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Handley D, Rafey MF, Almansoori S, Brazil JF, McCarthy A, Amin HA, O’Donnell M, Blakemore AI, Finucane FM. Higher Waist Hip Ratio Genetic Risk Score Is Associated with Reduced Weight Loss in Patients with Severe Obesity Completing a Meal Replacement Programme. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111881. [PMID: 36579607 PMCID: PMC9695448 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A better understanding of the influence of genetic factors on the response to lifestyle interventions in people with obesity may allow the development of more personalised, effective and efficient therapeutic strategies. We sought to determine the influence of six obesity-related genetic risk scores on the magnitude of weight lost by patients with severe obesity who completed a dietary intervention. Methods: In this single-centre prospective cohort study, participants with severe and complicated obesity who completed a 24-week, milk-based meal replacement programme were genotyped to detect the frequency of common risk alleles for obesity and type 2 diabetes-related traits. Genetic risk scores (GRS) for six of these traits were derived. Participants with a potentially deleterious monogenic gene variant were excluded from the analysis. Results: In 93 patients completing the programme who were not carrying a known obesity-related gene mutation, 35.5% had diabetes, 53.8% were female, mean age was 51.4 ± 11 years, mean body mass index was 51.5 ± 8.7 and mean total weight loss percent at 24 weeks was 16 ± 6.3%. The waist-hip ratio (WHR) GRS was inversely associated with percentage total weight loss at 24 weeks (adjusted β for one standard deviation increase in WHR GRS -11.6 [-23.0, -0.3], p = 0.045), and patients in the lowest tertile of WHR GRS lost more weight. Conclusions: Patients with severe and complicated obesity with a genetic predisposition to central fat accumulation had less weight loss in a 24-week milk-based meal replacement programme, but there was no evidence for influence from the five other obesity-related genetic risk scores on the response to dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Handley
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Mohammed Faraz Rafey
- Bariatric Medicine Service, Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Sumaya Almansoori
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
- International Centre for Forensic Science, General Department of Forensic Science and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai 00000, United Arab Emirates
| | - John F. Brazil
- Bariatric Medicine Service, Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Aisling McCarthy
- Bariatric Medicine Service, Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
| | - Hasnat A. Amin
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Martin O’Donnell
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Alexandra I. Blakemore
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Francis M. Finucane
- College of Health, Medical and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK
- Bariatric Medicine Service, Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(39)-1893803
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SARZYNSKI MARKA, RICE TREVAK, DESPRÉS JEANPIERRE, PÉRUSSE LOUIS, TREMBLAY ANGELO, STANFORTH PHILIPR, TCHERNOF ANDRÉ, BARBER JACOBL, FALCIANI FRANCESCO, CLISH CLARY, ROBBINS JEREMYM, GHOSH SUJOY, GERSZTEN ROBERTE, LEON ARTHURS, SKINNER JAMESS, RAO DC, BOUCHARD CLAUDE. The HERITAGE Family Study: A Review of the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiometabolic Health, with Insights into Molecular Transducers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:S1-S43. [PMID: 35611651 PMCID: PMC9012529 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the HERITAGE Family Study was to investigate individual differences in response to a standardized endurance exercise program, the role of familial aggregation, and the genetics of response levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors. Here we summarize the findings and their potential implications for cardiometabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness. It begins with overviews of background and planning, recruitment, testing and exercise program protocol, quality control measures, and other relevant organizational issues. A summary of findings is then provided on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise hemodynamics, insulin and glucose metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, adiposity and abdominal visceral fat, blood levels of steroids and other hormones, markers of oxidative stress, skeletal muscle morphology and metabolic indicators, and resting metabolic rate. These summaries document the extent of the individual differences in response to a standardized and fully monitored endurance exercise program and document the importance of familial aggregation and heritability level for exercise response traits. Findings from genomic markers, muscle gene expression studies, and proteomic and metabolomics explorations are reviewed, along with lessons learned from a bioinformatics-driven analysis pipeline. The new opportunities being pursued in integrative -omics and physiology have extended considerably the expected life of HERITAGE and are being discussed in relation to the original conceptual model of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK A. SARZYNSKI
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - TREVA K. RICE
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - JEAN-PIERRE DESPRÉS
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - LOUIS PÉRUSSE
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - ANGELO TREMBLAY
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - PHILIP R. STANFORTH
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - ANDRÉ TCHERNOF
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - JACOB L. BARBER
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - FRANCESCO FALCIANI
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - CLARY CLISH
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - JEREMY M. ROBBINS
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - SUJOY GHOSH
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, SINGAPORE
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - ROBERT E. GERSZTEN
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - ARTHUR S. LEON
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - D. C. RAO
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - CLAUDE BOUCHARD
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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3
