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Zhang K, Wan X, Khan MA, Sun X, Yi X, Wang Z, Chen K, Peng L. Peripheral Blood circRNA Microarray Profiling Identities hsa_circ_0001831 and hsa_circ_0000867 as Two Novel circRNA Biomarkers for Early Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2789-2801. [PMID: 36118796 PMCID: PMC9473550 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s384054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and eventually progresses to end-stage renal disease. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that are promising as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for human diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the differential expression of circRNAs (DECs) in peripheral blood from patients with early type 2 diabetic nephropathy (ET2DN), T2DM and controls, which will facilitate to discover some new biomarkers for ET2DN. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty ET2DN patients, 20 T2DM patients, and 20 normal controls were included in this study. Blood samples from 3 random subjects of age- and sex-matched patients in each group, respectively, were used to detect circRNA expression profiles by circRNA microarray, and the circRNA expression of remaining subjects was validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Further functional assessment was performed by bioinformatic tools. RESULTS There were 586 DECs in ET2DN vs T2DM group (249 circRNAs were upregulated and 337 circRNAs were downregulated); 176 circRNAs were upregulated and 101 circRNAs were downregulated in T2DM vs control group; 57 circRNAs were upregulated and 5 circRNAs were downregulated in ET2DN vs control group. The functional and pathway enrichment of DECs were analyzed by GO and KEGG. qRT-PCR results revealed that hsa_circ_0001831 and hsa_circ_0000867 were significantly upregulated in ET2DN group compared to both of T2DM and control group. The ROC curve demonstrated that hsa_circ_0001831 and hsa_circ_0000867 have high sensitivity and specificity associated with ET2DN. CONCLUSION Our study showed the expression profiles of circRNAs in ET2DN patients and demonstrated that hsa_circ_0001831 and hsa_circ_0000867 can be used as novel diagnostic biomarkers for ET2DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- The Research Centre for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yi
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhouqi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Ke Chen, Department of Endocrinology, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-731-8861-8239, Email
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lin Peng, Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-731-8466-7510, Email
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Lipidomic profiling of plasma free fatty acids in type-1 diabetes highlights specific changes in lipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158823. [PMID: 33010452 PMCID: PMC7695620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with metabolic changes leading to alterations in glucose and lipid handling. While T1DM-associated effects on many major plasma lipids have been characterised, such effects on plasma free fatty acids (FFA) have not been fully examined. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we measured the plasma concentrations of FFA species in individuals with T1DM (n = 44) and age/sex-matched healthy controls (n = 44). Relationships between FFA species and various parameters were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of myristate (14:0), palmitoleate (16:1), palmitate (16:0), linoleate (18:2), oleate (18:1c9), cis-vaccenate (18:1c11), eicosapentaenoate (20:5), arachidonate (20:4) and docosahexanoate (22:6) were reduced in the T1DM group (p < 0.0001 for all, except p = 0.0020 for eicosapentaenoate and p = 0.0068 for arachidonate); α-linolenate (18:3) and dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3) concentrations were unchanged. The saturated/unsaturated FFA ratio, n-3/n-6 ratio, de novo lipogenesis index (palmitate (main lipogenesis product)/linoleate (only found in diet)) and elongase index (oleate/palmitoleate) were increased in the T1DM group (p = 0.0166, p = 0.0089, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0008 respectively). The stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) index 1 (palmitoleate/palmitate) and index 2 (oleate/stearate) were reduced in T1DM (p < 0.0001 for both). The delta-(5)-desaturase (D5D) index (arachidonate/dihomo-γ-linolenate) was unchanged. Age and sex had no effect on plasma FFA concentrations in T1DM, while SCD1 index 1 was positively correlated (p = 0.098) and elongase index negatively correlated with age (p = 0.0363). HbA1c was negatively correlated with all plasma FFA concentrations measured except α-linolenate and dihomo-γ-linolenate. Correlations were observed between plasma FFA concentrations and cholesterol and HDL concentrations, but not LDL concentration or diabetes duration. Collectively, these results aid our understanding of T1DM and its effects on lipid metabolism. Plasma concentrations of major FFA species are lower in T1DM compared to controls. Plasma FFA concentrations negatively correlates with HbA1c in T1DM. The SCD1 index is reduced in T1DM. Lipogenesis, elongase, n3/n6, saturated/unsaturated indices are increased in T1DM. Collectively, the data highlight specific changes in lipid metabolism in T1DM
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Hwang J, Singh N, Long C, Smith SB. The Lentiviral System Construction for Highly Expressed Porcine Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 and Functional Characterization in Stably Transduced Porcine Swine Kidney Cells. Lipids 2019; 53:933-945. [PMID: 30592064 PMCID: PMC10071579 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The most highly regulated and abundant fatty acid in animal tissue is oleic acid (18:1n9). Oleic acid is synthesized by the Δ9 desaturase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which is responsible for the synthesis of the putative cytokine palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) and 18:2 cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Owing to the importance of SCD1 in lipid metabolism, we generated porcine swine kidney (SK6) transgenic cell lines for sustained overexpression or knockdown of porcine stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (pSCD1) in an inducible manner by utilizing a lentiviral expression system. We successfully validated these cell culture models for expression and functionality of pSCD1 by documenting that the pSCD-transduced cells overexpressed pSCD1 protein and mRNA. Additionally, the pSCD1-transduced cells increased the conversion of palmitate (16:0) to palmitoleic acid nearly fourfold. The lentiviral vectors utilized in this study can be further used to generate transgenic animals to document the effects of the overexpression of SCD1 on obesity and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Hwang
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, 2471 TAMU, TX 77843, USA
| | - Neetu Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A & M University, College Station, 4466 TAMU, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles Long
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A & M University, College Station, 4466 TAMU, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, 2471 TAMU, TX 77843, USA
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Geng X, Wang W, Feng Z, Liu R, Cheng X, Shen W, Dong Z, Cai G, Chen X, Hong Q, Wu D. Identification of key genes and pathways in diabetic nephropathy by bioinformatics analysis. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:972-984. [PMID: 30536626 PMCID: PMC6626994 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to identify candidate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways using bioinformatics analysis, and to improve our understanding of the cause and potential molecular events of diabetic nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two cohort profile datasets (GSE30528 and GSE33744) were integrated and used for deep analysis. We sorted DEGs and analyzed differential pathway enrichment. DEG-associated ingenuity pathway analysis was carried out. The screened gene expression feature was verified in the db/db mouse kidney cortex. Then, rat mesangial cells cultured with high-concentration glucose were used for verification. The target genes of transcriptional factor E26 transformation-specific-1 (ETS1) were predicted with online tools and validated using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The two GSE datasets identified 89 shared DEGs; 51 were upregulated; and 38 were downregulated. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in cell adhesion, the plasma membrane, the extracellular matrix and the extracellular region. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis validated the upregulated expression of Itgb2, Cd44, Sell, Fn1, Tgfbi and Il7r, and the downregulated expression of Igfbp2 and Cd55 in the db/db mouse kidney cortex. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that Itgb2 was the target gene of transcription factor Ets1. ETS1 knockdown in rat mesangial cells decreased integrin subunit beta 2 expression. CONCLUSION We found that EST1 functioned as an important transcription factor in diabetic nephropathy development through the promotion of integrin subunit beta 2 expression. EST1 might be a drug target for diabetic nephropathy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐dong Geng
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
- Kidney Therapeutic Center of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineBeidaihe Sanatorium of Beijing Military RegionQinhuangdaoChina
