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Ye X, Zhang M, Gu H, Liu M, Zhao Y, Shi Y, Wu S, Jiang C, Ye X, Zhu H, Li Q, Huang X, Cao M. Animal models of acute exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2023; 24:296. [PMID: 38007420 PMCID: PMC10675932 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive scarring interstitial lung disease with an unknown cause. Some patients may experience acute exacerbations (AE), which result in severe lung damage visible on imaging or through examination of tissue samples, often leading to high mortality rates. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of AE-IPF remain unclear. AE-IPF patients exhibit diffuse lung damage, apoptosis of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and an excessive inflammatory response. Establishing a reliable animal model of AE is critical for investigating the pathogenesis. Recent studies have reported a variety of animal models for AE-IPF, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These models are usually established in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, using viruses, bacteria, small peptides, or specific drugs. In this review, we present an overview of different AE models, hoping to provide a useful resource for exploring the mechanisms and targeted therapies for AE-IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingrui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchen Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shufei Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Nanjing Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mengshu Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Nanjing Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Nanjing, China.
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Bonatti M, Pitozzi V, Caruso P, Pontis S, Pittelli MG, Frati C, Mangiaracina C, Lagrasta CAM, Quaini F, Cantarella S, Ottonello S, Villetti G, Civelli M, Montanini B, Trevisani M. Time-course transcriptome analysis of a double challenge bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis rat model uncovers ECM homoeostasis-related translationally relevant genes. BMJ Open Respir Res 2023; 10:e001476. [PMID: 37730279 PMCID: PMC10510891 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2022-001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible disorder with a poor prognosis. The incomplete understanding of IPF pathogenesis and the lack of accurate animal models is limiting the development of effective treatments. Thus, the selection of clinically relevant animal models endowed with similarities with the human disease in terms of lung anatomy, cell biology, pathways involved and genetics is essential. The bleomycin (BLM) intratracheal murine model is the most commonly used preclinical assay to evaluate new potential therapies for IPF. Here, we present the findings derived from an integrated histomorphometric and transcriptomic analysis to investigate the development of lung fibrosis in a time-course study in a BLM rat model and to evaluate its translational value in relation to IPF. METHODS Rats were intratracheally injected with a double dose of BLM (days 0-4) and sacrificed at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56. Histomorphometric analysis of lung fibrosis was performed on left lung sections. Transcriptome profiling by RNAseq was performed on the right lung lobes and results were compared with nine independent human gene-expression IPF studies. RESULTS The histomorphometric and transcriptomic analyses provided a detailed overview in terms of temporal gene-expression regulation during the establishment and repair of the fibrotic lesions. Moreover, the transcriptomic analysis identified three clusters of differentially coregulated genes whose expression was modulated in a time-dependent manner in response to BLM. One of these clusters, centred on extracellular matrix (ECM)-related process, was significantly correlated with histological parameters and gene sets derived from human IPF studies. CONCLUSIONS The model of lung fibrosis presented in this study lends itself as a valuable tool for preclinical efficacy evaluation of new potential drug candidates. The main finding was the identification of a group of persistently dysregulated genes, mostly related to ECM homoeostasis, which are shared with human IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bonatti
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine Solna (MedS) and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Pitozzi
- Corporate Preclinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Caruso
- Corporate Preclinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Pontis
- Corporate Preclinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Frati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Cantarella
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- DKFZ - German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Corporate Preclinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Corporate Preclinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Montanini
- Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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3
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Mothes R, Pascual-Reguant A, Koehler R, Liebeskind J, Liebheit A, Bauherr S, Philipsen L, Dittmayer C, Laue M, von Manitius R, Elezkurtaj S, Durek P, Heinrich F, Heinz GA, Guerra GM, Obermayer B, Meinhardt J, Ihlow J, Radke J, Heppner FL, Enghard P, Stockmann H, Aschman T, Schneider J, Corman VM, Sander LE, Mashreghi MF, Conrad T, Hocke AC, Niesner RA, Radbruch H, Hauser AE. Distinct tissue niches direct lung immunopathology via CCL18 and CCL21 in severe COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:791. [PMID: 36774347 PMCID: PMC9922044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged lung pathology has been associated with COVID-19, yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this chronic inflammatory disease are poorly understood. In this study, we combine advanced imaging and spatial transcriptomics to shed light on the local immune response in severe COVID-19. We show that activated adventitial niches are crucial microenvironments contributing to the orchestration of prolonged lung immunopathology. Up-regulation of the chemokines CCL21 and CCL18 associates to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tissue fibrosis within these niches. CCL21 over-expression additionally links to the local accumulation of T cells expressing the cognate receptor CCR7. These T cells are imprinted with an exhausted phenotype and form lymphoid aggregates that can organize in ectopic lymphoid structures. Our work proposes immune-stromal interaction mechanisms promoting a self-sustained and non-resolving local immune response that extends beyond active viral infection and perpetuates tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Mothes
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Pascual-Reguant
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Koehler
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Liebeskind
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Liebheit
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandy Bauherr
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Multi-Parametric Bioimaging and Cytometry (MPBIC) platform, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Dittmayer
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina von Manitius
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederik Heinrich
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gitta A Heinz
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela M Guerra
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Obermayer
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Meinhardt
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Ihlow
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, CCCC (Campus Mitte), Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Stockmann
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Aschman
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Conrad
- Genomics Technology Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Dynamic and Functional in vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Biophysical Analysis, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Liu S, Liu C, Wang Q, Liu S, Min J. CC Chemokines in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Potential. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020333. [PMID: 36830702 PMCID: PMC9953349 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by progressive worsening of dyspnea and irreversible decline in lung function, is a chronic and progressive respiratory disease with a poor prognosis. Chronic or repeated lung injury results in inflammation and an excessive injury-repairing response that drives the development of IPF. A number of studies have shown that the development and progression of IPF are associated with dysregulated expression of several chemokines and chemokine receptors, several of which have been used as predictors of IPF outcome. Chemokines of the CC family play significant roles in exacerbating IPF progression by immune cell attraction or fibroblast activation. Modulating levels of detrimental CC chemokines and interrupting the corresponding transduction axis by neutralizing antibodies or antagonists are potential treatment options for IPF. Here, we review the roles of different CC chemokines in the pathogenesis of IPF, and their potential use as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Chang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Qianrong Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Suosi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jiali Min
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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5
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Liu X, Geng Y, Liang J, Coelho AL, Yao C, Deng N, Wang Y, Dai K, Huang G, Xie T, Liu N, Rowan SC, Taghavifar F, Kulur V, Liu Z, Stripp BR, Hogaboam CM, Jiang D, Noble PW. HER2 drives lung fibrosis by activating a metastatic cancer signature in invasive lung fibroblasts. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220126. [PMID: 35980387 PMCID: PMC9391950 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive tissue fibrosis, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is characterized by excessive recruitment of fibroblasts to sites of tissue injury and unremitting extracellular matrix deposition associated with severe morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms that control progressive IPF have yet to be fully determined. Previous studies suggested that invasive fibroblasts drive disease progression in IPF. Here, we report profiling of invasive and noninvasive fibroblasts from IPF patients and healthy donors. Pathway analysis revealed that the activated signatures of the invasive fibroblasts, the top of which was ERBB2 (HER2), showed great similarities to those of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells. Activation of HER2 in normal lung fibroblasts led to a more invasive genetic program and worsened fibroblast invasion and lung fibrosis, while antagonizing HER2 signaling blunted fibroblast invasion and ameliorated lung fibrosis. These findings suggest that HER2 signaling may be a key driver of fibroblast invasion and serve as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristy Dai
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guanling Huang
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ningshan Liu
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Simon C. Rowan
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Forough Taghavifar
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cory M. Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul W. Noble
- Department of Medicine and Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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6
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Inflammation-mediated matrix remodeling of extracellular matrix-mimicking biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2022; 151:106-117. [PMID: 35970482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are considered effective tissue-engineered scaffolds for regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. ECM-mimicking biomaterials preserve natural microstructures and matrix-related bioactive components and undergo continuous matrix remodeling upon transplantation. The interaction between host immune cells and transplanted ECM-mimicking biomaterials has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Transplantation of biomaterials may initiate injuries and early pro-inflammation reactions characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Pro-inflammation reactions may lead to degradation of the transplanted biomaterial and drive the matrix into a fetal-like state. ECM degradation leads to the release of matrix-related bioactive components that act as signals for cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In late stages, pro-inflammatory cells fade away, and anti-inflammatory cells emerge, which involves macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and leukocyte activation to T helper 2 (Th2) cells. These anti-inflammatory cells interact with each other to facilitate matrix deposition and tissue reconstruction. Deposited ECM molecules serve as vital components of the mature tissue and influence tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling results in several pathological conditions, such as aggressive inflammation, difficult healing, and non-functional fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are effectively used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling can cause various pathological conditions. Here, the review describes the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. We believe that understanding host immune responses to matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials is important for directing effective tissue regeneration of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Considering the close relationship between immune response and matrix remodeling results, we highlight the need for studies of the effects of clinical characteristics on matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials.
