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Wang L, Jiang Y, Zhao C. The effects of advanced glycation end-products on skin and potential anti-glycation strategies. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15065. [PMID: 38563644 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are produced through non-enzymatic glycation between reducing sugars and free amino groups, such as proteins, lipids or nucleic acids. AGEs can enter the body through daily dietary intake and can also be generated internally via normal metabolism and external stimuli. AGEs bind to cell surface receptors for AGEs, triggering oxidative stress and inflammation responses that lead to skin ageing and various diseases. Evidence shows that AGEs contribute to skin dysfunction and ageing. This review introduces the basic information, the sources, the metabolism and absorption of AGEs. We also summarise the detrimental mechanisms of AGEs to skin ageing and other chronic diseases. For the potential strategies for counteracting AGEs to skin and other organs, we summarised the pathways that could be utilised to resist glycation. Chemical and natural-derived anti-glycation approaches are overviewed. This work offers an understanding of AGEs to skin ageing and other chronic diseases and may provide perspectives for the development of anti-glycation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Wang
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Jiang
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyue Zhao
- Beijing Qingyan Boshi Health Management Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
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Jang M, Oh SW, Lee Y, Kim JY, Ji ES, Kim P. Targeting extracellular matrix glycation to attenuate fibroblast activation. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:255-263. [PMID: 35081431 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor microenvironment undergoes constant remodeling that alters its biochemical and mechano-physical properties. Non-enzymatic glycation can induce the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which may cause abnormal ECM turnover with excessively cross-linked collagen fibers. However, the subsequent effects of AGE-mediated matrix remodeling on the characteristics of stromal cells in tumor microenvironments remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that AGEs accumulated in the ECM alter the fibroblast phenotype within a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Both the AGE interaction with its receptor (RAGE) and integrin-mediated mechanotransduction signaling were up-regulated in glycated collagen matrix, leading to fibroblast activation to acquire a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype. These effects were blocked with neutralizing antibodies against RAGE or the inhibition of focal adhesion (FA) signaling. An AGE cross-link breaker, phenyl-4,5-dimethylthiazolium bromide (ALT 711), also reduced the transformation of fibroblasts into the CAF-like phenotype because of its dual inhibitory role in the AGE-modified matrix. Apart from targeting the AGE-RAGE interaction directly, the decreased matrix stiffness attenuated fibroblast activation by inhibiting the downstream cellular response to matrix stiffness. Our results suggest that indirect/direct targeting of accumulated AGEs in the ECM has potential for targeting the tumor stroma to improve cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Advanced glycated end-products (AGEs)-modified extracellular matrix (ECM) is closely associated with pathological states and is recognized as a critical factor that precedes tumorigenesis. While increased matrix stiffness is known to induce fibroblast activation, less is known about how both biochemical and mechano-physical changes in AGE-mediated matrix-remodeling cooperate to produce a myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype. For the first time, we found that both the AGE interaction with its receptor (RAGE) and integrin-mediated mechanotransduction were up-regulated in glycated collagen matrix, leading to fibroblast activation. We further demonstrated that an AGE cross-link breaker, ALT-711, reduced the CAF-like transformation because of its dual inhibitory role in the AGE-modified matrix. Our findings offer promising extracellular-reversion strategies targeting the non-enzymatic ECM glycation, to regulate fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Oh
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Aanlysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Ji
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Aanlysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Protective role of activating PPARγ in advanced glycation end products-induced impairment of coronary artery vasodilation via inhibiting p38 phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species production. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY IN A CHILD WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS. Case Rep Med 2021; 2021:6397338. [PMID: 34819957 PMCID: PMC8608521 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6397338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1DM) is a very major risk for chronic systemic complications; specifically, the microvascular and macrovascular ones. Limited joint mobility (LJM) is a rare disease that complicates all types of diabetes and might indicate the high-risk odd for the diabetic patients to develop microvascular complications. We are reporting a 13-year-old female child with chronic uncontrolled type 1DM presenting with full blown clinical picture of bilateral hand LJM associated with significant growth failure yet has no clinical or biochemical evidence of microvascular complications. Literature research studies have emphasized the rarity of this manifestation in pediatric type 1 diabetic patients; however, it is an important clue and warning sign for microvascular complication occurrence in these patients.
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Chehaitly A, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Henrion D. Flow-mediated outward arterial remodeling in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111416. [PMID: 33333130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the effect of aging on flow-mediated outward remodeling (FMR) via alterations in estrogen metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. In ischemic disorders, the ability of the vasculature to adapt or remodel determines the quality of the recovery. FMR, which has a key role in revascularization, is a complex phenomenon that recruits endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as the immune system. FMR becomes progressively less with age as a result of an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress, in part of mitochondrial origin. The alteration in FMR is greater in older individuals with risk factors and thus the therapy cannot merely amount to exercise with or without a mild vasodilating drug. Interestingly, the reduction in FMR occurs later in females. Estrogen and its alpha receptor (ERα) play a key role in FMR through the control of dilatory pathways including the angiotensin II type 2 receptor, thus providing possible tools to activate FMR in older subjects although only experimental data is available. Indeed, the main issue is the reversibility of the vascular damage induced over time, and to date promoting prevention and limiting exposure to the risk factors remain the best options in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Chehaitly
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France.