| | - Wei‐wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐long Cheng
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Wan‐jun Shen
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Zhe‐yi Dong
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Guang‐yan Cai
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Xiang‐mei Chen
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Quan Hong
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Di Wu
- Department of NephrologyChinese PLA General HospitalChinese PLA Institute of NephrologyState Key Laboratory of Kidney DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Kidney DiseasesChinese PLA Medical SchoolBeijingChina
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Huang G, Cao X, Li Y, Zhou C, Li L, Wang K, Li H, Yu P, Jin Y, Gao L. Gene expression profile of the hippocampus of rats subjected to traumatic brain injury. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15776-15789. [PMID: 31074048 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiang‐Yuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Li
- Department of Endocrinology Baoshan Branch, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Cheng‐Cheng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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Wang C, Ha X, Li W, Xu P, Zhang Z, Wang T, Li J, Wang Y, Li S, Xie J, Zhang J. Comparative gene expression profile and DNA methylation status in diabetic patients of Kazak and Han people. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11982. [PMID: 30200077 PMCID: PMC6133596 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to investigate the mechanism and susceptibility genes for diabetes in Han and Kazak ethnic individuals.The abdominal omental adipose tissues were obtained from diabetic cases and healthy controls. The gene expression and methylation data were produced for Kazak and Han individuals, respectively, and analyzed by bioinformatics analysis.We obtained 921 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Han group and 1772 in Kazak group. DEGs in Han group were significantly related with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and biosynthesis of amino acids, while the DEGs specific to Kazak patients were significantly enriched in metabolism-related pathways such as carbon metabolism, propanoate metabolism, and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 1 (MFSD1) was found to be a methylation associated gene at hypermethylation site of cg16289538 in Han group. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (ARHGEF1) was the susceptible gene corresponding to the methylation sites of cg18800192 and cg00759295 in Kazak group. ARHGEF1 was also a node in protein-protein interaction network and significantly enriched in hsa04270: vascular smooth muscle contraction pathways.The molecular mechanism of diabetes may be different in Han and Kazak patients. MFSD1 and ARHGEF1 may be the diabetes susceptible genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Li
- Shihezi University School of Medicine
| | - Peng Xu
- Shihezi University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi
| | - Yan Wang
- Endocrinology Department of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Shihezi University School of Medicine
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine
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Qin W, Lu H. A novel joint analysis framework improves identification of differentially expressed genes in cross disease transcriptomic analysis. BioData Min 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29467826 PMCID: PMC5819186 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-018-0163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Detecting differentially expressed (DE) genes between disease and normal control group is one of the most common analyses in genome-wide transcriptomic data. Since most studies don’t have a lot of samples, researchers have used meta-analysis to group different datasets for the same disease. Even then, in many cases the statistical power is still not enough. Taking into account the fact that many diseases share the same disease genes, it is desirable to design a statistical framework that can identify diseases’ common and specific DE genes simultaneously to improve the identification power. Results We developed a novel empirical Bayes based mixture model to identify DE genes in specific study by leveraging the shared information across multiple different disease expression data sets. The effectiveness of joint analysis was demonstrated through comprehensive simulation studies and two real data applications. The simulation results showed that our method consistently outperformed single data set analysis and two other meta-analysis methods in identification power. In real data analysis, overall our method demonstrated better identification power in detecting DE genes and prioritized more disease related genes and disease related pathways than single data set analysis. Over 150% more disease related genes are identified by our method in application to Huntington’s disease. We expect that our method would provide researchers a new way of utilizing available data sets from different diseases when sample size of the focused disease is limited. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13040-018-0163-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Qin
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan, Rm 218, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Hui Lu
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 S. Morgan, Rm 218, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.,2SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Big Data in Pediatric Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Langhardt J, Flehmig G, Klöting N, Lehmann S, Ebert T, Kern M, Schön MR, Gärtner D, Lohmann T, Dressler M, Fasshauer M, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Dietrich A, Blüher M. Effects of Weight Loss on Glutathione Peroxidase 3 Serum Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expression in Human Obesity. Obes Facts 2018; 11:475-490. [PMID: 30537708 PMCID: PMC6341324 DOI: 10.1159/000494295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Altered expression and circulating levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) have been observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) across species. Here, we investigate whether GPX3 serum concentrations and adipose tissue (AT) GPX3 mRNA expression are related to obesity and weight loss. METHODS GPX3 serum concentration was measured in 630 individuals, including a subgroup (n = 293) for which omental and subcutaneous (SC) GPX3 mRNA expression has been analyzed. GPX3 analyses include three interventions: 6 months after bariatric surgery (n = 80) or combined exercise/hypocaloric diet (n = 20) or two-step bariatric surgery (n = 24) studies. RESULTS Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss (-25.8 ± 8.4%), but not a moderate weight reduction of -8.8 ± 6.5% was associated with significantly reduced GPX3 serum concentrations. GPX3 mRNA is significantly higher expressed in AT from individuals with normal glucose metabolism compared to T2D patients. SC AT GPX3 expression is significantly higher in lean compared to obese as well as in insulin-sensitive compared insulin-resistant individuals with obesity. Weight loss after bariatric surgery causes a significant increase in SC AT GPX3 expression. AT GPX3 expression significantly correlates with age, BMI, fat distribution, insulin sensitivity (only SC AT), but not with circulating GPX3. CONCLUSION Our data support the notion that SC AT GPX3 expression is associated with obesity, fat distribution and related to whole body insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Langhardt
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesine Flehmig
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- IFB ObesityDiseases, Junior Research Group Animal Models, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael R Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB ObesityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany,
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Zou HH, Yang PP, Huang TL, Zheng XX, Xu GS. PLK2 Plays an Essential Role in High D-Glucose-Induced Apoptosis, ROS Generation and Inflammation in Podocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4261. [PMID: 28655909 PMCID: PMC5487358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a serious complication of hyperglycemia. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic intervention for DKD. In this study, we sought to provide a set of gene profile in diabetic kidneys. We identified 338 genes altered in diabetes-induced DKD glomeruli, and PLK2 exhibited the most dramatic change. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated multiple signaling pathways are involved DKD pathogenesis. Here, we investigated whether PLK2 contributes to podocyte dysfunction, a characteristic change in the development of DKD. High D-glucose (HDG) significantly increased PLK2 expression in mouse podocytes. Suppressing PLK2 attenuated HDG-induced apoptosis and inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo. NAC, an antioxidant reagent, rescued HDG and PLK2 overexpression-induced kidney injuries. In summary, we demonstrated that silencing PLK2 attenuates HDG-induced podocyte apoptosis and inflammation, which may serve as a future therapeutic target in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hong Zou
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Lun Huang
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zheng
- Department of Medicine, the George Washington University, Washington, DC20052, USA
| | - Gao-Si Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, P.R. China.
