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Ding L, Zhang H, Dai C, Zhang A, Yu F, Mi L, Qi Y, Tang M. The prognostic value of the stress hyperglycemia ratio for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes or prediabetes: insights from NHANES 2005-2018. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:84. [PMID: 38419029 PMCID: PMC10902955 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) is a novel marker reflecting the true acute hyperglycemia status and is associated with clinical adverse events. The relationship between SHR and mortality in patients with diabetes or prediabetes is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the SHR for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes or prediabetes. METHODS This study included 11,160 patients diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2018). The study endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and morality data were extracted from the National Death Index (NDI) up to December 31, 2019. Patients were divided into SHR quartiles. Cox proportion hazards regression was applied to determine the prognostic value of SHR. Model 1 was not adjusted for any covariates. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, and race. Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use, hypertension, CHD, CKD, anemia, and TG. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 84.9 months, a total of 1538 all-cause deaths and 410 cardiovascular deaths were recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the lowest all-cause mortality incidence was in quartile 3 (P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that, compared to the 1st quartile, the 4th quartile was associated with higher all-cause mortality (model 1: HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.74-10.7, P = 0.226; model 2: HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.03-1.49, P = 0.026; model 3: HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.57, P = 0.006). The 3rd quartile was associated with lower cardiovascular mortality than quartile 1 (model 1: HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.32-0.69, P < 0.001; model 2: HR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.45-0.96, P = 0.032; model 3: HR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.46-0.99, P = 0.049). There was a U-shaped association between SHR and all-cause mortality and an L-shaped association between SHR and cardiovascular mortality, with inflection points of SHR for poor prognosis of 0.87 and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSION SHR is related to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes or prediabetes. SHR may have predictive value in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Hongda Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cong Dai
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Aikai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Fengyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lijie Mi
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yingjie Qi
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No.167 Beilishi Rd, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
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Batten L, Sathyapalan T, Palmer TM. Molecular Mechanisms Linking Diabetes with Increased Risk of Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17465. [PMID: 38139295 PMCID: PMC10744197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will provide an overview of what is currently known about mechanisms linking poor glycaemic control with increased thrombotic risk. The leading causes of death in people with diabetes are strokes and cardiovascular disease. Significant morbidity is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, resulting in myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, along with the sequelae of these events, including loss of functional ability, heart failure, and amputations. While the increased platelet activity, pro-coagulability, and endothelial dysfunction directly impact this risk, the molecular mechanisms linking poor glycaemic control with increased thrombotic risk remain unclear. This review highlights the complex mechanisms underlying thrombosis prevalence in individuals with diabetes and hyperglycaemia. Post-translational modifications, such as O-GlcNAcylation, play a crucial role in controlling protein function in diabetes. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation remains poorly understood due to its intricate regulation and the potential involvement of multiple variables. Further research is needed to determine the precise impact of O-GlcNAcylation on specific disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Batten
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
- Clinical Sciences Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Clinical Sciences Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy M. Palmer
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidity, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
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Alnima T, Meijer RI, Spronk HMH, Warlé M, Cate HT. Diabetes- versus smoking-related thrombo-inflammation in peripheral artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:257. [PMID: 37735399 PMCID: PMC10514957 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a major health problem with increased cardiovascular mortality, morbidity and disabling critical limb threatening ischemia (CLTI) and amputation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cigarette smoke are the main risk factors for the development of PAD. Although diabetes related PAD shows an accelerated course with worse outcome regarding complications, mortality and amputations compared with non-diabetic patients, current medical treatment does not make this distinction and includes standard antiplatelet and lipid lowering drugs for all patients with PAD. In this review we discuss the pathophysiologic mechanisms of PAD, with focus on differences in thrombo-inflammatory processes between diabetes-related and smoking-related PAD, and hypothesize on possible mechanisms for the progressive course of PAD in DM. Furthermore, we comment on current medical treatment and speculate on alternative medical drug options for patients with PAD and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alnima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Diabetology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - R I Meijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Diabetology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Warlé
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Thrombosis Expertise Center, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zhou Q, Yang J, Wang W, Shao C, Hua X, Tang YD. The impact of the stress hyperglycemia ratio on mortality and rehospitalization rate in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023; 22:189. [PMID: 37495967 PMCID: PMC10373236 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between stress hyperglycemia and long-term prognosis in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients is unknown. This study investigated the associations of stress hyperglycemia with mortality and rehospitalization rates among ADHF patients with diabetes. METHODS We consecutively enrolled 1904 ADHF patients. Among them, 780 were with diabetes. Stress hyperglycemia was estimated using the stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR), which was calculated by the following formula: SHR = admission blood glucose/[(28.7 × HbA1c%) - 46.7]. All diabetic ADHF subjects were divided into quintiles according to the SHR. The primary endpoint was all-cause death at the 3-year follow-up. The secondary endpoints were cardiovascular (CV) death and heart failure (HF) rehospitalization at the 3-year follow-up. A Cox proportional hazards model and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to elucidate the relationship between the SHR and the endpoints in diabetic ADHF patients. Further analyses were performed to examine the relationships between SHR and the outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). RESULTS A total of 169 all-cause deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 3.24 years. Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a U-shaped association between the SHR and the mortality and rehospitalization rates. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the lowest mortality in the 2nd quintile (P = 0.0028). Patients categorized in the highest range (5th quintile) of SHR, compared to those in the 2nd quintile, exhibited the greatest susceptibility to all-cause death (with a hazard ratio [HR] of 2.76 and a 95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.63-4.68), CV death (HR 2.81 [95% CI 1.66-4.75]) and the highest rate of HF rehospitalization (HR 1.54 [95% CI 1.03-2.32]). Similarly, patients in the lowest range (1st quintile) of SHR also exhibited significantly increased risks of all-cause death (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.35-4.02) and CV death (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.35-4.00). Further analyses indicated that the U-shape association between the SHR and mortality remained significant in both HFpEF and HFrEF patients. CONCLUSION Both elevated and reduced SHRs indicate an unfavorable long-term prognosis in patients with ADHF and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chunli Shao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinwei Hua
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yi-Da Tang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Frischmuth T, Hindberg K, Aukrust P, Ueland T, Brækkan SK, Hansen J, Morelli VM. Elevated plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are associated with risk of future incident venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1618-1626. [PMID: 35289062 PMCID: PMC9314992 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the main inhibitor of fibrinolysis, is frequently elevated in obesity and could potentially mediate the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in obese subjects. However, whether PAI-1 is associated with VTE remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between plasma PAI-1 levels and risk of future incident VTE and whether PAI-1 could mediate the VTE risk in obesity. METHODS A population-based nested case-control study, comprising 383 VTE cases and 782 age- and sex-matched controls, was derived from the Tromsø Study cohort. PAI-1 antigen levels were measured in samples collected at cohort inclusion. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for VTE across PAI-1 tertiles. RESULTS The VTE risk increased dose-dependently across PAI-1 tertiles (P for trend <.001) in the age- and sex-adjusted model. The OR of VTE for the highest versus lowest tertile was 1.73 (95% CI 1.27-2.35), and risk estimates were only slightly attenuated with additional stepwise adjustment for body mass index (BMI; OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.16-2.17) and C-reactive protein (CRP; OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.13-2.11). Similar results were obtained for provoked/unprovoked events, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. In obese subjects (BMI of ≥30 kg/m2 vs. <25 kg/m2 ), PAI-1 mediated 14.9% (95% CI 4.1%-49.4%) of the VTE risk in analysis adjusted for age, sex, and CRP. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that plasma PAI-1 is associated with increased risk of future incident VTE and has the potential to partially mediate the VTE risk in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Frischmuth
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Division of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Kristian Hindberg
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious DiseasesOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Research Institute of Internal MedicineOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
| | - Sigrid K. Brækkan
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Division of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - John‐Bjarne Hansen
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Division of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Vânia M. Morelli
- Thrombosis Research CenterDepartment of Clinical MedicineUiT—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Division of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
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6