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Guerra-García MT, Moreno-Macías H, Ochoa-Guzmán A, Ordoñez-Sánchez ML, Rodríguez-Guillen R, Vázquez-Cárdenas P, Ortíz-Ortega VM, Peimbert-Torres M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Tusié-Luna MT. The -514C>T polymorphism in the LIPC gene modifies type 2 diabetes risk through modulation of HDL-cholesterol levels in Mexicans. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:557-565. [PMID: 32617858 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are very prevalent conditions among Mexicans. Genetic variants in the LIPC gene have been associated with both conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the -514C < T (rs1800588) LIPC gene polymorphism with different metabolic traits, particularly the effects of this polymorphism on HDL-C plasma levels and T2D risk. METHODS Mediation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of the -514C>T LIPC gene variant on HDL-C levels, T2D risk, and body mass index (BMI), in 2105 Mexican mestizo participants. We also assessed the functional effect of the -514C>T LIPC variant on the promoter activity of a reporter gene in the HepG2 cell line. RESULTS Direct effects show that the -514C>T LIPC polymorphism is significantly associated with increased HDL-C plasma levels (β = 0.03; p < 0.001). The -514C>T variant resulted in an indirect protective effect on T2D risk through increasing HDL-C levels (β = - 0.03; p < 0.001). Marginal direct association between -514C>T and T2D was found (β = 0.08; p = 0.06). Variables directly influencing T2D status were European ethnicity (β = - 7.20; p < 0.001), age (β = 0.04; p < 0.001), gender (β = - 0.15; p = 0.017) and HDL-C (β = - 1.07; p < 0.001). In addition, we found that the -514C>T variant decreases the activity of LIPC promoter by 90% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The -514C>T polymorphism was not directly associated with T2D risk. HDL-C acts as a mediator between -514C>T LIPC gene variant and T2D risk in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Guerra-García
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Moreno-Macías
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
- Economy Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Ochoa-Guzmán
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M L Ordoñez-Sánchez
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Rodríguez-Guillen
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Vázquez-Cárdenas
- Obesity Clinic, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - V M Ortíz-Ortega
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Peimbert-Torres
- Nature Sciences Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C A Aguilar-Salinas
- Division of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M T Tusié-Luna
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Genomic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga #15, Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Univesidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Silbernagel G, Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, Delgado G, Stojakovic T, Laaksonen R, Erdmann J, Rankinen T, Bouchard C, Landmesser U, Schunkert H, März W, Grammer TB. LDL triglycerides, hepatic lipase activity, and coronary artery disease: An epidemiologic and Mendelian randomization study. Atherosclerosis 2019; 282:37-44. [PMID: 30685440 PMCID: PMC6401295 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) triglycerides have been associated with prevalent angiographic coronary artery disease. The present analysis was designed to investigate the association of LDL triglycerides with cardiovascular mortality and to explore possible mechanisms that may link LDL triglycerides to cardiovascular risk. METHODS LDL triglycerides were measured in 3140 participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. They were prospectively followed for cardiovascular mortality (median duration 9.9 years). Genome wide association data for LDL triglycerides were available for 2900 LURIC participants. Genetic data and measurements of hepatic lipase activity were available for 478 participants of the HERITAGE Family study. Genome wide association data for cardiovascular disease were available for 184,305 participants of the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D consortium. RESULTS There was a continuous positive association between LDL triglycerides and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio for 5th vs. 1st quintile = 2.53, p < 0.001) and this association was similar in males and females. Genome wide association analysis in LURIC revealed that LDL triglycerides were strongly associated with variation in the hepatic lipase region (p < 10-15 for rs1800588 and rs10468017). The LDL triglyceride raising alleles in rs1800588 and rs10468017 were associated with low hepatic lipase activity in HERITAGE and increased cardiovascular risk in CARDIoGRAMplusC4D. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis (HERITAGE and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D) using rs1800588 and rs10468017 as instrumental variable suggested that low hepatic lipase activity may cause increased cardiovascular risk (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Low hepatic lipase activity may link high LDL triglycerides to increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria; Department of Cardiology, Charité Berlin (CBF), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), And DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Zora Biosciences Oy, Espoo, Finland; Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, University of Tampere, Finland; Finnish Clinical Biobank, University Hospital of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany; University Heart Center Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, United States
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, United States
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité Berlin (CBF), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), And DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Lazarettstraße 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried März
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Germany GmbH, P5, 7, 68167, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine 5 (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tanja B Grammer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 7-11, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Andrés-Blasco I, Vinué À, Herrero-Cervera A, Martínez-Hervás S, Nuñez L, Piqueras L, Ascaso JF, Sanz MJ, Burks DJ, González-Navarro H. Hepatic lipase inactivation decreases atherosclerosis in insulin resistance by reducing LIGHT/Lymphotoxin β-Receptor pathway. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:379-93. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-10-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SummaryCoexistence of insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic studies in diabetes have linked Hepatic Lipase (HL) to an enhanced risk of CVD while others indicate a role of HL in inflammatory cells. Thus, we explored the role of HL on atherosclerosis and inflammation in a mouse model of MetS/IR, (apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice) and in patients with MetS and IR. HL-deficiency in apoE-/-Irs2+/- mice reduced atheroma size, plaque vulnerability, leukocyte infiltration and macrophage proliferation. Compared with apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL+/+ mice, MCP1, TNFa and IL6 plasma levels, pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and activated(CD69+)-T lymphocytes were also decreased in apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mice. The LIGHT (Tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14, TNFSF14)/ Lymphotoxin β-Receptor(LTβ-R) pathway, which is involved in T-cell and macrophage activation, was diminished in plasma and in apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mouse atheromas. Treatment of apoE-/-Irs2+/-HL-/- mice with LIGHT increased the number of Ly6Chi-monocytes and lesion size. Acutely LIGHT-treated apoE-/- mice displayed enhanced proliferating Ly6Chi-monocytes and increased activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, suggesting that LIGHT/LTβ-R axis might promote atherogenesis by increasing proinflammatory monocytes and proliferation. Notably, MetS-IR subjects with increased atherosclerosis displayed up-regulation of the LIGHT/LTβ-R axis, enhanced inflammatory monocytes and augmented HL mRNA expression in circulating leukocytes. Thus, HL-deficiency decreases atherosclerosis in MetS/IR states by reducing inflammation and macrophage proliferation which are partly attributed to reduced LIGHT/LTβ-R pathway. These studies identify the LIGHT/LTβ-R axis as a main pathway in atherosclerosis and suggest that its inactivation might ameliorate inflammation and macrophage proliferation associated with atherosclerosis burden in MetS/IR.Supplementary Material to this article is available at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Smith CE, Van Rompay MI, Mattei J, Garcia JF, Garcia-Bailo B, Lichtenstein AH, Tucker KL, Ordovás JM. Dietary fat modulation of hepatic lipase variant -514 C/T for lipids: a crossover randomized dietary intervention trial in Caribbean Hispanics. