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Al Saihati HA, Badr OA, Dessouky AA, Mostafa O, Samir Farid A, Aborayah NH, Abdullah Aljasir M, Baioumy B, Mahmoud Taha N, El-Sherbiny M, Hamed Al-Serwi R, Ramadan MM, Salim RF, Shaheen D, E M Ali F, Ebrahim N. Exploring the cytoprotective role of mesenchymal stem Cell-Derived exosomes in chronic liver Fibrosis: Insights into the Nrf2/Keap1/p62 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112934. [PMID: 39178516 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathology present in most chronic liver diseases. Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated intracellular catabolic and recycling process that plays an essential role in maintaining normal hepatic functions. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular anti-oxidative stress response. This study was designed to assess the cytoprotective effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) on endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver fibrosis. Rats were treated with 0.1 ml of CCL4 twice weekly for 8 weeks, followed by administration of a single dose of MSC-exos. Rats were then sacrificed after 4 weeks, and liver samples were collected for gene expression analyses, Western blot, histological studies, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that MSC-exos administration decreased collagen deposition, apoptosis, and inflammation. Exosomes modulate the Nrf2/Keap1/p62 pathway, restoring autophagy and Nrf2 levels through modulation of the non-canonical pathway of Nrf2/Keap1/p62. Additionally, MSC-exos regulated miR-153-3p, miR-27a, miR-144 and miRNA-34a expression. In conclusion, the present study shed light on MSC-exos as a cytoprotective agent against EMT and tumorigenesis in chronic liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajir A Al Saihati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Albatin, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omnia A Badr
- Department of Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Arigue A Dessouky
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Ola Mostafa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Samir Farid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt.
| | - Nashwa H Aborayah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt, Department of Pharmacology, Mutah University, Mutah 61710, Jordan.
| | - Mohammad Abdullah Aljasir
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bodour Baioumy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Rasha Hamed Al-Serwi
- Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud M Ramadan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah City, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, Egypt.
| | - Rabab F Salim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha Universit, Egypt.
| | - Dalia Shaheen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Ebrahim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Stem Cell Unit, Egypt.
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2
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Guo W, Yang C, Zou J, Yu T, Li M, He R, Chen K, Hell RCR, Gross ER, Zou X, Lu Y. Interleukin-1β polarization in M1 macrophage mediates myocardial fibrosis in diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111858. [PMID: 38492336 PMCID: PMC11330059 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a global health problem whose common complication is diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by chronic inflammation of the heart muscle. Macrophages are the main white blood cells found in the resting heart. Therefore, we investigated the underling mechanism of macrophage on myocardial fibrosis in diabetes. METHODS Here, echocardiography was utilized to evaluate cardiac function, and the degree of myocardial fibrosis was assessed using Masson's trichrome staining, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze the phenotype, function, developmental trajectory, and interactions between immune cells, endothelial cells (ECs), and fibroblasts (FBs) in the hearts of db/db mice at different stages of diabetes. Macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts were also co-cultured in order to study the signaling between macrophages and fibroblasts. RESULTS We found that with the development of diabetes mellitus, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis occurred that was accompanied by cardiac dysfunction. A significant proportion of immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts were identified by RNA sequencing. The most significant changes observed were in macrophages, which undergo M1 polarization and are critical for oxidative stress and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. We further found that M1 macrophages secreted interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which interacted with the receptor on the surface of fibroblasts, to cause myocardial fibrosis. In addition, crosstalk between M1 macrophages and endothelial cells also plays a key role in fibrosis and immune response regulation through IL-1β and corresponding receptors. CONCLUSIONS M1 macrophages mediate diabetic myocardial fibrosis through interleukin-1β interaction with fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jiawei Zou
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Mingde Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ruilin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rafaela C R Hell
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 94305 CA, United States
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 94305 CA, United States
| | - Xin Zou
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Ambulatory Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