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Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Grimaud L, Rivron J, Arnal JF, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Estrogens and the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Control Flow-Mediated Outward Remodeling in the Female Mouse Mesenteric Artery. J Vasc Res 2020; 58:16-26. [PMID: 33264773 DOI: 10.1159/000511799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow-mediated outward remodeling (FMR) is involved in postischemic revascularization. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), through activation of T-cell-mediated IL-17 production, and estrogens are involved in FMR. Thus, we investigated the interplay between estrogens and AT2R in FMR using a model of ligation of feed arteries supplying collateral pathways in mouse mesenteric arteries in vivo. Arteries were collected after 2 (inflammatory phase), 4 (diameter expansion phase), and 7 days (remodeling completed). We used AT2R+/+ and AT2R-/- ovariectomized (OVX) female mice treated or not with 17-beta-estradiol (E2). Seven days after ligation, arterial diameter was larger in high flow (HF) compared to normal flow (NF) arteries. FMR was absent in OVX mice and restored by E2. AT2R gene expression was higher in HF than in NF arteries only in E2-treated OVX AT2R+/+ mice. CD11b and TNF alpha levels (inflammatory phase), MMP2 and TIMP1 (extracellular matrix digestion), and NOS3 (diameter expansion phase) expression levels were higher in HF than in NF arteries only in E2-treated AT2R+/+ mice, not in the other groups. Thus, E2 is necessary for AT2R-dependent diameter expansion, possibly through activation of T-cell AT2R, in arteries submitted chronically to high blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, Angers, France
- Cardiovascular Functions In Vitro (CARFI) Facility, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- MITOVASC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Jordan Rivron
- MITOVASC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1048, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- MITOVASC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University, Angers, France,
- Cardiovascular Functions In Vitro (CARFI) Facility, Angers University, Angers, France,
- University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France,
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Gao S, Hua B, Liu Q, Liu H, Li W, Li H. Role of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma in advanced glycation end product-mediated functional loss of voltage-gated potassium channel in rat coronary arteries. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:337. [PMID: 32664860 PMCID: PMC7362521 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High blood glucose impairs voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel-mediated vasodilation in rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CSMCs) via oxidative stress. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) axis has been found to impair coronary dilation by reducing Kv channel activity in diabetic rat small coronary arteries (RSCAs). However, its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we used isolated arteries and primary CSMCs to investigate the effect of AGE incubation on Kv channel-mediated coronary dilation and the possible involvement of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) -γ pathway. Methods The RSCAs and primary CSMCs were isolated, cultured, and treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), AGE-BSA, alagrebrium (ALA, AGE cross-linking breaker), pioglitazone (PIO, PPAR-γ activator) and/or GW9662 (PPAR-γ inhibitor). The groups were accordingly divided as control, BSA, AGE, AGE + ALA, AGE + PIO, or AGE + PIO + GW9662. Kv channel-mediated dilation was analyzed using wire myograph. Histology and immunohistochemistry of RSCAs were performed. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of RAGE, major Kv channel subunits expressed in CSMCs (Kv1.2 and Kv1.5), PPAR-γ, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-2 (NOX-2). Results AGE markedly reduced Forskolin-induced Kv channel-mediated dilation of RSCAs by engaging with RAGE, and ALA or PIO significantly reversed the functional loss of Kv channel. In both RSCAs and CSMCs, AGE reduced Kv1.2/1.5 expression, increased RAGE and NOX-2 expression, and inhibited PPAR-γ expression, while ALA or PIO treatment partially reversed the inhibiting effects of AGE on Kv1.2/1.5 expression, accompanied by the downregulation of RAGE and decreased oxidative stress. Meanwhile, silencing of RAGE with siRNA remarkably alleviated the AGE-induced downregulation of Kv1.2/1.5 expression in CSMCs. Conclusion AGE reduces the Kv channel expression in CSMCs and further impairs the Kv channel-mediated dilation in RSCAs. The AGE/RAGE axis may enhance oxidative stress by inhibiting the downstream PPAR-γ pathway, thus playing a critical role in the dysfunction of Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Side Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Bing Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Huirong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China.
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The Impact of Estrogen Receptor in Arterial and Lymphatic Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093244. [PMID: 32375307 PMCID: PMC7247322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases in pre-menopausal women compared to men is well-known documented. This protection has been largely attributed to the protective effect of estrogens, which exert many beneficial effects against arterial diseases, including vasodilatation, acceleration of healing in response to arterial injury, arterial collateral growth and atheroprotection. More recently, with the visualization of the lymphatic vessels, the impact of estrogens on lymphedema and lymphatic diseases started to be elucidated. These estrogenic effects are mediated not only by the classic nuclear/genomic actions via the specific estrogen receptor (ER) α and β, but also by rapid extra-nuclear membrane-initiated steroid signaling (MISS). The ERs are expressed by endothelial, lymphatic and smooth muscle cells in the different vessels. In this review, we will summarize the complex vascular effects of estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that have been described using different transgenic mouse models with selective loss of ERα function and numerous animal models of vascular and lymphatic diseases.
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Chen NX, Srinivasan S, O’Neill K, Nickolas TL, Wallace JM, Allen MR, Metzger CE, Creecy A, Avin KG, Moe SM. Effect of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE) Lowering Drug ALT-711 on Biochemical, Vascular, and Bone Parameters in a Rat Model of CKD-MBD. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:608-617. [PMID: 31743501 PMCID: PMC9030558 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a systemic disorder that affects blood measures of bone and mineral homeostasis, vascular calcification, and bone. We hypothesized that the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in CKD may be responsible for the vascular and bone pathologies via alteration of collagen. We treated a naturally occurring model of CKD-MBD, the Cy/+ rat, with a normal and high dose of the AGE crosslink breaker alagebrium (ALT-711), or with calcium in the drinking water to mimic calcium phosphate binders for 10 weeks. These animals were compared to normal (NL) untreated animals. The results showed that CKD animals, compared to normal animals, had elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), PTH, FGF23 and phosphorus. Treatment with ALT-711 had no effect on kidney function or PTH, but 3 mg/kg lowered FGF23 whereas calcium lowered PTH. Vascular calcification of the aorta assessed biochemically was increased in CKD animals compared to NL, and decreased by the normal, but not high dose of ALT-711, with parallel decreases in left ventricular hypertrophy. ALT-711 (3 mg/kg) did not alter aorta AGE content, but reduced aorta expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), suggesting effects related to decreased oxidative stress at the cellular level. The elevated total bone AGE was decreased by 3 mg/kg ALT-711 and both bone AGE and cortical porosity were decreased by calcium treatment, but only calcium improved bone properties. In summary, treatment of CKD-MBD with an AGE breaker ALT-711, decreased FGF23, reduced aorta calcification, and reduced total bone AGE without improvement of bone mechanics. These results suggest little effect of ALT-711 on collagen, but potential cellular effects. The data also highlights the need to better measure specific types of AGE proteins at the tissue level in order to fully elucidate the impact of AGEs on CKD-MBD. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shruthi Srinivasan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kalisha O’Neill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas L Nickolas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Corinne E Metzger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keith G Avin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Liu Q, Hua B, Su W, Di B, Yu S, Gao S, Liu H, Zhao X, Li W, Li H. AGEs impair Kv channel-mediated vasodilation of coronary arteries by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway in ZDF rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109527. [PMID: 31629953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) impairs voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels in rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CSMCs), resulting in weakened Kv-mediated coronary vasodilation. We hypothesized that induction of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by AGEs plays a significant role in the regulation of Kv channel-mediated vasodilation in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Assays of mRNA transcripts, protein expression, and intracellular localization as well as patch-clamp experiments in cultured CSMCs revealed that AGEs significantly induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, reduced Kv1.2/1.5 expression, and inhibited Kv currents. In addition, silencing of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) or p65 with siRNA and treatment with alagrebrium (ALA) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) alleviated the AGE-induced impairment of Kv channels in CSMCs. Compared with Zucker lean (ZL) rats, the amount of AGEs, RAGE protein expression, and NF-κB activity in coronary arteries were higher in ZDF rats; whereas Kv1.2/1.5 expression was significantly lower in ZDF rats. Reduced Kv1.2/1.5 expression in coronary arteries and impaired Kv-mediated coronary relaxation tested by wire myography in ZDF rats were markedly improved by treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), ALA, or PDTC. These effects were accompanied by diminished NF-κB activity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Taken together, these results indicate that an increased interaction between AGEs and RAGE in diabetic rats leads to impaired Kv channel-mediated coronary vasodilation. Moreover, activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and a subsequent increase of inflammation and oxidative stress may play an important role in AGE-induced impairment of coronary vasodilation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Bing Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Beibing Di