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:592-600. [PMID: 28939642 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic lipase (LIPC) locus is a well-established determinant of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, an association that is modified by dietary fat in observational studies. Dietary interventions are lacking. We investigated dietary modulation of LIPC rs1800588 (-514 C/T) for lipids and glucose using a randomized crossover design comparing a high-fat Western diet and a low-fat traditional Hispanic diet in individuals of Caribbean Hispanic descent (n = 42, 4 wk/phase). No significant gene-diet interactions were observed for HDL-C. However, differences in dietary response according to LIPC genotype were observed. In major allele carriers (CC/CT), HDL-C (mmol/l) was higher following the Western diet compared with the Hispanic diet: phase 1 (Western: 1.3 ± 0.03; Hispanic: 1.1 ± 0.04; P = 0.0004); phase 2 (Western: 1.4 ± 0.03; Hispanic: 1.2 ± 0.03; P = 0.0003). In contrast, HDL-C in TT individuals did not differ by diet. Only major allele carriers benefited from the higher-fat diet for HDL-C. Secondarily, we explored dietary fat quality and rs1800588 for HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) in a Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) subset matched for diabetes and obesity status (subset n = 384). In the BPRHS, saturated fat was unfavorably associated with HDL-C and TG in rs1800588 TT carriers. LIPC rs1800588 appears to modify plasma lipids in the context of dietary fat. This new evidence of genetic modulation of dietary responses may inform optimal and personalized dietary fat advice and reinforces the importance of studying genetic markers in diet and cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Smith
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; .,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M I Van Rompay
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Mattei
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J F Garcia
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - B Garcia-Bailo
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A H Lichtenstein
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K L Tucker
- Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - J M Ordovás
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; and.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-FOOD), Madrid, Spain
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Brouwers B, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB. Effects of exercise training on intrahepatic lipid content in humans. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2068-79. [PMID: 27393135 PMCID: PMC5016557 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is the most common liver disorder in western society. Various factors may play a role in determining hepatic fat content, such as delivery of lipids to the liver, de novo lipogenesis, hepatic lipid oxidation, secretion of intrahepatic lipids to the circulation or a combination of these. If delivery of lipids to the liver outweighs the sum of hepatic lipid oxidation and secretion, the intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content starts to increase and NAFL may develop. NAFL is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance and a fatty liver increases the vulnerability to type 2 diabetes development. Exercise training is a cornerstone in the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. There is a large body of literature describing the beneficial metabolic consequences of exercise training on skeletal muscle metabolism. Recent studies have started to investigate the effects of exercise training on liver metabolism but data is still limited. Here, first, we briefly discuss the routes by which IHL content is modulated. Second, we review whether and how these contributing routes might be modulated by long-term exercise training. Third, we focus on the effects of acute exercise on IHL metabolism, since exercise also might affect hepatic metabolism in the physically active state. This will give insight into whether the effect of exercise training on IHL could be explained by the accumulated effect of acute bouts of exercise, or whether adaptations might occur only after long-term exercise training. The primary focus of this review will be on observations made in humans. Where human data is missing, data obtained from well-accepted animal models will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Brouwers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center +, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center +, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Andrés-Blasco I, Herrero-Cervera A, Vinué Á, Martínez-Hervás S, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ, Burks DJ, González-Navarro H. Hepatic lipase deficiency produces glucose intolerance, inflammation and hepatic steatosis. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:179-91. [PMID: 26423094 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus constitute a major problem to global health, and their incidence is increasing at an alarming rate. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which affects up to 90% of obese people and nearly 70% of the overweight, is commonly associated with MetS characteristics such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. In the present study, we demonstrate that hepatic lipase (HL)-inactivation in mice fed with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet produced dyslipidemia including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and increased non-esterified fatty acid levels. These changes were accompanied by glucose intolerance, pancreatic and hepatic inflammation and steatosis. In addition, compared with WT mice, HL(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced circulating MCP1 levels, monocytosis and higher percentage of CD4+Th17+ cells. Consistent with increased inflammation, livers from HL(-/-) mice had augmented activation of the stress SAPK/JNK- and p38-pathways compared with the activation levels of the kinases in livers from WT mice. Analysis of HL(-/-) and WT mice fed regular chow diet showed dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance in HL(-/-) mice without any other changes in inflammation or hepatic steatosis. Altogether, these results indicate that dyslipidemia induced by HL-deficiency in combination with a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet promotes hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice which are, at least in part, mediated by the activation of the stress SAPK/JNK- and p38-pathways. Future studies are warranted to asses the viability of therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of these kinases to reduce hepatic steatosis associated to lipase dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Herrero-Cervera