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7
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Santos-Álvarez JC, Velázquez-Enríquez JM, García-Carrillo R, Rodríguez-Beas C, Ramírez-Hernández AA, Reyes-Jiménez E, González-García K, López-Martínez A, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Aguilar-Ruiz SR, Romero-Tlalolini MDLÁ, Torres-Aguilar H, Castro-Sánchez L, Arellanes-Robledo J, Vásquez-Garzón VR, Baltiérrez-Hoyos R. miRNAs Contained in Extracellular Vesicles Cargo Contribute to the Progression of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An In Vitro Aproach. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071112. [PMID: 35406675 PMCID: PMC8997737 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease. Lesions in the lung epithelium cause alterations in the microenvironment that promote fibroblast accumulation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to characterize the differentially expressed miRNAs in the cargo of EVs obtained from the LL97 and LL29 fibroblast cell lines isolated from IPF lungs versus those derived from the CCD19 fibroblast cell line isolated from a healthy donors. We characterized EVs by ultracentrifugation, Western blotting, and dynamic light scattering. We identified miRNAs by small RNA-seq, a total of 1144 miRNAs, of which 1027 were known miRNAs; interestingly, 117 miRNAs were novel. Differential expression analysis showed that 77 miRNAs were upregulated and 68 were downregulated. In addition, pathway enrichment analyses from the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genomes identified several miRNA target genes in the categories, cell proliferation, regulation of apoptosis, pathways in cancer, and proteoglycans in cancer. Our data reveal that miRNAs contained in EVs cargo could be helpful as biomarkers for fibrogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovito Cesar Santos-Álvarez
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | - Juan Manuel Velázquez-Enríquez
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | - Rosendo García-Carrillo
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico;
| | | | - Alma Aurora Ramírez-Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | - Edilburga Reyes-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | - Karina González-García
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | - Armando López-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Roberto Aguilar-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (J.C.S.-Á.); (J.M.V.-E.); (A.A.R.-H.); (E.R.-J.); (K.G.-G.); (A.L.-M.); (S.R.A.-R.)
| | | | - Honorio Torres-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico;
| | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CONACYT-Universidad de Colima, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico;
| | | | - Verónica Rocío Vásquez-Garzón
- CONACYT-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (M.d.l.Á.R.-T.); (V.R.V.-G.)
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos
- CONACYT-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (M.d.l.Á.R.-T.); (V.R.V.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Gheinani AH, Akshay A, Besic M, Kuhn A, Keller I, Bruggmann R, Rehrauer H, Adam RM, Burkhard FC, Monastyrskaya K. Integrated mRNA-miRNA transcriptome analysis of bladder biopsies from patients with bladder pain syndrome identifies signaling alterations contributing to the disease pathogenesis. BMC Urol 2021; 21:172. [PMID: 34876093 PMCID: PMC8653529 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial cystitis, or bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), is a chronic bladder disorder characterized by lower abdominal pain associated with the urinary bladder and accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency in the absence of identifiable causes. IC/PBS can be separated into the classic Hunner’s ulcerative type and the more prevalent non-ulcerative disease. Our aim was to unravel the biological processes and dysregulated cell signaling pathways leading to the bladder remodeling in non-ulcerative bladder pain syndrome (BPS) by studying the gene expression changes in the patients’ biopsies.
Methods We performed paired microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiling in the bladder biopsies of BPS patients with non-Hunner interstitial cystitis phenotype, using comprehensive Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and studied the activated pathways and altered biological processes based on the global gene expression changes. Paired mRNA-miRNA transcriptome analysis delineated the regulatory role of the dysregulated miRNAs by identifying their targets in the disease-induced pathways. Results EIF2 Signaling and Regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K Signaling, activated in response to cellular stress, were among the most significantly regulated processes during BPS. Leukotriene Biosynthesis nociceptive pathway, important in inflammatory diseases and neuropathic pain, was also significantly activated. The biological processes identified using Gene Ontology over-representation analysis were clustered into six main functional groups: cell cycle regulation, chemotaxis of immune cells, muscle development, muscle contraction, remodeling of extracellular matrix and peripheral nervous system organization and development. Compared to the Hunner’s ulcerative type IC, activation of the immune pathways was modest in non-ulcerative BPS, limited to neutrophil chemotaxis and IFN-γ-mediated signaling. We identified 62 miRNAs, regulated and abundant in BPS and show that they target the mRNAs implicated in eIF2 signalling pathway. Conclusions The bladders of non-ulcerative BPS patients recruited in this study had alterations consistent with a strong cell proliferative response and an up-regulation of smooth muscle contractility, while the contribution of inflammatory processes was modest. Pathway analysis of the integrated mRNA-miRNA NGS dataset pinpointed important regulatory miRNAs whose dysregulation might contribute to the pathogenesis. Observed molecular changes in the peripheral nervous system organization and development indicate the potential role of local bladder innervation in the pain perceived in this type of BPS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-021-00934-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Functional Urology Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akshay Akshay
- Functional Urology Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Besic
- Functional Urology Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annette Kuhn
- Department of Gynaecology, Inselspital University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rosalyn M Adam
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fiona C Burkhard
- Department of Urology, Inselspital University Hospital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katia Monastyrskaya
- Functional Urology Research Group, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Lu Y, Chen J, Tang K, Wang S, Tian Z, Wang M, Zhao J, Xie J. Development and Validation of the Prognostic Index Based on Inflammation-Related Gene Analysis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:667459. [PMID: 34368225 PMCID: PMC8339426 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.667459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Historically, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was considered a chronic inflammation disorder, but this conception was reassessed in the past decades. Our understanding of the role of inflammation in IPF and its association with clinical significance remained incomplete. Methods: We downloaded mRNA expression data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Inflammation-related genes (IRGs) expressed differently between IPF and control (CTRL) were determined. In this study, we systemically analyzed the expression of differently expressed IRGs by comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, and then investigated their potential prognostic values. The related prognostic gene expressions were verified in our cohort. Results: 110 differently expressed IRGs were identified in this study, including 64 upregulated and 46 downregulated IRGs. Three IRGs (S100A12, CCR7, and TNFSF4) were identified as potential hub genes for prognosis. Those genes were subsequently subjected to the construction of the prognostic models. In the results, IPF patients categorized as high risk demonstrated a poor overall survival rate compared to patients categorized as low risk. Based on this prognostic model, the area under the curve (AUC) of the survival-dependent receiver operator characteristic (ROC) for 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates was 0.611, 0.695, and 0.681, respectively, in the GSE28042 cohort. These observations were validated in the GSE27957 cohort, confirming the good prognostic effect of this model. The expression of the three genes was validated in our cohort. We also conducted a nomogram based on the three IRGs’ mRNA for quantitative IPF prognosis. Conclusion: Three IRGs (S100A12, CCR7, and TNFSF4) were identified as potential markers for the prognosis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinkun Chen
- Department of science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meijia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Hohmann MS, Habiel DM, Espindola MS, Huang G, Jones I, Narayanan R, Coelho AL, Oldham JM, Noth I, Ma SF, Kurkciyan A, McQualter JL, Carraro G, Stripp B, Chen P, Jiang D, Noble PW, Parks W, Woronicz J, Yarranton G, Murray LA, Hogaboam CM. Antibody-mediated depletion of CCR10+EphA3+ cells ameliorates fibrosis in IPF. JCI Insight 2021; 6:141061. [PMID: 33945505 PMCID: PMC8262321 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant repair that diminishes lung function via mechanisms that remain poorly understood. CC chemokine receptor (CCR10) and its ligand CCL28 were both elevated in IPF compared with normal donors. CCR10 was highly expressed by various cells from IPF lungs, most notably stage-specific embryonic antigen-4-positive mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs). In vitro, CCL28 promoted the proliferation of CCR10+ MPCs while CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeting of CCR10 resulted in the death of MPCs. Following the intravenous injection of various cells from IPF lungs into immunodeficient (NOD/SCID-γ, NSG) mice, human CCR10+ cells initiated and maintained fibrosis in NSG mice. Eph receptor A3 (EphA3) was among the highest expressed receptor tyrosine kinases detected on IPF CCR10+ cells. Ifabotuzumab-targeted killing of EphA3+ cells significantly reduced the numbers of CCR10+ cells and ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in humanized NSG mice. Thus, human CCR10+ cells promote pulmonary fibrosis, and EphA3 mAb-directed elimination of these cells inhibits lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Hohmann
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Habiel
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Milena S Espindola
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guanling Huang
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Isabelle Jones
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rohan Narayanan
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justin M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Imre Noth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adrianne Kurkciyan
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jonathan L McQualter
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Barry Stripp
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William Parks
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John Woronicz
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (now Humanigen, Inc.), Burlingame, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey Yarranton
- KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (now Humanigen, Inc.), Burlingame, California, USA
| | | | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Yang DC, Gu S, Li JM, Hsu SW, Chen SJ, Chang WH, Chen CH. Targeting the AXL Receptor in Combating Smoking-related Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:734-746. [PMID: 33730527 PMCID: PMC8456879 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0303oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor for both fibrogenesis and fibrotic progression; however, the mechanisms behind these processes remain enigmatic. RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) have recently been reported to drive profibrotic phenotypes in fibroblasts during pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Using a phospho-RTK array screen, we identified the RTK AXL as a top upregulated RTK in response to smoke. Both expression and signaling activity of AXL were indeed elevated in lung fibroblasts exposed to tobacco smoke, whereas no significant change to the levels of a canonical AXL ligand, Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6), was seen upon smoke treatment. Notably, we found that smoke-exposed human lung fibroblasts exhibited highly proliferative and invasive activities and were capable of inducing fibrotic lung lesions in mice. Conversely, genetic suppression of AXL in smoke-exposed fibroblasts cells led to suppression of AXL downstream pathways and aggressive phenotypes. We further demonstrated that AXL interacted with MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) and cooperated with MARCKS in regulating downstream signaling activity and fibroblast invasiveness. Pharmacological inhibition of AXL with AXL-specific inhibitor R428 showed selectivity for smoke-exposed fibroblasts. In all, our data suggest that AXL is a potential marker for smoke-associated PF and that targeting of the AXL pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy in treating tobacco smoking-related PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Shenwen Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Ji-Min Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Ssu-Wei Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Szu-Jung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