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Shandong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Side Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Huirong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xueqiao Zhao
- Clinical Atherosclerosis Research Lab, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Silva AT, Rouf F, Semola OA, Payton ME, Lovern PC. Placental growth factor levels in quadriceps muscle are reduced by a Western diet in association with advanced glycation end products. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H851-H866. [PMID: 31397166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00511.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral artery disease (PAD), atherosclerotic occlusion chronically impairs limb blood flow. Arteriogenesis (collateral artery remodeling) is a vital adaptive response to PAD that protects tissue from ischemia. People with type II diabetes have a high risk of developing PAD and would benefit from arteriogenesis. However, arteriogenesis is suppressed in people with diabetes by a multifaceted mechanism which remains incompletely defined. Upregulation of placental growth factor (PLGF) is a key early step in arteriogenesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that metabolic dysfunction would impair PLGF expression in skeletal muscle. We tested this hypothesis in C57BL/6J and ApoE-/- mice of both sexes fed a Western diet (WD) for 24 wk. We first assessed baseline levels of PLGF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), and VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1) protein in hindlimb skeletal muscle. Only PLGF was consistently decreased by the WD. We next investigated the effect of 24 wk of the WD on the response of PLGF, VEGF-A, VEGFR1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) to the physiological stimulus of vascular occlusion. Hindlimb ischemia was induced in mice by gradual femoral artery occlusion using an ameroid constrictor. Growth factor levels were measured 3-28 days postsurgery. In C57BL/6J mice, the WD decreased and delayed upregulation of PLGF and abolished upregulation of VEGF-A and VEGFR1 but had no effect on MCP-1. In ApoE-/- mice fed either diet, all factors tested failed to respond to occlusion. Metabolic phenotyping of mice and in vitro studies suggest that an advanced glycation end product/TNFα-mediated mechanism could contribute to the effects observed in vivo.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we tested the effect of a Western diet on expression of the arteriogenic growth factor placental growth factor (PLGF) in mouse skeletal muscle. We provide the first demonstration that a Western diet interferes with both baseline expression and hindlimb ischemia-induced upregulation of PLGF. We further identify a potential role for advanced glycation end product/TNFα signaling as a negative regulator of PLGF. These studies provide insight into one possible mechanism by which type II diabetes may limit collateral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asitha T Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Farzana Rouf
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Oluwayemisi A Semola
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Mark E Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Pamela C Lovern
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Liu L, Huang XW, Yang H, Kuang SJ, Lian FH, Zhang MZ, Rao F, Shan ZX, Lin QX, Yang M, Lin JJ, Jiang S, Zhou ZL, Deng CY. Comparison of Ca 2+ Handling for the Regulation of Vasoconstriction between Rat Coronary and Renal Arteries. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:191-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000501614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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GPR68 Senses Flow and Is Essential for Vascular Physiology. Cell 2019; 173:762-775.e16. [PMID: 29677517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction plays a crucial role in vascular biology. One example of this is the local regulation of vascular resistance via flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Impairment of this process is a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction and a precursor to a wide array of vascular diseases, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Yet the molecules responsible for sensing flow (shear stress) within endothelial cells remain largely unknown. We designed a 384-well screening system that applies shear stress on cultured cells. We identified a mechanosensitive cell line that exhibits shear stress-activated calcium transients, screened a focused RNAi library, and identified GPR68 as necessary and sufficient for shear stress responses. GPR68 is expressed in endothelial cells of small-diameter (resistance) arteries. Importantly, Gpr68-deficient mice display markedly impaired acute FMD and chronic flow-mediated outward remodeling in mesenteric arterioles. Therefore, GPR68 is an essential flow sensor in arteriolar endothelium and is a critical signaling component in cardiovascular pathophysiology.
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Lunder M, Janić M, Šabovič M. Prevention of Vascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Focus on the Arterial Wall. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018; 17:6-15. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161116666180206113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Diabetes Mellitus (DM), hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance progressively lead to both
microvascular and macrovascular complications. Whereas the incidence of microvascular complications
is closely related to tight glycaemic control, this does not apply to macrovascular complications. Hyperglycaemia
influences many interweaving molecular pathways that initially lead to increased oxidative
stress, increased inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The latter represents the initial in both types
of vascular complications; it represents the “obligatory damage” in microvascular complications development
and only “introductory damage” in macrovascular complications development. Other risk factors,
such as arterial hypertension and dyslipidaemia, also play an important role in the progression of
macrovascular complications. All these effects accumulate and lead to functional and structural arterial
wall damage. In the end, all factors combined lead to the promotion of atherosclerosis and consequently
major adverse cardiovascular events. If we accept the pivotal role of vascular wall impairment in the
pathogenesis and progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications, treatment focused
directly on the arterial wall should be one of the priorities in prevention of vascular complications in
patients with DM. In this review, an innovative approach aimed at improving arterial wall dysfunction is
described, which may show efficacy in clinical studies. In addition, the potential protective effects of
current treatment approaches targeting the arterial wall are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Lunder
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7; SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miodrag Janić
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7; SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mišo Šabovič
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7; SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Schinkovitz A, Le Pogam P, Derbré S, Roy-Vessieres E, Blanchard P, Thirumaran SL, Breard D, Aumond MC, Zehl M, Urban E, Kaur A, Jäger N, Hofer S, Kopp B, Stuppner H, Baglin I, Seraphin D, Tomasi S, Henrion D, Boustie J, Richomme P. Secondary metabolites from lichen as potent inhibitors of advanced glycation end products and vasodilative agents. Fitoterapia 2018; 131:182-188. [PMID: 30339926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from lichens are known for exhibiting various biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Despite this wide range of reported biological effects, their impact on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) remains vastly unexplored. The latter are known contributors to lifestyle and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson. Moreover, the development of atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness is causally linked to the formation of AGEs. With this in mind, the present work evaluated the inhibitory effects of secondary lichen metabolites on the formation of pentosidine-like AGEs' by using an in vitro, Maillard reaction based, fluorescence assay. Overall, thirty-seven natural and five synthetically modified compounds were tested, eighteen of which exhibiting IC50 values in the range of 0.05 to 0.70 mM. This corresponds to 2 to 32 fold of the inhibitory activity of aminoguanidine. Targeting one major inhibiting mechanism of AGEs formation, all compounds were additionally evaluated on their radical scavenging capacities in an DPPH assay. Furthermore, as both AGEs' formation and hypertension are major risk factors for atherosclerosis, compounds that were available in sufficient amounts were also tested for their vasodilative effects. Overall, and though some of the active compounds were previously reported cytotoxic, present results highlight the interesting potential of secondary lichen metabolites as anti-AGEs and vasodilative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schinkovitz
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France.