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Ángela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Hervás
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Sanz
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Deborah Jane Burks
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain Institute of Health Research-INCLIVAAvenida Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010 Valencia, SpainEndocrinology and Nutrition Department Clinic Hospital and Department of MedicineUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM)Valencia, SpainDepartment of FarmacologyUniversity of Valencia, Valencia, SpainCentro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia, Spain
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9
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Blazek A, Rutsky J, Osei K, Maiseyeu A, Rajagopalan S. Exercise-mediated changes in high-density lipoprotein: impact on form and function. Am Heart J 2013; 166:392-400. [PMID: 24016485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this systematic review was to assess the current understanding of the effects of exercise intervention on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) and changes in HDL function as well as modification of these effects by genomic factors. The reviewed studies demonstrate that exercise has modest effects on HDL-C with limited data suggesting an effect on HDL function. Genetic polymorphisms in proteins associated with HDL metabolism play a role in modifying the HDL-C response to exercise and possibly its function. Exercise as an intervention for patients at risk for cardiovascular events can lead to small improvements in HDL-C and potential changes in HDL function. There is an important modifier effect of genetics in determining these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Blazek
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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10
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Brinkley TE, Halverstadt A, Phares DA, Ferrell RE, Prigeon RL, Hagberg JM, Goldberg AP. Hepatic lipase gene -514C>T variant is associated with exercise training-induced changes in VLDL and HDL by lipoprotein lipase. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1871-6. [PMID: 21960661 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00567.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to test the hypothesis that a common polymorphism in the hepatic lipase (HL) gene (LIPC -514C>T, rs1800588) influences aerobic exercise training-induced changes in TG, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) through genotype-specific increases in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and that sex may affect these responses. Seventy-six sedentary overweight to obese men and women aged 50-75 yr at risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) underwent a 24-wk prospective study of the LIPC -514 genotype-specific effects of exercise training on lipoproteins measured enzymatically and by nuclear magnetic resonance, postheparin LPL and HL activities, body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computer tomography scan, and aerobic capacity. CT genotype subjects had higher baseline total cholesterol, HDL-C, HDL(2)-C, large HDL, HDL particle size, and large LDL than CC homozygotes. Exercise training elicited genotype-specific decreases in VLDL-TG (-22 vs. +7%; P < 0.05; CC vs. CT, respectively), total VLDL and medium VLDL, and increases in HDL-C (7 vs. 4%; P < 0.03) and HDL(3)-C with significant genotype×sex interactions for the changes in HDL-C and HDL(3)-C (P values = 0.01-0.02). There were also genotype-specific changes in LPL (+23 vs. -6%; P < 0.05) and HL (+7 vs. -24%; P < 0.01) activities, with LPL increasing only in CC subjects (P < 0.006) and HL decreasing only in CT subjects (P < 0.007). Reductions in TG, VLDL-TG, large VLDL, and medium VLDL and increases in HDL(3)-C and small HDL particles correlated significantly with changes in LPL, but not HL, activity only in CC subjects. This suggests that the LIPC -514C>T variant significantly affects training-induced anti-atherogenic changes in VLDL-TG, VLDL particles, and HDL through an association with increased LPL activity in CC subjects, which could guide therapeutic strategies to reduce CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina E Brinkley
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA
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11
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Brunzell JD, Zambon A, Deeb SS. The effect of hepatic lipase on coronary artery disease in humans is influenced by the underlying lipoprotein phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:365-72. [PMID: 21986251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased or decreased hepatic lipase (HL) activity has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). This is consistent with the findings that gene variants that influence HL activity were associated with increased CAD risk in some population studies but not in others. In this review, we will explain the conditions that influence the effects of HL on CAD. Increased HL is associated with smaller and denser LDL (sdLDL) and HDL (HDL(3)) particles, while decreased HL is associated with larger and more buoyant LDL and HDL particles. The effect of HL activity on CAD risk is dependent on the underlying lipoprotein phenotype or disorder. Central obesity with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is associated with high HL activity that leads to the formation of sdLDL that is pro-atherogenic. In the absence of HTG, where large buoyant cholesteryl ester-enriched LDL is prominent, elevation of HL does not raise the risk for CAD. In HTG patients, drug therapy that decreases HL activity selectively decreases sdLDL particles, an anti-atherogenic effect. Drug therapy that raises HDL(2) cholesterol has not decreased the risk for CAD. In trials where inhibition of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) or HL occurs, the increase in HDL(2) most likely is due to inhibition of catabolism of HDL(2) and impairment of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia, but with normal triglyceride levels and big-buoyant LDL particles, an increase in HL activity is beneficial; possibly because it increases RCT. Drugs that lower HL activity might decrease the risk for CAD only in hypertriglyceridemic patients with sdLDL by selectively clearing sdLDL particles from plasma, which would override the potentially pro-atherogenic effect on RCT. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Brunzell
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Box 356426, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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12