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Wongchitrat P, Klosen P, Pannengpetch S, Kitidee K, Govitrapong P, Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C. High-fat diet-induced plasma protein and liver changes in obese rats can be attenuated by melatonin supplementation. Nutr Res 2017. [PMID: 28633871 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity triggers changes in protein expression in various organs that might participate in the pathogenesis of obesity. Melatonin has been reported to prevent or attenuate such pathological protein changes in several chronic diseases. However, such melatonin effects on plasma proteins have not yet been studied in an obesity model. Using a proteomic approach, we investigated the effect of melatonin on plasma protein profiles after rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. We hypothesized that melatonin would attenuate abnormal protein expression in obese rats. After 10weeks of the HFD, animals displayed increased body weight and fat accumulation as well as increased glucose levels, indicating an obesity-induced prediabetes mellitus-like state. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry revealed 12 proteins whose expression was altered in response to the HFD and the melatonin treatment. The altered proteins are related to the development of liver pathology, such as cirrhosis (α1-antiproteinase), thrombosis (fibrinogen, plasminogen), and inflammation (mannose-binding protein A, complement C4, complement factor B), contributing to liver steatosis or hepatic cell death. Melatonin treatment most probably reduced the severity of the HFD-induced obesity by reducing the amplitude of HFD-induced plasma protein changes. In conclusion, we identified several potential biomarkers associated with the progression of obesity and its complications, such as liver damage. Furthermore, our findings reveal melatonin's beneficial effect of attenuating plasma protein changes and liver pathogenesis in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Paul Klosen
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67084, France; Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Supitcha Pannengpetch
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kuntida Kitidee
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Chartchalerm Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Rd, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
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Proteomic analysis of glomeruli from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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van Lunteren E, Moyer M, Spiegler S. Alterations in lung gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:5. [PMID: 24423257 PMCID: PMC3945062 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes profoundly affects gene expression in organs such as heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and liver, with areas of perturbation including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and protein ubiquitination. Type 1 diabetes impairs lung function, but whether gene expression alterations in the lung parallel those of other tissue types is largely unexplored. METHODS Lung from a rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin was subjected to gene expression microarray analysis. RESULTS Glucose levels were 67 and 260 mg/dl (p < 0.001) in control and diabetic rats, respectively. There were 46 genes with at least ± 1.5-fold significantly altered expression (19 increases, 27 decreases). Gene ontology groups with significant over-representation among genes with altered expression included apoptosis, response to stress (p = 0.03), regulation of protein kinase activity (p = 0.04), ion transporter activity (p = 0.01) and collagen (p = 0.01). All genes assigned to the apoptosis and response to stress groups had increased expression whereas all genes assigned to the collagen group had decreased expression. In contrast, the protein kinase activity and ion transporter activity groups had genes with both increased and decreased expression. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression in the lung is affected by type 1 diabetes in several specific areas, including apoptosis. However, the lung is resistant to changes in gene expression related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative stress that occur in other tissue types such as heart, skeletal muscle and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Lunteren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Michelle Moyer
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegler
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Acharjee S, Ghosh B, Al-Dhubiab BE, Nair AB. Understanding type 1 diabetes: etiology and models. Can J Diabetes 2013; 37:269-276. [PMID: 24070892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a complex disease involving a combination of factors, such as genetic susceptibility, immunologic dysregulation and exposure to environmental triggers. Animal models serve an important function both in elucidating the pathophysiology and preliminary screening of antidiabetic molecules. Hence, the development of models for type 1 diabetes can be broadly divided into 3 categories, namely: identification of spontaneously developing type 1 diabetes mellitus strains, creating diabetes-prone species through gene transfer techniques and forced destruction of islet cells through chemical or surgical means. This review discusses the models used to study type 1 diabetes with special emphasis on genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Acharjee
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijaya Ghosh
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bandar E Al-Dhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Sieber J, Weins A, Kampe K, Gruber S, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Orellana JM, Mundel P, Jehle AW. Susceptibility of podocytes to palmitic acid is regulated by stearoyl-CoA desaturases 1 and 2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:735-44. [PMID: 23867797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by dyslipidemia with elevated free fatty acids (FFAs). Loss of podocytes is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy, and podocytes are highly susceptible to saturated FFAs but not to protective, monounsaturated FFAs. We report that patients with diabetic nephropathy develop alterations in glomerular gene expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, including induction of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)-1, which converts saturated to monounsaturated FFAs. By IHC of human renal biopsy specimens, glomerular SCD-1 induction was observed in podocytes of patients with diabetic nephropathy. Functionally, the liver X receptor agonists TO901317 and GW3965, two known inducers of SCD, increased Scd-1 and Scd-2 expression in cultured podocytes and reduced palmitic acid-induced cell death. Similarly, overexpression of Scd-1 attenuated palmitic acid-induced cell death. The protective effect of TO901317 was associated with a reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. It was lost after gene silencing of Scd-1/-2, thereby confirming that the protective effect of TO901317 is mediated by Scd-1/-2. TO901317 also shifted palmitic acid-derived FFAs into biologically inactive triglycerides. In summary, SCD-1 up-regulation in diabetic nephropathy may be part of a protective mechanism against saturated FFA-derived toxic metabolites that drive endoplasmic reticulum stress and podocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sieber
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Baez-Duarte BG, Zamora-Ginez I, Mendoza-Carrera F, Ruiz-Vivanco G, Torres-Rasgado E, Gonzalez-Mejia ME, Garcia-Zapien A, Flores-Martinez SE, Perez-Fuentes R. Serum levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 in overweight and obese subjects from central Mexico. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:541-7. [PMID: 22981671 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overweight and obesity are considered complex entities in which there are alterations in the concentration of antioxidant enzymes. It has been reported that glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), an extracellular enzyme involved in the reduction of both hydro- and lipoperoxides, shows changes both in gene expression and protein concentration in animal models for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, but the variability of GPx3 levels in different human populations and under different health conditions are currently unclear. We undertook this study to determine the GPx3 levels in overweight and obese subjects from central Mexico. METHODS Biochemical profile (serum glucose, insulin and lipid profile) and GPx3 concentrations were determined in 28 healthy subjects (control) and 133 subjects who were overweight or obese (OW-OB). RESULTS The OW-OB group had a higher concentration of triacylglycerides (TAG) compared with the control group (201.2 ± 88.7 vs. 100.3 ± 46.4 mg/dL, p <0.05) and the TAG/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) index (5.6 ± 2.8 vs. 2.1 ± 1.2, p <0.05), whereas the concentration of HDL-C decreased (38.2 ± 8.7 vs. 50.1 ± 14.5 mg/dL, p <0.05). Serum GPx3 was significantly higher in the OW-OB group than in the control group (175.4 ± 25.4 vs. 143.5 ± 23.1 ng/dL). GPx3 concentration correlated with insulin sensitivity (IS) and the TAG/HDL-C index (Rho = -0.2336 and Rho = 0.2275) (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The TAG/HDL-C index and serum GPx3 concentration increased in the OW-OB group. In addition, GPx3 had a significant correlation with IS, weight, and the TAG/HDL-C index.