| | - Wen-Hsin Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; and
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12
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Sasaki K, Terker AS, Pan Y, Li Z, Cao S, Wang Y, Niu A, Wang S, Fan X, Zhang MZ, Harris RC. Deletion of Myeloid Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (Irf4) in Mouse Model Protects against Kidney Fibrosis after Ischemic Injury by Decreased Macrophage Recruitment and Activation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1037-1052. [PMID: 33619052 PMCID: PMC8259665 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKI is characterized by abrupt and reversible kidney dysfunction, and incomplete recovery leads to chronic kidney injury. Previous studies by us and others have indicated that macrophage infiltration and polarization play key roles in recovery from AKI. The role in AKI recovery played by IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a mediator of polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, is unclear. METHODS We used mice with myeloid or macrophage cell-specific deletion of Irf4 (MΦ Irf4-/- ) to evaluate Irf4's role in renal macrophage polarization and development of fibrosis after severe AKI. RESULTS Surprisingly, although macrophage Irf4 deletion had a minimal effect on early renal functional recovery from AKI, it resulted in decreased renal fibrosis 4 weeks after severe AKI, in association with less-activated macrophages. Macrophage Irf4 deletion also protected against renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) from MΦ Irf4-/- mice had diminished chemotactic responses to macrophage chemoattractants, with decreased activation of AKT and PI3 kinase and increased PTEN expression. PI3K and AKT inhibitors markedly decreased chemotaxis in wild-type BMDMs, and in a cultured macrophage cell line. There was significant inhibition of homing of labeled Irf4-/- BMDMs to postischemic kidneys. Renal macrophage infiltration in response to AKI was markedly decreased in MΦ Irf4-/- mice or in wild-type mice with inhibition of AKT activity. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of Irf4 from myeloid cells protected against development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis after severe ischemic renal injury in mice, due primarily to inhibition of AKT-mediated monocyte recruitment to the injured kidney and reduced activation and subsequent polarization into a profibrotic M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrew S. Terker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zhilian Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Shirong Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yinqiu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aolei Niu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Suwan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Raymond C. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Xia H, Herrera J, Smith K, Yang L, Gilbertsen A, Benyumov A, Racila E, Bitterman PB, Henke CA. Hyaluronan/CD44 axis regulates S100A4-mediated mesenchymal progenitor cell fibrogenicity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L926-L941. [PMID: 33719561 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00456.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite modest improvement in patient outcomes from recent advances in pharmacotherapy targeting fibrogenic signaling pathways, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains a major unsolved clinical problem. One reason for this is that available antifibrotic agents slow down but do not arrest fibrotic progression. To arrest fibrotic progression, its obligatory drivers need to be identified. We previously discovered that fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) are key drivers of fibrotic progression in IPF, serving as cells of origin for disease-mediating myofibroblasts. IPF MPCs have high levels of nuclear S100A4, which interacts with the proteasome to promote p53 degradation and self-renewal. However, the mechanism underlying S100A4 accumulation in the nucleus of IPF MPCs remains unknown. Here we show that hyaluronan (HA) is present in the fibroblastic focus together with CD44-expressing MPCs and that ligation of CD44 by HA triggers S100A4 nuclear translocation to support IPF MPC self-renewal. The mechanism involves HA-mediated formation of a CD44/S100A4/transportin 1 complex, which promotes S100A4 nuclear import. In a humanized mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, IPF MPC fibrogenicity was significantly attenuated by 1) knockdown of CD44 or 2) introduction of an S100A4 mutant construct that prevents S100A4 nuclear import. These data indicate that signaling through the HA/CD44/S100A4 axis is an integral component of IPF MPC fibrogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Libang Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Adam Gilbertsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexy Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emilian Racila
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Craig A Henke
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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14
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Li JM, Yang DC, Oldham J, Linderholm A, Zhang J, Liu J, Kenyon NJ, Chen CH. Therapeutic targeting of argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1)-deficient pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1487-1500. [PMID: 33508432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) serves as a critical enzyme in arginine biosynthesis; however, its role in interstitial lung diseases, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains largely unknown. This study aims at characterization and targeting of ASS1 deficiency in pulmonary fibrosis. We find that ASS1 was significantly decreased and inversely correlated with fibrotic status. Transcriptional downregulation of ASS1 was noted in fibroblastic foci of primary lung fibroblasts isolated from IPF patients. Genetic manipulations of ASS1 studies confirm that ASS1 expression inhibited fibroblast cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. We further show that the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met) receptor was activated and acted upstream of the Src-STAT3 axis signaling in ASS1-knockdown fibroblasts. Interestingly, both arginine-free conditions and arginine deiminase treatment were demonstrated to kill fibrotic fibroblasts, attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, as well as synergistically increased nintedanib efficacy. Our data suggest ASS1 deficiency as a druggable target and also provide a unique therapeutic strategy against pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David C Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Justin Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela Linderholm
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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15
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Sivakumar P, Ammar R, Thompson JR, Luo Y, Streltsov D, Porteous M, McCoubrey C, Cantu E, Beers MF, Jarai G, Christie JD. Integrated plasma proteomics and lung transcriptomics reveal novel biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2021; 22:273. [PMID: 34689792 PMCID: PMC8543878 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with a significant unmet medical need. Development of transformational therapies for IPF is challenging in part to due to lack of robust predictive biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response. Importantly, circulating biomarkers of IPF are limited and none are in clinical use. METHODS We previously reported dysregulated pathways and new disease biomarkers in advanced IPF through RNA sequencing of lung tissues from a cohort of transplant-stage IPF patients (n = 36) in comparison to normal healthy donors (n = 19) and patients with acute lung injury (n = 11). Here we performed proteomic profiling of matching plasma samples from these cohorts through the Somascan-1300 SomaLogics platform. RESULTS Comparative analyses of lung transcriptomic and plasma proteomic signatures identified a set of 34 differentially expressed analytes (fold change (FC) ≥ ± 1.5, false discovery ratio (FDR) ≤ 0.1) in IPF samples compared to healthy controls. IPF samples showed strong enrichment of chemotaxis, tumor infiltration and mast cell migration pathways and downregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Mucosal (CCL25 and CCL28) and Th2 (CCL17 and CCL22) chemokines were markedly upregulated in IPF and highly correlated within the subjects. The mast cell maturation chemokine, CXCL12, was also upregulated in IPF plasma (fold change 1.92, FDR 0.006) and significantly correlated (Pearson r = - 0.38, p = 0.022) to lung function (%predicted FVC), with a concomitant increase in the mast cell Tryptase, TPSB2. Markers of collagen III and VI degradation (C3M and C6M) were significantly downregulated (C3M p < 0.001 and C6M p < 0.0001 IPF vs control) and correlated, Pearson r = 0.77) in advanced IPF consistent with altered ECM homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies a panel of tissue and circulating biomarkers with clinical utility in IPF that can be validated in future studies across larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchumani Sivakumar
- grid.419971.30000 0004 0374 8313Translational Early Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Ron Ammar
- grid.419971.30000 0004 0374 8313Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - John Ryan Thompson
- grid.419971.30000 0004 0374 8313Informatics and Predictive Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Yi Luo
- grid.419971.30000 0004 0374 8313Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Denis Streltsov
- grid.419971.30000 0004 0374 8313Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Mary Porteous
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Carly McCoubrey
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Edward Cantu
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Michael F. Beers
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972PENN Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Gabor Jarai
- grid.419971.30000 0004 0374 8313Fibrosis Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Jason D. Christie
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972PENN Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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16
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Miles T, Hoyne GF, Knight DA, Fear MW, Mutsaers SE, Prêle CM. The contribution of animal models to understanding the role of the immune system in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1153. [PMID: 32742653 PMCID: PMC7385431 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis occurs in a heterogeneous group of lung disorders and is characterised by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the pulmonary interstitium, leading to impaired gas transfer and a loss of lung function. In the past 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the immune system and how it contributes to fibrogenic processes within the lung. This review will compare some of the models used to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, in particular those used to study immune cell pathogenicity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages in dissecting human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tylah Miles
- Institute for Respiratory Health Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Respiratory Health School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Gerard F Hoyne
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,School of Health Sciences University of Notre Dame Australia Fremantle WA Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- Providence Health Care Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada.,University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Institute for Respiratory Health Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Respiratory Health School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Centre for Respiratory Health School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia.,Ear Science Institute Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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17
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Suzuki K, Kim JD, Ugai K, Matsuda S, Mikami H, Yoshioka K, Ikari J, Hatano M, Fukamizu A, Tatsumi K, Kasuya Y. Transcriptomic changes involved in the dedifferentiation of myofibroblasts derived from the lung of a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1518-1526. [PMID: 32626975 PMCID: PMC7339813 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown etiology. Under pathological conditions in lungs with IPF, myofibroblasts serve a key role in fibrogenesis via the accumulation of an excessive amount of extracellular matrix. To develop effective therapeutic interventions against IPF, studies have recently focused on how to dedifferentiate established myofibroblasts. The present study revealed that JQ1, an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins, markedly suppressed the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and ED-A-fibronectin in myofibroblasts prepared from the lung of a patient with end-stage IPF. Furthermore, these findings were supported by transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing, in which differentially expressed genes (DEGs) downregulated by JQ1 treatment were significantly enriched in the fibrosis-related signaling pathway. On the other hand, the upregulated DEGs in response to JQ1 treatment were significantly enriched in glutathione metabolism, which may affect the cell status of fibroblast/myofibroblast. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to comprehensively analyze transcriptome profiles associated with dedifferentiation of IPF myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suzuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8577, Japan
