Janna A van Diepen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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21
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Eshaq RS, Aldalati AMZ, Alexander JS, Harris NR. Diabetic retinopathy: Breaking the barrier. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 24:229-241. [PMID: 28732591 PMCID: PMC5711541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a major complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness among adults worldwide. DR is a progressive disease affecting both type I and type II diabetic patients at any stage of the disease, and targets the retinal microvasculature. DR results from multiple biochemical, molecular and pathophysiological changes to the retinal vasculature, which affect both microcirculatory functions and ultimately photoreceptor function. Several neural, endothelial, and support cell (e.g., pericyte) mechanisms are altered in a pathological fashion in the hyperglycemic environment during diabetes that can disturb important cell surface components in the vasculature producing the features of progressive DR pathophysiology. These include loss of the glycocalyx, blood-retinal barrier dysfunction, increased expression of inflammatory cell markers and adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Included in this review is a discussion of modifications that occur at or near the surface of the retinal vascular endothelial cells, and the consequences of these alterations on the integrity of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa S Eshaq
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, United States
| | - Alaa M Z Aldalati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, United States
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, United States
| | - Norman R Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, United States.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetics is defined as mitotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not directly alter the DNA sequence. By implication, such epigenetic changes are non-genetically determined, although they can be affected by inherited genetic variation. Extensive evidence indicates that autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes are determined by the interaction of genetic and non-genetic factors. Much is known of the genetic causes of these diseases, but the non-genetic effects are less clear-cut. Further, it remains unclear how they interact to cause the destructive autoimmune process. This review identifies the key issues in the genetic/non-genetic interaction, examining the most recent evidence of the role of non-genetic effects in the disease process, including the impact of epigenetic effects on key pathways. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research indicates that these pathways likely involve immune effector cells both of the innate and adaptive immune response. Specifically, there is evidence of cell type-specific enrichment in altered DNA methylation, changes which were temporally stable and enriched at gene regulatory elements. Epigenomics remains in its infancy, and we anticipate further studies will define how the interaction of genetic and non-genetic effects induces tissue-specific destruction and enhances our ability to predict, and possibly even modify that process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary N. Dang
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - R. David Leslie
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
- The Blizard Institute, London, UK
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23
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Fan Z, Li L, Li M, Zhang X, Hao C, Yu L, Zeng S, Xu H, Fang M, Shen A, Jenuwein T, Xu Y. The histone methyltransferase Suv39h2 contributes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:1904-1919. [PMID: 28244120 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Uncontrolled inflammatory response highlights the central theme of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a growing global pandemic. Hepatocytes and macrophages represent two major sources of hepatic inflammation during NASH pathogenesis, contributing to excessive synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. The epigenetic mechanism that accounts for the activation of hepatocytes and macrophages in this process remains obscure. Here, we report that compared to wild-type littermates, mice with a deficiency in the histone H3K9 methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 39 homolog 2 (Suv39h2, knockout) exhibited a less severe form of NASH induced by feeding with a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Pro-NASH stimuli increased Suv39h2 expression in cell culture, in mice, and in human livers. In hepatocytes, Suv39h2 bound to the Sirt1 gene promoter and repressed Sirt1 transcription. Suv39h2 deficiency normalized Sirt1 expression, allowing nuclear factor kappa B/p65 to become hypoacetylated and thus dampening nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcription of proinflammatory mediators. In macrophages, Suv39h2-mediated repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription favored a proinflammatory M1 phenotype over an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, thereby elevating hepatic inflammation. CONCLUSION Suv39h2 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory response in hepatocytes and macrophages, contributing to NASH pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2017;65:1904-1919).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenzhi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiguo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Targets, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Thomas Jenuwein
- Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Wang JH, Ling D, Tu L, van Wijngaarden P, Dusting GJ, Liu GS. Gene therapy for diabetic retinopathy: Are we ready to make the leap from bench to bedside? Pharmacol Ther 2017; 173:1-18. [PMID: 28132907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a chronic and progressive complication of diabetes mellitus, is a sight-threatening disease characterized in the early stages by neuronal and vascular dysfunction in the retina, and later by neovascularization that further damages vision. A major contributor to the pathology is excess production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a growth factor that induces formation of new blood vessels and increases permeability of existing vessels. Despite the recent availability of effective treatments for the disease, including laser photocoagulation and therapeutic VEGF antibodies, DR remains a significant cause of vision loss worldwide. Existing anti-VEGF agents, though generally effective, are limited by their short therapeutic half-lives, necessitating frequent intravitreal injections and the risk of attendant adverse events. Management of DR with gene therapies has been proposed for several years, and pre-clinical studies have yielded enticing findings. Gene therapy holds several advantages over conventional treatments for DR, such as a longer duration of therapeutic effect, simpler administration, the ability to intervene at an earlier stage of the disease, and potentially fewer side-effects. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the pathophysiology of DR and provide an overview of research into DR gene therapies. We also examine current barriers to the clinical application of gene therapy for DR and evaluate future prospects for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Ling