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Braithwaite AT, Akbar N, Pezzolla D, Paget D, Krausgruber T, Bock C, Carnicer R, Choudhury RP. Multi-organ single-cell RNA sequencing in mice reveals early hyperglycemia responses that converge on fibroblast dysregulation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23448. [PMID: 38305779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes causes a range of complications that can affect multiple organs. Hyperglycemia is an important driver of diabetes-associated complications, mediated by biological processes such as dysfunction of endothelial cells, fibrosis, and alterations in leukocyte number and function. Here, we dissected the transcriptional response of key cell types to hyperglycemia across multiple tissues using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and identified conserved, as well as organ-specific, changes associated with diabetes complications. By studying an early time point of diabetes, we focus on biological processes involved in the initiation of the disease, before the later organ-specific manifestations had supervened. We used a mouse model of type 1 diabetes and performed scRNA-seq on cells isolated from the heart, kidney, liver, and spleen of streptozotocin-treated and control male mice after 8 weeks and assessed differences in cell abundance, gene expression, pathway activation, and cell signaling across organs and within organs. In response to hyperglycemia, endothelial cells, macrophages, and monocytes displayed organ-specific transcriptional responses, whereas fibroblasts showed similar responses across organs, exhibiting altered metabolic gene expression and increased myeloid-like fibroblasts. Furthermore, we found evidence of endothelial dysfunction in the kidney, and of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in streptozotocin-treated mouse organs. In summary, our study represents the first single-cell and multi-organ analysis of early dysfunction in type 1 diabetes-associated hyperglycemia, and our large-scale dataset (comprising 67 611 cells) will serve as a starting point, reference atlas, and resource for further investigating the events leading to early diabetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Braithwaite
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniela Pezzolla
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daan Paget
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricardo Carnicer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Shah R, Zhong J, Massier L, Tanriverdi K, Hwang SJ, Haessler J, Nayor M, Zhao S, Perry AS, Wilkins JT, Shadyab AH, Manson JE, Martin L, Levy D, Kooperberg C, Freedman JE, Rydén M, Murthy VL. Targeted Proteomics Reveals Functional Targets for Early Diabetes Susceptibility in Young Adults. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2024; 17:e004192. [PMID: 38323454 PMCID: PMC10940209 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.123.004192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circulating proteome may encode early pathways of diabetes susceptibility in young adults for surveillance and intervention. Here, we define proteomic correlates of tissue phenotypes and diabetes in young adults. METHODS We used penalized models and principal components analysis to generate parsimonious proteomic signatures of diabetes susceptibility based on phenotypes and on diabetes diagnosis across 184 proteins in >2000 young adults in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study; mean age, 32 years; 44% women; 43% Black; mean body mass index, 25.6±4.9 kg/m2), with validation against diabetes in >1800 individuals in the FHS (Framingham Heart Study) and WHI (Women's Health Initiative). RESULTS In 184 proteins in >2000 young adults in CARDIA, we identified 2 proteotypes of diabetes susceptibility-a proinflammatory fat proteotype (visceral fat, liver fat, inflammatory biomarkers) and a muscularity proteotype (muscle mass), linked to diabetes in CARDIA and WHI/FHS. These proteotypes specified broad mechanisms of early diabetes pathogenesis, including transorgan communication, hepatic and skeletal muscle stress responses, vascular inflammation and hemostasis, fibrosis, and renal injury. Using human adipose tissue single cell/nuclear RNA-seq, we demonstrate expression at transcriptional level for implicated proteins across adipocytes and nonadipocyte cell types (eg, fibroadipogenic precursors, immune and vascular cells). Using functional assays in human adipose tissue, we demonstrate the association of expression of genes encoding these implicated proteins with adipose tissue metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS A multifaceted discovery effort uniting proteomics, underlying clinical susceptibility phenotypes, and tissue expression patterns may uncover potentially novel functional biomarkers of early diabetes susceptibility in young adults for future mechanistic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shah
- Vanderbilt Translational & Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- Dept of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucas Massier
- Dept of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kahraman Tanriverdi
- Vanderbilt Translational & Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Matthew Nayor
- Sections of Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Dept of Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine & Public Health, Boston, MA & Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | | | - Andrew S. Perry
- Vanderbilt Translational & Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health & Human Longevity Science, Univ of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Dept of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa Martin
- George Washington Univ School of Medicine & Health Sciences
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Jane E. Freedman