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Calderon G, McRae A, Rievaj J, Davis J, Zandvakili I, Linker-Nord S, Burton D, Roberts G, Reimann F, Gedulin B, Vella A, LaRusso NF, Camilleri M, Gribble FM, Acosta A. Ileo-colonic delivery of conjugated bile acids improves glucose homeostasis via colonic GLP-1-producing enteroendocrine cells in human obesity and diabetes. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102759. [PMID: 32344198 PMCID: PMC7186521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bile acid (BA) pathway plays a role in regulation of food intake and glucose metabolism, based mainly on findings in animal models. Our aim was to determine whether the BA pathway is altered and correctable in human obesity and diabetes. Methods We conducted 3 investigations: 1) BA receptor pathways were studied in NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cell (EEC) line, whole human colonic mucosal tissue and in human colonic EEC isolated by Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (ex vivo) from endoscopically-obtained biopsies colon mucosa; 2) We characterized the BA pathway in 307 participants by measuring during fasting and postprandial levels of FGF19, 7αC4 and serum BA; 3) In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, 28-day trial, we studied the effect of ileo-colonic delivery of conjugated BAs (IC-CBAS) on glucose metabolism, incretins, and lipids, in participants with obesity and diabetes. Findings Human colonic GLP-1-producing EECs express TGR5, and upon treatment with bile acids in vitro, human EEC differentially expressed GLP-1 at the protein and mRNA level. In Ussing Chamber, GLP-1 release was stimulated by Taurocholic acid in either the apical or basolateral compartment. FGF19 was decreased in obesity and diabetes compared to controls. When compared to placebo, IC-CBAS significantly decreased postprandial glucose, fructosamine, fasting insulin, fasting LDL, and postprandial FGF19 and increased postprandial GLP-1 and C-peptide. Increase in faecal BA was associated with weight loss and with decreased fructosamine. Interpretations In humans, BA signalling machinery is expressed in colonic EECs, deficient in obesity and diabetes, and when stimulated with IC-CBAS, improved glucose homeostasis. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02871882, NCT02033876. Funding Research support and drug was provided by Satiogen Pharmaceuticals (San Diego, CA). AA, MC, and NFL report grants (AA- C-Sig P30DK84567, K23 DK114460; MC- NIH R01 DK67071; NFL- R01 DK057993) from the NIH. JR was supported by an Early Career Grant from Society for Endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Calderon
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Alison McRae
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Juraj Rievaj
- University of Cambridge, UK; Current affiliation: Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Judith Davis
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Inuk Zandvakili
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Sara Linker-Nord
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Geoffrey Roberts
- Current affiliation: Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | | | | | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | | | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Charlton 8-142, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Sadkowska A, Sikora J. Pleiotropic Activity of Metformin and Its Sulfonamide Derivatives on Vascular and Platelet Haemostasis. Molecules 2019; 25:E125. [PMID: 31905674 PMCID: PMC6982810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) predisposes patients to endothelial cell injury and dysfunction, improvement of vascular function should be an important target for therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of metformin, its sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives on selected parameters of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function, and platelet activity. Metformin was not found to significantly affect the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or aortal smooth muscle cells (AoSMC); however, it decreased cell migration by approximately 21.8% in wound healing assays after 24 h stimulation (wound closure 32.5 µm versus 41.5 µm for control). Metformin reduced platelet aggregation manifested by 19.0% decrease in maximum of aggregation (Amax), and 20% reduction in initial platelet aggregation velocity (v0). Furthermore, metformin decreased spontaneous platelet adhesion by 27.7% and ADP-induced adhesion to fibrinogen by 29.6% in comparison to control. Metformin sulfenamide with an n-butyl alkyl chain (compound 1) appeared to exert the most unfavourable effects on AoSMC cell viability (IC50 = 0.902 ± 0.015 μmol/mL), while 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (compound 3) and 2-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (compound 4) derivatives of metformin did not affect AoSMC and HUVEC viability at concentrations up to 2.0 μmol/mL. These compounds were also found to significantly reduce migration of smooth muscle cells by approximately 81.0%. Furthermore, sulfonamides 3 and 4 decreased the initial velocity of platelet aggregation by 11.8% and 20.6%, respectively, and ADP-induced platelet adhesion to fibrinogen by 76.3% and 65.6%. Metformin and its p- and o-nitro-benzenesulfonamide derivatives 3, 4 appear to exert beneficial effects on some parameters of vascular and platelet haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Adrianna Sadkowska
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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8
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Sobczak AIS, Stewart AJ. Coagulatory Defects in Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6345. [PMID: 31888259 PMCID: PMC6940903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes (both type-1 and type-2) affects millions of individuals worldwide. A major cause of death for individuals with diabetes is cardiovascular diseases, in part since both types of diabetes lead to physiological changes that affect haemostasis. Those changes include altered concentrations of coagulatory proteins, hyper-activation of platelets, changes in metal ion homeostasis, alterations in lipid metabolism (leading to lipotoxicity in the heart and atherosclerosis), the presence of pro-coagulatory microparticles and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we explore the different mechanisms by which diabetes leads to an increased risk of developing coagulatory disorders and how this differs between type-1 and type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK;
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9
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J, Zajda A, Huttunen KM. Novel halogenated sulfonamide biguanides with anti-coagulation properties. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103444. [PMID: 31776031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Apart from its hypoglycaemic properties, metformin also offers beneficial effects for the cardiovascular system resulting in significant reduction of diabetes-related death, and all-cause mortality. The aim of this study was to synthesize nine new benzenesulfonamide derivatives of metformin with a halogen substituent, and estimate their influence on selected parameters of plasma and vascular hemostasis. The study describes the synthesis of nine benzenesulfonamide biguanides with o-, m-, and p- chloro-, bromo-, and fluoro substituents. All orto- derivatives (chloro- (1), bromo- (4), and fluoro- (7)) significantly prolong prothrombin time (PT) and partially activated thromboplastin time (APTT). In addition compounds 4 and 7 slow the process of fibrin polymerization, and contribute to increased TT. Multiparametric CL-test revealed that compounds 1, 4, 7 and p-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (9) significantly prolong the onset of clot formation, decrease initial clot formation velocity, and maximum clotting. Analysis of human endothelial cell (HUVECs) and human aortal smooth muscle cell (AoSMCs) viability over the entire tested concentration range (0.001-3.0 μmol/mL) indicated that the examined compounds can undergo further tests up to 1.5 µmol/mL concentration without decreasing cellular viability. Furthermore, none of the synthesized compounds exert an unfavourable effect on erythrocyte integrity, and thus do not interact strongly with the lipid-protein bilayer. In summary, chemical modification of the metformin backbone into benzenesulfonamides containing halogen substituents at the o- position leads to the formation of potential agents with stronger anti-coagulant properties than the parent drug, metformin. Therefore, o-halogenated benzenesulfonamides can be regarded as an initial promising step in the development of novel biguanide-based compounds with anti-coagulant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zajda
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Son JW, Kim CH, Nam MS, Park IB, Yoo SJ. Efficacy and Safety of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids Added to Stable Statin Therapy in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertriglyceridemia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Lipid Atheroscler 2019; 8:221-231. [PMID: 32821712 PMCID: PMC7379108 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2019.8.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids added to statin monotherapy in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes who have persistent hypertriglyceridemia despite statin therapy. Methods This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in 4 clinical sites between February 2009 and February 2011. The inclusion criteria were patients with type 2 diabetes who had received ≥6 weeks of statin therapy and had fasting triglyceride (TG) levels ≥1.7mmol/L and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels <2.6 mmol/L. The study regimen consisted of 16 weeks of randomized treatment with omega-3 fatty acids (4 g/day) plus a statin (n=26) or statin only (n=30). The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to final visit in mean TG level. Results A total of 56 participants were analyzed. At week 16, the change in the TG level in the combination therapy group differed significantly from the change in the statin monotherapy group (−34.8% vs. −15.2%, p=0.0176). Treatment with omega-3 fatty acids plus a statin was also associated with a significant decrease in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with baseline, but the difference was not significant compared with the statin monotherapy group (−8.0% vs. −2.5%, p=0.165). The changes in LDL cholesterol and HbA1c levels did not differ significantly between groups. The study medications were well tolerated, and adverse events were comparable between two groups. Conclusion Adding omega-3 fatty acids to statin treatment reduced TG levels more effectively than statin monotherapy without undesirable effects in Korean type 2 diabetic patients who had hypertriglyceridemia despite well-controlled LDL cholesterol on stable statin therapy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02305355
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Won Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chul-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Mun Suk Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ie Byung Park
- Department of Endocrinology, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Soon Jib Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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11