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Brown JD, Oligino E, Rader DJ, Saghatelian A, Plutzky J. VLDL hydrolysis by hepatic lipase regulates PPARδ transcriptional responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21209. [PMID: 21750705 PMCID: PMC3130023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PPARs (α,γ,δ) are a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate energy balance, including lipid metabolism. Despite these critical functions, the integration between specific pathways of lipid metabolism and distinct PPAR responses remains obscure. Previous work has revealed that lipolytic pathways can activate PPARs. Whether hepatic lipase (HL), an enzyme that regulates VLDL and HDL catabolism, participates in PPAR responses is unknown. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using PPAR ligand binding domain transactivation assays, we found that HL interacted with triglyceride-rich VLDL (>HDL≫LDL, IDL) to activate PPARδ preferentially over PPARα or PPARγ, an effect dependent on HL catalytic activity. In cell free ligand displacement assays, VLDL hydrolysis by HL activated PPARδ in a VLDL-concentration dependent manner. Extended further, VLDL stimulation of HL-expressing HUVECs and FAO hepatoma cells increased mRNA expression of canonical PPARδ target genes, including adipocyte differentiation related protein (ADRP), angiopoietin like protein 4 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4. HL/VLDL regulated ADRP through a PPRE in the promoter region of this gene. In vivo, adenoviral-mediated hepatic HL expression in C57BL/6 mice increased hepatic ADRP mRNA levels by 30%. In ob/ob mice, a model with higher triglycerides than C57BL/6 mice, HL overexpression increased ADRP expression by 70%, demonstrating the importance of triglyceride substrate for HL-mediated PPARδ activation. Global metabolite profiling identified HL/VLDL released fatty acids including oleic acid and palmitoleic acid that were capable of recapitulating PPARδ activation and ADRP gene regulation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These data define a novel pathway involving HL hydrolysis of VLDL that activates PPARδ through generation of specific monounsaturated fatty acids. These data also demonstrate how integrating cell biology with metabolomic approaches provides insight into specific lipid mediators and pathways of lipid metabolism that regulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- VA Boston Healthcare, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Oligino
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge Plutzky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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Ahmad T, Chasman DI, Buring JE, Lee IM, Ridker PM, Everett BM. Physical activity modifies the effect of LPL, LIPC, and CETP polymorphisms on HDL-C levels and the risk of myocardial infarction in women of European ancestry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:74-80. [PMID: 21252145 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.957290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies have identified common variants associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Whether these associations are modified by physical activity, which increases HDL-C levels and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS In a prospective cohort study of 22 939 apparently healthy US women of European ancestry, we selected 58 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 9 genes that demonstrated genome-wide association (P<5×10(-8)) with HDL-C levels and sought evidence of effect modification according to levels of physical activity. Physical activity modified the effects on HDL-C of 7 SNPs at 3 loci, and the strongest evidence of effect was observed for rs10096633 at lipoprotein lipase (LPL), rs1800588 at hepatic lipase (LIPC), and rs1532624 at cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) (each P-interaction<0.05). The per-minor-allele increase in HDL-C for rs1800588 at LIPC and rs1532624 at CETP was greater in active than inactive women, whereas the reverse was observed for rs10096633 at LPL. Minor-allele carrier status at the LPL SNP was associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in active (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval 0.30-0.86) but not among inactive women (hazard ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 1.61; P-interaction=0.007). By contrast, carrier status at the CETP SNP was associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction regardless of activity level (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.92; P-interaction=0.71). No association between LIPC SNP carrier status and myocardial infarction risk was noted. CONCLUSIONS The effects of common variants in the LPL, LIPC, and CETP genes on HDL-C levels are modified by physical activity. For a common variant in LPL, the impact on myocardial infarction varied by activity level, whereas the effects of a common variant in CETP on myocardial infarction risk did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ahmad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Ruchat SM, Rankinen T, Weisnagel SJ, Rice T, Rao DC, Bergman RN, Bouchard C, Pérusse L. Improvements in glucose homeostasis in response to regular exercise are influenced by the PPARG Pro12Ala variant: results from the HERITAGE Family Study. Diabetologia 2010; 53:679-89. [PMID: 20043145 PMCID: PMC2840709 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exercise training improves glucose homeostasis, but large inter-individual differences are reported, suggesting a role of genetic factors. We investigated whether variants either confirmed or newly identified as diabetes susceptibility variants through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) modulate changes in phenotypes derived from an IVGTT in response to an endurance training programme. METHODS We analysed eight polymorphisms in seven type 2 diabetes genes (CDKAL1 rs7756992; CDKN2A and CDKN2B rs10811661 and rs564398; HHEX rs7923837; IGF2BP2 rs4402960; KCNJ11 rs5215; PPARG rs1801282; and TCF7L2 rs7903146) in a maximum of 481 sedentary, non-diabetic white individuals, who participated in a 20-week endurance training programme. Associations were tested between the variants and changes in IVGTT-derived phenotypes. RESULTS The only evidence of association with training response was found with PPARG rs1801282 (Pro12Ala). We observed that Ala carriers experienced greater increase in overall glucose tolerance (Deltaglucose disappearance index Ala/Ala 0.22 +/- 0.22, Pro/Ala 0.14 +/- 0.06, Pro/Pro 0.004 +/- 0.03; p = 0.0008), glucose effectiveness (Ala/Ala 0.28 +/- 0.41, Pro/Ala 0.44 +/- 0.14, Pro/Pro 0.09 +/- 0.06; p = 0.004), acute insulin response to glucose (Ala/Ala 64.21 +/- 37.73, Pro/Ala -11.92 +/- 40.30, Pro/Pro -46.30 +/- 14.70; p = 0.03) and disposition index (Ala/Ala 551.8 +/- 448.5, Pro/Ala 534.6 +/- 218.3, Pro/Pro -7.44 +/- 88.18; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Compared with Pro/Pro individuals, PPARG Ala carriers experienced greater improvements in glucose and insulin metabolism in response to regular endurance training. However, we did not find evidence of association between type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants recently identified through GWAS and glucose homeostasis response to exercise. Our results extend those of previous studies showing that Ala carriers appear to be more responsive to beneficial health effects of lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-M. Ruchat
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, PEPS - Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - T. Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - S. J. Weisnagel