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Zhang Q, Xiao X, Li M, Li W, Yu M, Zhang H, Sun X, Mao L, Xiang H. Gene expression profiling in glomeruli of diabetic nephropathy rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:903-11. [PMID: 22903132 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as the burden of diabetes increases worldwide. To find improved intervention strategies for this disease, it is necessary to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. To obtain more insight into processes that lead to DN, mRNA expression profiles of diabetic and normal glomeruli from rat kidneys were compared. Rats were divided into a control group and a DN group randomly. The DN group was injected with streptozotocin. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and weight were measured monthly. On the 12th week, blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Glomeruli were isolated and Illumina Rat Ref-12 V1.0 Expression Beadchip gene array was performed. Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) was used to confirm the results of gene array for a selected number of genes. We found FBG, 24-h urinary albumin, serum creatinine and BUN were significantly increased, while urinary creatinine and body weight were significantly decreased in the DN group. Glomeruli from the DN group had 624 genes with differential expression. DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and integrated Discovery) analysis showed that the three most enriched terms were 'cytosol' (GO:0005829), 'translational elongation' (GO:0006414) and 'mitochondion' (GO:0005739). Those genes could be mapped to eight pathways. The most common type of enriched pathway was related to 'extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction'. Other pathways included those for 'ribosome', 'focal adhesion', 'oxidative phosphorylation', 'transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway', 'Parkinson's disease', 'Alzheimer's disease' and 'renin-angiotensin system'. Q-RT-PCR verified that Atp5b (F1-ATPase beta subunit), Col1a1 (collagen type 1 alpha 1), Cox6c (cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIc), Ndufs3 (NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] Fe-S protein 3) and Tgfb1 (transforming growth factor β1) were significantly up-regulated in the DN group. The expressions of NDUFS3 and TGF-β1 in DN rats were increased. Our findings suggested that the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, TGF-β pathway and renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the development of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the single leading cause of kidney failure in the U.S., for which a cure has not yet been found. The aim of our study was to provide an unbiased catalog of gene-expression changes in human diabetic kidney biopsy samples. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Affymetrix expression arrays were used to identify differentially regulated transcripts in 44 microdissected human kidney samples. DKD samples were significant for their racial diversity and decreased glomerular filtration rate (~25-35 mL/min). Stringent statistical analysis, using the Benjamini-Hochberg corrected two-tailed t test, was used to identify differentially expressed transcripts in control and diseased glomeruli and tubuli. Two different web-based algorithms were used to define differentially regulated pathways. RESULTS We identified 1,700 differentially expressed probesets in DKD glomeruli and 1,831 in diabetic tubuli, and 330 probesets were commonly differentially expressed in both compartments. Pathway analysis highlighted the regulation of Ras homolog gene family member A, Cdc42, integrin, integrin-linked kinase, and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in DKD glomeruli. The tubulointerstitial compartment showed strong enrichment for inflammation-related pathways. The canonical complement signaling pathway was determined to be statistically differentially regulated in both DKD glomeruli and tubuli and was associated with increased glomerulosclerosis even in a different set of DKD samples. CONCLUSIONS Our studies have cataloged gene-expression regulation and identified multiple novel genes and pathways that may play a role in the pathogenesis of DKD or could serve as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina I. Woroniecka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ae Seo Deok Park
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Davoud Mohtat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - James M. Pullman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Corresponding author: Katalin Susztak,
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18
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IFN regulatory factors 4 and 8 expression in the NOD mouse. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:374859. [PMID: 21647406 PMCID: PMC3102445 DOI: 10.1155/2011/374859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to islet inflammation and its progression to diabetes in NOD mouse model and human. DCs play a crucial role in the presentation of autoantigen and activation of diabetogenic T cells, and IRF4 and IRF8 are crucial genes involved in the development of DCs. We have therefore investigated the expression of these genes in splenic DCs during diabetes progression in NOD mice. We found that IRF4 expression was upregulated in splenocytes and in splenic CD11c+ DCs of NOD mice as compared to BALB/c mice. In contrast, IRF8 gene expression was higher in splenocytes of NOD mice whereas its expression was similar in splenic CD11c+ DCs of NOD and BALB/c mice. Importantly, levels of IRF4 and IRF8 expression were lower in tolerogenic bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) generated with GM-CSF as compared to immunogenic BMDCs generated with GM-CSF and IL-4. Analysis of splenic DCs subsets indicated that high expression of IRF4 was associated with increased levels of CD4+CD8α−IRF4+CD11c+ DCs but not CD4−CD8α+IRF8+CD11c+ DCs in NOD mice. Our results showed that IRF4 expression was up-regulated in NOD mice and correlated with the increased levels of CD4+CD8α− DCs, suggesting that IRF4 may be involved in abnormal DC functions in type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
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Expression profiles of podocytes exposed to high glucose reveal new insights into early diabetic glomerulopathy. J Transl Med 2011; 91:488-98. [PMID: 21102505 PMCID: PMC3068212 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury has been suggested to have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy. To glean insights into molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic podocyte injury, we generated temporal global gene transcript profiles of podocytes exposed to high glucose for a time interval of 1 or 2 weeks using microarrays. A number of genes were altered at both 1 and 2 weeks of glucose exposure compared with controls grown under normal glucose. These included extracellular matrix modulators, cell cycle regulators, extracellular transduction signals and membrane transport proteins. Novel genes that were altered at both 1 and 2 weeks of high-glucose exposure included neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (LCN2 or NGAL, decreased by 3.2-fold at 1 week and by 7.2-fold at 2 weeks), endothelial lipase (EL, increased by 3.6-fold at 1 week and 3.9-fold at 2 week) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 8 (UGT8, increased by 3.9-fold at 1 week and 5.0-fold at 2 weeks). To further validate these results, we used real-time PCR from independent podocyte cultures, immunohistochemistry in renal biopsies and immunoblotting on urine specimens from diabetic patients. A more detailed time course revealed changes in LCN2 and EL mRNA levels as early as 6 hours and in UGT8 mRNA level at 12 hours post high-glucose exposure. EL immunohistochemistry on human tissues showed markedly increased expression in glomeruli, and immunoblotting readily detected EL in a subset of urine samples from diabetic nephropathy patients. In addition to previously implicated roles of these genes in ischemic or oxidative stress, our results further support their importance in hyperglycemic podocyte stress and possibly diabetic glomerulopathy pathogenesis and diagnosis in humans.
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20
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Gong D, Chen X, Middleditch M, Huang L, Vazhoor Amarsingh G, Reddy S, Lu J, Zhang S, Ruggiero K, Phillips ARJ, Cooper GJS. Quantitative proteomic profiling identifies new renal targets of copper(II)-selective chelation in the reversal of diabetic nephropathy in rats. Proteomics 2009; 9:4309-20. [PMID: 19634143 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify new diabetic nephropathy (DN)-related proteins and renal targets of the copper(II)-selective chelator, triethylenetetramine (TETA) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. We used the recently developed iTRAQ technology to compare renal protein profiles among non-diabetic, diabetic, and TETA-treated diabetic rats. In diabetic kidneys, tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen (TINag), voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) 1, and VDAC2 were up-regulated in parallel with alterations in expression of proteins with functions in oxidative stress and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) pathways. By contrast, mitochondrial HSP 60, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase alpha3 and aquaporin-1 were down-regulated in diabetic kidneys. Following TETA treatment, levels of D-amino acid oxidase-1, epoxide hydrolase-1, aquaporin-1, and a number of mitochondrial proteins were normalized, with concomitant amelioration of albuminuria. Changes in levels of TINag, collagen VIalpha1, actinin 4alpha, apoptosis-inducing factor 1, cytochrome C, histone H3, VDAC1, and aquaporin-1 were confirmed by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. Changes in expression of proteins related to tubulointerstitial function, podocyte structure, and mitochondrial apoptosis are implicated in the mechanism of DN and their reversal by TETA. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that this new experimental therapy may be useful for treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Gong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Tang C, Kanter JE, Bornfeldt KE, Leboeuf RC, Oram JF. Diabetes reduces the cholesterol exporter ABCA1 in mouse macrophages and kidneys. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1719-28. [PMID: 19965614 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of cholesterol in arterial macrophages may contribute to diabetes-accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 is a cardioprotective membrane protein that mediates cholesterol export from macrophages. Factors elevated in diabetes, such as reactive carbonyls and free fatty acids, destabilize ABCA1 protein in cultured macrophages, raising the possibility that impaired ABCA1 plays an atherogenic role in diabetes. We therefore examined the modulation of ABCA1 in two mouse models of diabetes. We isolated peritoneal macrophages, livers, kidneys, and brains from type 1 non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and mice made diabetic by viral-induced autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, and we measured ABCA1 protein and mRNA levels and cholesterol contents. ABCA1 protein levels and cholesterol export activity were reduced by 40-44% (P<0.01) in peritoneal macrophages and protein levels by 48% (P<0.001) in kidneys in diabetic NOD mice compared with nondiabetic animals, even though ABCA1 mRNA levels were not significantly different. A similar selective reduction in ABCA1 protein was found in peritoneal macrophages (33%, P<0.05) and kidneys (35%, P<0.05) from the viral-induced diabetic mice. In liver and brain, however, diabetes had no effect or slightly increased ABCA1 protein and mRNA levels. The reduced ABCA1 in macrophages and kidneys was associated with increased cholesterol content. Impaired ABCA1-mediated cholesterol export could therefore contribute to the increased atherosclerosis and nephropathy associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongren Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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van Lunteren E, Moyer M. Gene expression profiling in the type 1 diabetes rat diaphragm. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7832. [PMID: 19915678 PMCID: PMC2773011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory muscle contractile performance is impaired by diabetes, mechanisms of which included altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and changes in membrane electrophysiology. The present study examined to what extent these cellular perturbations involve changes in gene expression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Diaphragm muscle from streptozotocin-diabetic rats was analyzed with Affymetrix gene expression arrays. Diaphragm from diabetic rats had 105 genes with at least +/-2-fold significantly changed expression (55 increased, 50 decreased), and these were assigned to gene ontology groups based on over-representation analysis using DAVID software. There was increased expression of genes involved in palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity (a component of lipid metabolism) (P = 0.037, n = 2 genes, fold change 4.2 to 27.5) and reduced expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism (P = 0.000061, n = 8 genes, fold change -2.0 to -8.5). Other gene ontology groups among upregulated genes were protein ubiquitination (P = 0.0053, n = 4, fold change 2.2 to 3.4), oxidoreductase activity (P = 0.024, n = 8, fold change 2.1 to 6.0), and morphogenesis (P = 0.012, n = 10, fold change 2.1 to 4.3). Other downregulated gene groups were extracellular region (including extracellular matrix and collagen) (P = 0.00032, n = 13, fold change -2.2 to -3.7) and organogenesis (P = 0.032, n = 7, fold change -2.1 to -3.7). Real-time PCR confirmed the directionality of changes in gene expression for 30 of 31 genes tested. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that in diaphragm muscle type 1 diabetes increases expression of genes involved in lipid energetics, oxidative stress and protein ubiquitination, decreases expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and has little effect on expression of ion channel genes. Reciprocal changes in expression of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism may change the availability of energetic substrates and thereby directly modulate fatigue resistance, an important issue for a muscle like the diaphragm which needs to contract without rest for the entire lifetime of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Lunteren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Bugger H, Chen D, Riehle C, Soto J, Theobald HA, Hu XX, Ganesan B, Weimer BC, Abel ED. Tissue-specific remodeling of the mitochondrial proteome in type 1 diabetic akita mice. Diabetes 2009; 58:1986-97. [PMID: 19542201 PMCID: PMC2731527 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the molecular basis for mitochondrial dysfunction, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mitochondrial matrix and membrane fractions were generated from liver, brain, heart, and kidney of wild-type and type 1 diabetic Akita mice. Comparative proteomics was performed using label-free proteome expression analysis. Mitochondrial state 3 respirations and ATP synthesis were measured, and mitochondrial morphology was evaluated by electron microscopy. Expression of genes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, substrate utilization, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were determined. RESULTS In diabetic mice, fatty acid oxidation (FAO) proteins were less abundant in liver mitochondria, whereas FAO protein content was induced in mitochondria from all other tissues. Kidney mitochondria showed coordinate induction of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes, whereas TCA cycle proteins were repressed in cardiac mitochondria. Levels of OXPHOS subunits were coordinately increased in liver mitochondria, whereas mitochondria of other tissues were unaffected. Mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and morphology were unaffected in liver and kidney mitochondria. In contrast, state 3 respirations, ATP synthesis, and mitochondrial cristae density were decreased in cardiac mitochondria and were accompanied by coordinate repression of OXPHOS and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Type 1 diabetes causes tissue-specific remodeling of the mitochondrial proteome. Preservation of mitochondrial function in kidney, brain, and liver, versus mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart, supports a central role for mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bugger
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Christian Riehle
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jamie Soto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Heather A. Theobald
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Xiao X. Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Corresponding author: E. Dale Abel,
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Benter IF, Benboubetra M, Hollins AJ, Yousif MHM, Canatan H, Akhtar S. Early inhibition of EGFR signaling prevents diabetes-induced up-regulation of multiple gene pathways in the mesenteric vasculature. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 51:236-45. [PMID: 19577003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with vascular complications including an impairment of vascular function and alterations in the reactivity of blood vessels to vasoactive hormones. However, the signaling mechanisms leading to vascular dysfunction in diabetes are not fully understood. This microarray-based study was designed to identify differential gene expression between the normal and diabetic mesenteric vasculature and to investigate the effect of inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling on global gene expression in the mesenteric bed of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Transcriptome analysis was performed in triplicate using oligonucleotide microarrays housing 10,000 rat genes on the mesenteric bed of normal, diabetic, and diabetic rats treated with AG1478, a selective inhibitor of EGFR. Four weeks of diabetes led to a profound alteration in gene expression within the mesenteric bed with 1167 of the 3074 annotated genes being up-regulated and 141 genes down-regulated by at least 2-fold. The up-regulated gene ontologies included receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein coupled receptors and ion channel activity. In particular, significant overexpressions of colipase, phospholipase A2, carboxypeptidases, and receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, erbB2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor were observed in diabetes mesenteric vasculature. A 4-week intraperitoneal treatment of diabetic animals with AG1478 (1.2 mg/kg/alt diem) beginning on the same day as STZ injection prevented up-regulation of the majority (approximately 95%) of the genes associated with STZ diabetes including those apparently "unrelated" to the known EGFR pathway without correction of hyperglycemia. These results suggest that activation of EGFR signaling is a key initiating step that leads to induction of multiple signaling pathways in the development of diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. Thus, therapeutic targeting of EGFR may represent a novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim F Benter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
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Lai Y, Eckenrode SE, She JX. A statistical framework for integrating two microarray data sets in differential expression analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10 Suppl 1:S23. [PMID: 19208123 PMCID: PMC2648727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-s1-s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different microarray data sets can be collected for studying the same or similar diseases. We expect to achieve a more efficient analysis of differential expression if an efficient statistical method can be developed for integrating different microarray data sets. Although many statistical methods have been proposed for data integration, the genome-wide concordance of different data sets has not been well considered in the analysis. RESULTS Before considering data integration, it is necessary to evaluate the genome-wide concordance so that misleading results can be avoided. Based on the test results, different subsequent actions are suggested. The evaluation of genome-wide concordance and the data integration can be achieved based on the normal distribution based mixture models. CONCLUSION The results from our simulation study suggest that misleading results can be generated if the genome-wide concordance issue is not appropriately considered. Our method provides a rigorous parametric solution. The results also show that our method is robust to certain model misspecification and is practically useful for the integrative analysis of differential expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglei Lai
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, 2140 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Sarah E Eckenrode
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th street, CA4098, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th street, CA4098, GA 30912, USA
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Hiromura M, Adachi Y, Machida M, Hattori M, Sakurai H. Glucose lowering activity by oral administration of bis(allixinato)oxidovanadium(iv) complex in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and gene expression profiling in their skeletal muscles. Metallomics 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b815384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Glutathione peroxidase 3 mediates the antioxidant effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human skeletal muscle cells. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:20-30. [PMID: 18936159 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00544-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus and in diabetic vascular complications. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonists, improve insulin sensitivity and are currently used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we show that TZD prevents oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells, as indicated by the increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and insulin signaling. Importantly, TZD-mediated activation of PPARgamma induces gene expression of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), which reduces extracellular H(2)O(2) levels causing insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Inhibition of GPx3 expression prevents the antioxidant effects of TZDs on insulin action in oxidative stress-induced insulin-resistant cells, suggesting that GPx3 is required for the regulation of PPARgamma-mediated antioxidant effects. Furthermore, reduced plasma GPx3 levels were found in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in db/db/DIO mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the antioxidant effect of PPARgamma is exclusively mediated by GPx3 and further imply that GPx3 may be a therapeutic target for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.