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Huttunen KM, Broncel M, Sikora J. Sulfenamide and Sulfonamide Derivatives of Metformin - A New Option to Improve Endothelial Function and Plasma Haemostasis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6573. [PMID: 31024058 PMCID: PMC6484023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multi-factorial disease which can cause multiple organ dysfunction, including that of the vascular endothelium. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of metformin, and its sulfenamide and sulfonamide derivatives (compounds 1–8) on the selected markers of endothelial function and blood coagulation. The integrity of endothelial cells(ECs) was examined using the real-time cell electric impedance system. Tissue Factor(TF) production, the release of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) from ECs were determined using immunoenzymatic assays, while the process of platelet thrombus formation using the Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System. Sulfenamide with n-butyl alkyl chain(3) does not interfere with ECs integrity, and viability (nCI(24h) = 1.03 ± 0.03 vs. 1.06 ± 0.11 for control), but possesses anticoagulation properties manifested by prolonged platelet-dependent thrombus formation (Occlusion Time 370.3 ± 77.0 s vs. 286.7 ± 65.5 s for control) in semi-physiological conditions. Both p- and o-nitro-benzenesulfonamides (compounds7,8) exhibit anti-coagulant properties demonstrated by decreased vWF release and prolonged parameters of platelet thrombus formation and total blood thrombogenicity. In conclusion, chemical modification of metformin scaffold into sulfenamides or sulfonamides might be regarded as a good starting point for the design and synthesis of novel biguanide-based compounds with anticoagulant properties and valuable features regarding endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School Of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Kniaziewicza 1/5, 91-347, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
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12
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Yamada-Nomoto K, Yoshino O, Akiyama I, Iwase A, Ono Y, Nakamura T, Harada M, Nakashima A, Shima T, Ushijima A, Osuga Y, Chang RJ, Shimasaki S, Saito S. PAI-1 in granulosa cells is suppressed directly by statin and indirectly by suppressing TGF-β and TNF-α in mononuclear cells by insulin-sensitizing drugs. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28337819 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is elevated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but the regulation in granulosa cells (GCs) is unclear. METHOD OF STUDY PAI-1 expression in PCOS ovaries was investigated immunohistologically. PAI-1 expressions in HGrC1, a human GC cell line, were investigated at mRNA and activity levels. The expressions of TGF-β and TNF-α in peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) were measured with quantitative PCR. RESULTS Little PAI-1 expression is observed in healthy GCs, whereas GCs of PCOS and atretic follicle exhibit distinct expression in vivo. In vitro study using HGrC1 shows that TGF-β and TNF-α increase PAI-1 mRNA and its activity, and both together exhibit a synergistic effect. The expression of PAI-1 mRNA is suppressed by simvastatin. Moreover, insulin-sensitizing drugs (metformin, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) suppress LPS-induced TGF-β and TNF-α mRNA expression in PFMC. CONCLUSION Statin and insulin-sensitizing drugs may provide a potential therapy for PCOS via down-regulation of PAI-1 expression in GCs and down-regulation of TGF-β and TNF-α expression in PFMC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yamada-Nomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ikumi Akiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Iwase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akemi Ushijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Russell Jeffrey Chang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shunichi Shimasaki
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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D'Elia JA, Bayliss G, Gleason RE, Weinrauch LA. Cardiovascular-renal complications and the possible role of plasminogen activator inhibitor: a review. Clin Kidney J 2016; 9:705-12. [PMID: 27679717 PMCID: PMC5036907 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfw080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since angiotensin increases the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), mechanisms associated with an actively functioning renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system can be expected to be associated with increased PAI-1 expression. These mechanisms are present not only in common conditions resulting in glomerulosclerosis associated with aging, diabetes or genetic mutations, but also in autoimmune disease (like scleroderma and lupus), radiation injury, cyclosporine toxicity, allograft nephropathy and ureteral obstruction. While the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), are almost always part of the process, there are rare experimental observations of PAI-1 expression without their interaction. Here we review the literature on PAI-1 and its role in vascular, fibrotic and oxidative injury as well as work suggesting potential areas of intervention in the pathogenesis of multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A D'Elia
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George Bayliss
- Division ofKidney Diseases and Hypertension, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA; The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ray E Gleason
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; EP Joslin Research Laboratory, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Larry A Weinrauch
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; EP Joslin Research Laboratory, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Watanabe J, Takiyama Y, Honjyo J, Makino Y, Fujita Y, Tateno M, Haneda M. Role of IGFBP7 in Diabetic Nephropathy: TGF-β1 Induces IGFBP7 via Smad2/4 in Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150897. [PMID: 26974954 PMCID: PMC4790858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular injury is one of the important determinants of progressive renal failure in diabetic nephropathy (DN), and TGF-β1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial disease that characterizes proteinuric renal disease. The aim of this study was to identify novel therapeutic target molecules that play a role in the tubule damage of DN. We used an LC-MS/MS-based proteomic technique and human renal proximal epithelial cells (HRPTECs). Urine samples from Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 46) were used to quantify the candidate protein. Several proteins in HRPTECs in cultured media were observed to be driven by TGF-β1, one of which was 33-kDa IGFBP7, which is a member of IGFBP family. TGF-β1 up-regulated the expressions of IGFBP7 mRNA and protein in a dose- and time-dependent fashion via Smad2 and 4, but not MAPK pathways in HRPTECs. In addition, the knockdown of IGFBP7 restored the TGF-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the immunohistochemical analysis, IGFBP7 was localized to the cytoplasm of tubular cells but not that of glomerular cells in diabetic kidney. Urinary IGFBP7 levels were significantly higher in the patients with macroalbuminuria and were correlated with age (r = 0.308, p = 0.037), eGFR (r = −0.376, p = 0.01), urinary β2-microglobulin (r = 0.385, p = 0.008), and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) (r = 0.502, p = 0.000). A multivariate regression analysis identified urinary NAG and age as determinants associated with urinary IGFBP7 levels. In conclusion, our data suggest that TGF-β1 enhances IGFBP7 via Smad2/4 pathways, and that IGFBP7 might be involved in the TGF-β1-induced tubular injury in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumi Takiyama
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Honjyo
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Makino
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tateno
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo Segura M, Roqué i Figuls M, Moher D. WITHDRAWN: Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD002966. [PMID: 26421423 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002966.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Saenz
- Centro de Salud Pozuelo 1, INSALUD - Madrid, Emisora s/n, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain, 28224
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Karakaya M, Kürekçi M, Eskiyurt B, Sert Y, Çırak Ç. Experimental and computational study on molecular structure and vibrational analysis of an antihyperglycemic biomolecule: gliclazide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:137-146. [PMID: 25062059 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In present study, the experimental and theoretical harmonic vibrational frequencies of gliclazide molecule have been investigated. The experimental FT-IR (400-4000 cm(-1)) and Laser-Raman spectra (100-4000 cm(-1)) of the molecule in the solid phase were recorded. Theoretical vibrational frequencies and geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles) have been calculated using ab initio Hartree Fock (HF), density functional theory (B3LYP hybrid function) methods with 6-311++G(d,p) and 6-31G(d,p) basis sets by Gaussian 09W program. The assignments of the vibrational frequencies were performed by potential energy distribution (PED) analysis by using VEDA 4 program. Theoretical optimized geometric parameters and vibrational frequencies have been compared with the corresponding experimental data, and they have been shown to be in a good agreement with each other. Also, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Karakaya
- Department of Energy Systems, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Kürekçi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Buse Eskiyurt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sert
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey; Sorgun Vocational School, Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Çağrı Çırak
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Art & Sciences, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
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Buscemi S, Donatelli M, Grosso G, Vasto S, Galvano F, Costa F, Rosafio G, Verga S. Resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetic patients and the effect of insulin bolus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 106:605-10. [PMID: 25312871 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Resting energy expenditure (REE) plays a critical role in the regulation of body weight, with important implications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the relationships between REE and T2D have not been extensively evaluated. We compared REE in persons with diabetes and in persons without diabetes. We also investigated the acute effect of insulin on REE and venous lactate, the latter an indirect measure of neoglucogenetic activity. METHODS REE was measured using indirect calorimetry in 14 newly diagnosed, untreated T2D adults and in 14 non-diabetic age-, gender- and body mass index-matched persons. The REE and lactate venous concentrations were also measured in a subgroup of 5 T2D patients in the hour following an IV insulin bolus. RESULTS The REE normalized for fat-free mass (FFM) was significantly higher in T2D patients than in the group without diabetes (mean ± SD: 27.6 ± 1.9 vs. 25.8 ± 1.9 kcal/kg-FFM·24h; P=0.02). REE normalized for FFM was correlated with fasting plasma glucose concentration (r=0.51; P=0.005). Following the insulin venous bolus REE (0': 2,048 ± 242; 10': 1,804 ± 228; 20': 1,684 ± 230; 30': 1,634 ± 212; 45': 1,594 ± 179; 60': 1,625 ± 197 kcal/24h; P<0.001) and both glucose (P<0.001) and lactate (P<0.001) concentrations progressively declined in the ensuing hour. CONCLUSIONS Patients with diabetes have a higher energy expenditure, likely a consequence of higher gluconeogenetic activity. This study may contribute to recognizing the nature of body weight reduction that occurs in concomitance with poorly controlled diabetes, and of body weight gain as commonly observed when hypoglycemic treatment is started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Buscemi
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS), Laboratorio di Nutrizione Clinica, University of Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Donatelli
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS), Laboratorio di Nutrizione Clinica, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Flavia Costa
- Servizio di Ingegneria Clinica, AOU Policlinico "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosafio
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS), Laboratorio di Nutrizione Clinica, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Verga
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (DIBIMIS), Laboratorio di Nutrizione Clinica, University of Palermo, Italy
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Schneider
- Cardiovascular Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Colchester Research Facility, Colchester, Vermont, USA.