| | - Keita Ugai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Hideki Mikami
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Kento Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Jun Ikari
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hatano
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8577, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo‑ku, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
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18
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Yanagihara T, Chong SG, Vierhout M, Hirota JA, Ask K, Kolb M. Current models of pulmonary fibrosis for future drug discovery efforts. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:931-941. [PMID: 32396021 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1755252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary fibrosis includes several lung disorders characterized by progressive fibrosis, of which idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a particularly severe form with a median survival time of 3-5 years after diagnosis. Although numerous compounds have shown efficacy in attenuating pulmonary fibrosis using animal models, only a few compounds have shown their beneficial effects for IPF in clinical trials. Thus, there is an emergent need to improve the preclinical development process to better identify, characterize and select clinically useful targets. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors extensively describe current models of pulmonary fibrosis, including rodent models, ex vivo models, and in vitro models. EXPERT OPINION Based upon our current understanding, improving the identification and characterization of clinically relevant molecules or pathways responsible for progressive fibrotic diseases and use of the appropriate preclinical model system to test these will likely be required to improve the drug development pipeline for pulmonary fibrosis. Combination with appropriate preclinical models with ex vivo (precision-cut lung slices) or in vitro models would be beneficial for high-throughput drug discovery or validation of drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sy Giin Chong
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON, Canada
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19
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Moyé S, Bormann T, Maus R, Sparwasser T, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Warnecke G, Welte T, Gauldie J, Kolb M, Maus UA. Regulatory T Cells Limit Pneumococcus-Induced Exacerbation of Lung Fibrosis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2429-2438. [PMID: 32213566 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) can experience life-threatening episodes of acute worsening of their disease, termed acute exacerbation of IPF, which may be caused by bacterial and/or viral infections. The potential for regulatory T cells (Tregs) to limit disease progression in bacterially triggered fibrosis exacerbation has not been explored so far. In the current study, we show that the number of Tregs was significantly increased in mice with established AdTGF-β1-induced lung fibrosis and further increased in mice with pneumococcal infection-induced lung fibrosis exacerbation. Diphtheria toxin-induced depletion of Tregs significantly worsened infection-induced fibrosis exacerbation as determined by increased lung collagen deposition, lung histology, and elevated pulmonary Th1/Th2 cytokine levels. Conversely, IL-2 complex-induced Treg expansion in wild-type mice with established lung fibrosis completely inhibited pneumococcal infection-induced fibrosis exacerbation as efficaciously as antibiotic treatment while preserving lung antibacterial immunity in mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the efficacy of Tregs as "silencers," suppressing infection-induced exacerbation of lung fibrosis in mice, and their expansion may offer a novel adjunctive treatment to limit acute exacerbations in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Moyé
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Tina Bormann
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Regina Maus
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Partner Site BREATH, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Partner Site BREATH, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover 30625, Germany.,Clinic for Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Ulrich A Maus
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany; .,Partner Site BREATH, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover 30625, Germany
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20
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Targeting MAP3K19 prevents human lung myofibroblast activation both in vitro and in a humanized SCID model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19796. [PMID: 31875033 PMCID: PMC6930295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with a devastating prognosis characterized by unrelenting lung scarring. Aberrant activation of lung fibroblasts is a key feature of this disease, yet the key pathways responsible for this are poorly understood. Mitogen-activated protein kinase, kinase, kinase- 19 (MAP3K19) was recently shown to be upregulated in IPF and this MAPK has a key role in target gene transcription in the TGF-β pathway. Herein, we further investigate the role of MAP3K19 in cultured normal and IPF fibroblasts and in a humanized SCID mouse model of IPF employing both short interfering (si) RNA and novel small-molecule inhibitors directed at this kinase. Targeting MAP3K19 had significant inhibitory effects on the expression of both alpha smooth muscle actin and extracellular matrix in cultured human IPF fibroblasts. Quantitative protein and biochemical assays, as well as histological analysis, showed that MAP3K19 was required for the development of lung fibrosis in SCID mice humanized with IPF lung fibroblasts. MAP3K19 was required for IPF myofibroblast differentiation, and targeting its activity attenuated the profibrotic activity of these cells both in vitro and in an adoptive transfer SCID model of pulmonary fibrosis.
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21
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Herrera J, Beisang DJ, Peterson M, Forster C, Gilbertsen A, Benyumov A, Smith K, Korenczuk CE, Barocas VH, Guenther K, Hite R, Zhang L, Henke CA, Bitterman PB. Dicer1 Deficiency in the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Fibroblastic Focus Promotes Fibrosis by Suppressing MicroRNA Biogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:486-496. [PMID: 29579397 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201709-1823oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The lung extracellular matrix (ECM) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) mediates progression of fibrosis by decreasing fibroblast expression of miR-29 (microRNA-29), a master negative regulator of ECM production. The molecular mechanism is undefined. IPF-ECM is stiffer than normal. Stiffness drives fibroblast ECM production in a YAP (yes-associated protein)-dependent manner, and YAP is a known regulator of miR-29. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that negative regulation of miR-29 by IPF-ECM was mediated by mechanotransduction of stiffness. OBJECTIVES To determine how IPF-ECM negatively regulates miR-29. METHODS We decellularized lung ECM using detergents and prepared polyacrylamide hydrogels of defined stiffness by varying acrylamide concentrations. Mechanistic studies were guided by immunohistochemistry of IPF lung and used cell culture, RNA-binding protein assays, and xenograft models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, we excluded fibroblast mechanotransduction of ECM stiffness as the primary mechanism deregulating miR-29. Instead, systematic examination of miR-29 biogenesis revealed a microRNA processing defect that impeded processing of miR-29 into its mature bioactive forms. Immunohistochemical analysis of the microRNA processing machinery in IPF lung specimens revealed decreased Dicer1 expression in the procollagen-rich myofibroblastic core of fibroblastic foci compared with the focus perimeter and adjacent alveolar walls. Mechanistically, IPF-ECM increased association of the Dicer1 transcript with RNA binding protein AUF1 (AU-binding factor 1), and Dicer1 knockdown conferred primary human lung fibroblasts with cell-autonomous fibrogenicity in zebrafish and mouse lung xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify suppression of fibroblast Dicer1 expression in the myofibroblast-rich IPF fibroblastic focus core as a central step in the mechanism by which the ECM sustains fibrosis progression in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Colleen Forster
- 3 Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Biorepository & Laboratory Services, Histology and Research Laboratory
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lin Zhang
- 5 Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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Espindola MS, Habiel DM, Narayanan R, Jones I, Coelho AL, Murray LA, Jiang D, Noble PW, Hogaboam CM. Targeting of TAM Receptors Ameliorates Fibrotic Mechanisms in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:1443-1456. [PMID: 29634284 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1519oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by aberrant lung remodeling, which progressively abolishes lung function in an RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase)-dependent manner. Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) ligand, Tyro3 (TYRO3 protein tyrosine kinase 3), and Axl (anexelekto) RTK expression and activity are increased in IPF. OBJECTIVES To determine if targeting these RTK pathways would inhibit fibroblast activation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Quantitative genomic, proteomic, and functional analyses were used to determine Gas6/TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk [MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase]) RTK expression and activation in tissues and fibroblasts from normal and IPF lungs. The profibrotic impact of these RTK pathways were also examined in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in SCID/Bg mice that developed pulmonary fibrosis after the intravenous administration of primary IPF fibroblasts. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Gas6, Axl, and Tyro3 were increased in both rapidly and slowly progressive IPF compared with normal lung samples and fibroblasts. Targeting these pathways with either specific antibodies directed at Gas6 or Axl, or with small-molecule TAM inhibitors indicated that the small molecule-mediated targeting approach was more efficacious in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Specifically, the TAM receptor inhibitor R428 (also known as BGB324) significantly inhibited the synthetic, migratory, and proliferative properties of IPF fibroblasts compared with the other Gas6/TAM receptor targeting agents. Finally, loss of Gas6 expression decreased lung fibrotic responses to bleomycin and treatment with R428 inhibited pulmonary fibrosis in humanized SCID/Bg mice. CONCLUSIONS Gas6/TAM receptor activity contributes to the activation of pulmonary fibroblasts in IPF, suggesting that targeting this RTK pathway might be an effective antifibrotic strategy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena S Espindola
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - David M Habiel
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Rohan Narayanan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Isabelle Jones
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Ana L Coelho
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Lynne A Murray
- 2 Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Paul W Noble
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- 1 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and
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23
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Rangarajan S, Lee JS. The TAMing of the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Myofibroblast. One Step Closer? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:1377-1378. [PMID: 29664671 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201802-0222ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunad Rangarajan
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joyce S Lee
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado
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24
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Fernández-Colino A, Iop L, Ventura Ferreira MS, Mela P. Fibrosis in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: treat or trigger? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:17-36. [PMID: 31295523 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a life-threatening pathological condition resulting from a dysfunctional tissue repair process. There is no efficient treatment and organ transplantation is in many cases the only therapeutic option. Here we review tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) approaches to address fibrosis in the cardiovascular system, the kidney, the lung and the liver. These strategies have great potential to achieve repair or replacement of diseased organs by cell- and material-based therapies. However, paradoxically, they might also trigger fibrosis. Cases of TERM interventions with adverse outcome are also included in this review. Furthermore, we emphasize the fact that, although organ engineering is still in its infancy, the advances in the field are leading to biomedically relevant in vitro models with tremendous potential for disease recapitulation and development of therapies. These human tissue models might have increased predictive power for human drug responses thereby reducing the need for animal testing.