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leilei Tu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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25
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Lin SH, Ho WT, Wang YT, Chuang CT, Chuang LY, Guh JY. Histone methyltransferase Suv39h1 attenuates high glucose-induced fibronectin and p21 WAF1 in mesangial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Davoudi S, Sobrin L. Novel Genetic Actors of Diabetes-Associated Microvascular Complications: Retinopathy, Kidney Disease and Neuropathy. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:243-59. [PMID: 26859656 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus can lead to the common microvascular complications of diabetic retinopathy, kidney disease, and neuropathy. Diabetic patients do not universally develop these complications. Long duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control explain a lot of the variability in the development of microvascular complications, but not all. Genetic factors account for some of the remaining variability because of the heritability and familial clustering of these complications. There have been a large number of investigations, including linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies, all of which have sought to identify the specific variants that increase susceptibility. For retinopathy, several genome-wide association studies have been performed in small or midsize samples, but no reproducible loci across the studies have been identified. For diabetic kidney disease, genome-wide association studies in larger samples have been performed, and loci for this complication are beginning to emerge. However, validation of the existing discoveries, and further novel discoveries in larger samples is ongoing. The amount of genetic research into diabetic neuropathy has been very limited, and much is dedicated to the understanding of genetic risk factors only. Collaborations that pool samples and aim to detect phenotype classifications more precisely are promising avenues for a better explanation of the genetics of diabetic microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Davoudi
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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27
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Todd JN, Dahlström EH, Salem RM, Sandholm N, Forsblom C, McKnight AJ, Maxwell AP, Brennan E, Sadlier D, Godson C, Groop PH, Hirschhorn JN, Florez JC. Genetic Evidence for a Causal Role of Obesity in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes 2015; 64:4238-46. [PMID: 26307587 PMCID: PMC4657582 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been posited as an independent risk factor for diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but establishing causality from observational data is problematic. We aimed to test whether obesity is causally related to DKD using Mendelian randomization, which exploits the random assortment of genes during meiosis. In 6,049 subjects with type 1 diabetes, we used a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) comprised of 32 validated BMI loci as an instrument to test the relationship of BMI with macroalbuminuria, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or DKD defined as presence of macroalbuminuria or ESRD. We compared these results with cross-sectional and longitudinal observational associations. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated a U-shaped relationship of BMI with development of macroalbuminuria, ESRD, or DKD over time. Cross-sectional observational analysis showed no association with overall DKD, higher odds of macroalbuminuria (for every 1 kg/m(2) higher BMI, odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07, P < 0.001), and lower odds of ESRD (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.93-0.97, P < 0.001). Mendelian randomization analysis showed a 1 kg/m(2) higher BMI conferring an increased risk in macroalbuminuria (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11-1.45, P = 0.001), ESRD (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.72, P < 0.001), and DKD (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17-1.51, P < 0.001). Our results provide genetic evidence for a causal link between obesity and DKD in type 1 diabetes. As obesity prevalence rises, this finding predicts an increase in DKD prevalence unless intervention should occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Todd
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emma H Dahlström
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rany M Salem
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Amy J McKnight
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander P Maxwell
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Denise Sadlier
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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28
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Epigenetic dynamics in immunity and autoimmunity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Ma RCW. Genetics of cardiovascular and renal complications in diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:139-54. [PMID: 27042264 PMCID: PMC4773661 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of debilitating complications represents a major heathcare burden associated with the treatment of diabetes. Despite advances in new therapies for controlling hyperglycemia, the burden associated with diabetic complications remains high, especially in relation to cardiovascular and renal complications. Furthermore, an increasing proportion of patients develop type 2 diabetes at a younger age, putting them at higher risk of developing complications as a result of the increased exposure to hyperglycemia. Diabetes has become the main contributing cause to end‐stage renal disease in most countries. Although there has been important breakthroughs in our understanding of the genetics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, bringing important insights towards the pathogenesis of diabetes, there has been comparatively less progress in our understanding of the genetic basis of diabetic complications. Genome‐wide association studies are beginning to expand our understanding of the genetic architecture relating to diabetic complications. Improved understanding of the genetic basis of diabetic cardiorenal complications might provide an opportunity for improved risk prediction, as well as the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