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Séverine Derbré
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Roy-Vessieres
- Université d'Angers, MITOVASC Institute, CarMe team, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR6015, CARFI facility, 3 rue Roger Amsler, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Patricia Blanchard
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Sangeetha-Laura Thirumaran
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France; Université de Caen Normandie, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Dimitri Breard
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Marie-Chistine Aumond
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Martin Zehl
- University of Vienna, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nathalie Jäger
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Hofer
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France; University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Kopp
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80 - 82/IV, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabelle Baglin
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Denis Seraphin
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Tomasi
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- Université de Caen Normandie, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Joël Boustie
- Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, Universtiy of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 16 Bd Daviers, 49045, Angers, France
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16
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Guivarc'h E, Buscato M, Guihot AL, Favre J, Vessières E, Grimaud L, Wakim J, Melhem NJ, Zahreddine R, Adlanmerini M, Loufrani L, Knauf C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Foidart JM, Gourdy P, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Henrion D, Fontaine C. Predominant Role of Nuclear Versus Membrane Estrogen Receptor α in Arterial Protection: Implications for Estrogen Receptor α Modulation in Cardiovascular Prevention/Safety. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008950. [PMID: 29959137 PMCID: PMC6064913 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although estrogen receptor α (ERα) acts primarily as a transcription factor, it can also elicit membrane-initiated steroid signaling. Pharmacological tools and transgenic mouse models previously highlighted the key role of ERα membrane-initiated steroid signaling in 2 actions of estrogens in the endothelium: increase in NO production and acceleration of reendothelialization. METHODS AND RESULTS Using mice with ERα mutated at cysteine 451 (ERaC451A), recognized as the key palmitoylation site required for ERα plasma membrane location, and mice with disruption of nuclear actions because of inactivation of activation function 2 (ERaAF20 = ERaAF2°), we sought to fully characterize the respective roles of nuclear versus membrane-initiated steroid signaling in the arterial protection conferred by ERα. ERaC451A mice were fully responsive to estrogens to prevent atheroma and angiotensin II-induced hypertension as well as to allow flow-mediated arteriolar remodeling. By contrast, ERαAF20 mice were unresponsive to estrogens for these beneficial vascular effects. Accordingly, selective activation of nuclear ERα with estetrol was able to prevent hypertension and to restore flow-mediated arteriolar remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results reveal an unexpected prominent role of nuclear ERα in the vasculoprotective action of estrogens with major implications in medicine, particularly for selective nuclear ERα agonist, such as estetrol, which is currently under development as a new oral contraceptive and for hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Guivarc'h
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Mélissa Buscato
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Julie Favre
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessières
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Jamal Wakim
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Nada-Joe Melhem
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Rana Zahreddine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Université de Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- From the institut des maladies des mitochondries, du coeur et des vaisseaux (MITOVASC) Institute, Cardiovascular Functions investigation (CARFI) Facility, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1083, Unité mixte de Recherche du Centre national de la recherche scientifique (UMR CNRS) 6015, University of Angers, France
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, University of Toulouse 3, France
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Davis KE, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P, Juma S, Imrhan V. Advanced Glycation End Products, Inflammation, and Chronic Metabolic Diseases: Links in a Chain? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:989-98. [PMID: 25259686 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.744738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a diverse group of compounds produced when reducing sugars react with proteins or other compounds to form glycosylated molecules. AGEs may form endogenously, and glycation of molecules may negatively affect their function. AGEs may also be consumed in food form with dietary AGEs reported to be particularly high in foods treated with high heat: baked, broiled, grilled, and fried foods. Whether dietary AGEs are absorbed in significant quantities and whether they are harmful if absorbed is a question under current debate. The American Diabetes Association makes no recommendation regarding avoidance of these foods, but many researchers are concerned that they may be pro-inflammatory and way worsen cardiac function, kidney function, diabetes and its complications and may even contribute to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Davis
- a Texas Woman's University, Nutrition and Food Sciences , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Chandan Prasad
- a Texas Woman's University, Nutrition and Food Sciences , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Parakat Vijayagopal
- a Texas Woman's University, Nutrition and Food Sciences , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Shanil Juma
- a Texas Woman's University, Nutrition and Food Sciences , Denton , Texas , USA
| | - Victorine Imrhan
- a Texas Woman's University, Nutrition and Food Sciences , Denton , Texas , USA
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18
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Bonde L, Shokouh P, Jeppesen PB, Boedtkjer E. Crosstalk between cardiomyocyte-rich perivascular tissue and coronary arteries is reduced in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:227-238. [PMID: 27042951 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM We tested the hypothesis that crosstalk between cardiomyocyte-rich perivascular tissue (PVT) and coronary arteries is altered in diabetes. METHODS We studied the vasoactive effects of PVT in arteries from the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat model of type 2 diabetes, streptozotocin (STZ)-treated Wistar rats with type 1 diabetes, and corresponding - heterozygous Zucker Lean (ZL) or vehicle-treated Wistar - control rats. Vasocontractile and vasorelaxant functions of coronary septal arteries with and without PVT were investigated using wire myography. RESULTS After careful removal of PVT, vasoconstriction in response to serotonin and thromboxane analogue U46619 was similar in arteries from ZDF and ZL rats, whereas depolarization-induced vasoconstriction - caused by elevating extracellular [K+ ] - was reduced in arteries from ZDF compared to ZL rats. PVT inhibited serotonin-, U46619- and depolarization-induced vasoconstriction in arteries from ZL rats, but this anticontractile influence of PVT was attenuated in arteries from ZDF rats. Methacholine-induced vasorelaxation was smaller in arteries from ZDF than ZL rats both with and without PVT, and the antirelaxant influence of PVT was comparable between arteries from ZDF and ZL rats. We observed no differences in vasoconstriction, vasorelaxation or PVT-dependent vasoactive effects between arteries from STZ- and vehicle-treated Wistar rats. CONCLUSION Anticontractile influences of PVT are attenuated in coronary arteries from ZDF rats but unaffected in arteries from STZ-treated rats. Signs of endothelial dysfunction are evident in coronary septal arteries - with and without PVT - from ZDF rats but not STZ-treated rats. We propose that altered signalling between cardiomyocyte-rich PVT and coronary arteries can contribute to cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Bonde
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - P. Shokouh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes; Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy; Aarhus Denmark