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25
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Geng Y, Liu X, Liang J, Habiel DM, Kulur V, Coelho AL, Deng N, Xie T, Wang Y, Liu N, Huang G, Kurkciyan A, Liu Z, Tang J, Hogaboam CM, Jiang D, Noble PW. PD-L1 on invasive fibroblasts drives fibrosis in a humanized model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125326. [PMID: 30763282 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with unremitting extracellular matrix deposition, leading to a distortion of pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. Fibroblasts from IPF patients acquire an invasive phenotype that is essential for progressive fibrosis. Here, we performed RNA sequencing analysis on invasive and noninvasive fibroblasts and found that the immune checkpoint ligand CD274 (also known as PD-L1) was upregulated on invasive lung fibroblasts and was required for the invasive phenotype of lung fibroblasts, is regulated by p53 and FAK, and drives lung fibrosis in a humanized IPF model in mice. Activating CD274 in IPF fibroblasts promoted invasion in vitro and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. CD274 knockout in IPF fibroblasts and targeting CD274 by FAK inhibition or CD274-neutralizing antibodies blunted invasion and attenuated fibrosis, suggesting that CD274 may be a novel therapeutic target in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Geng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Habiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vrishika Kulur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Core
| | - Ting Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ningshan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guanling Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adrianne Kurkciyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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26
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Habiel DM, Espindola MS, Coelho AL, Hogaboam CM. Modeling Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Humanized Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:891-903. [PMID: 29378172 PMCID: PMC5954978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiopathogenesis with limited therapeutic options. IPF is characterized by an abundance of fibroblasts and loss of epithelial progenitors, which cumulates in unrelenting fibrotic lung remodeling and loss of normal oxygenation. IPF has been challenging to model in rodents; nonetheless, mouse models of lung fibrosis provide clues as to the natural progression of lung injury and remodeling, but many have not been useful in predicting efficacy of therapeutics in clinical IPF. We provide a detailed methodologic description of various iterations of humanized mouse models, initiated by the i.v. injection of cells from IPF lung biopsy or explants specimens into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/beige or nonobese diabetic SCID γ mice. Unlike cells from normal lung samples, IPF cells promote persistent, nonresolving lung remodeling in SCID mice. Finally, we provide examples and discuss potential advantages and pitfalls of human-specific targeting approaches in a humanized SCID model of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Habiel
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Milena S Espindola
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ana L Coelho
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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27
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Roman J, Mutsaers SE. Epigenetic Control of CXCL10: Regulating the Counterregulator in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:419-420. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0389ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Roman
- Jane and Leonard Korman Respiratory InstituteThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvaniaand
| | - Steven E. Mutsaers
- Institute for Respiratory HealthUniversity of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
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28
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Besnard V, Dagher R, Madjer T, Joannes A, Jaillet M, Kolb M, Bonniaud P, Murray LA, Sleeman MA, Crestani B. Identification of periplakin as a major regulator of lung injury and repair in mice. JCI Insight 2018. [PMID: 29515024 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periplakin is a component of the desmosomes that acts as a cytolinker between intermediate filament scaffolding and the desmosomal plaque. Periplakin is strongly expressed by epithelial cells in the lung and is a target antigen for autoimmunity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of periplakin during lung injury and remodeling in a mouse model of lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin. We found that periplakin expression was downregulated in the whole lung and in alveolar epithelial cells following bleomycin-induced injury. Deletion of the Ppl gene in mice improved survival and reduced lung fibrosis development after bleomycin-induced injury. Notably, Ppl deletion promoted an antiinflammatory alveolar environment linked to profound changes in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, including overexpression of antiinflammatory cytokines, decreased expression of profibrotic mediators, and altered cell signaling with a reduced response to TGF-β1. These results identify periplakin as a previously unidentified regulator of the response to injury in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kolb
- Department of Medecine, Firestone Institute for respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Lynne A Murray
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.,Respiratory, Inflammation, Autoimmunity (RIA) IMED Biotech unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Bruno Crestani
- INSERM U1152, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, LABEX INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU FIRE, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
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29
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Herrera J, Henke CA, Bitterman PB. Extracellular matrix as a driver of progressive fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:45-53. [PMID: 29293088 DOI: 10.1172/jci93557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is dynamically tuned to optimize physiological function. Its major properties, including composition and mechanics, profoundly influence cell biology. Cell-ECM interactions operate through an integrated set of sensor and effector circuits that use several classes of receptors and signal transduction pathways. At the single-cell level, the ECM governs differentiation, metabolism, motility, orientation, proliferation, and survival. At the cell population level, the ECM provides higher-order guidance that is essential for physiological function. When pathological changes in the ECM lead to impairment of organ function, we use the term "fibrosis." In this Review, we differentiate fibrosis initiation from progression and focus primarily on progressive lung fibrosis impairing organ function. We present a working model to explain how the altered ECM is not only a consequence but also a driver of fibrosis. Additionally, we advance the concept that fibrosis progression occurs in a fibrogenic niche that is composed of a fibrogenic ECM that nurtures fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells and their fibrogenic progeny.
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30
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating disease and is often fatal. It may be the consequence of direct lung injury or the result of genetic defects and occupational, environmental, or drug-related exposures. In many cases the etiology is unknown. The pathogenesis of all forms of pulmonary fibrosis regardless of type of injury or etiology is incompletely understood. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung interstitium with a loss of lung compliance and impaired gas exchange that ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have become indispensable in the improved understanding of these disorders. Multiple models have been developed each with advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter we discuss the application of two of the most commonly employed direct lung instillation models, namely, the induction of pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). We provide details on design, materials, and methods and describe how these models can be best undertaken. We also discuss methods to induce fibrosis in aged mice using murine gamma-herpesvirus (γHV-68) and approaches to exacerbate bleomycin- or FITC-induced fibrosis using γHV-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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31
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Tashiro J, Rubio GA, Limper AH, Williams K, Elliot SJ, Ninou I, Aidinis V, Tzouvelekis A, Glassberg MK. Exploring Animal Models That Resemble Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:118. [PMID: 28804709 PMCID: PMC5532376 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large multicenter clinical trials have led to two recently approved drugs for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); yet, both of these therapies only slow disease progression and do not provide a definitive cure. Traditionally, preclinical trials have utilized mouse models of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis—though several limitations prevent direct translation to human IPF. Spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis occurs in other animal species, including dogs, horses, donkeys, and cats. While the fibrotic lungs of these animals share many characteristics with lungs of patients with IPF, current veterinary classifications of fibrotic lung disease are not entirely equivalent. Additional studies that profile these examples of spontaneous fibroses in animals for similarities to human IPF should prove useful for both human and animal investigators. In the meantime, studies of BLM-induced fibrosis in aged male mice remain the most clinically relevant model for preclinical study for human IPF. Addressing issues such as time course of treatment, animal size and characteristics, clinically irrelevant treatment endpoints, and reproducibility of therapeutic outcomes will improve the current status of preclinical studies. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrosis and disrepair associated with aging through a collaborative approach between researchers will promote the development of models that more accurately represent the realm of interstitial lung diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tashiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo A Rubio
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kurt Williams
- Department Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigations, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sharon J Elliot
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Xia H, Gilbertsen A, Herrera J, Racila E, Smith K, Peterson M, Griffin T, Benyumov A, Yang L, Bitterman PB, Henke CA. Calcium-binding protein S100A4 confers mesenchymal progenitor cell fibrogenicity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2586-2597. [PMID: 28530639 DOI: 10.1172/jci90832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with a prevalence of 1 million persons worldwide. The fibrosis spreads from affected alveoli into contiguous alveoli and leads to death by asphyxiation. We previously discovered that the IPF lung harbors fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) that serve as a cell of origin for disease-mediating myofibroblasts. In a prior genomewide transcriptional analysis, we found that IPF MPCs displayed increased expression of S100 calcium-binding A4 (S100A4), a protein linked to cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Here, we have examined whether S100A4 mediates MPC fibrogenicity. Ex vivo analysis revealed that IPF MPCs had increased levels of nuclear S100A4, which interacts with L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase to promote p53 degradation and MPC self-renewal. In vivo, injection of human IPF MPCs converted a self-limited bleomycin-induced mouse model of lung fibrosis to a model of persistent fibrosis in an S100A4-dependent manner. S100A4 gain of function was sufficient to confer fibrotic properties to non-IPF MPCs. In IPF tissue, fibroblastic foci contained cells expressing Ki67 and the MPC markers SSEA4 and S100A4. The expression colocalized in an interface region between myofibroblasts in the focus core and normal alveolar structures, defining this region as an active fibrotic front. Our findings indicate that IPF MPCs are intrinsically fibrogenic and that S100A4 confers MPCs with fibrogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Griffin
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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33
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Cao P, Aoki Y, Badri L, Walker NM, Manning CM, Lagstein A, Fearon ER, Lama VN. Autocrine lysophosphatidic acid signaling activates β-catenin and promotes lung allograft fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1517-1530. [PMID: 28240604 DOI: 10.1172/jci88896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is the primary cause of long-term graft failure after organ transplantation. In lung allografts, progressive terminal airway fibrosis leads to an irreversible decline in lung function termed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Here, we have identified an autocrine pathway linking nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT1), autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and β-catenin that contributes to progression of fibrosis in lung allografts. Mesenchymal cells (MCs) derived from fibrotic lung allografts (BOS MCs) demonstrated constitutive nuclear β-catenin expression that was dependent on autocrine ATX secretion and LPA signaling. We found that NFAT1 upstream of ATX regulated expression of ATX as well as β-catenin. Silencing NFAT1 in BOS MCs suppressed ATX expression, and sustained overexpression of NFAT1 increased ATX expression and activity in non-fibrotic MCs. LPA signaling induced NFAT1 nuclear translocation, suggesting that autocrine LPA synthesis promotes NFAT1 transcriptional activation and ATX secretion in a positive feedback loop. In an in vivo mouse orthotopic lung transplant model of BOS, antagonism of the LPA receptor (LPA1) or ATX inhibition decreased allograft fibrosis and was associated with lower active β-catenin and dephosphorylated NFAT1 expression. Lung allografts from β-catenin reporter mice demonstrated reduced β-catenin transcriptional activation in the presence of LPA1 antagonist, confirming an in vivo role for LPA signaling in β-catenin activation.