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Stirban A, Rösen P, Tschoepe D. Complications of type 1 diabetes: new molecular findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 75:328-51. [DOI: 10.1002/msj.20057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Han SH, Yang S, Jung DS, Li JJ, Kim JJ, Kwak SJ, Kim DK, Moon SJ, Lee JE, Han DS, Kang SW. Gene expression patterns in glucose-stimulated podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:514-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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van Lunteren E, Moyer M. Oxidoreductase, morphogenesis, extracellular matrix, and calcium ion-binding gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E759-68. [PMID: 17566115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00191.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes has far-ranging effects on cardiac structure and function. Previous gene expression studies of the heart in animal models of type 1 diabetes concur that there is altered expression of genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism, but they diverge with regard to expression changes involving many other functional groups of genes of mechanistic importance in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction. To obtain additional information about these controversial areas, genome-wide expression was assessed using microarrays in left ventricle from streptozotocin-diabetic and normal rats. There were 261 genes with statistically significant altered expression of at least +/-1.5-fold, of which 124 were increased and 137 reduced by diabetes. Gene ontology assignment testing identified several statistical significantly overrepresented groups among genes with altered expression, which differed for increased compared with reduced expression. Relevant gene groups with increased expression by diabetes included lipid metabolism (P < 0.001, n = 13 genes, fold change 1.5 to 14.6) and oxidoreductase activity (P < 0.001, n = 17, fold change 1.5 to 4.6). Groups with reduced expression by diabetes included morphogenesis (P < 0.00001, n = 28, fold change -1.5 to -5.1), extracellular matrix (P < 0.02, n = 9, fold change -1.5 to -3.9), cell adhesion (P < 0.05, n = 10, fold change -1.5 to -2.7), and calcium ion binding (P < 0.01, n = 13, fold change -1.5 to -3.0). Array findings were verified by quantitative PCR for 36 genes. These data combined with previous findings strengthen the evidence for diabetes-induced cardiac gene expression changes involved in cell growth and development, oxidoreductase activity, and the extracellular matrix and also point out other gene groups not previously identified as being affected, such as those involved in calcium ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik van Lunteren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Makino H, Miyamoto Y, Sawai K, Mori K, Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Yoshimasa Y, Suga SI. Altered gene expression related to glomerulogenesis and podocyte structure in early diabetic nephropathy of db/db mice and its restoration by pioglitazone. Diabetes 2006; 55:2747-56. [PMID: 17003339 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular injury plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic glomerulopathy, we compared glomerular gene expression profiles of db/db mice with those of db/m control mice at a normoalbuminuric stage characterized by hyperglycemia and at an early stage of diabetic nephropathy with elevated albuminuria, using cDNA microarray. In db/db mice at the normoalbuminuric stage, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), ephrin B2, glomerular epithelial protein 1, and Pod-1, which play key roles in glomerulogenesis, were already upregulated in parallel with an alteration of genes related to glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. Podocyte structure-related genes, actinin 4alpha and dystroglycan 1 (DG1), were also significantly upregulated at an early stage. The alteration in the expression of these genes was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Through pioglitazone treatment, gene expression of ephrin B2, Pod-1, actinin 4alpha, and DG1, as well as that of oxidative stress and lipid metabolism, was restored concomitant with attenuation of albuminuria. In addition, HIF-1alpha protein expression was partially attenuated by pioglitazone. These results suggest that not only metabolic alteration and oxidative stress, but also the alteration of gene expression related to glomerulogenesis and podocyte structure, may be involved in the pathogenesis of early diabetic glomerulopathy in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Makino
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Diabetes, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita City, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Hsieh TJ, Chen R, Zhang SL, Liu F, Brezniceanu ML, Whiteside CI, Fantus IG, Ingelfinger JR, Hamet P, Chan JSD. Upregulation of osteopontin gene expression in diabetic rat proximal tubular cells revealed by microarray profiling. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1005-15. [PMID: 16528250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Progression of diabetic nephropathy appears directly related to renal tubulointerstitial injury, but the involved genes are incompletely delineated. To identify such genes, DNA microarray analysis was performed with RNA from renal proximal tubules (RPTs) of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats, spontaneously diabetic BioBreeding rats, and rat immortalized renal proximal tubular cells (IRPTCs) exposed to high glucose (25 mM) medium for 2 weeks. Osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression was quantified by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). OPN mRNA expression was upregulated (5-70-fold increase) in diabetic rat RPTs and in IRPTCs chronically exposed to high glucose compared to control RPTs and IRPTCs. High glucose, angiotensin II, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) stimulated OPN mRNA expression in IRPTCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was inhibited by tiron, taurine, diphenylene iodinium, losartan, perindopril, calphostin C, or LY 379196 but not PD123319. IRPTCs overexpressing dominant-negative protein kinase C-beta 1 (PKC-beta1) cDNA or antisense TGF-beta1 cDNA prevented the high glucose effect on OPN mRNA expression. We concluded that high glucose-mediated increases in OPN gene expression in diabetic rat RPTs and IRPTCs are mediated, at least in part, via reactive oxygen species generation, intrarenal rennin-angiotensin system activation, TGF-beta1 expression, and PKC-beta1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-J Hsieh
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôtel-Dieu, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Takemoto M, He L, Norlin J, Patrakka J, Xiao Z, Petrova T, Bondjers C, Asp J, Wallgard E, Sun Y, Samuelsson T, Mostad P, Lundin S, Miura N, Sado Y, Alitalo K, Quaggin SE, Tryggvason K, Betsholtz C. Large-scale identification of genes implicated in kidney glomerulus development and function. EMBO J 2006; 25:1160-74. [PMID: 16498405 PMCID: PMC1409724 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To advance our understanding of development, function and diseases in the kidney glomerulus, we have established and large-scale sequenced cDNA libraries from mouse glomeruli at different stages of development, resulting in a catalogue of 6053 different genes. The glomerular cDNA clones were arrayed and hybridized against a series of labeled targets from isolated glomeruli, non-glomerular kidney tissue, FACS-sorted podocytes and brain capillaries, which identified over 300 glomerular cell-enriched transcripts, some of which were further sublocalized to podocytes, mesangial cells and juxtaglomerular cells by in situ hybridization. For the earliest podocyte marker identified, Foxc2, knockout mice were used to analyze the role of this protein during glomerular development. We show that Foxc2 controls the expression of a distinct set of podocyte genes involved in podocyte differentiation and glomerular basement membrane maturation. The primary podocyte defects also cause abnormal differentiation and organization of the glomerular vascular cells. We surmise that studies on the other novel glomerulus-enriched transcripts identified in this study will provide new insight into glomerular development and pathomechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takemoto
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Norlin
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhijie Xiao
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Petrova
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cecilia Bondjers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Julia Asp
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wallgard
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tore Samuelsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Petter Mostad
- Department of Mathematical Statistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Lundin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sado
- Division of Immunology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Matrix Biology, House A3, Plan 4, Scheeles vag 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46 8 5248 7960; Fax: +46 8 313445; E-mail:
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Susztak K, Böttinger EP. Diabetic Nephropathy: A Frontier for Personalized Medicine: Figure 1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:361-7. [PMID: 16407421 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DNP) develops after latency periods that may vary by several years in approximately one third of patients with diabetes. This diabetic complication is a complex disorder whereby various genetic and environmental factors determine susceptibility and progression to ESRD. Despite rapid research progress, robust predictors to assess prospectively with high precision the risk for DNP in individuals with diabetes are still lacking. Thus, currently available therapies are usually initiated at more advanced stages of DNP characterized by clinically overt manifestations, including increased urinary albumin excretion and decreased glomerular filtration. In addition, although these interventions have proven efficacy in slowing the progression of DNP, they typically cannot prevent ESRD. New insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the origin and progression of DNP are emerging rapidly from advanced large-scale genetic and molecular studies in experimental models and humans. Thus, genetic loci that confer risk for albuminuria and/or progression of kidney disease associated with diabetes are being refined to identify the relevant genetic variants in specific genes. Molecular mRNA profiles that are obtained through microarray screens are being validated to elucidate further their potential as molecular markers and to identify new targets for novel preventive or therapeutic approaches aiming at curing DNP. The challenge before the field is to translate the large amount of new genetic and molecular data to empower clinicians and investigators with reliable predictors of DNP for improved design of preventive clinical trials and for individualized clinical management for millions of individuals affected by diabetes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Susztak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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35