| | - P. B. Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - E. Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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da Costa JP, Vitorino R, Silva GM, Vogel C, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T. A synopsis on aging-Theories, mechanisms and future prospects. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 29:90-112. [PMID: 27353257 PMCID: PMC5991498 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Answering the question as to why we age is tantamount to answering the question of what is life itself. There are countless theories as to why and how we age, but, until recently, the very definition of aging - senescence - was still uncertain. Here, we summarize the main views of the different models of senescence, with a special emphasis on the biochemical processes that accompany aging. Though inherently complex, aging is characterized by numerous changes that take place at different levels of the biological hierarchy. We therefore explore some of the most relevant changes that take place during aging and, finally, we overview the current status of emergent aging therapies and what the future holds for this field of research. From this multi-dimensional approach, it becomes clear that an integrative approach that couples aging research with systems biology, capable of providing novel insights into how and why we age, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto da Costa
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gustavo M Silva
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NY, NY 10003, USA
| | - Christine Vogel
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NY, NY 10003, USA
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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20
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Targeting advanced glycation with pharmaceutical agents: where are we now? Glycoconj J 2016; 33:653-70. [PMID: 27392438 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the final products of the Maillard reaction, a complex process that has been studied by food chemists for a century. Over the past 30 years, the biological significance of advanced glycation has also been discovered. There is mounting evidence that advanced glycation plays a homeostatic role within the body and that food-related Maillard products, intermediates such as reactive α-dicarbonyl compounds and AGEs, may influence this process. It remains to be understood, at what point AGEs and their intermediates become pathogenic and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases that inflict current society. Diabetes and its complications have been a major focus of AGE biology due to the abundance of excess sugar and α-dicarbonyls in this family of diseases. While further temporal information is required, a number of pharmacological agents that inhibit components of the advanced glycation pathway have already showed promising results in preclinical models. These therapies appear to have a wide range of mechanistic actions to reduce AGE load. Some of these agents including Alagebrium, have translated successfully to clinical trials, while others such as aminoguanidine, have had undesirable side-effect profiles. This review will discuss different pharmacological agents that have been used to reduce AGE burden in preclinical models of disease with a focus on diabetes and its complications, compare outcomes of those therapies that have reached clinical trials, and provide further rationale for the use of inhibitors of the glycation pathway in chronic diseases.
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Endothélium et microcirculation au cours des états critiques. Actes du séminaire de recherche translationnelle de la Société de réanimation de langue française (1er décembre 2015). MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-016-1190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Tarhouni K, Guihot A, Vessieres E, Procaccio V, Grimaud L, Abraham P, Lenfant F, Arnal J, Favre J, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Estrogens are needed for the improvement in endothelium-mediated dilation induced by a chronic increase in blood flow in rat mesenteric arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 80:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Petit M, Guihot AL, Grimaud L, Vessieres E, Toutain B, Menet MC, Nivet-Antoine V, Arnal JF, Loufrani L, Procaccio V, Henrion D. Resveratrol Improved Flow-Mediated Outward Arterial Remodeling in Ovariectomized Rats with Hypertrophic Effect at High Dose. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146148. [PMID: 26734763 PMCID: PMC4703409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Chronic increases in blood flow in resistance arteries induce outward remodeling associated with increased wall thickness and endothelium-mediated dilatation. This remodeling is essential for collateral arteries growth following occlusion of a large artery. As estrogens have a major role in this remodeling, we hypothesized that resveratrol, described as possessing phytoestrogen properties, could improve remodeling in ovariectomized rats. Methods Blood flow was increased in vivo in mesenteric arteries after ligation of adjacent arteries in 3-month old ovariectomized rats treated with resveratrol (5 or 37.5 mg/kg per day: RESV5 or RESV37.5) or vehicle. After 2 weeks arterial structure and function were measured in vitro in high flow (HF) and normal flow (NF) arteries isolated from each rat. Results Arterial diameter was greater in HF than in NF arteries in ovariectomized rats treated with RESV5 or RESV37.5, not in vehicle-treated rats. In mice lacking estrogen receptor alpha diameter was equivalent in HF and NF arteries whereas in mice treated with RESV5 diameter was greater in HF than in NF vessels. A compensatory increase in wall thickness and a greater phenylephrine-mediated contraction were observed in HF arteries. This was more pronounced in HF arteries from RESV37.5-treated rats. ERK1/2 phosphorylation, involved in hypertrophy and contraction, were higher in RESV37.5-treated rats than in RESV5- and vehicle-treated rats. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was greater in HF than in NF arteries in RESV5-treated rats only. In HF arteries from RESV37.5-treated rats relaxation was increased by superoxide reduction and markers of oxidative stress (p67phox, GP91phox) were higher than in the 2 other groups. Conclusion Resveratrol improved flow-mediated outward remodeling in ovariectomized rats thus providing a potential therapeutic tool in menopause-associated ischemic disorders. This effect seems independent of the estrogen receptor alpha. Nevertheless, caution should be taken with high doses inducing excessive contractility and hypertrophy in association with oxidative stress in HF arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emilie Vessieres
- University of Angers, Angers, France
- CARFI (Cardiovascular Function In vitro) facility, Angers, France
| | | | - Marie-Claude Menet
- UMR-S1144, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France, and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Biochemistry, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Nivet-Antoine
- UMR-S1140, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France, and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Biochemistry, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, University hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- University of Angers, Angers, France
- CNRS UMR-6214, Angers, France
- INSERM UMRS-1083, Angers, France
- UMR-S1144, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France, and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Biochemistry, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
- University hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- University of Angers, Angers, France
- CNRS UMR-6214, Angers, France
- INSERM UMRS-1083, Angers, France
- University hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- University of Angers, Angers, France
- CNRS UMR-6214, Angers, France
- INSERM UMRS-1083, Angers, France
- CARFI (Cardiovascular Function In vitro) facility, Angers, France
- University hospital (CHU) of Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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Gerrits EG, Landman GW, Nijenhuis-Rosien L, Bilo HJ. Limited joint mobility syndrome in diabetes mellitus: A minireview. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1108-1112. [PMID: 26265997 PMCID: PMC4530324 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i9.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited joint mobility syndrome (LJMS) or diabetic cheiroarthropathy is a long term complication of diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis of LJMS is based on clinical features: progression of painless stiffness of hands and fingers, fixed flexion contractures of the small hand and foot joints, impairment of fine motion and impaired grip strength in the hands. As the syndrome progresses, it can also affect other joints. It is important to properly diagnose such a complication as LJMS. Moreover, it is important to diagnose LJMS because it is known that the presence of LJMS is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Due to the lack of curative treatment options, the suggested method to prevent or decelerate the development of LJMS is improving or maintaining good glycemic control. Daily stretching excercises of joints aim to prevent or delay progression of joint stiffness, may reduce the risk of inadvertent falls and will add to maintain quality of life.