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30
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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Dong J, Gao W, Liu F, Zhao J, Wu X, Guan X, Liu J, Liao L. Association of chemokine ligand 5/chemokine receptor 5 gene promoter polymorphisms with diabetic microvascular complications: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:212-8. [PMID: 27042273 PMCID: PMC4773673 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is a member of the CC‐chemokine family expressed in various organs. It contributes to the migration of monocytes/macrophages into injured vascular walls by binding with its receptor chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). Many studies have accessed the association between CCL5/CCR5 gene promoter polymorphisms and diabetic microvascular complications (DMI). However, the results are conflicting and inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association more precisely. Materials and Methods Trials were retrieved through PubMed, Embase, Medline, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science and Cochrane database without restrictions on language. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to describe the strength of association with DMI. Results Data were obtained from 11 case–control studies that included 2,737 DMI patients and 2,435 diabetic control subjects. In the overall analysis, the CCL5‐403 G/A and CCL5‐28 C/G gene polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the risk of DMI. However, CCR5‐59029 G/A was an independent risk factor of DMI in a dominant model (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.06–2.97). Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of the CCR5 59029A‐positive genotype was significant in Asians (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.68–2.57). In addition, the CCR5 59029A‐positive genotype was associated with increased risk of albuminuria. Conclusions There were no associations of CCL5 gene promoter polymorphism with the risk of DMI. However, the 59029A polymorphism in CCR5 might affect individual susceptibility for DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Zhang
- Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China; Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Weiyi Gao
- Department of Cadres Health care Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Qingdao China
| | - Fupeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology Tengzhou Central People's Hospital Tengzhou China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine and Medical Research Center Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Lin Liao
- Division of Endocrinology Department of Medicine Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Shandong University Jinan China
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31
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Kowluru RA, Mishra M. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2474-83. [PMID: 26248057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as an epidemic of the 21st century, and retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness in young adults and the mechanism of this blinding disease remains evasive. Diabetes-induced metabolic abnormalities have been identified, but a causal relationship between any specific abnormality and the development of this multi-factorial disease is unclear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased and the antioxidant defense system is compromised. Increased ROS result in retinal metabolic abnormalities, and these metabolic abnormalities can also produce ROS. Sustained exposure to ROS damages the mitochondria and compromises the electron transport system (ETC), and, ultimately, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is damaged. Damaged mtDNA impairs its transcription, and the vicious cycle of ROS continues to propagate. Many genes important in generation and neutralization of ROS are also epigenetically modified further increasing ROS, and the futile cycle continues to fuel in. Antioxidants have generated beneficial effects in ameliorating retinopathy in diabetic rodents, but limited clinical studies have not been encouraging. With the ongoing use of antioxidants for other chronic diseases, there is a need for a controlled trial to recognize their potential in ameliorating the development of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
| | - Manish Mishra
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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32
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Contribution of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:556-63. [PMID: 26025281 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has become the epidemic of the 21st century, and with over 90% patients with diabetes becoming at a risk of developing retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy has emerged as a major public health concern. In spite of cutting edge research in the field, how retina and its vasculature are damaged by the diabetic milieu remains ambiguous. The environmental factors, life style or disease process can also bring in modifications in the DNA, and these epigenetic modifications either silence or activate a gene without altering the DNA sequence. Diabetic environment up- or downregulates a number of genes in the retina, and emerging research has shown that it also facilitates epigenetic modifications. In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the genes associated with important enzymes (e.g., mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and thioredoxin interacting protein) and transcriptional factors are epigenetically modified, the enzymes responsible for these epigenetic modifications are either activated or inhibited, and the levels of microRNAs are altered. With epigenetic modifications taking an important place in diabetic retinopathy, it is now becoming critical to evaluate these modifications, and understand their impact on this slow progressing blinding disease.