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Kebapcilar L, Kebapcilar AG, Bilgir O, Taner CE, Bozkaya G, Yildiz Y, Sari I. Metformin plus oral contraceptive may decrease plasma sCD40 ligand in women with PCOS patients. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:91-5. [PMID: 20528207 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.491164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate sCD40L levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who use combination therapy with metformin and oral contraceptives. METHODS Total of 60 patients with PCOS was studied to evaluate and compare with a non-PCOS group consisting of 30 subjects. A low-dose oral contraceptive containing ethinyl oestradiol-cyproterone acetate (EE/CA) and metformin (M; 850 mg metformin twice a day) were given for three cycles. Plasma sCD40L was measured before and after the treatment of 3 months. RESULTS At baseline, the sCD40L levels of the patients with PCOS was significantly higher than those of control subjects (3.1 ± 2.0 vs. 2.05 ± 1.0, respectively; p=0.002). An average of 3 months of EE/CA-M therapy induced a significant decrease of sCD40L levels in the PCOS group (3.1 ± 2.0 vs. 2.5 ± 1.0; p=0.026). After having treated patients with PCOS, the sCD40L level was not completely normalised when compared to the healthy controls (2.5 ± 1.0 vs. 2.05 ± 1.0; p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS PCOS is associated with elevated levels of sCD40L. Adding metformin therapy to EE/CA may decrease sCD40L levels in women PCOS. However, after the treatment for PCOS subjects, the sCD40L was not completely normalised when compared patients to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Kebapcilar
- Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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Abstract
Atherothrombotic complications are the main cause of mortality in subjects with diabetes. Premature atherosclerosis, increased platelet reactivity and activation of coagulation factors with associated hypofibrinolysis all contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in this population. Blood clot formation represents the last step in the atherothrombotic process, and the structure of the fibrin network has a role in determining predisposition to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss alterations in coagulation factor plasma levels and/or activity in diabetes and clarify their role in predisposition to cardiovascular events. The effect of diabetes on fibrin network structure/fibrinolysis is reviewed and potential mechanisms that modify clot properties are discussed. Finally, modulation of clotting potential by the various therapeutic agents used in diabetes is examined. Understanding the mechanisms by which diabetes influences the coagulation pathway will help to develop more effective treatment strategies to reduce thrombotic events in subjects with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Alzahrani
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Konya H, Hasegawa Y, Hamaguchi T, Satani K, Umehara A, Katsuno T, Ishikawa T, Miuchi M, Kohri K, Suehiro A, Kakishita E, Miyagawa JI, Namba M. Effects of gliclazide on platelet aggregation and the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2010; 59:1294-9. [PMID: 20070990 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular complications are a common factor determining morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. In vitro studies have revealed that gliclazide has antiplatelet activities. To clinically assess this action, we measured the effects of gliclazide on platelet activities and abnormal fibrinolysis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We studied 14 patients aged 38 to 72 years (9 men and 5 women) with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have been treated with glibenclamide in our hospital for more than 6 months. We switched from glibenclamide to gliclazide using the average ratio of the respective doses, 2.5 vs 40 mg. We titrated the dose of gliclazide to keep the glycemic control at the same level as the previous (glibenclamide) treatment. We measured 10 micromol/L serotonin-induced or 0.5 micromol/L adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregate formation by particle counting using light scattering at baseline and up to 6 months after the switch. After switching to gliclazide, platelet aggregate formation induced by serotonin was significantly reduced (P < .05, compared with the levels observed after glibenclamide treatment). The body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, immunoreactive insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin III complex, plasmin-alpha2-plasmin inhibitor complex, and plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) were not changed. In the group with improved HbA(1c) (n = 5), ADP-induced platelet aggregate formation and plasma PAI-1 level were significantly reduced (P < .05, compared with the group with aggravated HbA(1c), n = 9). Multiple regression analysis showed that percentage change of ADP-induced platelet aggregate formation (standardized beta = 0.540, P < .05) was independently associated with percentage change of plasma PAI-1 level in addition to percentage change of HbA(1c) (standardized beta = 0.657, P < .05) (R = 0.939, P < .05) after switching to gliclazide. The other independent variants, like the final dose of gliclazide, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, percentage change of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and total cholesterol, were not significantly associated with the percentage change of plasma PAI-1 level. These results indicate that gliclazide inhibits platelet aggregation via the serotonin pathway, independently of the metabolic control per se. Furthermore, in the patients with improved glycemic control, gliclazide could inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation and reduce PAI-I level. Taken together, the results show that gliclazide may be more useful for the prevention of diabetic vascular complications than glibenclamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konya
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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22
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Feuring M, Wehling M, Burkhardt H, Schultz A. Coagulation status in coronary artery disease patients with type II diabetes mellitus compared with non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients using the PFA-100® and ROTEM®. Platelets 2010; 21:616-22. [PMID: 20807172 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2010.504868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) revealed differences in thromboelastographic parameters indicating different states of coagulability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the coagulation status of patients with documented CAD and type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease with the PFA-100® and the ROTEM®. No differences were found in platelet function as measured with collagen/epinephrine (263.6 ± 70.6 s vs. 254.6 ± 65.3 s) and collagen/ADP cartridges (105.3 ± 63.2 s vs. 90.6 ± 47.3 s) in CAD patients with DM and CAD patients without DM. Measured with the EXTEM reagent of the ROTEM®, mean maximum clot elasticity (MCE) in patients with CAD and DM (233.6 ± 86.9) was significantly longer than in CAD patients without DM (186.7 ± 54.5), (p = 0.03). A similar result was seen using the INTEM reagent; patients with CAD and DM (234.4 ± 83.9) showed a higher value for MCE than CAD patients without DM (190.8 ± 57.8) which was of borderline significance (p = 0.053). Moreover, a weak trend for higher maximum clot firmness (MCF) was seen in CAD patients with DM compared with CAD patients without DM with the EXTEM reagent (68.1 ± 7.5 vs. 63.6 ± 8.6, p = 0.08) and the INTEM reagent (68.4 ± 7.2 vs. 64.1 ± 8.2, p = 0.09). The ROTEM® analysis indicates increased coagulability in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus compared to non-diabetic CAD patients. Moreover, the ROTEM® device seems to be an appropriate and easy-to-use tool to describe the coagulation status in these patients groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feuring
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Lemkes BA, Hermanides J, Devries JH, Holleman F, Meijers JCM, Hoekstra JBL. Hyperglycemia: a prothrombotic factor? J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1663-9. [PMID: 20492456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a high risk of atherothrombotic events. What is more, venous thrombosis has also been found to occur more frequently in this patient group. This prothrombotic condition in diabetes is underpinned by laboratory findings of elevated coagulation factors and impaired fibrinolysis. Hyperglycemia plays an important role in the development of these hemostatic abnormalities, as is illustrated by the association with glycemic control and the improvement upon treatment of hyperglycemia. Interestingly, stress induced hyperglycemia, which is often transient, has also been associated with poor outcome in thrombotic disease. Similar laboratory findings suggest a common effect of acute vs. chronic hyperglycemia on the coagulation system. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain this prothrombotic shift in hyperglycemia, such as a direct effect on gene transcription of coagulation factors caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, loss of the endothelial glycocalyx layer, which harbours coagulation factors, and direct glycation of coagulation factors, altering their activity. In addition, both chronic and acute hyperglycemia are often accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, which has been shown to have prothrombotic effects as well. In conclusion, the laboratory evidence of the effects of both chronic and acute hyperglycemia suggests a prothrombotic shift. Additionally, hyperglycemia is associated with poor clinical outcome of thrombotic events. Whether intensive treatment of hyperglycemia can prevent hypercoagulability and improve clinical outcome remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Lemkes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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24