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Grossin N, Auger F, Niquet-Leridon C, Durieux N, Montaigne D, Schmidt AM, Susen S, Jacolot P, Beuscart JB, Tessier FJ, Boulanger E. Dietary CML-enriched protein induces functional arterial aging in a RAGE-dependent manner in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:927-38. [PMID: 25655894 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are endogenously produced and are present in food. N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine (CML) is an endothelial activator via the receptor for AGEs (RAGEs) and is a major dietary AGE. This work investigated the effects of a CML-enriched diet and RAGE involvement in aortic aging in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS After 9 months of a control diet or CML-enriched diets (50, 100, or 200 μg(CML)/g of food), endothelium-dependent relaxation, RAGE, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and sirtuin-1 expression, pulse wave velocity and elastin disruption were measured in aortas of wild-type or RAGE(-/-) male C57BL/6 mice. Compared to the control diet, endothelium-dependent relaxation was reduced in the wild-type mice fed the CML-enriched diet (200 μg(CML)/g) (66.8 ± 12.26 vs. 94.3 ± 2.6%, p < 0.01). RAGE and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (p < 0.05) expression were increased in the aortic wall. RAGE(-/-) mice were protected against CML-enriched diet-induced endothelial dysfunction. Compared to control diet, the CML-enriched diet (200 μg(CML)/g) increased the aortic pulse wave velocity (86.6 ± 41.1 vs. 251.4 ± 41.1 cm/s, p < 0.05) in wild-type animals. Elastin disruption was found to a greater extent in the CML-fed mice (p < 0.05). RAGE(-/-) mice fed the CML-enriched diet were protected from aortic stiffening. CONCLUSION Chronic CML ingestion induced endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness and aging in a RAGE-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Grossin
- Inserm U995/Team "Glycation: from inflammation to aging", Lille School of Medicine, Lille University, Lille, France
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Staiculescu MC, Foote C, Meininger GA, Martinez-Lemus LA. The role of reactive oxygen species in microvascular remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23792-835. [PMID: 25535075 PMCID: PMC4284792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microcirculation is a portion of the vascular circulatory system that consists of resistance arteries, arterioles, capillaries and venules. It is the place where gases and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues. In addition the microcirculation is the major contributor to blood flow resistance and consequently to regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, structural remodeling of this section of the vascular tree has profound implications on cardiovascular pathophysiology. This review is focused on the role that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play on changing the structural characteristics of vessels within the microcirculation. Particular attention is given to the resistance arteries and the functional pathways that are affected by ROS in these vessels and subsequently induce vascular remodeling. The primary sources of ROS in the microcirculation are identified and the effects of ROS on other microcirculatory remodeling phenomena such as rarefaction and collateralization are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius C Staiculescu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Christopher Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Tarhouni K, Freidja ML, Guihot AL, Vessieres E, Grimaud L, Toutain B, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Role of estrogens and age in flow-mediated outward remodeling of rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H504-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00986.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In resistance arteries, a chronic increase in blood flow induces hypertrophic outward remodeling. This flow-mediated remodeling (FMR) is absent in male rats aged 10 mo and more. As FMR depends on estrogens in 3-mo-old female rats, we hypothesized that it might be preserved in 12-mo-old female rats. Blood flow was increased in vivo in mesenteric resistance arteries after ligation of the side arteries in 3- and 12-mo-old male and female rats. After 2 wk, high-flow (HF) and normal-flow (NF) arteries were isolated for in vitro analysis. Arterial diameter and cross-sectional area increased in HF arteries compared with NF arteries in 3-mo-old male and female rats. In 12-mo-old rats, diameter increased only in female rats. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and endothelium-mediated relaxation were higher in HF arteries than in NF arteries in all groups. ERK1/2 phosphorylation, NADPH oxidase subunit expression levels, and arterial contractility to KCl and to phenylephrine were greater in HF vessels than in NF vessels in 12-mo-old male rats only. Ovariectomy in 12-mo-old female rats induced a similar pattern with an increased contractility without diameter increase in HF arteries. Treatment of 12-mo-old male rats and ovariectomized female rats with hydralazine, the antioxidant tempol, or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker candesartan restored HF remodeling and normalized arterial contractility in HF vessels. Thus, we found that FMR of resistance arteries remains efficient in 12-mo-old female rats compared with age-matched male rats. A balance between estrogens and vascular contractility might preserve FMR in mature female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tarhouni
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - M. L. Freidja
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - A. L. Guihot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France
| | | | - L. Grimaud
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
- CHU d'Angers, Angers, France; and
| | - B. Toutain
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - F. Lenfant
- U858, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J. F. Arnal
- U858, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - L. Loufrani
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France
- U1083, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Angers, France
- CHU d'Angers, Angers, France; and
| | - D. Henrion
- L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans University and University of Angers, Angers, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers, France
- U1083, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Angers, France
- CHU d'Angers, Angers, France; and
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Wang L, Tian W, Uwais Z, Li G, Li H, Guan R, Gao Z, Xin Z. AGE-Breaker ALT-711 Plus Insulin Could Restore Erectile Function in Streptozocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetic Rats. J Sex Med 2014; 11:1452-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Jo‐Watanabe A, Ohse T, Nishimatsu H, Takahashi M, Ikeda Y, Wada T, Shirakawa J, Nagai R, Miyata T, Nagano T, Hirata Y, Inagi R, Nangaku M. Glyoxalase I reduces glycative and oxidative stress and prevents age-related endothelial dysfunction through modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation. Aging Cell 2014; 13:519-28. [PMID: 24612481 PMCID: PMC4326886 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in elderly people. Studies have demonstrated the role of glycation in endothelial dysfunction in nonphysiological models, but the physiological role of glycation in age-related endothelial dysfunction has been poorly addressed. Here, to investigate how vascular glycation affects age-related endothelial function, we employed rats systemically overexpressing glyoxalase I (GLO1), which detoxifies methylglyoxal (MG), a representative precursor of glycation. Four groups of rats were examined, namely young (13 weeks old), mid-age (53 weeks