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33
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Oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:40-61. [PMID: 25975734 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of blindness among working age adults. Although a number of metabolic abnormalities have been associated with its development, due to complex nature of this multi-factorial disease, a link between any specific abnormality and diabetic retinopathy remains largely speculative. Diabetes increases oxidative stress in the retina and its capillary cells, and overwhelming evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between oxidative stress and other major metabolic abnormalities implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Due to increased production of cytosolic reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membranes are damaged and their membrane potentials are impaired, and complex III of the electron transport system is compromised. Suboptimal enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense system further aids in the accumulation of free radicals. As the duration of the disease progresses, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is damaged and the DNA repair system is compromised, and due to impaired transcription of mtDNA-encoded proteins, the integrity of the electron transport system is encumbered. Due to decreased mtDNA biogenesis and impaired transcription, superoxide accumulation is further increased, and the vicious cycle of free radicals continues to self-propagate. Diabetic milieu also alters enzymes responsible for DNA and histone modifications, and various genes important for mitochondrial homeostasis, including mitochondrial biosynthesis, damage and antioxidant defense, undergo epigenetic modifications. Although antioxidant administration in animal models has yielded encouraging results in preventing diabetic retinopathy, controlled longitudinal human studies remain to be conducted. Furthermore, the role of epigenetic in mitochondrial homeostasis suggests that regulation of such modifications also has potential to inhibit/retard the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Ruiz MA, Feng B, Chakrabarti S. Polycomb repressive complex 2 regulates MiR-200b in retinal endothelial cells: potential relevance in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123987. [PMID: 25884496 PMCID: PMC4401764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced augmented vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production is a key event in diabetic retinopathy. We have previously demonstrated that downregulation of miR-200b increases VEGF, mediating structural and functional changes in the retina in diabetes. However, mechanisms regulating miR-200b in diabetes are not known. Histone methyltransferase complex, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), has been shown to repress miRNAs in neoplastic process. We hypothesized that, in diabetes, PRC2 represses miR-200b through its histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation mark. We show that human retinal microvascular endothelial cells exposed to high levels of glucose regulate miR-200b repression through histone methylation and that inhibition of PRC2 increases miR-200b while reducing VEGF. Furthermore, retinal tissue from animal models of diabetes showed increased expression of major PRC2 components, demonstrating in vivo relevance. This research established a repressive relationship between PRC2 and miR-200b, providing evidence of a novel mechanism of miRNA regulation through histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anthony Ruiz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Biao Feng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subrata Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Epigenetic modifications as potential therapeutic targets in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1387-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Alkayyali S, Lyssenko V. Genetics of diabetes complications. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:384-400. [PMID: 25169573 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia and duration of diabetes are the major risk factors associated with development of micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Although it is believed that hyperglycemia induces damage to the particular cell subtypes, e.g., mesangial cells in the renal glomerulus, capillary endothelial cells in the retina, and neurons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerves, the exact mechanisms underlying these damaging defects are not yet well understood. Clustering of micro- and macrovascular complications in families of patients with diabetes suggests a strong genetic susceptibility. However, until now only a handful number of genetic variants were reported to be associated with either nephropathy (ACE, ELMO1, FRMD3, and AKR1B1) or retinopathy (VEGF, AKR1B1, and EPO), and only a few studies were carried out for genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (ADIPOQ, GLUL) in patients with diabetes. It is, therefore, obvious that the accumulation of more data from larger studies and better phenotypically characterized cohorts is needed to facilitate genetic discoveries and unravel novel insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Alkayyali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
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37
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Epigenetic modifications and potential new treatment targets in diabetic retinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:789120. [PMID: 25165577 PMCID: PMC4137538 DOI: 10.1155/2014/789120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy is a debilitating vascular complication of diabetes. As with other diabetic complications, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by the metabolic memory, which has been observed both in DR patients and in DR animal models. Evidences have provided that after a period of poor glucose control insulin or diabetes drug treatment fails to prevent the development and progression of DR even when good glycemic control is reinstituted (glucose normalization), suggesting a metabolic memory phenomenon. Recent studies also underline the role of epigenetic chromatin modifications as mediators of the metabolic memory. Indeed, epigenetic changes may lead to stable modification of gene expression, participating in DR pathogenesis. Moreover, increasing evidences suggest that environmental factors such as chronic hyperglycemia are implicated DR progression and may also affect the epigenetic state. Here we review recent findings demonstrating the key role of epigenetics in the progression of DR. Further elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms, acting both at the cis- and trans-chromatin structural elements, will yield new insights into the pathogenesis of DR and will open the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets to prevent DR progression.