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Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 2010:CD002967. [PMID: 20393934 PMCID: PMC7138050 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002967.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent that has been shown to reduce total mortality compared to other anti-hyperglycemic agents, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin, however, is thought to increase the risk of lactic acidosis, and has been considered to be contraindicated in many chronic hypoxemic conditions that may be associated with lactic acidosis, such as cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and pulmonary disease, and advancing age. OBJECTIVES To assess the incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis, and to evaluate blood lactate levels, for those on metformin treatment compared to placebo or non-metformin therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY A comprehensive search was performed of electronic databases to identify studies of metformin treatment. The search was augmented by scanning references of identified articles, and by contacting principal investigators. SELECTION CRITERIA Prospective trials and observational cohort studies in patients with type 2 diabetes of least one month duration were included if they evaluated metformin, alone or in combination with other treatments, compared to placebo or any other glucose-lowering therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis was recorded as cases per patient-years, for metformin treatment and for non-metformin treatments. The upper limit for the true incidence of cases was calculated using Poisson statistics. In a second analysis lactate levels were measured as a net change from baseline or as mean treatment values (basal and stimulated by food or exercise) for treatment and comparison groups. The pooled results were recorded as a weighted mean difference (WMD) in mmol/L, using the fixed-effect model for continuous data. MAIN RESULTS Pooled data from 347 comparative trials and cohort studies revealed no cases of fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis in 70,490 patient-years of metformin use or in 55,451 patients-years in the non-metformin group. Using Poisson statistics the upper limit for the true incidence of lactic acidosis per 100,000 patient-years was 4.3 cases in the metformin group and 5.4 cases in the non-metformin group. There was no difference in lactate levels, either as mean treatment levels or as a net change from baseline, for metformin compared to non-metformin therapies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence from prospective comparative trials or from observational cohort studies that metformin is associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, or with increased levels of lactate, compared to other anti-hyperglycemic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Salpeter
- Stanford University, and Santa Clara Valley Medical CenterMedicine2400 Moorpark Ave, Suite 118San JoseCAUSA95128
| | - Elizabeth Greyber
- Santa Clara Valley Medical CenterMedicine2400 Moorpark Ave, Suite 118San JoseCAUSA95128
| | - Gary A Pasternak
- Santa Clara Valley Medical CenterMedicine2400 Moorpark Ave, Suite 118San JoseCAUSA95128
| | - Edwin E Salpeter
- Cornell UniversityCenter for Radiophysics and Space Research612 Space Sciences BuildingIthacaNYUSA14853
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25
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Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter Posthumous EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD002967. [PMID: 20091535 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002967.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent that has been shown to reduce total mortality compared to other anti-hyperglycemic agents, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin, however, is thought to increase the risk of lactic acidosis, and has been considered to be contraindicated in many chronic hypoxemic conditions that may be associated with lactic acidosis, such as cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and pulmonary disease, and advancing age. OBJECTIVES To assess the incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis, and to evaluate blood lactate levels, for those on metformin treatment compared to placebo or non-metformin therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY A comprehensive search was performed of electronic databases to identify studies of metformin treatment. The search was augmented by scanning references of identified articles, and by contacting principal investigators. SELECTION CRITERIA Prospective trials and observational cohort studies in patients with type 2 diabetes of least one month duration were included if they evaluated metformin, alone or in combination with other treatments, compared to placebo or any other glucose-lowering therapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis was recorded as cases per patient-years, for metformin treatment and for non-metformin treatments. The upper limit for the true incidence of cases was calculated using Poisson statistics. In a second analysis lactate levels were measured as a net change from baseline or as mean treatment values (basal and stimulated by food or exercise) for treatment and comparison groups. The pooled results were recorded as a weighted mean difference (WMD) in mmol/L, using the fixed-effect model for continuous data. MAIN RESULTS Pooled data from 347 comparative trials and cohort studies revealed no cases of fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis in 70,490 patient-years of metformin use or in 55,451 patients-years in the non-metformin group. Using Poisson statistics the upper limit for the true incidence of lactic acidosis per 100,000 patient-years was 4.3 cases in the metformin group and 5.4 cases in the non-metformin group. There was no difference in lactate levels, either as mean treatment levels or as a net change from baseline, for metformin compared to non-metformin therapies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence from prospective comparative trials or from observational cohort studies that metformin is associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, or with increased levels of lactate, compared to other anti-hyperglycemic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R Salpeter
- Medicine, Stanford University, and Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, 2400 Moorpark Ave, Suite 118, San Jose, CA, USA, 95128
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26
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Ersoy C, Kiyici S, Budak F, Oral B, Guclu M, Duran C, Selimoglu H, Erturk E, Tuncel E, Imamoglu S. The effect of metformin treatment on VEGF and PAI-1 levels in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81:56-60. [PMID: 18358555 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of metformin on markers of endothelial function, vascular inflammation and factors of thrombosis in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Twenty-four type 2 diabetic patients (15 female, 9 male) previously under medical nutrition treatment (MNT)+regular exercise programme (REP) without chronic micro or macrovascular complications with the mean age of 50.5+/-1.5 years, diabetes duration of 17.9+/-6.3 months and body mass index (BMI) of 31.7+/-0.8 kg/m(2) were enrolled in the study. In the first 4 weeks, all the patients continued MNT+REP. In the following 12 weeks, metformin (mean daily dosage of 1381+/-85 mg) was added. After the first period with MNT+REP, BMI, waist circumference, fat percentage, blood pressure and HDL cholesterol decreased significantly. After metformin addition, there was a significant decrement in BMI, waist circumference, fat percentage, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and increment in beta cell reserve values of the patients. Our results indicated that, metformin addition had beneficial effect on VEGF and PAI-1 levels in obese type 2 diabetic patients under MNT+REP, independent from its' favourable effects on BMI and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Ersoy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Uludag University Medical School, 16059 Görükle-Bursa, Turkey.