old) wild-type, and GLO1 transgenic (WT/GLO1 Tg) rats. Age-related acceleration in glycation was attenuated in GLO1 Tg rats, together with lower aortic carboxymethyllysine (CML) and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Age-related impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was attenuated in GLO1 Tg rats, whereas endothelium-independent vasorelaxation was not different between WT and GLO1 Tg rats. Nitric oxide (NO) production was decreased in mid-age WT rats, but not in mid-age GLO1 Tg rats. Age-related inactivation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) due to phosphorylation of eNOS on Thr495 and dephosphorylation on Ser1177 was ameliorated in GLO1 Tg rats. In vitro, MG increased phosphorylation of eNOS (Thr495) in primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), and overexpression of GLO1 decreased glycative stress and phosphorylation of eNOS (Thr495). Together, GLO1 reduced age-related endothelial glycative and oxidative stress, altered phohphorylation of eNOS, and attenuated endothelial dysfunction. As a molecular mechanism, GLO1 lessened inhibitory phosphorylation of eNOS (Thr495) by reducing glycative stress. Our study demonstrates that blunting glycative stress prevents the long-term impact of endothelial dysfunction on vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takamoto Ohse
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Masao Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Takehiko Wada
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun‐ichi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience School of Agriculture Tokai University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Ryoji Nagai
- Laboratory of Food and Regulation Biology Department of Bioscience School of Agriculture Tokai University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University Miyagi Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences the University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | | | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology Tokyo Japan
- Chronic Kidney Disease Pathophysiology The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Tarhouni K, Guihot AL, Vessières E, Toutain B, Procaccio V, Grimaud L, Loufrani L, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Determinants of flow-mediated outward remodeling in female rodents: respective roles of age, estrogens, and timing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1281-9. [PMID: 24700123 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flow (shear stress)-mediated outward remodeling (FMR) of resistance arteries is a key adaptive process allowing collateral growth after arterial occlusion but declining with age. 17-β-estradiol (E2) has a key role in this process through activation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). Thus, we investigated the impact of age and timing for estrogen efficacy on FMR. APPROACH AND RESULTS Female rats, 3 to 18 months old, were submitted to surgery to increase blood flow locally in 1 mesenteric artery in vivo. High-flow and normal-flow arteries were collected 2 weeks later for in vitro analysis. Diameter increased by 27% in high-flow arteries compared with normal-flow arteries in 3-month-old rats. The amplitude of remodeling declined with age (12% in 18-month-old rats) in parallel with E2 blood level and E2 substitution failed restoring remodeling in 18-month-old rats. Ovariectomy of 3-, 9-, and 12-month-old rats abolished FMR, which was restored by immediate E2 replacement. Nevertheless, this effect of E2 was absent 9 months after ovariectomy. In this latter group, ERα and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression were reduced by half compared with age-matched rats recently ovariectomized. FMR did not occur in ERα(-/-) mice, whereas it was decreased by 50% in ERα(+/-) mice, emphasizing the importance of gene dosage in high-flow remodeling. CONCLUSIONS E2 deprivation, rather than age, leads to decline in FMR, which can be prevented by early exogenous E2. However, delayed E2 replacement was ineffective on FMR, underlining the importance of timing of this estrogen action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahena Tarhouni
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Emilie Vessières
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Bertrand Toutain
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Linda Grimaud
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Francoise Lenfant
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Jean-Francois Arnal
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.)
| | - Daniel Henrion
- From the LUNAM (L'université Nantes, Le Mans et Angers) University and University of Angers, Angers, France (K.T., B.T., V.P., L.G., D.H.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6214, Angers, France (A.L.G., L.L., D.H.); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, Angers, France (D.H.); Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France (E.V., V.P., D.H.); and INSERM U1048, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France (F.L., J.F.A.).
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Freidja ML, Vessières E, Toutain B, Guihot AL, Custaud MA, Loufrani L, Fassot C, Henrion D. AGEs breaking and antioxidant treatment improves endothelium-dependent dilation without effect on flow-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries in old Zucker diabetic rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:55. [PMID: 24581152 PMCID: PMC3944955 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A chronic increase in blood flow in resistance arteries is associated with increased lumen diameter (outward remodeling) and improved endothelium (NO)-mediated relaxation. Flow-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries is essential for revascularization in ischemic diseases. Nevertheless, it is impaired in 12 to 24-month old rats and in young Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats due to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress. As type 2 diabetes occurs preferentially in older subjects we investigated flow-mediated remodeling and the effect of the AGEs breaker ALT-711 associated or not to the antioxidant TEMPOL in one-year old lean (LZ) and ZDF rats. METHODS Mesenteric resistance arteries were exposed to high (HF) or normal blood flow (NF) in vivo. They were collected after 2 weeks for in vitro analysis. RESULTS In LZ rats, diameter expansion did not occur despite a significant increase in blood flow in HF arteries. Nevertheless, endothelium-mediated relaxation was higher in HF than in NF arteries. ALT-711, alone or in combination with TEMPOL, restored outward remodeling in HF arteries in association with AGEs reduction. TEMPOL alone had no effect. ALT-711, TEMPOL or the combination of the 2 drugs did not significantly affect endothelium-mediated relaxation in HF and NF arteries.In ZDF rats, diameter did not increase despite the increase in blood flow and endothelium-mediated relaxation was further decreased in HF arteries in association with AGEs accumulation and excessive oxidative stress. In both NF and HF arteries, endothelium-mediated relaxation was lower in ZDF than in LZ rats. ALT-711, TEMPOL or their combination did not improve remodeling (diameter equivalent in HF and NF arteries). In parallel, they did not reduce AGEs level and did not improve MMPs activity. Nevertheless, ALT-711 and TEMPOL partly improved endothelium-mediated relaxation through a reduction of oxidative stress and the association of ALT-711 and TEMPOL fully restored relaxation to the level found in LZ rats. CONCLUSIONS ALT-711 did not improve outward remodeling in mature ZDF rats but it reduced oxidative stress and consequently improved endothelium-dependent relaxation. In mature LZ rats, ALT-711 improved outward remodeling and reduced AGEs level. Consequently, AGEs breaking is differently useful in ageing whether it is associated with diabetes or not.