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, PEPS - Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - T. Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R. N. Bergman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C. Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - L. Pérusse
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, PEPS - Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Institute (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
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15
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Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:35-73. [PMID: 19123262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181844179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes covers the research advances reported in 2006 and 2007. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or a fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in responses to acute exercise, or for training-induced adaptations are positioned on the map of all autosomes and sex chromosomes. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or a locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. A brief discussion on the nature of the evidence and on what to look for in assessing human genetic studies of relevance to fitness and performance is offered in the introduction, followed by a review of all studies published in 2006 and 2007. The findings from these new studies are added to the appropriate tables that are designed to serve as the cumulative summary of all publications with positive genetic associations available to date for a given phenotype and study design. The fitness and performance map now includes 214 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci plus seven others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 18 mitochondrial genes that have been shown to influence fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus,the map is growing in complexity. Although the map is exhaustive for currently published accounts of genes and exercise associations and linkages, there are undoubtedly many more gene-exercise interaction effects that have not even been considered thus far. Finally, it should be appreciated that most studies reported to date are based on small sample sizes and cannot therefore provide definitive evidence that DNA sequence variants in a given gene are reliably associated with human variation in fitness and performance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Bray
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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16
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Smith CE, Arnett DK, Tsai MY, Lai CQ, Parnell LD, Shen J, Laclaustra M, Junyent M, Ordovás JM. Physical inactivity interacts with an endothelial lipase polymorphism to modulate high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the GOLDN study. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:500-4. [PMID: 19380136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration is highly heritable but is also modifiable by environmental factors including physical activity. HDL-C response to exercise varies among individuals, and this variability may be associated with genetic polymorphisms in the key regulators of HDL metabolism including endothelial lipase (LIPG). METHODS We examined associations between variants LIPG T111I (rs2000813) and LIPG i24582 (rs6507931), HDL and television viewing/computer use ("screen time") as a marker for physical inactivity in a population with high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Subjects consisted of 539 White men and 584 women (mean+/-S.D., 49+/-16 years) participating in the GOLDN study. RESULTS We did not observe an association with either LIPG SNP or HDL independently of screen time. In multi-adjusted linear regression models, HDL interacted significantly with screen time as a continuous variable in LIPG i24582 subjects with TT genotype (P<0.05). By dichotomizing screen time into high and low levels, we found significant genotype-associated differences in HDL in women but not men. When screen time was >or=2.6h/day, the concentrations of total HDL-C, large HDL, large low density lipoprotein (LDL) were lower, the concentration of small LDL was higher and HDL and LDL particle sizes were smaller in subjects with LIPG i24582 TT compared to CT and CC subjects (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found a significant gene-physical inactivity interaction for HDL and some LDL measures for the LIPG i24582 polymorphism. Higher levels of physical activity may be protective for HDL-C concentrations and low activity detrimental in LIPG i24582 TT individuals, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Smith
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1524, United States
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17
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Roumen C, Blaak EE, Corpeleijn E. Lifestyle intervention for prevention of diabetes: determinants of success for future implementation. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:132-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Feitosa MF, Myers RH, Pankow JS, Province MA, Borecki IB. LIPC variants in the promoter and intron 1 modify HDL-C levels in a sex-specific fashion. Atherosclerosis 2008; 204:171-7. [PMID: 19101670 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported linkage for plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on 15q21 in Caucasian families from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study (NHLBI FHS). Hepatic lipase gene (LIPC), which has a major role in lipoprotein metabolism, resides within the linkage region and constitutes an obvious candidate gene. While hepatic lipase is a known player in HDL metabolism, the relationship between common LIPC variants and HDL-C levels remains unclear. In the current study, we employed population-based and family-based tests of association with both quantitative HDL-C levels and a dichotomous dyslipidemia trait (affected men: HDL<40 mg/dL and women: HDL<50 mg/dL, denoted as low HDL). We genotyped 19 tag-SNPs spanning 139.9 kb around the LIPC in the 591 families (2238 subjects). Strong association in a proxy-promoter 5' SNP (rs261342) and HDL-C levels was detected in women, but not in men. The less common allele was associated with an increase of approximately 14% in HDL-C levels, and a decrease of approximately 30% in risk of low HDL. In addition, strong association in women of an intron 1 SNP (rs12593008) and low HDL and moderate association in men (rs8028759) with both HDL-C levels and low HDL phenotype were found and may represent either functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or more likely, SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with functional variants. Because of the association of lipid abnormalities with diabetes, and other lifestyle parameters, we also performed association analyses using different covariate adjustments as well as strategically selected sub-samples. The sex-specific association of rs261342, rs12593008 or rs8028759 remained substantially the same through these analyses. Finally, we found that a common haplotype was overtransmitted to offspring with low HDL-C. The sex-specific associations found in our study could be due to the interactions with the endogenous hormonal environment, lifestyle and/or genetic factors, although the underlying physiologic mechanisms are not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108-2212, USA.