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Perriello G, Pampanelli S, Brunetti P, di Pietro C, Mariz S. Long-term effects of pioglitazone versus gliclazide on hepatic and humoral coagulation factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007; 4:226-30. [PMID: 17907113 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the long-term effects of pioglitazone and gliclazide on the production of coagulation factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients (n=283) with glycosylated haemoglobin > 7.5% were randomised to receive either pioglitazone (30-45 mg/day) or gliclazide (80-320 mg/day) for one year. Coagulation factors were measured at baseline and at six and 12 months. While both pioglitazone and gliclazide induced a comparable improvement in glycaemic control, only pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity. Pioglitazone significantly (p < or = 0.001) decreased circulating levels of von Willebrand factor (-9.7%, -9.4%) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (-16.8 ng/ml, -12.3 ng/ml), and increased levels of antithrombin-III (+1.3 mg/dL, +1.5 mg/dL) after six and 12 months, respectively. The beneficial effects of pioglitazone on glycaemic control, lipid homeostasis, and coagulation and thrombosis, may improve vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Perriello
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1826-32. [PMID: 16873787 DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation has been suggested to improve glycemia, but there are conflicting reports on efficacy. We sought to determine the effect of CrPic on insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and body composition in subjects with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-seven subjects with type 2 diabetes were evaluated. After baseline, subjects were placed on a sulfonylurea (glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system 5 mg/day) with placebo for 3 months. Subjects were then randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either the sulfonylurea plus placebo (n = 12) or the sulfonylurea plus 1,000 microg Cr as CrPic (n = 17) for 6 months. Body composition, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control were determined at baseline, end of the 3-month single-blind placebo phase, and end of study. RESULTS Subjects randomized to sulfonylurea/placebo, as opposed to those randomized to sulfonylurea/CrPic, had a significant increase in body weight (2.2 kg, P < 0.001 vs. 0.9 kg, P = 0.11), percent body fat (1.17%, P < 0.001 vs. 0.12%, P = 0.7), and total abdominal fat (32.5 cm(2), P < 0.05 vs. 12.2 cm(2), P < 0.10) from baseline. Subjects randomized to sulfonylurea/CrPic had significant improvements in insulin sensitivity corrected for fat-free mass (28.8, P < 0.05 vs. 15.9, P = 0.4), GHb (-1.16%, P < 0.005 vs. -0.4%, P = 0.3), and free fatty acids (-0.2 mmol/l, P < 0.001 vs. -0.12 mmol/l, P < 0.03) as opposed to sulfonylurea/placebo. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CrPic supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes who are taking sulfonylurea agents significantly improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Further, CrPic supplementation significantly attenuated body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation compared with the placebo group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Martin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
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29
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Ajjan RA, Grant PJ. Role of clotting factors and fibrin structure in predisposition to atherothrombotic disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 3:1047-59. [PMID: 16292996 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.6.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherothrombotic disease is a multifactorial disorder that develops secondary to a complex gene-environment interaction. The formation of an obstructive thrombus represents the final stage of the atherothrombotic process, and understanding the mechanisms involved in clot formation is essential in order to develop new preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at decreasing mortality and morbidity from the disease. Studies have demonstrated an important correlation between final clot structure and predisposition to atherothrombotic disease. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the final ultrastructure of the clot, which, in turn, influences an individual's risk of the disease. This paper reviews the factors involved in determining clot structure. The role of commonly used therapeutic agents in modulating clot structure will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi A Ajjan
- The LIGHT laboratories, Leeds Institute of Genetics Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD002967. [PMID: 16437448 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002967.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study indicate that metformin treatment is associated with a reduction in total mortality compared to other anti-hyperglycemic treatments. Metformin, however, is thought to increase the risk of lactic acidosis, and is considered to be contraindicated in many chronic hypoxemic conditions that may be associated with lactic acidosis, such as cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and pulmonary disease, and advancing age. OBJECTIVES To assess the incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use compared to placebo and other glucose-lowering treatments in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A secondary objective was to evaluate the blood lactate levels for those on metformin treatment compared to placebo or non-metformin therapies. SEARCH STRATEGY A search was performed of The Cochrane Library (up to 8/2005), MEDLINE (up to 8/2005), EMBASE (up to 11/2000), OLD MEDLINE, and REACTIONS (up to 8/2005), in order to identify all studies of metformin treatment from 1966 to August 2005. The Cumulated Index Medicus was used to search relevant articles from 1959 to 1965. The search was augmented by scanning references of identified articles, and by contacting principal investigators. Date of latest search: August 2005. SELECTION CRITERIA Prospective trials in patients with type 2 diabetes that lasted longer than one month were included if they evaluated metformin, alone or in combination with other treatments, compared to placebo or any other glucose-lowering therapy. Observational cohort studies of metformin treatment lasting greater than one month were also included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently selected trials to be included, assessed study quality and extracted data. The incidence of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis was recorded as cases per patient-years, for metformin treatment and for placebo or other treatments. The upper limit for the true incidence of cases in the metformin and non-metformin groups were calculated using Poisson statistics. In a second analysis lactate levels were measured as a net change from baseline or as mean treatment values (basal and stimulated by food or exercise) for treatment and comparison groups. The pooled results were recorded as a weighted mean difference (WMD) in mmol/L, using the fixed effect model for continuous data. MAIN RESULTS Pooled data from 206 comparative trials and cohort studies revealed no cases of fatal or nonfatal lactic acidosis in 47,846 patient-years of metformin use or in 38,221 patients-years in the non-metformin group. Using Poisson statistics with 95% confidence intervals the upper limit for the true incidence of metformin-associated lactic acidosis was 6.3 cases per 100,000 patient-years, and the upper limit for the true incidence of lactic acidosis in the non-metformin group was 7.8 cases per 100,000 patient-years. There was no difference in lactate levels, either as mean treatment levels or as a net change from baseline, for metformin compared to placebo or other non-biguanide therapies. The mean lactate levels were slightly lower for metformin treatment compared to phenformin (WMD -0.75 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.86 to -0.15). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence from prospective comparative trials or from observational cohort studies that metformin is associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis, or with increased levels of lactate, compared to other anti-hyperglycemic treatments if prescribed under the study conditions.
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Fonseca VA, Theuma P, Mudaliar S, Leissinger CA, Clejan S, Henry RR. Diabetes treatments have differential effects on nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 20:14-20. [PMID: 16389162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effect of basal insulin, alone or with a sensitizer, or a combination of oral agents on nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We randomized 57 patients with T2DM to either (1) continuous subcutaneous basal Lispro insulin at a single rate using an insulin pump (basal insulin) or (2) basal insulin and oral pioglitazone 30 mg daily (basal insulin +Pio) or (3) a sulfonylurea and metformin (SU+M). We measured glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha), serum lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)], and lipoprotein profile at baseline and after 20 weeks of treatment. RESULTS HbA1c decreased by >or=2% (P<.001) and to comparable levels (P=NS) in all groups. Despite improved glycemia, hsCRP did not change in any group, whereas plasma PAI-1 fell with basal insulin +Pio (P<.02) and SU+M (P<.01). PGF2alpha declined with basal insulin (P<.02) and SU+M (P<.001). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased only with basal insulin +Pio (18.2%, P<.05). Lp (a) increased with basal insulin therapy alone (P<.01). Data were pooled from all groups to determine the overall effect of glycemic control-there was a significant (P<.001) decline in HbA1c, PAI-1, and PGF2alpha and an increase in HDL-C (P<.001). There was no correlation between HbA1c reduction and changes in these parameters. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that excellent glycemic control per se does not impact nontraditional risk factors for CVD equally, but various diabetes medications have different effects on these risk factors. These findings may have implications for making appropriate therapeutic choices for patients with Type 2 diabetes, although larger studies with more appropriate treatment comparisons may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Fonseca
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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32
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Saenz A, Fernandez-Esteban I, Mataix A, Ausejo M, Roque M, Moher D. Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD002966. [PMID: 16034881 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002966.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is an anti-hyperglycaemic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes may present long-term complications: micro- (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease). Two meta-analyses have been published before, although only secondary outcomes were assessed. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of metformin monotherapy on mortality, morbidity, quality of life, glycaemic control, body weight, lipid levels, blood pressure, insulinaemia, and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SEARCH STRATEGY Studies were obtained from computerised searches of multiple electronic databases and hand searches of reference lists of relevant trials identified. Date of last search: September 2003. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: Diabetes mellitus type 2, metformin versus any other oral intervention, assessment of relevant clinical outcome measures, use of random allocation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers extracted data, using a standard data extraction form. Data were summarised under a random effects model. Dichotomous data were expressed as relative risk. We calculated the risk difference (RD), and the Number Needed to Treat, when it was possible. We collected data of mean and standard deviation from changes to baseline. However many trials reported end point data. This limitation lead to the expression of the results as standardised mean differences (SMD) and an overall SMD was calculated. Heterogeneity was tested for using the Z score and the I-squared statistic. Subgroup, sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS We included for analysis 29 trials with 37 arms (5259 participants), comparing metformin (37 arms and 2007 participants) with sulphonylureas (13 and 1167), placebo (12 and 702), diet (three and 493), thiazolidinediones (three and 132), insulin (two and 439), meglitinides (two and 208), and glucosidase inhibitors (two and 111). Nine studies reported data on primary outcomes. Obese patients allocated to intensive blood glucose control with metformin showed a greater benefit than chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, or insulin for any diabetes-related outcomes (P = 0.009), and for all-cause mortality (P = 0.03). Obese participants assigned to intensive blood glucose control with metformin showed a greater benefit than overweight patients on conventional treatment for any diabetes-related outcomes (P = 0.004), diabetes-related death (P = 0.03), all-cause mortality (P = 0.01), and myocardial infarction (P = 0.02). Patients assigned to metformin monotherapy showed a significant benefit for glycaemia control, weight, dyslipidaemia, and diastolic blood pressure. Metformin presents a strong benefit for HbA1c when compared with placebo and diet; and a moderated benefit for: glycaemia control, LDL cholesterol, and BMI or weight when compared with sulphonylureas. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Metformin may be the first therapeutic option in the diabetes mellitus type 2 with overweight or obesity, as it may prevent some vascular complications, and mortality. Metformin produces beneficial changes in glycaemia control, and moderated in weight, lipids, insulinaemia and diastolic blood pressure. Sulphonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, insulin, and diet fail to show more benefit for glycaemia control, body weight, or lipids, than metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saenz
- Centro de Salud Pozuelo 1, INSALUD - Madrid, Emisora s/n, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain, 28224.