- Vanderbilt Translational & Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Dept of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Talukdar A, Basumatary M. Rodent models to study type 1 and type 2 diabetes induced human diabetic nephropathy. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7759-7782. [PMID: 37458869 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an outcome of prolonged diabetes, has affected millions of people worldwide and every year the incidence and prevalence increase substantially. The symptoms may start with mild manifestations of the disease such as increased albuminuria, serum creatinine levels, thickening of glomerular basement membrane, expansion of mesangial matrix to severe pathological symptoms such as glomerular lesions and tubulointerstitial fibrosis which may further proceed to cardiovascular dysfunction or end-stage renal disease. PERSPECTIVE Numerous therapeutic interventions are being explored for the management of DN, however, these interventions do not completely halt the progression of this disease and hence animal models are being explored to identify critical genetic and molecular parameters which could help in tackling the disease. Rodent models which mostly include mice and rats are commonly used experimental animals which provide a wide range of advantages in understanding the onset and progression of disease in humans and also their response to a wide range of interventions helps in the development of effective therapeutics. Rodent models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes induced DN have been developed utilizing different platforms and interventions during the last few decades some of which mimic various stages of diabetes ranging from early to later stages. However, a rodent model which replicates all the features of human DN is still lacking. This review tries to evaluate the rodent models that are currently available and understand their features and limitations which may help in further development of more robust models of human DN. CONCLUSION Using these rodent models can help to understand different aspects of human DN although further research is required to develop more robust models utilizing diverse genetic platforms which may, in turn, assist in developing effective interventions to target the disease at different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Talukdar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Mandira Basumatary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
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TGF-β Inhibitors for Therapeutic Management of Kidney Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121485. [PMID: 36558936 PMCID: PMC9783223 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common pathophysiological mechanism of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression caused by several underlying kidney diseases. Among various contributors to kidney fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is the major factor driving fibrosis. TGF-β1 exerts its profibrotic attributes via the activation of canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, which induce proliferation and activation of myofibroblasts and subsequent accumulation of extracellular matrix. Over the past few decades, studies have determined the TGF-β1 signaling pathway inhibitors and evaluated whether they could ameliorate the progression of CKD by hindering kidney fibrosis. However, therapeutic strategies that block TGF-β1 signaling have usually demonstrated unsatisfactory results. Herein, we discuss the therapeutic concepts of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway and its inhibitors and review the current state of the art regarding regarding TGF-β1 inhibitors in CKD management.
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7
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Kiripolsky J, Kasperek EM, Zhu C, Li QZ, Wang J, Yu G, Kramer JM. Immune-Intrinsic Myd88 Directs the Production of Antibodies With Specificity for Extracellular Matrix Components in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692216. [PMID: 34381449 PMCID: PMC8350326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is predominantly seen in women. The disease is characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction in combination with serious systemic manifestations. At present, the causes of pSS are poorly understood. Pulmonary and renal inflammation are observed in pSS mice, reminiscent of a subset of pSS patients. A growing body of evidence indicates that inflammation mediated by Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) contributes to autoimmunity, although this is not well-studied in pSS. Degraded extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents can serve as DAMPs by binding pattern-recognition receptors and activating Myd88-dependent signaling cascades, thereby exacerbating and perpetuating inflammatory cascades. The ECM components biglycan (Bgn) and decorin (Dcn) mediate sterile inflammation and both are implicated in autoimmunity. The objective of this study was to determine whether these ECM components and anti-ECM antibodies are altered in a pSS mouse model, and whether this is dependent on Myd88 activation in immune cells. Circulating levels of Bgn and Dcn were similar among pSS mice and controls and tissue expression studies revealed pSS mice had robust expression of both Bgn and Dcn in the salivary tissue, saliva, lung and kidney. Sera from pSS mice displayed increased levels of autoantibodies directed against ECM components when compared to healthy controls. Further studies using sera derived from conditional knockout pSS mice demonstrated that generation of these autoantibodies relies, at least in part, on Myd88 expression in the hematopoietic compartment. Thus, this study demonstrates that ECM degradation may represent a novel source of chronic B cell activation in the context of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eileen M. Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray & Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, Microarray & Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M. Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Oral Diagnostics Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Deng X, Li Y, Guo C, Zhao Z, Yuan G. Novel roles of Tsukushi in signaling pathways and multiple disease processes. Biofactors 2021; 47:512-521. [PMID: 33759220 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tsukushi (TSK), a newly identified hepatokine, is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) family. TSK was originally isolated and identified in the lens of the chicken. Preliminary research on TSK has focused on its role in various physiological processes such as growth and development, wound healing, and cartilage formation. In recent years, the role of TSK in regulating cell signaling pathways, cell proliferation, and differentiation has been studied. In addition, the research has gradually expanded to the fields of glycolipid metabolism and energy balance. This article briefly reviews the role of TSK in the physiological and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Soloyan H, Thornton M, Villani V, Khatchadourian P, Cravedi P, Angeletti A, Grubbs B, De Filippo R, Perin L, Sedrakyan S. Glomerular endothelial cell heterogeneity in Alport syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11414. [PMID: 32651395 PMCID: PMC7351764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cells (GEC) are a crucial component of the glomerular physiology and their damage contributes to the progression of chronic kidney diseases. How GEC affect the pathology of Alport syndrome (AS) however, is unclear. We characterized GEC from wild type (WT) and col4α5 knockout AS mice, a hereditary disorder characterized by progressive renal failure. We used endothelial-specific Tek-tdTomato reporter mice to isolate GEC by FACS and performed transcriptome analysis on them from WT and AS mice, followed by in vitro functional assays and confocal and intravital imaging studies. Biopsies from patients with chronic kidney disease, including AS were compared with our findings in mice. We identified two subpopulations of GEC (dimtdT and brighttdT) based on the fluorescence intensity of the TektdT signal. In AS mice, the brighttdT cell number increased and presented differential expression of endothelial markers compared to WT. RNA-seq analysis revealed differences in the immune and metabolic signaling pathways. In AS mice, dimtdT and brighttdT cells had different expression profiles of matrix-associated genes (Svep1, Itgβ6), metabolic activity (Apom, Pgc1α) and immune modulation (Apelin, Icam1) compared to WT mice. We confirmed a new pro-inflammatory role of Apelin in AS mice and in cultured human GEC. Gene modulations were identified comparable to the biopsies from patients with AS and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, possibly indicating that the same mechanisms apply to humans. We report the presence of two GEC subpopulations that differ between AS and healthy mice or humans. This finding paves the way to a better understanding of the pathogenic role of GEC in AS progression and could lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Soloyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard MS #35, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Matthew Thornton
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Valentina Villani
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard MS #35, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Patrick Khatchadourian
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard MS #35, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine At Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, S. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Roger De Filippo
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard MS #35, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Laura Perin
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard MS #35, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sargis Sedrakyan
- GOFARR Laboratory for Organ Regenerative Research and Cell Therapeutics in Urology, Division of Urology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4661 Sunset Boulevard MS #35, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA. .,Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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10
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Fenlon M, Short C, Xu J, Malkoff N, Mahdi E, Hough M, Glazier A, Lee C, Asahina K, Wang KS. Prominin-1-expressing hepatic progenitor cells induce fibrogenesis in murine cholestatic liver injury. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14508. [PMID: 32686913 PMCID: PMC7370750 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury is associated with intrahepatic biliary fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis. Resident hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) expressing Prominin-1 (Prom1 or CD133) become activated and participate in the expansion of cholangiocytes known as the ductular reaction. Previously, we demonstrated that in biliary atresia, Prom1(+) HPCs are present within developing fibrosis and that null mutation of Prom1 significantly abrogates fibrogenesis. Here, we hypothesized that these activated Prom1-expressing HPCs promote fibrogenesis in cholestatic liver injury. Using Prom1CreERT2-nLacZ/+ ;Rosa26Lsl-GFP/+ mice, we traced the fate of Prom1-expressing HPCs in the growth of the neonatal and adult livers and in biliary fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Prom1-expressing cell lineage labeling with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) on postnatal day 1 exhibited an expanded population as well as bipotent differentiation potential toward both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes at postnatal day 35. However, in the adult liver, they lost hepatocyte differentiation potential. Upon cholestatic liver injury, adult Prom1-expressing HPCs gave rise to both PROM1(+) and PROM1(-) cholangiocytes contributing to ductular reaction without hepatocyte or myofibroblast differentiation. RNA-sequencing analysis of GFP(+) Prom1-expressing HPC lineage revealed a persistent cholangiocyte phenotype and evidence of Transforming Growth Factor-β pathway activation. When Prom1-expressing cells were ablated with induced Diphtheria toxin in Prom1CreERT-nLacZ/+ ;Rosa26DTA/+ mice, we observed a decrease in ductular reactions and biliary fibrosis typically present in BDL as well as decreased expression of numerous fibrogenic gene markers. Our data indicate that Prom1-expressing HPCs promote biliary fibrosis associated with activation of myofibroblasts in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fenlon
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Celia Short
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jiabo Xu
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Nicolas Malkoff
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Elaa Mahdi
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Michelle Hough
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Alison Glazier
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Calvin Lee
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kinji Asahina
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD & CirrhosisDepartment of PathologyKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kasper S. Wang
- Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Stem Cell ProgramThe Saban Research InstituteChildren’s Hospital of Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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11
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Pessentheiner AR, Ducasa GM, Gordts PLSM. Proteoglycans in Obesity-Associated Metabolic Dysfunction and Meta-Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:769. [PMID: 32508807 PMCID: PMC7248225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a specific subset of glycoproteins found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of proteins involved in metabolic homeostasis and meta-inflammation. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged on the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions in the context of diet-induced disorders such as obesity and type-2 diabetes. Complications of energy metabolism drive most diet-induced metabolic disorders, which results in low-grade chronic inflammation, thereby affecting proper function of many vital organs involved in energy homeostasis, such as the brain, liver, kidney, heart and adipose tissue. Here, we discuss how heparan, chondroitin and keratan sulfate proteoglycans modulate obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and low-grade inflammation that impact the initiation and progression of obesity-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane R. Pessentheiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - G. Michelle Ducasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Philip L. S. M. Gordts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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12
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Giralt-López A, Molina-Van den Bosch M, Vergara A, García-Carro C, Seron D, Jacobs-Cachá C, Soler MJ. Revisiting Experimental Models of Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103587. [PMID: 32438732 PMCID: PMC7278948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is constantly increasing and, nowadays, it affects more than 350 million people worldwide. Therefore, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has also increased, becoming the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the developed world. DN is characterized by albuminuria, a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hypertension, mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The therapeutic advances in the last years have been able to modify and delay the natural course of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Nevertheless, there is still an urgent need to characterize the pathways that are involved in DN, identify risk biomarkers and prevent kidney failure in diabetic patients. Rodent models provide valuable information regarding how DN is set and its progression through time. Despite the utility of these models, kidney disease progression depends on the diabetes induction method and susceptibility to diabetes of each experimental strain. The classical DN murine models (Streptozotocin-induced, Akita, or obese type 2 models) do not develop all of the typical DN features. For this reason, many models have been crossed to a susceptible genetic background. Knockout and transgenic strains have also been created to generate more robust models. In this review, we will focus on the description of the new DN rodent models and, additionally, we will provide an overview of the available methods for renal phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giralt-López
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
| | - Mireia Molina-Van den Bosch
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
| | - Ander Vergara
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara García-Carro
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Seron
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxita Jacobs-Cachá
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.J.-C.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Maria José Soler
- Nephrology Research Group, Vall d’Hebrón Institut de Recerca, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (M.M.-V.d.B.); (A.V.); (C.G.-C.); (D.S.)
- Nephrology Department, Vall d’Hebrón Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.J.-C.); (M.J.S.)