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COX-2-derived prostanoids and oxidative stress additionally reduce endothelium-mediated relaxation in old type 2 diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68217. [PMID: 23874545 PMCID: PMC3706542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction in resistance arteries alters end organ perfusion in type 2 diabetes. Superoxides and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) derivatives have been shown separately to alter endothelium-mediated relaxation in aging and diabetes but their role in the alteration of vascular tone in old diabetic subjects is not clear, especially in resistance arteries. Consequently, we investigated the role of superoxide and COX-2-derivatives on endothelium-dependent relaxation in 3 and 12 month-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and lean (LZ) rats. Mesenteric resistance arteries were isolated and vascular tone was investigated using wire-myography. Endothelium (acetylcholine)-dependent relaxation was lower in ZDF than in LZ rats (60 versus 84% maximal relaxation in young rats and 41 versus 69% in old rats). Blocking NO production with L-NAME was less efficient in old than in young rats. L-NAME had no effect in old ZDF rats although eNOS expression level in old ZDF rats was similar to that in old LZ rats. Superoxide level and NADPH-oxidase subunits (p67phox and gp91phox) expression level were greater in ZDF than in LZ rats and were further increased by aging in ZDF rats. In young ZDF rats reducing superoxide level with tempol restored acetylcholine-dependent relaxation to the level of LZ rats. In old ZDF rats tempol improved acetylcholine-dependent relaxation without increasing it to the level of LZ rats. COX-2 (immunolabelling and Western-blot) was present in arteries of ZDF rats and absent in LZ rats. In old ZDF rats arterial COX-2 level was higher than in young ZDF rats. COX-2 blockade with NS398 restored in part acetylcholine-dependent relaxation in arteries of old ZDF rats and the combination of tempol and NS398 fully restored relaxation in control (LZ rats) level. Accordingly, superoxide production and COX-2 derivatives together reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation in old ZDF rats whereas superoxides alone attenuated relaxation in young ZDF or old LZ rats.
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Abstract
The rising epidemic of T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) worldwide is of significant concern. The inherently silent nature of the disease in its early stages precludes early detection; hence cardiovascular disease is often established by the time diabetes is diagnosed. This increased cardiovascular risk leads to significant morbidity and mortality in these individuals. Progressive development of complications as a result of previous exposure to metabolic disturbances appears to leave a long-lasting impression on cells of the vasculature that is not easily reversed and is termed 'metabolic memory'. SMCs (smooth muscle cells) of blood vessel walls, through their inherent ability to switch between a contractile quiescent phenotype and an active secretory state, maintain vascular homoeostasis in health and development. This plasticity also confers SMCs with the essential capacity to adapt and remodel in pathological states. Emerging clinical and experimental studies propose that SMCs in diabetes may be functionally impaired and thus contribute to the increased incidence of macrovascular complications. Although this idea has general support, the underlying molecular mechanisms are currently unknown and hence are the subject of intense research. The aim of the present review is to explore and evaluate the current literature relating to the problem of vascular disease in T2DM and to discuss the critical role of SMCs in vascular remodelling. Possibilities for therapeutic strategies specifically at the level of T2DM SMCs, including recent novel advances in the areas of microRNAs and epigenetics, will be evaluated. Since restoring glucose control in diabetic patients has limited effect in ameliorating their cardiovascular risk, discovering alternative strategies that restrict or reverse disease progression is vital. Current research in this area will be discussed.
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Vessières E, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Guihot AL, Jardel A, Toutain B, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostanoids reduce inward arterial remodeling induced by blood flow reduction in old obese Zucker rat mesenteric arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 58:356-62. [PMID: 23524072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered arterial structure and function leading to arterial narrowing in most vascular beds, especially when associated with aging. Nevertheless, mesenteric blood flow remains elevated in obese rats, although the effect of aging remains unknown. We investigated mesenteric artery narrowing following blood flow reduction in vivo in 3- and 12-month-old obese Zucker rats. After 21 days, inward remodeling occurred in low flow (LF) arteries in young and old lean rats and in young obese rats (30% diameter reduction). Diameter did not significantly decrease in old obese rats. Phenylephrine-mediated contraction was reduced by approximately 20% in LF arteries in all groups but in old obese rat arteries in which the decrease reached 80%. LF arteries expressed cyclooxygenase-2 and blood 6-keto-PGF1alpha (prostacyclin metabolite) was elevated in old obese rats. In old obese rats, acute cyclooxygenase-2 blockade restored phenylephrine-mediated contraction in LF arteries and chronic cyclooxygenase-2 blockade restored inward remodeling and contractility to control level. Thus, in old obese rats, cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin prevented the diameter reduction induced by a chronic decrease in blood flow. This adaptation is in favor of a preserved perfusion of the mesentery by contrast with other vascular territories, possibly amplifying the vascular disorders occurring in obesity.
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Abstract
Insulin resistance affects the vascular endothelium, and contributes to systemic insulin resistance by directly impairing the actions of insulin to redistribute blood flow as part of its normal actions driving muscle glucose uptake. Impaired vascular function is a component of the insulin resistance syndrome, and is a feature of type 2 diabetes. On this basis, the vascular endothelium has emerged as a therapeutic target where the intent is to improve systemic metabolic state by improving vascular function. We review the available literature presenting studies in humans, evaluating the effects of metabolically targeted and vascular targeted therapies on insulin action and systemic metabolism. Therapies that improve systemic insulin resistance exert strong concurrent effects to improve vascular function and vascular insulin action. RAS-acting agents and statins have widely recognized beneficial effects on vascular function but have not uniformly produced the hoped-for metabolic benefits. These observations support the notion that systemic metabolic benefits can arise from therapies targeted at the endothelium, but improving vascular insulin action does not result from all treatments that improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of insulin's actions in the vascular wall will advance our understanding of the specificity of these responses, and allow us to better target the vasculature for metabolic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J Mather
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Tarhouni K, Guihot AL, Freidja ML, Toutain B, Henrion B, Baufreton C, Pinaud F, Procaccio V, Grimaud L, Ayer A, Loufrani L, Lenfant F, Arnal JF, Henrion D. Key role of estrogens and endothelial estrogen receptor α in blood flow-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:605-11. [PMID: 23288162 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Flow- (shear stress-)mediated outward remodeling of resistance arteries is involved in collateral growth during postischemic revascularization. As this remodeling is especially important during pregnancy, we hypothesized that estrogens may be involved. A surgical model eliciting a local increase in blood flow in 1 mesenteric resistance artery was used in 3-month-old ovariectomized female rats either treated with 17-β-estradiol (E2) or left untreated. METHODS AND RESULTS After 14 days, arterial diameter was greater in high-flow arteries than in normal-flow vessels. An ovariectomy suppressed high-flow remodeling, while E2 restored it. High-flow remodeling was absent in mice lacking the estrogen receptor α but not estrogen receptor β. The kinetics of inflammatory marker expression, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, and metaloproteinases expression were not altered by the absence of E2 after 2 and 4 days, that is, during remodeling. Nevertheless, E2 was required for the increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and activation at day 4 when diameter expansion occurs. Finally, the impact of E2 on the endothelium appeared crucial for high-flow remodeling, as this E2 action was abrogated in mice lacking endothelial NOS, as well as in Tie2-Cre(+) ERα(f/f) mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the essential role of E2 and endothelial estrogen receptor α in flow-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tarhouni
- LUNAM Université and Université d’Angers, Angers, France
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Vessières E, Freidja ML, Loufrani L, Fassot C, Henrion D. Flow (shear stress)-mediated remodeling of resistance arteries in diabetes. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 57:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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