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Norris AW, Kahn CR. Analysis of gene expression in pathophysiological states: balancing false discovery and false negative rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:649-53. [PMID: 16407153 PMCID: PMC1334678 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-microarray technology, which allows the simultaneous measurement of the expression of tens of thousands of genes, has become an important tool in the study of disease. In disorders such as malignancy, gene expression often undergoes broad changes of sizable magnitude, whereas in many common multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis, the changes in gene expression are modest. In the latter circumstance, it is therefore challenging to distinguish the truly changing from non-changing genes, especially because statistical significance must be considered in the context of multiple hypothesis testing. Here, we present a balanced probability analysis (BPA), which provides the biologist with an approach to interpret results in the context of the total number of genes truly differentially expressed and false discovery and false negative rates for the list of genes reaching any significance threshold. In situations where the changes are of modest magnitude, sole consideration of the false discovery rate can result in poor power to detect genes truly differentially expressed. Concomitant analysis of the rate of truly differentially expressed genes not identified, i.e., the false negative rate, allows balancing of the two error rates and a more thorough insight into the data. To this end, we have developed a unique, model-based procedure for the estimation of false negative rates, which allows application of BPA to real data in which changes are modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Norris
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Wilson KHS, McIndoe RA, Eckenrode S, Morel L, Agarwal A, Croker BP, She JX. Alterations of renal phenotype and gene expression profiles due to protein overload in NOD-related mouse strains. BMC Nephrol 2005; 6:17. [PMID: 16371158 PMCID: PMC1334202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite multiple causes, Chronic Kidney Disease is commonly associated with proteinuria. A previous study on Non Obese Diabetic mice (NOD), which spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes, described histological and gene expression changes incurred by diabetes in the kidney. Because proteinuria is coincident to diabetes, the effects of proteinuria are difficult to distinguish from those of other factors such as hyperglycemia. Proteinuria can nevertheless be induced in mice by peritoneal injection of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). To gain more information on the specific effects of proteinuria, this study addresses renal changes in diabetes resistant NOD-related mouse strains (NON and NOD.B10) that were made to develop proteinuria by BSA overload. METHODS Proteinuria was induced by protein overload on NON and NOD.B10 mouse strains and histology and microarray technology were used to follow the kidney response. The effects of proteinuria were assessed and subsequently compared to changes that were observed in a prior study on NOD diabetic nephropathy. RESULTS Overload treatment significantly modified the renal phenotype and out of 5760 clones screened, 21 and 7 kidney transcripts were respectively altered in the NON and NOD.B10. Upregulated transcripts encoded signal transduction genes, as well as markers for inflammation (Calmodulin kinase beta). Down-regulated transcripts included FKBP52 which was also down-regulated in diabetic NOD kidney. Comparison of transcripts altered by proteinuria to those altered by diabetes identified mannosidase 2 alpha 1 as being more specifically induced by proteinuria. CONCLUSION By simulating a component of diabetes, and looking at the global response on mice resistant to the disease, by virtue of a small genetic difference, we were able to identify key factors in disease progression. This suggests the power of this approach in unraveling multifactorial disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen HS Wilson
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Kristinebergs Marina Forksningsstation, Fiskebackskil, SE-45034, Sweden
| | - Richard A McIndoe
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
| | - Sarah Eckenrode
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- MD Division of Nephrology, ZRB 614, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Byron P Croker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15Street, PV6B108, Augusta, GA 30912-2400, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Wu J, Su D, Lu WJ, Hwang MT, Yang G, Li S, Wei M, Davis L, Breyer MD, Guan Y. Liver X receptor agonist TO-901317 upregulates SCD1 expression in renal proximal straight tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 290:F1065-73. [PMID: 16368743 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00131.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRalpha and LXRbeta, are intracellular sterol sensors that regulate expression of genes controlling fatty acid and cholesterol absorption, excretion, catabolism, and cellular efflux. Because the kidney plays an important role in lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia accelerates renal damage, we investigated the effect of TO-901317, an LXR agonist, on the gene expression profile in mouse kidney. Treatment of C57 Bl/6 mice with TO-901317 (3 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) for 3 days resulted in 51 transcripts that were significantly regulated in the kidney. Among them, the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) was upregulated most dramatically. Northern blot analysis revealed that SCD1 mRNA levels were markedly higher than that in control kidneys. Enhanced SCD1 expression by TO-901317 also resulted in increased fatty acid desaturation in the kidney. In control mice, constitutive renal SCD1 expression was low; however, TO-901317 treatment markedly increased SCD1 expression in the outer stripe of the outer medulla as assessed by both in situ hybridization and immunostain. Double-labeling studies further indicated that SCD1 mRNA was selectively expressed in proximal straight tubules negative for aquaporin-2 and Tamm-Horsfall protein. In vitro studies in cultured murine proximal tubule cells further demonstrated that LXR activation enhanced SCD1 transcription via increased sterol regulatory element binding protein-1. Taken together, these data suggest LXR activation of SCD1 expression may play an important role in regulating lipid metabolism and cell function in renal proximal straight tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, S-3223 MCN, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2372, USA
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Liang M, Cowley AW, Hessner MJ, Lazar J, Basile DP, Pietrusz JL. Transcriptome analysis and kidney research: Toward systems biology. Kidney Int 2005; 67:2114-22. [PMID: 15882254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An enormous amount of data has been generated in kidney research using transcriptome analysis techniques. In this review article, we first describe briefly the principles and major characteristics of several of these techniques. We then summarize the progress in kidney research that has been made by using transcriptome analysis, emphasizing the experience gained and the lessons learned. Several technical issues regarding DNA microarray are highlighted because of the rapidly increased use of this technology. It appears clear from this brief survey that transcriptome analysis is an effective and important tool for question-driven exploratory science. To further enhance the power of this and other high throughput, as well as conventional approaches, in future studies of the kidney, we propose a multidimensional systems biology paradigm that integrates investigation at multiple levels of biologic regulation toward the goal of achieving a global understanding of physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Knoll KE, Pietrusz JL, Liang M. Tissue-specific transcriptome responses in rats with early streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Physiol Genomics 2005; 21:222-9. [PMID: 15713786 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00231.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of common and tissue-specific molecular alterations in diabetes, particularly at early stages, is limited and fragmental. In the present study, we systematically compared transcriptome responses in four important diabetic target tissues in rats with 2 wk of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. At this stage of diabetes, the skeletal muscle exhibited the highest transcriptome sensitivity to the STZ treatment with nearly 17% of the transcriptome being altered (false discovery rate, 1.6%) compared with approximately 3% in the cardiac left ventricle, renal cortex, and retina. Similarity in transcriptome response among tissues was low, with the highest similarity being 2.2% between skeletal muscle and the left ventricle. Several biological processes or cellular components, such as lipid metabolism in the left ventricle and collagen in the renal cortex, were significantly overrepresented in the responsive genes than in the entire array. Particularly interesting cases of common or tissue-specific regulation included decorin and CD36, which were upregulated in several tissues, and serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase and four and a half LIM domains 2, which were upregulated only in the renal cortex. Further biochemical analyses indicated that the thiol and oxidative stress pathway was altered in a tissue-specific manner at several levels including transcript abundance, content of reduced thiols, and lipid peroxidation, providing an example of the potential biological relevance of tissue-specific transcript regulation. These results provided a transcriptome-wide view of the molecular alterations across several key tissues in early diabetes. It appears that both common pathways and, perhaps more importantly, tissue-specific mechanisms are involved in the adaptation to diabetes or the initiation of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Knoll