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Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Does metformin decrease blood pressure in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin? Diabet Med 2005; 22:907-13. [PMID: 15975107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated in a double-blind study whether metformin reduces blood pressure (BP) in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin. METHODS A total of 220 patients with Type 2 diabetes were asked to undergo 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (24-h ABPM). One hundred and eighty-two gave informed consent. Eighty-nine were randomized to metformin and 93 to placebo. Thirty-five subjects dropped out (13 placebo, 22 metformin users); 147 patients underwent a second 24-h ABPM, 16 weeks after randomization. RESULTS Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), pulse BP (PP), mean BP (MP) and heart rate (HR) were measured as office BP measurements and as 24-h ABPM for 24-h, day and night. Office BP measurements did not differ significantly between the placebo- and metformin-treated groups for any BP measure, but showed a non-significant trend for SBP reduction with metformin use (mean baseline-adjusted difference, metformin minus placebo: -4.2 mmHg, 95% CI, -9.9 to +1.5; P = 0.15). The baseline-adjusted differences of the ambulatory measurements were -0.2 mmHg (95% CI, -2.9 to +2.6) for the 24-h SBP, and +1.1 mmHg (95% CI, -0.7 to +2.8) for the 24-h DBP. On the whole, BP differences between metformin- and placebo-treated groups were not statistically significant. The only significant difference was for night-time PP (baseline-adjusted difference: -2.2 mmHg; 95% CI, -4.2 to -0.2). These results were not different after adjustment for age and diabetes duration, or for (changes in) body mass index, glycated haemoglobin, insulin dose or plasma homocysteine. CONCLUSION Metformin does not significantly affect BP in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wulffelé
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda General Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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Feinglos M, Dailey G, Cefalu W, Osei K, Tayek J, Canovatchel W, Chaiken R, Kourides I. Effect on glycemic control of the addition of 2.5 mg glipizide GITS to metformin in patients with T2DM. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 68:167-75. [PMID: 15860246 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the effects on glycemic control of the addition of 2.5 mg glipizide GITS to metformin in patients with mild-to-moderate, but suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 122 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled (A1c 7-8.5%) on metformin (> or =1000 mg/day for > or =3 months) were randomized to 16 weeks treatment with 2.5 mg/day glipizide GITS (n=61) or placebo (n=61), in addition to their current metformin dose. The primary efficacy variable was the change in A1c from baseline to endpoint. Changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin concentrations, lipid profile and safety variables were also measured. RESULTS The addition of glipizide GITS to metformin gave significantly greater improvements in mean A1c and FPG from baseline to endpoint than placebo addition (p<0.0002). Significantly more patients in the glipizide GITS group than in the placebo group achieved the target A1c level of A1c<7.0% (p<0.0001) and an A1c<6.5% (p<0.0033). Fasting insulin concentrations were similar in both groups and unchanged by treatment. Addition of glipizide GITS to metformin did not produce any significant or clinically relevant weight gain or changes in BMI. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the addition of 2.5 mg glipizide GITS to metformin significantly improved glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Feinglos
- Duke University Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Box 3921, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Matthews DR, Charbonnel BH, Hanefeld M, Brunetti P, Schernthaner G. Long-term therapy with addition of pioglitazone to metformin compared with the addition of gliclazide to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, comparative study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21:167-74. [PMID: 15386821 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This 52-week, randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of metformin plus pioglitazone with the established combination of metformin plus gliclazide in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > or = 7.5% to < or =11.0%) received either pioglitazone 15 mg o.d. (titrated up to 45 mg; n = 317) or gliclazide 80 mg o.d. (titrated up to 320 mg; n = 313) and metformin at the pre-study dose. HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, lipids and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio were measured. RESULTS There were no significant differences in HbA1c (1% decrease in both groups) and FPG between groups. There was a decrease in fasting insulin in the pioglitazone group compared to an increase in the gliclazide group (p < 0.001). There were significantly greater improvements in triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol in the metformin plus pioglitazone group compared to the metformin plus gliclazide group (p < 0.001). Mean LDL-cholesterol decreased with metformin plus gliclazide and increased with metformin plus pioglitazone (p < 0.001); however, this increase was considerably less marked than that in HDL-cholesterol. The mean urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was reduced by 10% in the metformin plus pioglitazone group compared to an increase of 6% in the metformin plus gliclazide group (p = 0.027). The incidence of adverse events was comparable between groups and both combinations were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the established combination of metformin plus gliclazide, this study indicates potential benefits of addition of pioglitazone to metformin in terms of improvements in microalbuminuria and specific abnormalities associated with diabetic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Matthews
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, that underlies it are hyper-coagulable states. Increased platelet reactivity,augmented activity of the coagulation system,and impaired fibrinolysis are characteristic and understood to a remarkable extent. In aggregate,these derangements contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis, premature coronary artery dis-ease, and a profound toll from both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton E Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester Research Facility, 208 South Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446, USA.
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Cicero AFG, Derosa G, Miconi A, Laghi L, Nascetti S, Gaddi A. Treatment of massive hypertriglyceridemia resistant to PUFA and fibrates: a possible role for the coenzyme Q10? Biofactors 2005; 23:7-14. [PMID: 15817994 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520230102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the effect of CoQ10 (added to either a fibrate, or PUFA or association of both) in patients affected by massive hypertriglyceridemia (MHTG) resistant to fibrates and PUFA. DESIGN Open, sequential, comparative intervention study. SETTING Specialised centres for dyslipidemia management. SUBJECTS 15 subjects (mean age: 45.1 +/- 12.5 years) affected by MHTG and hyporesponsive to either fibrates, or PUFA, or fibrates-PUFA association, and 15 age-matched subjects regularly responders to PUFA and fenofibrate treatment. INTERVENTIONS Treatment for periods of 6 weeks each with the following consecutive treatments: CoQ10 150 mg/day, PUFA 3000 mg/day, fenofibrate 200 mg/day, PUFA 3000 mg/day + fenofibrate 200 mg/day, PUFA 3000 mg/day + CoQ10 150 mg/day, fenofibrate 200 mg/day + CoQ10 150 mg/day, and finally, fenofibrate 200 mg/day + PUFA 3000 mg/day + CoQ10 150 mg/day. RESULTS CoQ10 supplementation improved, in the control group, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, creatinine and Lp(a) plasma levels, both during fenofibrate and/or PUFA treatment. In MHTG group, CoQ10 supplementation significantly improved TG, TC, Lp(a), uric acid and blood pressure during fenofibrate treatment, but only Lp(a) and blood pressure during PUFA treatment. Fenofibrate appeared to have better effect on hsCRP and gamma-GT plasma levels than PUFA. No significant change was observed in any group and under any treatment in regards to homocysteinemia, PAI-1, or t-PA. CONCLUSION Even though the mechanism of action through which the effects were obtained is yet to be elucidated, adding CoQ10 to fenofibrate could improve the drug's efficacy in MHTG patients not responding to fenofibrate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F G Cicero
- GC Descovich Atherosclerosis Research Centre, D. Campanacci Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotechonology Department, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy.