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34
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Plantier L, Renaud H, Respaud R, Marchand-Adam S, Crestani B. Transcriptome of Cultured Lung Fibroblasts in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Meta-Analysis of Publically Available Microarray Datasets Reveals Repression of Inflammation and Immunity Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122091. [PMID: 27983601 PMCID: PMC5187891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heritable profibrotic differentiation of lung fibroblasts is a key mechanism of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Its mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. In this study, individual data from four independent microarray studies comparing the transcriptome of fibroblasts cultured in vitro from normal (total n = 20) and IPF (total n = 20) human lung were compiled for meta-analysis following normalization to z-scores. One hundred and thirteen transcripts were upregulated and 115 were downregulated in IPF fibroblasts using the Significance Analysis of Microrrays algorithm with a false discovery rate of 5%. Downregulated genes were highly enriched for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional classes related to inflammation and immunity such as Defense response to virus, Influenza A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mediated signaling pathway, interferon-inducible absent in melanoma2 (AIM2) inflammasome as well as Apoptosis. Although upregulated genes were not enriched for any functional class, select factors known to play key roles in lung fibrogenesis were overexpressed in IPF fibroblasts, most notably connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and serum response factor (SRF), supporting their role as drivers of IPF. The full data table is available as a supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Plantier
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires-CEPR, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche-UMR1100, Labex Mabimprove, 37000 Tours, France.
- Université François Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire-CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Pneumologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, 37000 Tours, France.
| | - Hélène Renaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche-UMR1152, Labex Inflamex, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Renaud Respaud
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires-CEPR, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche-UMR1100, Labex Mabimprove, 37000 Tours, France.
- Université François Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire-CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Pharmacie, 37170 Chambray-les-Tours, France.
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- Centre d'Étude des Pathologies Respiratoires-CEPR, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche-UMR1100, Labex Mabimprove, 37000 Tours, France.
- Université François Rabelais, 37000 Tours, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire-CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Pneumologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, 37000 Tours, France.
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche-UMR1152, Labex Inflamex, 75018 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018 Paris, France.
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, DHU FIRE, 75018 Paris, France.
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35
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Ge L, Habiel DM, Hansbro PM, Kim RY, Gharib SA, Edelman JD, Königshoff M, Parimon T, Brauer R, Huang Y, Allen J, Jiang D, Kurkciyan AA, Mizuno T, Stripp BR, Noble PW, Hogaboam CM, Chen P. miR-323a-3p regulates lung fibrosis by targeting multiple profibrotic pathways. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e90301. [PMID: 27942594 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive epithelial repair from chronic injury is a common feature in fibrotic diseases, which in turn activates a pathogenic fibroblast response that produces excessive matrix deposition. Dysregulated microRNAs (miRs) can regulate expression of multiple genes and fundamentally alter cellular phenotypes during fibrosis. Although several miRs have been shown to be associated with lung fibrosis, the mechanisms by which miRs modulate epithelial behavior in lung fibrosis are lacking. Here, we identified miR-323a-3p to be downregulated in the epithelium of lungs with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and murine bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Antagomirs for miR-323a-3p augment, and mimics suppress, murine lung fibrosis after bleomycin injury, indicating that this miR may govern profibrotic signals. We demonstrate that miR-323a-3p attenuates TGF-α and TGF-β signaling by directly targeting key adaptors in these important fibrogenic pathways. Moreover, miR-323a-3p lowers caspase-3 expression, thereby limiting programmed cell death from inducers of apoptosis and ER stress. Finally, we find that epithelial expression of miR-323a-3p modulates inhibitory crosstalk with fibroblasts. These studies demonstrate that miR-323a-3p has a central role in lung fibrosis that spans across murine and human disease, and downregulated expression by the lung epithelium releases inhibition of various profibrotic pathways to promote fibroproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyin Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Habiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffery D Edelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Grosshadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanyalak Parimon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rena Brauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jenieke Allen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adrianne A Kurkciyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Takako Mizuno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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36
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Dudal S, Subramanian K, Flandre T, Law WS, Lowe PJ, Skerjanec A, Genin JC, Duval M, Piequet A, Cordier A, Jarai G, Van Heeke G, Taplin S, Krantz C, Jones S, Warren AP, Brennan FR, Sims J, Lloyd P. Integrated pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and immunogenicity profiling of an anti-CCL21 monoclonal antibody in cynomolgus monkeys. MAbs 2016; 7:829-37. [PMID: 26230385 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1060384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
QBP359 is an IgG1 human monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to human CCL21, a chemokine hypothesized to play a role in inflammatory disease conditions through activation of resident CCR7-expressing fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of QBP359 in non-human primates were characterized through an integrated approach, combining PK, PD, immunogenicity, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue profiling data from single- and multiple-dose experiments in cynomolgus monkeys. When compared with regular immunoglobulin typical kinetics, faster drug clearance was observed in serum following intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of QBP359. We have shown by means of PK/PD modeling that clearance of mAb-ligand complex is the most likely explanation for the rapid clearance of QBP359 in cynomolgus monkey. IHC and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry data suggested a high turnover and synthesis rate of CCL21 in tissues. Although lymphoid tissue was expected to accumulate drug due to the high levels of CCL21 present, bioavailability following subcutaneous administration in monkeys was 52%. In human disease states, where CCL21 expression is believed to be expressed at 10-fold higher concentrations compared with cynomolgus monkeys, the PK/PD model of QBP359 and its binding to CCL21 suggested that very large doses requiring frequent administration of mAb would be required to maintain suppression of CCL21 in the clinical setting. This highlights the difficulty in targeting soluble proteins with high synthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dudal
- a F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. ; Basel , Switzerland
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37
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Guo T, Lok KY, Yu C, Li Z. Lung fibrosis: drug screening and disease biomarker identification with a lung slice culture model and subtracted cDNA Library. Altern Lab Anim 2016; 42:235-43. [PMID: 25290944 DOI: 10.1177/026119291404200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and irreversible disorder with no appropriate cure. A practical and effective experimental model that recapitulates the disease will greatly benefit the research community and, ultimately, patients. In this study, we tested the lung slice culture (LSC) system for its potential use in drug screening and disease biomarker identification. Fibrosis was induced by treating rat lung slices with 1ng/ml TGF-β1 and 2.5μM CdCl2, quantified by measuring the content of hydroxyproline, and confirmed by detecting the expression of collagen type III alpha 1 (Col3α1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) genes. The anti-fibrotic effects of pirfenidone, spironolactone and eplerenone were assessed by their capability to reduce hydroxyproline content. A subtractive hybridisation technique was used to create two cDNA libraries (subtracted and unsubtracted) from lung slices. The housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was employed to assess the subtraction efficiency of the subtracted cDNA library. Clones from the two libraries were sequenced and the genes were identified by performing a BLAST search on the NCBI GenBank database. Furthermore, the relevance of the genes to fibrosis formation was verified. The results presented here show that fibrosis was effectively induced in cultured lung slices, which exhibited significantly elevated levels of hydroxyproline and Col3α1/CTGF gene expression. Several inhibitors have demonstrated their anti-fibrotic effects by significantly reducing hydroxyproline content. The subtracted cDNA library, which was enriched for differentially expressed genes, was used to successfully identify genes associated with fibrosis. Collectively, the results indicate that our LSC system is an effective model for the screening of drug candidates and for disease biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Guo
- Goodman Institute of Investment Management, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Zhuo Li