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Kilpeläinen TO, Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Mager U, Salopuro T, Kubaszek A, Todorova B, Laukkanen O, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Hämäläinen H, Aunola S, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Tuomilehto J, Laakso M, Uusitupa M. Interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms in ADRB2, ADRB3, TNF, IL6, IGF1R, LIPC, LEPR, and GHRL with physical activity on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and changes in characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Metabolism 2008; 57:428-36. [PMID: 18249219 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADRB2, ADRB3, TNF, IL6, IGF1R, LIPC, LEPR, and GHRL genes were associated with the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). In this study, we determined whether polymorphisms in these genes modified the effect of changes in physical activity (PA) on the risk of T2D in the DPS. Moreover, we assessed whether the polymorphisms modified the effect of changes in PA on changes in measures of body fat, serum lipids, and blood pressure during the first year of the follow-up of the DPS. Overweight subjects with IGT (n = 487) were followed for an average of 4.1 years, and PA was assessed annually with a questionnaire. The interactions of the polymorphisms with changes in total and moderate-to-vigorous PA on the conversion to T2D during the 4.1-year follow-up were assessed using Cox regression with adjustments for the other components of the intervention (dietary changes, weight reduction). Univariate analysis of variance was used to assess interactions on changes in continuous variables during the first year of the follow-up. No interaction between the polymorphisms and PA on the conversion to T2D was found. The Leu72Met (rs696217) polymorphism in GHRL modified the effect of moderate-to-vigorous PA on changes in weight and waist circumference, the -501A/C (rs26802) polymorphism in GHRL modified the effect of total and moderate-to-vigorous PA on change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the Lys109Arg (rs1137100) polymorphism in LEPR modified the effect of total PA on change in blood pressure. In conclusion, genetic variation may modify the magnitude of the beneficial effects of PA on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in persons with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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20
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Hu G, Lakka TA, Kilpeläinen TO, Tuomilehto J. Epidemiological studies of exercise in diabetes prevention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:583-95. [PMID: 17510700 DOI: 10.1139/h07-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the fastest growing public health problems in both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that the number of people with diabetes in the world will double in coming years, from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. Cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 70% of total mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. The associations of physical activity, physical fitness, and changes in the lifestyle with the risk of type 2 diabetes have been assessed by a number of prospective studies and clinical trials in the past decade. Several studies have also evaluated the joint associations of physical activity, body mass index, and glucose levels with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Prospective studies and clinical trials have shown that moderate or high levels of physical activity or physical fitness and changes in the lifestyle (dietary modification and increase in physical activity) can prevent type 2 diabetes. Our review of the scientific evidence confirms that 30 min/d of moderate- or high-level physical activity is an effective and safe way to prevent type 2 diabetes in all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Moate PJ, Roche JR, Chagas LM, Boston RC. Evaluation of a compartmental model to describe non-esterified fatty acid kinetics in Holstein dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2007; 74:430-7. [PMID: 17651516 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029907002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) metabolism in lactating dairy cows requires quantification if we are to understand how dietary treatments and disease influence changes in body condition (adipose reserves) and the production of milk fat. Recently, Thomaseth & Pavan (2003) presented a compartmental model (Thomaseth model), which employs the pattern of plasma insulin concentrations in humans to predict the dynamic changes that occur in the plasma concentrations of glucose and NEFA during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). The Thomaseth model, or at least a similar model, could have potential application to the field of energy metabolism in ruminants because it would enable the estimation of parameters that describe the rates of whole body disposition of glucose, and the production and utilization of NEFA. In this study we investigated the suitability of the Thomaseth model to describe NEFA and glucose kinetics in 10 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows given a standard IVGTT in early lactation. The Thomaseth model described the general pattern of the NEFA response and, in particular, described the downward-slope and nadir in NEFA concentrations reasonably well. However, it failed to describe the initial latency period (the period before NEFA concentrations decline precipitously), and it could not describe terminal ‘rebound’ plateau in NEFA concentration. Because of these inherent problems, the parameters of the Thomaseth model cannot be considered to provide accurate estimates of rates of NEFA production or utilization. It is concluded that the Thomaseth model is not suitable for describing NEFA kinetics in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Moate
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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22
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Grarup N, Andersen G. Gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10:420-6. [PMID: 17563459 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3281e2c9ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gene-environment interaction can be viewed as a departure from an otherwise expected additivity of genetic and environmental factors on a given outcome measure. Important genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and intermediary traits, probably modulated by their complex interaction. This paper provides an update on the current literature investigating gene-environment interactions of type 2 diabetes and metabolic phenotypes, and discusses the future perspectives of this research. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in gene-environment interaction studies of metabolism have involved LIPC, APOA5 and PPARG variation, and nutrition and physical activity, of which the most consistently replicated observations have been obtained for APOA5. Also, intervention studies of the promising TCF7L2 type 2 diabetes gene and possible future strategies are discussed. SUMMARY Possibly as a result of the complexity of these multifactorial diseases, recent years have seen only limited success in unravelling significant gene-environment interactions, but important insights have been gained and they hold promise for implementation in lifestyle intervention strategies. We need to evolve to more complex, but realistic, scenarios involving several genes and environmental factors. Recent progress in statistical methods allowing for higher-order interactions may make this possible.