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38
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Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that genetic factors may play an important role in determining an individual's risk for the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and progression to proliferative DR. However, consistent and definitive genetic associations with DR across broad populations have been not been established. Numerous genes have been studied for their association with DR and the results of these investigations have most specifically pointed to three specific genes that are likely involved in DR development and progression. The gene coding for vascular endothelial growth factor, aldose reductase, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products have been extensively evaluated, and specific polymorphisms of these genes have been suggested to potentially increase the risk of DR development. In this paper, we have reviewed the published literature on the genetics of DR and the potential implications for DR development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Omar
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Beetham Eye Institute , Boston, Massachusetts , USA and
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39
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Revilla M, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Castelló A, Corominas J, Puig-Oliveras A, Ibáñez-Escriche N, Muñoz M, Ballester M, Folch JM. New insight into the SSC8 genetic determination of fatty acid composition in pigs. Genet Sel Evol 2014; 46:28. [PMID: 24758572 PMCID: PMC4043687 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fat content and fatty acid composition in swine are becoming increasingly studied because of their effect on sensory and nutritional quality of meat. A QTL (quantitative trait locus) for fatty acid composition in backfat was previously detected on porcine chromosome 8 (SSC8) in an Iberian x Landrace F2 intercross. More recently, a genome-wide association study detected the same genomic region for muscle fatty acid composition in an Iberian x Landrace backcross population. ELOVL6, a strong positional candidate gene for this QTL, contains a polymorphism in its promoter region (ELOVL6:c.-533C < T), which is associated with percentage of palmitic and palmitoleic acids in muscle and adipose tissues. Here, a combination of single-marker association and the haplotype-based approach was used to analyze backfat fatty acid composition in 470 animals of an Iberian x Landrace F2 intercross genotyped with 144 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) distributed along SSC8. Results Two trait-associated SNP regions were identified at 93 Mb and 119 Mb on SSC8. The strongest statistical signals of both regions were observed for palmitoleic acid (C16:1(n-7)) content and C18:0/C16:0 and C18:1(n-7)/C16:1(n-7) elongation ratios. MAML3 and SETD7 are positional candidate genes in the 93 Mb region and two novel microsatellites in MAML3 and nine SNPs in SETD7 were identified. No significant association for the MAML3 microsatellite genotypes was detected. The SETD7:c.700G > T SNP, although statistically significant, was not the strongest signal in this region. In addition, the expression of MAML3 and SETD7 in liver and adipose tissue varied among animals, but no association was detected with the polymorphisms in these genes. In the 119 Mb region, the ELOVL6:c.-533C > T polymorphism showed a strong association with percentage of palmitic and palmitoleic fatty acids and elongation ratios in backfat. Conclusions Our results suggest that the polymorphisms studied in MAML3 and SETD7 are not the causal mutations for the QTL in the 93 Mb region. However, the results for ELOVL6 support the hypothesis that the ELOVL6:c.-533C > T polymorphism has a pleiotropic effect on backfat and intramuscular fatty acid composition and that it has a role in the determination of the QTL in the 119 Mb region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josep M Folch
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica (CRAG), Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.
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Smyth LJ, McKay GJ, Maxwell AP, McKnight AJ. DNA hypermethylation and DNA hypomethylation is present at different loci in chronic kidney disease. Epigenetics 2013; 9:366-76. [PMID: 24253112 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are being identified through international collaborations. By comparison, epigenetic risk factors for CKD have only recently been considered using population-based approaches. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification that is associated with complex diseases, so we investigated methylome-wide loci for association with CKD. A total of 485,577 unique features were evaluated in 255 individuals with CKD (cases) and 152 individuals without evidence of renal disease (controls). Following stringent quality control, raw data were quantile normalized and β values calculated to reflect the methylation status at each site. The difference in methylation status was evaluated between cases and controls with resultant P values adjusted for multiple testing. Genes with significantly increased and decreased levels of DNA methylation were considered for biological relevance by functional enrichment analysis using KEGG pathways in Partek Genomics Suite. Twenty-three genes, where more than one CpG per loci was identified with Padjusted<10(-8), demonstrated significant methylation changes associated with CKD and additional support for these associated loci was sought from published literature. Strong biological candidates for CKD that showed statistically significant differential methylation include CUX1, ELMO1, FKBP5, INHBA-AS1, PTPRN2, and PRKAG2 genes; several genes are differentially methylated in kidney tissue and RNA-seq supports a functional role for differential methylation in ELMO1 and PRKAG2 genes. This study reports the largest, most comprehensive, genome-wide quantitative evaluation of DNA methylation for association with CKD. Evidence confirming methylation sites influence development of CKD would stimulate research to identify epigenetic therapies that might be clinically useful for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Smyth
- Nephrology Research; Centre for Public Health; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth J McKay
- Nephrology Research; Centre for Public Health; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander P Maxwell
- Nephrology Research; Centre for Public Health; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast Northern Ireland