- Bio S&T, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Offiah I, Didangelos A, Dawes J, Cartwright R, Khullar V, Bradbury EJ, O'Sullivan S, Williams D, Chessell IP, Pallas K, Graham G, O'Reilly BA, McMahon SB. The Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Bladder Pain Syndrome. Eur Urol 2016; 70:283-90. [PMID: 26965559 PMCID: PMC4926725 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) pathology is poorly understood. Treatment strategies are empirical, with limited efficacy, and affected patients have diminished quality of life. Objective We examined the hypothesis that inflammatory mediators within the bladder contribute to BPS pathology. Design, setting, and participants Fifteen women with BPS and 15 women with stress urinary incontinence without bladder pain were recruited from Cork University Maternity Hospital from October 2011 to October 2012. During cystoscopy, 5-mm bladder biopsies were taken and processed for gene expression analysis. The effect of the identified genes was tested in laboratory animals. Outcome measures and statistical analysis We studied the expression of 96 inflammation-related genes in diseased and healthy bladders. We measured the correlation between genes and patient clinical profiles using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results and limitations Analysis revealed 15 differentially expressed genes, confirmed in a replication study. FGF7 and CCL21 correlated significantly with clinical outcomes. Intravesical CCL21 instillation in rats caused increased bladder excitability and increased c-fos activity in spinal cord neurons. CCL21 atypical receptor knockout mice showed significantly more c-fos upon bladder stimulation with CCL21 than wild-type littermates. There was no change in FGF7-treated animals. The variability in patient samples presented as the main limitation. We used principal component analysis to identify similarities within the patient group. Conclusions Our study identified two biologically relevant inflammatory mediators in BPS and demonstrated an increase in nociceptive signalling with CCL21. Manipulation of this ligand is a potential new therapeutic strategy for BPS. Patient summary We compared gene expression in bladder biopsies of patients with bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and controls without pain and identified two genes that were increased in BPS patients and correlated with clinical profiles. We tested the effect of these genes in laboratory animals, confirming their role in bladder pain. Manipulating these genes in BPS is a potential treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeoma Offiah
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Urogynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Athanasios Didangelos
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Dawes
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rufus Cartwright
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vik Khullar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Bradbury
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne O'Sullivan
- Department of Urogynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Kenny Pallas
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerry Graham
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Barry A O'Reilly
- Department of Urogynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Wilton, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen B McMahon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Yamashita M. Lymphangiogenesis and Lesion Heterogeneity in Interstitial Lung Diseases. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2016; 9:111-21. [PMID: 26823655 PMCID: PMC4725607 DOI: 10.4137/ccrpm.s33856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has several physiological roles, including fluid homeostasis and the activation of adaptive immunity by fluid drainage and cell transport. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in adult tissues during various pathologic conditions. In addition, lymphangiogenesis is closely linked to capillary angiogenesis, and the balanced interrelationship between capillary angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis is essential for maintaining homeostasis in tissues. Recently, an increasing body of information regarding the biology of lymphatic endothelial cells has allowed us to immunohistochemically characterize lymphangiogenesis in several lung diseases. Particular interest has been given to the interstitial lung diseases. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are characterized by heterogeneity in pathologic changes and lesions, as typified by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia. In IIPs, lymphangiogenesis is likely to have different types of localized functions within each disorder, corresponding to the heterogeneity of lesions in terms of inflammation and fibrosis. These functions include inhibitory absorption of interstitial fluid and small molecules and maturation of fibrosis by excessive interstitial fluid drainage, caused by an unbalanced relationship between capillary angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and trafficking of antigen-presenting cells and induction of fibrogenesis via CCL21 and CCR7 signals. Better understanding for regional functions of lymphangiogenesis might provide new treatment strategies tailored to lesion heterogeneity in these complicated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lung limited, progressive fibrotic disease with a poor prognosis. The cause is unknown, and currently there is no treatment that reverses the disease or stops progression. This combination of a poor prognosis and the absence of curative therapy has prompted a sustained investigative effort to identify beneficial treatments. Recently released trial results suggest progress. AREAS COVERED Although the mechanism of disease is poorly understood, a number of compounds that influence pathways thought to play a mechanistic role have been studied for use in IPF. This article discusses a number of these landmark trials. EXPERT OPINION From these studies we conclude that the future treatment of IPF will include expanding pharmacological options. Recent studies have identified two agents that appear to slow disease progression and may offer a window into pathogenesis and future drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amen Sergew
- a Department of Medicine , National Jewish Health , 1400 Jackson St, M336, Denver , CO 80206 , USA
| | - Kevin K Brown
- a Department of Medicine , National Jewish Health , 1400 Jackson St, M336, Denver , CO 80206 , USA
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Yamashita M, Mouri T, Niisato M, Nitanai H, Kobayashi H, Ogasawara M, Endo R, Konishi K, Sugai T, Sawai T, Yamauchi K. Lymphangiogenic factors are associated with the severity of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BMJ Open Respir Res 2015; 2:e000085. [PMID: 26448865 PMCID: PMC4593170 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2015-000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigen presenting cells play a pivotal role in the adaptive immune response in hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). It was hypothesised that lymphangiogenesis is involved in the pathophysiology of HP via cell transport. Objective To determine the clinical significance of lymphangiogenic factors in HP. Methods Levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and CCL21 in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured in 29 healthy volunteers, 14 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and 26 patients with HP by ELISA. Additionally, immunohistochemical analyses were performed using lung specimens of patients with HP (n=8) and IPF (n=10). Results BALF VEGF-D levels were significantly elevated in patients with HP compared to the other groups. BALF VEGF–D levels in patients with HP correlated significantly with the BALF total cell and lymphocyte counts (r=0.485, p=0.014 and r=0.717, p<0.0001, respectively). BALF VEGF-C and CCL21 levels were increased in patients with HP compared to healthy volunteers, but not patients with IPF. BALF CCL21 levels were negatively correlated with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s percentage and diffuse capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (r=−0.662, p=0.007 and r=−0.671, p=0.024, respectively). According to the immunohistochemical analyses, CCL21 was expressed in the lymphatic endothelium in both conditions and CCR7+ cells were aggregated around lymphatics in patients with HP, but not in patients with IPF. Conclusions Lymphangiogenic factors might be associated with the inflammatory and functional severity of HP. The increased BALF VEGF-D levels were associated with lymphatic alveolitis intensity, and CCL21 with lung function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamashita
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Takashi Mouri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan ; Department of Respiratory Medicine , Iwate Prefectural Chubu Hospital , Kitakami , Japan
| | - Miyuki Niisato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Hiroo Nitanai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Masahito Ogasawara
- Department of Pharmacology , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon , Japan
| | - Ryujin Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Kazuki Konishi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine , Morioka Tsunagi Onsen Hospital , Morioka , Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Pathology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Takashi Sawai
- Department of Pathology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
| | - Kohei Yamauchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatology , Iwate Medical University School of Medicine , Morioka , Japan
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Abstract
The 2nd Cross Company Respiratory Symposium (CCRS), held in Horsham, U.K. in 2012, brought together representatives from across the pharmaceutical industry with expert academics, in the common interest of improving the design and translational predictiveness of in vivo models of respiratory disease. Organized by the respiratory representatives of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Federations (EFPIA) group of companies involved in the EU-funded project (U-BIOPRED), the aim of the symposium was to identify state-of-the-art improvements in the utility and design of models of respiratory disease, with a view to improving their translational potential and reducing wasteful animal usage. The respiratory research and development community is responding to the challenge of improving translation in several ways: greater collaboration and open sharing of data, careful selection of the species, complexity and chronicity of the models, improved practices in preclinical research, continued refinement in models of respiratory diseases and their sub-types, greater understanding of the biology underlying human respiratory diseases and their sub-types, and finally greater use of human (and especially disease-relevant) cells, tissues and explants. The present review highlights these initiatives, combining lessons from the symposium and papers published in Clinical Science arising from the symposium, with critiques of the models currently used in the settings of asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD. The ultimate hope is that this will contribute to a more rational, efficient and sustainable development of a range of new treatments for respiratory diseases that continue to cause substantial morbidity and mortality across the world.