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De Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Wulffelé MG, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Schalkwijk CG, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2005; 257:100-9. [PMID: 15606381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed that treatment with metformin decreases macrovascular morbidity and mortality independent of glycaemic control. We hypothesized that metformin may achieve this by improving endothelial function and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Data on this issue are scarce and we therefore tested, in the setting of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, whether metformin can affect endothelial function and low-grade inflammation. DESIGN The Hyperinsulinaemia the Outcome of its Metabolic Effects (HOME) trial is a double-blind trial, in which all patients were randomized to receive either metformin or placebo in addition to insulin therapy. At the beginning and the end of a 16-week treatment period fasting blood samples were drawn and a physical examination was carried out. SETTING The trial was conducted in the outpatient clinics of three nonacademic hospitals (Hoogeveen, Meppel and Coevorden; the Netherlands). SUBJECTS Patients were included if they were between 30 and 80 years of age; had received a diagnosis of diabetes after the age of 25; had never had an episode of ketoacidosis; and their blood glucose-lowering treatment previously consisted of oral agents but now only consisted of either insulin (n = 345) or insulin and metformin (n = 45). We excluded pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant, patients with a Cockroft-Gault-estimated creatinine clearance <50 mL min(-1), or low plasma cholinesterase (reference value <3.5 units L(-1)), patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III/IV), or patients with other serious medical or psychiatric disease. A total of 745 eligible patients were approached; 390 gave informed consent and were randomized (196 metformin, 194 placebo). About 353 patients completed 16 weeks of treatment (171 metformin, 182 placebo). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The HOME trial was designed to study the metabolic and cardiovascular effects of metformin during a follow-up of 4 years. Presented here are the results of an interim analysis after 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS When compared with placebo, metformin treatment was associated with an increase in urinary albumin excretion of 21% (-1 to +48; P = 0.06); a decrease in plasma von Willebrand factor of 6% (-10 to -2; P = 0.0007); a decrease in soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 of 4% (-7 to -2; P = 0.0002); a decrease in soluble E-selectin of 6% (-10 to -2; P = 0.008); a decrease in tissue-type plasminogen activator of 16% (-20 to -12; P < 0.0001); and a decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 of 20% (-27 to -10; P = 0.0001). These changes could not be explained by metformin-associated changes in glycaemic control, body weight or insulin dose. Markers of inflammation, i.e. C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, did not change with metformin treatment. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, metformin treatment was associated with improvement of endothelial function, which was largely unrelated to changes in glycaemic control, but not with improvement of chronic, low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Jager
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda General Hospital Hoogeveen, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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Bell DSH. Practical considerations and guidelines for dosing sulfonylureas as monotherapy or combination therapy. Clin Ther 2004; 26:1714-27. [PMID: 15639686 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral antidiabetic agents are the initial and most commonly used therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. To effectively utilize the oral antidiabetic agents, familiarity with the efficacy and side effects of each agent is essential so that strategies for effective therapy with 1 or more agents can be developed when transitioning is needed either with monotherapy or to combination therapy with another antidiabetic agent. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this article were to review the efficacy and adverse-event profile of sulfonylureas, the most widely used class of oral antidiabetic agents in the United States, and to provide a simple set of guidelines for use in transitioning patients between sulfonylureas or to combination therapy. METHODS A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE and PubMed databases for the years 1966 to present and a thorough review of abstracts of recently presented clinical trials were used to identify relevant literature on dosing conversion and equivalence between sulfonylureas. Search terms used were as follows: sulfonylureas, dosing conversion, equivalence, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, and combination therapy. Strategies are provided for switching patients between sulfonylureas so that switching within the sulfonylurea class or to a combination tablet can be accomplished efficaciously and safely. Recommendations for dosing conversion were based on the results of the literature and abstract search, manufacturer recommendations for each available agent, and the author's clinical experience. RESULTS When switching between agents or starting combination therapy, it is important to monitor for hypoglycemia. Fasting serum glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin should also be monitored to determine the optimal dose of sulfonylurea for each patient Patients not achieving adequate control on a single agent should be transferred to combination therapy. CONCLUSION When transferring a diabetic patient to a combination tablet, improved compliance, cost savings, and better glycemic control may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Bell
- University of Alabama Medical School, Faculty Office Towers, 510 20th Street South, Room 702, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Setter SM, Iltz JL, Thams J, Campbell RK. Metformin hydrochloride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review with a focus on dual therapy. Clin Ther 2004; 25:2991-3026. [PMID: 14749143 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(03)90089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus typically involves abnormal beta-cell function that results in relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance accompanied by decreased glucose transport into muscle and fat cells, and increased hepatic glucose output, all of which contribute to hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE This review examines the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug-interaction potential, adverse effects, and dosing guidelines for metformin hydrochloride, a biguanide agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Clinical trial data are reviewed, including efficacy and tolerability information, with a focus on studies of dual metformin therapy (metformin plus another oral agent or insulin) published from 1998 to the present. Pharmacoeconomic considerations are also discussed. METHODS Primary research and review articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-May 2003) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2003) using the terms metformin and/or Glucophage. Web of Science (1995-May 2003) was used to search for additional abstracts. The package inserts for metformin and metformin combination products were consulted. All identified articles and abstracts were assessed for relevance, and all relevant information was included. Priority was given to the primary medical literature and clinical trial reports. RESULTS Metformin is the only currently available oral antidiabetic/hypoglycemic agent that acts predominantly by inhibiting hepatic glucose release. Because patients with type 2 diabetes often have excess hepatic glucose output, use of metformin is effective in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 1 to 2 percentage points when used as monotherapy or in combination with other blood glucose-lowering agents or insulin. Other metabolic variables (eg, dyslipidemia, fibrinolysis) may be improved with the use of metformin. Body weight is often maintained or slightly reduced from baseline. Metformin is well tolerated and is associated with few clinically deleterious adverse events. The most important and potentially life-threatening adverse event associated with its use is lactic acidosis, which occurs very rarely. CONCLUSIONS Metformin has multiple benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes. It can effectively lower HbA1c values, positively affect lipid profiles, and improve vascular and hemodynamic indices. Adverse effects are generally tolerable and self-limiting. The availability of products combining metformin with a sulfonylurea or rosiglitazone has expanded the array of therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Setter
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane 99217-6131, USA.
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Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes have dual defects: insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a new class of oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, reduce insulin resistance via an action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. There is also growing evidence that TZDs may preserve beta-cell function. Pioglitazone is a TZD that provides appropriate monotherapy or combination treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. Studies of up to 32-week duration have shown that pioglitazone significantly reduces HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose when used alone or in combination with another glucose-lowering agent. Four recently published 52-week clinical trials, involving over 3700 patients with type 2 diabetes, show that pioglitazone is an effective long-term treatment, both as monotherapy and in combination with metformin or sulphonylurea. As well as maintaining glycaemic control over the long term, pioglitazone also confers benefits in terms of improvements in fasting insulin, lipid parameters, C-peptide and 32,33-split proinsulin (independent predictors of cardiovascular risk) and hypoglycaemia compared with other monotherapies or combination therapies. It is well tolerated, with a low incidence of adverse events. These long-term data support the concept that pioglitazone should be used earlier in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, either as monotherapy or as add-on therapy.
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Sobel BE, Taatjes DJ, Schneider DJ. Intramural plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1979-89. [PMID: 12920048 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000091250.53231.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Altered expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in vessel walls, reviewed here, might affect coronary atherogenesis. Upregulation might exacerbate vasculopathy by potentiating thrombosis and by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration, resulting in attenuation of thickness of elaborated fibrous caps implicated in the vulnerability of atheroma to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton E Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA.
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