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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40
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Abstract
The study of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rodent models has led to many changes in the clinical management of human diabetic nephropathy. With the development of technology to generate knockout and transgenic animals, the mouse has become a favored species in medical research. There are several genetic mouse models of diabetes, with the majority being models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These include the hypoinsulinemic nonobese diabetic mouse, the KKAy mouse, the New Zealand obese mouse, the hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mouse, and the different strains of obese hyperinsulinemic db/db mouse. Each of these models displays some renal changes, but by far the best model of renal disease and the one that is the most studied is the db/db mouse. The db/db mouse displays substantial glomerular pathology, including mesangial matrix expansion and modest albuminuria. It has been reported that the db/db mouse has a decline in creatinine clearance after 5 months of age, but more specific approaches are warranted to confirm these findings. A number of intervention studies show renoprotection in this model. Although mice have many advantages, such as being able to be crossbred with genetically manipulated animals, in many ways they are not very similar to humans, and in some respects the rat may be a better choice, particularly in relation to some features of end-organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri J Allen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Breyer MD, Böttinger E, Brosius FC, Coffman TM, Harris RC, Heilig CW, Sharma K. Mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 16:27-45. [PMID: 15563560 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice provide an experimental model of unparalleled flexibility for studying mammalian diseases. Inbred strains of mice exhibit substantial differences in their susceptibility to the renal complications of diabetes. Much remains to be established regarding the course of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in mice as well as defining those strains and/or mutants that are most susceptible to renal injury from diabetes. Through the use of the unique genetic reagents available in mice (including knockouts and transgenics), the validation of a mouse model reproducing human DN should significantly facilitate the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that contribute to the development of DN. Establishment of an authentic mouse model of DN will undoubtedly facilitate testing of translational diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in mice before testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Breyer
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, S3223 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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42
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Dhaunsi GS, Bitar MS. Antioxidants attenuate diabetes-induced activation of peroxisomal functions in the rat kidney. J Biomed Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02256120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Allen TJ, Cooper ME, Lan HY. Use of genetic mouse models in the study of diabetic nephropathy. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6:197-202. [PMID: 15068744 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-004-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rodent models has led to many changes in the clinical management of human diabetic nephropathy. With the development of technology to generate knockout and transgenic animals, the mouse has become a favored species in medical research. There are several genetic mouse models of diabetes, with the majority being models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. These include the hypoinsulinemic non-obese diabetic mouse, the Kkay mouse, the New Zealand obese mouse, the hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mouse, and the different strains of obese hyperinsulinemic db/db mouse. Each of these models displays some renal changes, but by far the best model of renal disease and the one that is the most studied is the db/db mouse. The db/db mouse displays substantial glomerular pathology, including mesangial matrix expansion and modest albuminuria. It has been reported that the db/db mouse has a decline in creatinine clearance after 5 months of age, but more specific approaches are warranted to confirm these findings. A number of intervention studies show renoprotection in this model. Although mice have many advantages, such as being able to be cross-bred with genetically manipulated animals, in many ways they are not very similar to humans, and in some respects the rat may be a better choice, particularly in relation to some features of end-organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri J Allen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, N520, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Susztak K, Böttinger E, Novetsky A, Liang D, Zhu Y, Ciccone E, Wu D, Dunn S, McCue P, Sharma K. Molecular profiling of diabetic mouse kidney reveals novel genes linked to glomerular disease. Diabetes 2004; 53:784-94. [PMID: 14988265 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.53.3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To describe gene expression changes that characterize the development of diabetic nephropathy, we performed microarray and phenotype analysis on kidneys from db/db mice (a model of type 2 diabetes), streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice (a model of type 1 diabetes), and nondiabetic controls. Statistical comparisons were implemented based on phenotypic outcome characteristics of the animals. We used weighted vote-based supervised analytical methods to find genes whose expression can classify samples based on the presence or absence of mesangial matrix expansion, the best indicator for the development of end-stage renal disease in humans. We identified hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3beta isotype 4 and osteopontin as lead classifier genes in relation to the mesangial matrix expansion phenotype. We used the expression levels of these genes in the kidney to classify a separate group of animals for the absence or presence of diabetic glomerulopathy with a high degree of precision. Immunohistochemical analysis of murine and human diabetic kidney samples showed that both markers were expressed in podocytes in the glomeruli and followed regulation similar to that observed in the microarray. The application of phenotype-based statistical modeling approaches has led to the identification of new markers for the development of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Li JZ, Vawter MP, Walsh DM, Tomita H, Evans SJ, Choudary PV, Lopez JF, Avelar A, Shokoohi V, Chung T, Mesarwi O, Jones EG, Watson SJ, Akil H, Bunney WE, Myers RM. Systematic changes in gene expression in postmortem human brains associated with tissue pH and terminal medical conditions. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:609-16. [PMID: 14734628 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of gene expression abnormalities in psychiatric or neurological disorders often involve the use of postmortem brain tissue. Compared with single-cell organisms or clonal cell lines, the biological environment and medical history of human subjects cannot be controlled, and are often difficult to document fully. The chance of finding significant and replicable changes depends on the nature and magnitude of the observed variations among the studied subjects. During an analysis of gene expression changes in mood disorders, we observed a remarkable degree of natural variation among 120 samples, which represented three brain regions in 40 subjects. Most of such diversity can be accounted for by two distinct expression patterns, which in turn are strongly correlated with tissue pH. Individuals who suffered prolonged agonal states, such as with respiratory arrest, multi-organ failure or coma, tended to have lower pH in the brain; whereas those who experienced brief deaths, associated with accidents, cardiac events or asphyxia, generally had normal pH. The lower pH samples exhibited a systematic decrease in expression of genes involved in energy metabolism and proteolytic activities, and a consistent increase of genes encoding stress-response proteins and transcription factors. This functional specificity of changed genes suggests that the difference is not merely due to random RNA degradation in low pH samples; rather it reflects a broad and actively coordinated biological response in living cells. These findings shed light on critical molecular mechanisms that are engaged during different forms of terminal stress, and may suggest clinical targets of protection or restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Z Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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Davoodi-Semiromi A, Laloraya M, Kumar GP, Purohit S, Jha RK, She JX. A mutant Stat5b with weaker DNA binding affinity defines a key defective pathway in nonobese diabetic mice. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:11553-61. [PMID: 14701862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of cytokines that finely regulate immune response have been implicated in the pathogenesis or protection of type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. It is, therefore, of pivotal importance to examine a family of proteins that serve as signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), which regulate the transcription of a variety of cytokines. We report here a defective gene (Stat5b) located on chromosome 11 within a previously mapped T1D susceptibility interval (Idd4) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Our sequencing analysis revealed a unique mutation C1462A that results in a leucine to methionine (L327M) in Stat5b of NOD mice. Leu(327), the first residue in the DNA binding domain of STAT proteins, is conserved in all identified mammalian STAT proteins. Homology modeling predicted that the mutant Stat5b has a weaker DNA binding, which was confirmed by DNA-protein binding assays. The inapt transcriptional regulation ability of the mutated Stat5b is proved by decreased levels of RNA of Stat5b-regulated genes (IL-2Rbeta and Pim1). Consequently, IL-2Rbeta and Pim1 proteins were shown by Western blotting to have lower levels in NOD compared with normal B6 mice. These proteins have been implicated in immune regulation, apoptosis, activation-induced cell death, and control of autoimmunity. Therefore, the Stat5b pathway is a key molecular defect in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoreza Davoodi-Semiromi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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