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Sakkas LI, Simopoulou T, Katsiari C, Bogdanos D, Chikanza IC. Early systemic sclerosis—opportunities for treatment. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:1327-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Vela M, Aris M, Llorente M, Garcia-Sanz JA, Kremer L. Chemokine receptor-specific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy: achievements and challenges. Front Immunol 2015; 6:12. [PMID: 25688243 PMCID: PMC4311683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s brought a burst of information regarding the structure, expression pattern, and role in leukocyte migration and adhesion of chemokines and their receptors. At that time, the FDA approved the first therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. A few years later, it was reported that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 were involved on directing metastases to liver, lung, bone marrow, or lymph nodes, and the over-expression of CCR4, CCR6, and CCR9 by certain tumors. The possibility of inhibiting the interaction of chemokine receptors present on the surface of tumor cells with their ligands emerged as a new therapeutic approach. Therefore, many research groups and companies began to develop small molecule antagonists and specific antibodies, aiming to neutralize signaling from these receptors. Despite great expectations, so far, only one anti-chemokine receptor antibody has been approved for its clinical use, mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, granted in Japan to treat refractory adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Here, we review the main achievements obtained with anti-chemokine receptor antibodies for cancer immunotherapy, including discovery and clinical studies, proposed mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vela
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Llorente
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Protein Tools Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Liu F, Lagares D, Choi KM, Stopfer L, Marinković A, Vrbanac V, Probst CK, Hiemer SE, Sisson TH, Horowitz JC, Rosas IO, Fredenburgh LE, Feghali-Bostwick C, Varelas X, Tager AM, Tschumperlin DJ. Mechanosignaling through YAP and TAZ drives fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L344-57. [PMID: 25502501 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological fibrosis is driven by a feedback loop in which the fibrotic extracellular matrix is both a cause and consequence of fibroblast activation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here we identify yes-associated protein (YAP) (homolog of drosophila Yki) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) (also known as Wwtr1), transcriptional effectors of the Hippo pathway, as key matrix stiffness-regulated coordinators of fibroblast activation and matrix synthesis. YAP and TAZ are prominently expressed in fibrotic but not healthy lung tissue, with particularly pronounced nuclear expression of TAZ in spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells. In culture, both YAP and TAZ accumulate in the nuclei of fibroblasts grown on pathologically stiff matrices but not physiologically compliant matrices. Knockdown of YAP and TAZ together in vitro attenuates key fibroblast functions, including matrix synthesis, contraction, and proliferation, and does so exclusively on pathologically stiff matrices. Profibrotic effects of YAP and TAZ operate, in part, through their transcriptional target plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which is regulated by matrix stiffness independent of transforming growth factor-β signaling. Immortalized fibroblasts conditionally expressing active YAP or TAZ mutant proteins overcome soft matrix limitations on growth and promote fibrosis when adoptively transferred to the murine lung, demonstrating the ability of fibroblast YAP/TAZ activation to drive a profibrotic response in vivo. Together, these results identify YAP and TAZ as mechanoactivated coordinators of the matrix-driven feedback loop that amplifies and sustains fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Lagares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lauren Stopfer
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aleksandar Marinković
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Clemens K Probst
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha E Hiemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
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Xu X, Dai H, Wang C. Epithelium-dependent profibrotic milieu in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current status and future directions. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2014; 10:133-41. [PMID: 25047066 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by hyperplasia of type II alveolar epithelial cells, aggregation of activated (myo)fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which will ultimately lead to lung architecture destruction with no proven effective therapies. Despite a significant increase in our understanding on the etiology and pathogenesis of IPF, the real triggers that initiate epithelial cell injury and promote fibrosis evolution are still elusive. We wanted to discuss the evolution of hypothesis on IPF pathogenesis and to suggest some new directions which need to be further elucidated. METHODS We have done a literature search in PubMed database by using the term 'idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis' AND (pathogenesis OR inflammation OR wound healing OR apoptosis OR extracellular matrix OR animal model). RESULTS Inflammatory hypothesis had been the dominant idea for several decades which suggests that chronic inflammation drives the onset and advance of the fibrotic process. However, it is seriously challenged nowadays because lung tissues from IPF patients exhibit little inflammatory lesions. Also, anti-inflammation therapy failed to exert a beneficial effect to IPF patients. Furthermore, experimental lung fibrosis can be realized independent of inflammation. Today, modern paradigm suggests that IPF is mainly driven by the profibtic milieu formed by epithelial injury/ disability and dysregulated epithelial mesenchymal interaction. CONCLUSIONS Epithelium-dependent profibrotic milieu formation and mesenchymal activation is the current view on the pathogenesis of IPF. New evidence from more analogous animal models may emerge and shift our thinking to a new and more faithful concept in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Xu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Murray LA, Zhang H, Oak SR, Coelho AL, Herath A, Flaherty KR, Lee J, Bell M, Knight DA, Martinez FJ, Sleeman MA, Herzog EL, Hogaboam CM. Targeting interleukin-13 with tralokinumab attenuates lung fibrosis and epithelial damage in a humanized SCID idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:985-94. [PMID: 24325475 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0342oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant fibrotic and repair responses in the lung are major hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Numerous antifibrotic strategies have been used in the clinic with limited success, raising the possibility that an effective therapeutic strategy in this disease must inhibit fibrosis and promote appropriate lung repair mechanisms. IL-13 represents an attractive target in IPF, but its disease association and mechanism of action remains unknown. In the present study, an overexpression of IL-13 and IL-13 pathway markers was associated with IPF, particularly a rapidly progressive form of this disease. Targeting IL-13 in a humanized experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis using tralokinumab (CAT354) was found to therapeutically block aberrant lung remodeling in this model. However, targeting IL-13 was also found to promote lung repair and to restore epithelial integrity. Thus, targeting IL-13 inhibits fibrotic processes and enhances repair processes in the lung.
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Xia H, Bodempudi V, Benyumov A, Hergert P, Tank D, Herrera J, Braziunas J, Larsson O, Parker M, Rossi D, Smith K, Peterson M, Limper A, Jessurun J, Connett J, Ingbar D, Phan S, Bitterman PB, Henke CA. Identification of a cell-of-origin for fibroblasts comprising the fibrotic reticulum in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1369-83. [PMID: 24631025 PMCID: PMC4005984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease of the middle aged and elderly with a prevalence of one million persons worldwide. The fibrosis spreads from affected alveoli into contiguous alveoli, creating a reticular network that leads to death by asphyxiation. Lung fibroblasts from patients with IPF have phenotypic hallmarks, distinguishing them from their normal counterparts: pathologically activated Akt signaling axis, increased collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression, distinct gene expression profile, and ability to form fibrotic lesions in model organisms. Despite the centrality of these fibroblasts in disease pathogenesis, their origin remains uncertain. Here, we report the identification of cells in the lungs of patients with IPF with the properties of mesenchymal progenitors. In contrast to progenitors isolated from nonfibrotic lungs, IPF mesenchymal progenitor cells produce daughter cells manifesting the full spectrum of IPF hallmarks, including the ability to form fibrotic lesions in zebrafish embryos and mouse lungs, and a transcriptional profile reflecting these properties. Morphological analysis of IPF lung tissue revealed that mesenchymal progenitor cells and cells with the characteristics of their progeny comprised the fibrotic reticulum. These data establish that the lungs of patients with IPF contain pathological mesenchymal progenitor cells that are cells of origin for fibrosis-mediating fibroblasts. These fibrogenic mesenchymal progenitors and their progeny represent an unexplored target for novel therapies to interdict fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vidya Bodempudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexey Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Polla Hergert
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Damien Tank
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeff Braziunas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew Limper
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jose Jessurun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Connett
- Division of Biostatistics School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Ingbar
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sem Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Craig A Henke
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Blackwell TS, Tager AM, Borok Z, Moore BB, Schwartz DA, Anstrom KJ, Bar-Joseph Z, Bitterman P, Blackburn MR, Bradford W, Brown KK, Chapman HA, Collard HR, Cosgrove GP, Deterding R, Doyle R, Flaherty KR, Garcia CK, Hagood JS, Henke CA, Herzog E, Hogaboam CM, Horowitz JC, King TE, Loyd JE, Lawson WE, Marsh CB, Noble PW, Noth I, Sheppard D, Olsson J, Ortiz LA, O'Riordan TG, Oury TD, Raghu G, Roman J, Sime PJ, Sisson TH, Tschumperlin D, Violette SM, Weaver TE, Wells RG, White ES, Kaminski N, Martinez FJ, Wynn TA, Thannickal VJ, Eu JP. Future directions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis research. An NHLBI workshop report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:214-22. [PMID: 24160862 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1141ws] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The median survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) continues to be approximately 3 years from the time of diagnosis, underscoring the lack of effective medical therapies for this disease. In the United States alone, approximately 40,000 patients die of this disease annually. In November 2012, the NHLBI held a workshop aimed at coordinating research efforts and accelerating the development of IPF therapies. Basic, translational, and clinical researchers gathered with representatives from the NHLBI, patient advocacy groups, pharmaceutical companies, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to review the current state of IPF research and identify priority areas, opportunities for collaborations, and directions for future research. The workshop was organized into groups that were tasked with assessing and making recommendations to promote progress in one of the following six critical areas of research: (1) biology of alveolar epithelial injury and aberrant repair; (2) role of extracellular matrix; (3) preclinical modeling; (4) role of inflammation and immunity; (5) genetic, epigenetic, and environmental determinants; (6) translation of discoveries into diagnostics and therapeutics. The workshop recommendations provide a basis for directing future research and strategic planning by scientific, professional, and patient communities and the NHLBI.
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50
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Habiel DM, Hogaboam C. Heterogeneity in fibroblast proliferation and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:2. [PMID: 24478703 PMCID: PMC3899580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease characterized by the persistence of activated myofibroblasts resulting in excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and profound tissue remodeling. Myofibroblasts have been shown to arise from interstitial fibroblasts, epithelial to mesenchymal transition of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and the differentiation of recruited fibrocytes. There are many mechanisms that are utilized by these cells for survival, proliferation, and persistent activation including up-regulation of cytokines [i.e., Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21)], cytokine receptors [i.e., Interleukin 6Receptor 1 (IL-6R1), Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and C-C Chemokine Receptor type 7 (CCR7)], and innate pattern recognition receptors [(PRRs; i.e., Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9)]. In this review, we will discuss the role of the cytokines IL-6 and CCL21, their receptors and the PRR, TLR9, in fibroblast recruitment, activation, survival, and differentiation into myofibroblasts in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Habiel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedar Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cory Hogaboam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedar Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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