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Nephrology Research; Centre for Public Health; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast Northern Ireland
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41
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Epigenetic modifications and diabetic retinopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:635284. [PMID: 24286082 PMCID: PMC3826295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the most debilitating chronic complications, but despite extensive research in the field, the exact mechanism(s) responsible for how retina is damaged in diabetes remains ambiguous. Many metabolic pathways have been implicated in its development, and genes associated with these pathways are altered. Diabetic environment also facilitates epigenetics modifications, which can alter the gene expression without permanent changes in DNA sequence. The role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy is now an emerging area, and recent work has shown that genes encoding mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are epigenetically modified, activates of epigenetic modification enzymes, histone lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1), and DNA methyltransferase are increased, and the micro RNAs responsible for regulating nuclear transcriptional factor and VEGF are upregulated. With the growing evidence of epigenetic modifications in diabetic retinopathy, better understanding of these modifications has potential to identify novel targets to inhibit this devastating disease. Fortunately, the inhibitors and mimics targeted towards histone modification, DNA methylation, and miRNAs are now being tried for cancer and other chronic diseases, and better understanding of the role of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy will open the door for their possible use in combating this blinding disease.
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Abstract
A strong case for the deregulation of epigenetic chromatin modifications in the development and progression of various chronic complications of diabetes has emerged from recent experimental observations. Clinical trials of type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients highlight the importance of early and intensive treatment and the prolonged damage of hyperglycemia on organs such as the kidney. The functional relationship between the regulation of chromatin architecture and persistent gene expression changes conferred by prior hyperglycemia represents an important avenue of investigation for explaining diabetic nephropathy. While several studies implicate epigenetic changes at the chromatin template in the deregulated gene expression associated with diabetic nephropathy, the molecular determinants of metabolic memory in renal cells remain poorly understood. There is now strong evidence from experimental animals and cell culture of persistent glucose-driven changes in vascular endothelial gene expression that may also have relevance for the microvasculature of the kidney. Exploration of epigenetic mechanisms underlying the hyperglycemic cue mediating persistent transcriptional changes in renal cells holds novel therapeutic potential for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Keating
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
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43
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Wang SCM, Muscat GEO. Nuclear receptors and epigenetic signaling: novel regulators of glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:657-64. [PMID: 23846999 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is an energy storage depot for the mammalian species. This review focuses on recent developments that have identified the role of nuclear hormone receptor (NR) signaling and epigenomic control in the regulation of important genes that modulate glycogen metabolism. Specifically, new studies have revealed that the NR4A subgroup (of the NR superfamily) are strikingly sensitive to beta-adrenergic stimulation in skeletal muscle, and transgenic studies in mice have revealed the expression of these NRs affects endurance and glycogen levels in muscle. Furthermore, other studies have demonstrated that one of the NR coregulator class of enzymes that mediate chromatin remodeling, the histone methyltransferases (for example, protein arginine methyltransferase 4) regulates the expression of several genes involved in glycogen metabolism and glycogen storage diseases in skeletal muscle. Importantly, NRs and histone methyltransferases, have the potential to be pharmacologically exploited and may provide novel targets in the quest to treat disorders of glycogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ching Mary Wang
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Obesity Research Centre, Australia
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44
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Li JY, Tan YZ, Feng GY, He L, Zhou LG, Lu H. [Advances of genetics in diabetic nephropathy]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2012; 34:1537-44. [PMID: 23262100 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. The observed incidence patterns in different ethnics and familial clustering have suggested that the genetic factor plays an important role in the development and progression of DN. This paper reviews the recent advances on genetics of DN, including candidate genes association studies, linkage studies and genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Candidate genes association studies and meta-analysis showed that a few candidate genes have been reproducibly associated with DN, such as ACE, AGT and PPARG genes. Linkage studies and genome-wide linkage studies have also identified susceptibility chromosomal loci. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and chip techniques, GWAS has become an important strategy to identify variants responsible for DN. The genetic factor has been the significant contribution to the pathobiology of DN. However, it is not the only cause of the pathobiology of DN, because the environment factor also influences the pathobiology of DN. Nonetheless, genetic studies may provide valuable information for the pathobiology of nephropathy and potential targets of its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Li
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medice, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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45