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HDL is a recognized negative risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases. Establishing the genetic determinants of HDL concentration and functions would add to the prediction of cardiovascular risk and point to the biochemical mechanisms underlying this risk. The present review focuses on various approaches to establish genetic determinants of the HDL concentration, structure and function. RECENT FINDINGS While many genes contribute to the HDL concentration and collectively account for half of the variability, polymorphism of individual candidate genes contributes little. There are strong interactions between environmental and genetic influences. Recent findings have confirmed that APOA1 and ABCA1 exert the strongest influence on HDL concentrations and risk of atherosclerosis. CETP and lipases also affect the HDL concentration and functionality, but their connection to the atherosclerosis risk is conditional on the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. SUMMARY Analysis of genetic determinants of HDL-cholesterol in patients with specific disease states or in response to the environmental condition may be a more accurate way to assess variations in HDL concentration. This may result in defining the rules of interaction between genetic and environmental factors and lead to understanding the mechanisms responsible for the variations in HDL concentration and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and/or habitual physical activity are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The responsible mechanisms are multifarious, but effects on insulin sensitivity are likely to play an important role. The purpose of this review is to highlight some recent evidence on the interrelationships between physical activity, fitness, obesity, genotype and insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS Effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and abdominal obesity are both likely to contribute to the insulin-sensitizing effects of regular physical activity. Recent data suggest that at least in older adults, the intensity of an exercise intervention may influence the magnitude of changes in insulin sensitivity, and emerging data suggest that individual changes in insulin sensitivity following an exercise programme may, in part, be influenced by genotype. SUMMARY Increasing physical activity reduces insulin resistance. As both intensity of exercise and genetic factors may modulate the magnitude of this effect, current physical activity for health guidelines that emphasize engagement in moderate-intensity physical activity in a 'one-size-fits-all' approach may need revision in the future to optimize the potential benefits accrued from individuals becoming more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle (IDEAL), Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Rankinen T, Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, Roth SM, Wolfarth B, Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 38:1863-88. [PMID: 17095919 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000233789.01164.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current review presents the 2005 update of the human gene map for physical performance and health-related fitness phenotypes. It is based on peer-reviewed papers published by the end of 2005. The genes and markers with evidence of association or linkage with a performance or fitness phenotype in sedentary or active people, in adaptation to acute exercise, or for training-induced changes are positioned on the genetic map of all autosomes and the X chromosome. Negative studies are reviewed, but a gene or locus must be supported by at least one positive study before being inserted on the map. By the end of 2000, in the early version of the gene map, 29 loci were depicted. In contrast, the 2005 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes includes 165 autosomal gene entries and QTL, plus five others on the X chromosome. Moreover, there are 17 mitochondrial genes in which sequence variants have been shown to influence relevant fitness and performance phenotypes. Thus, the map is growing in complexity. Unfortunately, progress is slow in the field of genetics of fitness and performance, primarily because the number of laboratories and scientists focused on the role of genes and sequence variations in exercise-related traits continues to be quite limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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26
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Hu G, Rico-Sanz J, Lakka TA, Tuomilehto J. Exercise, genetics and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Essays Biochem 2006; 42:177-92. [PMID: 17144888 DOI: 10.1042/bse0420177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is one of the fastest growing public health problems in both developed and developing countries. Cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes. In the past decade, the associations of physical activity, physical fitness and changes in the lifestyle with the risk of type 2 diabetes have been assessed by a number of prospective studies and clinical trials. A few studies have also evaluated the joint associations of physical activity, body mass index and glucose levels with the risk of type~2 diabetes. The results based on prospective studies and clinical trials have shown that moderate or high levels of physical activity or physical fitness and changes in the lifestyle (dietary modification and increase in physical activity) can prevent type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Zhang C, Lopez-Ridaura R, Rimm EB, Li T, Hunter DJ, Hu FB. Genetic variation in the hepatic lipase gene and the risk of coronary heart disease among US diabetic men: potential interaction with obesity. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1552-9. [PMID: 16570154 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The -514 C to T polymorphism of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) has been associated with lowered LIPC activity and elevated HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Previous findings on the association of this polymorphism with the risk of CHD are inconsistent. Moreover, data on this association among diabetic patients are limited. We investigated the association of the LIPC polymorphism with CHD risk among US diabetic men and evaluated whether this association was modified by adiposity status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The case group consisted of 220 diabetic men who were recruited from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (years 1986-2000) and were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, but subsequently developed CHD. A total of 641 diabetic men from the same study but without cardiovascular disease constituted the control group. RESULTS No overall association between the LIPC polymorphism and CHD risk was observed. However, we did observe a significant interaction between this polymorphism and BMI in association with CHD risk. Among obese men, after adjustment for age, duration of diabetes and major lifestyle factors, the CT or TT genotype was associated with an increased CHD risk compared with the CC genotype (odds ratio [OR] 2.52, 95% CI 1.08-5.90); the corresponding ORs (95% CI) were 0.99 (0.58, 1.69) for overweight men (25< or =BMI <30 kg/m(2)) and 0.37 (0.17, 0.79) for lean men (BMI <25 kg/m(2)) (p for interaction 0.001). Stratified analyses by waist circumference (tertiles) showed a similar pattern of interaction (adjusted p for interaction 0.023). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that obesity may modify the association between the LIPC C(-514)T polymorphism and CHD risk among diabetic men.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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28
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Gill JMR, Malkova D. Physical activity, fitness and cardiovascular disease risk in adults: interactions with insulin resistance and obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 110:409-25. [PMID: 16526946 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of evidence gathered from studies over the past half a century indicating that a high level of physical activity and a moderately high or high degree of cardiorespiratory fitness reduces the risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease). Recent data suggest that high levels of physical activity or fitness may be particularly beneficial to individuals with insulin-resistant conditions, such as the metabolic syndrome, Type II diabetes or obesity. These individuals, if unfit and sedentary, exhibit increased CVD risk, but their dose-response relationship for physical activity/fitness appears to be particularly steep such that, when they undertake high levels of activity (or have high fitness), their level of risk becomes closer to that of their normal weight or nondiabetic peers. This may be due to effects of physical activity in normalizing the metabolic dysfunction particularly associated with insulin-resistant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Diet, Exercise and Lifestyle (IDEAL), Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, UK.
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