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Sandholm N, Salem RM, McKnight AJ, Brennan EP, Forsblom C, Isakova T, McKay GJ, Williams WW, Sadlier DM, Mäkinen VP, Swan EJ, Palmer C, Boright AP, Ahlqvist E, Deshmukh HA, Keller BJ, Huang H, Ahola AJ, Fagerholm E, Gordin D, Harjutsalo V, He B, Heikkilä O, Hietala K, Kytö J, Lahermo P, Lehto M, Lithovius R, Österholm AM, Parkkonen M, Pitkäniemi J, Rosengård-Bärlund M, Saraheimo M, Sarti C, Söderlund J, Soro-Paavonen A, Syreeni A, Thorn LM, Tikkanen H, Tolonen N, Tryggvason K, Tuomilehto J, Wadén J, Gill GV, Prior S, Guiducci C, Mirel DB, Taylor A, Hosseini SM, Parving HH, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Ladenvall C, Alhenc-Gelas F, Lefebvre P, Rigalleau V, Roussel R, Tregouet DA, Maestroni A, Maestroni S, Falhammar H, Gu T, Möllsten A, Cimponeriu D, Ioana M, Mota M, Mota E, Serafinceanu C, Stavarachi M, Hanson RL, Nelson RG, Kretzler M, Colhoun HM, Panduru NM, Gu HF, Brismar K, Zerbini G, Hadjadj S, Marre M, Groop L, Lajer M, Bull SB, Waggott D, Paterson AD, Savage DA, Bain SC, Martin F, Hirschhorn JN, Godson C, Florez JC, Groop PH, Maxwell AP. New susceptibility loci associated with kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002921. [PMID: 23028342 PMCID: PMC3447939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease, or diabetic nephropathy (DN), is a major complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that requires dialysis treatment or kidney transplantation. In addition to the decrease in the quality of life, DN accounts for a large proportion of the excess mortality associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whereas the degree of glycemia plays a pivotal role in DN, a subset of individuals with poorly controlled T1D do not develop DN. Furthermore, strong familial aggregation supports genetic susceptibility to DN. However, the genes and the molecular mechanisms behind the disease remain poorly understood, and current therapeutic strategies rarely result in reversal of DN. In the GEnetics of Nephropathy: an International Effort (GENIE) consortium, we have undertaken a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1D DN comprising ~2.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) imputed in 6,691 individuals. After additional genotyping of 41 top ranked SNPs representing 24 independent signals in 5,873 individuals, combined meta-analysis revealed association of two SNPs with ESRD: rs7583877 in the AFF3 gene (P = 1.2 × 10(-8)) and an intergenic SNP on chromosome 15q26 between the genes RGMA and MCTP2, rs12437854 (P = 2.0 × 10(-9)). Functional data suggest that AFF3 influences renal tubule fibrosis via the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) pathway. The strongest association with DN as a primary phenotype was seen for an intronic SNP in the ERBB4 gene (rs7588550, P = 2.1 × 10(-7)), a gene with type 2 diabetes DN differential expression and in the same intron as a variant with cis-eQTL expression of ERBB4. All these detected associations represent new signals in the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Rany M. Salem
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy Jayne McKnight
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eoin P. Brennan
- Diabetes Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tamara Isakova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gareth J. McKay
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Winfred W. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denise M. Sadlier
- Diabetes Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ville-Petteri Mäkinen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu and Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elizabeth J. Swan
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Palmer
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Emma Ahlqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harshal A. Deshmukh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Keller
- Computer Science, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Huateng Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aila J. Ahola
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Fagerholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Gordin
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valma Harjutsalo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bing He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Outi Heikkilä
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kustaa Hietala
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Kytö
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lahermo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raija Lithovius
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne-May Österholm
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maija Parkkonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Pitkäniemi
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Rosengård-Bärlund
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Saraheimo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cinzia Sarti
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenny Söderlund
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Soro-Paavonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Syreeni
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lena M. Thorn
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Tikkanen
- Unit for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Tolonen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Johan Wadén
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Geoffrey V. Gill
- Diabetes Endocrine Unit, Clinical Sciences Centre, Aintree University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Prior
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Candace Guiducci
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Mirel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - DCCT/EDIC Research Group
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Biostatics Division, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Hans-Henrik Parving
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Rossing
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lise Tarnow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - François Alhenc-Gelas
- INSERM U872, Paris-Descartes University, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ronan Roussel
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Diabetology Endocrinology Nutrition, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 738, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR872, Equipe 2, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Tregouet
- INSERM UMR_S 937, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Anna Maestroni
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Maestroni
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianwei Gu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Möllsten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Mihai Ioana
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Maria Mota
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Eugen Mota
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | | | - Robert L. Hanson
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, NIDDK, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Nelson
- Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, NIDDK, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Internal Medicine, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Colhoun
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Harvest F. Gu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianpaolo Zerbini
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- CHU Poitiers–Endocrinology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- INSERM CIC0802, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Marre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Diabetology Endocrinology Nutrition, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 738, Paris, France
- INSERM, U695 (Genetic Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications), Paris, France
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Shelley B. Bull
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daryl Waggott
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David A. Savage
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Finian Martin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander P. Maxwell
- Nephrology Research, Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
Although the terms "metabolic memory" and "legacy effect" have been used to describe the prolonged benefits of good blood glucose control, the former is now recognized as a phenomenon related to the prolonged harm produced mainly by hyperglycemia. At least three randomized clinical trials (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial in type 1 diabetes, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study and Steno-2 in type 2 diabetes) have demonstrated that patients treated intensively for a period of time have a lower risk of micro- and macrovascular complications that persists during subsequent follow-up, even after their tight control has relented and the levels of glycated hemoglobin in the conventionally treated group improve. The mechanisms are not fully understood but most probably relate to the physiopathology of vascular complications of diabetes, and in recent years a unifying theory has been emerging to understand them. The excess superoxide anion produced by the mitochondria in response to hyperglycemia leads through disturbances at the nuclear level to the accumulation of potentially harmful substances such as advanced glycated end-products, protein kinase C, and nuclear factor κB, which are directly implicated in the development of vascular complications in diabetes. These adverse effects are not reversed when the high blood glucose is corrected, and some may be permanent because of epigenetic changes. Some antidiabetes drugs and antioxidant substances have produced partial reversibility of the mechanisms involved in the metabolic memory at the experimental level, but probably the best strategy is to optimize the metabolic control as early as possible, even before diabetes is diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Aschner
- Javeriana Pontificia University, San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogota, Colombia.
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47
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Chromatin modifications associated with diabetes. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:399-412. [PMID: 22639343 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated rates of vascular complications are associated with diabetes mellitus. Environmental factors including hyperglycaemia contribute to the progression of diabetic complications. Epidemiological and experimental animal studies identified poor glycaemic control as a major contributor to the development of complications. These studies suggest that early exposure to hyperglycaemia can instigate the development of complications that present later in the progression of the disease, despite improved glycaemic control. Recent experiments reveal a striking commonality associated with gene-activating hyperglycaemic events and chromatin modification. The best characterised to date are associated with the chemical changes of amino-terminal tails of histone H3. Enzymes that write specified histone tail modifications are not well understood in models of hyperglycaemia and metabolic memory as well as human diabetes. The best-characterised enzyme is the lysine specific Set7 methyltransferase. The contribution of Set7 to the aetiology of diabetic complications may extend to other transcriptional events through methylation of non-histone substrates.
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48
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Towards understanding the inherited susceptibility for nephropathy in diabetes. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:195-202. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328350313e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mistake of predicting the future is perhaps not tending to repressed or past memories. Hamlet's 17th-Century soliloquy 'the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, that flesh is heir to', (3.1. 7-8) is a tale that looks beyond the present by linking the past with the future. The present article examines the resurgence in the field to understand gene-regulating epigenetic changes conferring glycemic memory. RECENT FINDINGS Chromatin modifications are critical in regulating genome structure and function and despite the significant advances of recent years in identifying the enzymes-mediating chemical changes to histone tails and the DNA template, the precise regulation of gene expression remains incomplete in models of health and diabetic complications. SUMMARY Dispelling the myth that all genomes are driven and respond equally, experimental research is now uncovering the function of enzymes conferring chromatin modifications. Whatever the role of the epigenome, showing its involvement in glycemic signaling is the first step to new strategies and targets to develop therapies that prevent, retard or reverse the long-term deleterious end-organ effects of chronic, intermittent and prior hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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