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13
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Zeng M, Liu J, Yang W, Zhang S, Liu F, Dong Z, Peng Y, Sun L, Xiao L. Multiple-microarray analysis for identification of hub genes involved in tubulointerstial injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16447-16462. [PMID: 30761531 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a primary cause of renal failure. However, studies providing renal gene expression profiles of diabetic tubulointerstitial injury are scarce and its molecular mechanisms still await clarification. To identify vital genes involved in the diabetic tubulointerstitial injury, three microarray data sets from gene expression omnibus (GEO) were downloaded. A total of 127 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by limma package. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) plots showed that sister chromatid cohesion was the most significant enriched gene set positively correlated with the DN group while retinoid X receptor binding was the most significant enriched gene set positively correlated with the control group. Enriched Gene Ontology (GO) annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways of DEGs mostly included extracellular matrix organization, extracellular space, extracellular matrix structural constituent, and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Twenty hub genes from three significant modules were ascertained by Cytoscape. Correlation analysis and subgroup analysis between hub genes and clinical features of DN showed that ALB, ANXA1, APOH, C3, CCL19, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL6A3, CXCL6, DCN, EGF, HRG, KNG1, LUM, SERPINA3, SPARC, SRGN, and TIMP1 may involve in diabetic tubulointerstitial injury. ConnectivityMap analysis indicated the most significant three compounds are 5182598, thapsigargin and 5224221. In conclusion, this study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic tubulointerstitial injury as well as potential targets for diagnosis and therapeutics of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenxia Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Hamzawy M, Gouda SAA, Rashid L, Attia Morcos M, Shoukry H, Sharawy N. The cellular selection between apoptosis and autophagy: roles of vitamin D, glucose and immune response in diabetic nephropathy. Endocrine 2017; 58:66-80. [PMID: 28889337 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle arrest are cellular responses to injury which are supposed to play fundamental roles in initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The aims of the present study is to shed light on the potential effects of vitamin D analog 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) on different cell responses during DN, and the possible interplay between both glucose, immune system and vitamin D in determining the cell fate. METHOD All rats were randomly allocated into one of three groups: control, vehicle-treated DN group and OCT-treated DN group. Eight weeks after induction of diabetes, the rats were killed. Fasting blood glucose levels, serum 25 (OH) D, renal functions, cytokines and gene expression of autophagy, apoptotic and cell cycle arrest markers were assessed. In addition, the histological assessment of renal architecture was done. RESULTS OCT treatment remarkably improved the renal functions and albuminuria. The reductions in mesangial cell hypertrophy, extracellular matrix as well as cell loss were significantly associated with upregulation of pro-autophagy gene expressions and downregulation of both pro-apoptotic and G1-cell cycle arrest genes expression. The reno-protective effects of OCT treatment were associated with significant attenuation of the fasting blood glucose, serum IL-6, renal TLR-4 and IFN-g gene expression. CONCLUSION Modulator effects of OCT on glucose and immune system play important roles in renal cell fate decision and chronic kidney disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Hamzawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mary Attia Morcos
- Department of histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Shoukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nivin Sharawy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.
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15
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Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Yoder MH, Charnigo R, Tannock LR. Prevention of renal apoB retention is protective against diabetic nephropathy: role of TGF-β inhibition. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2264-2274. [PMID: 28912302 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies demonstrate that hyperlipidemia and renal lipid accumulation contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We previously demonstrated that renal lipoproteins colocalize with biglycan, a renal proteoglycan. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prevention of renal lipid (apoB) accumulation attenuates DN. Biglycan-deficient and biglycan wild-type Ldlr-/- mice were made diabetic via streptozotocin and fed a high cholesterol diet. As biglycan deficiency is associated with elevated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), in some experiments mice were injected with either the TGF-β-neutralizing antibody, 1D11, or with 13C4, an irrelevant control antibody. Biglycan deficiency had no significant effect on renal apoB accumulation, but led to modest attenuation of DN with ∼30% reduction in albuminuria; however, biglycan deficiency caused a striking elevation in TGF-β. Use of 1D11 led to sustained suppression of TGF-β for approximately 8 weeks at a time. The 1D11 treatment caused decreased renal apoB accumulation, decreased albuminuria, decreased renal hypertrophy, and improved survival, compared with the 13C4 treatment. Thus, prevention of renal apoB accumulation is protective against development of DN. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that prevention of renal apoB accumulation is a mechanism by which TGF-β inhibition is nephroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Richard Charnigo
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502 .,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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16
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Zhen Z, Yang K, Ye L, You Z, Chen R, Liu Y. Decorin gene upregulation mediated by an adeno-associated virus vector increases intratumoral uptake of nab-paclitaxel in neuroblastoma via inhibition of stabilin-1. Invest New Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28631095 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The availability of effective medication for the treatment of refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma remains limited. This study sought to investigate the effects of increased decorin (DCN) expression on the intratumoral uptake of nab-paclitaxel as a potential novel approach to NB. Correlation between the clinical characteristics of neuroblastoma and the expression of DCN, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and stabilin-1 was evaluated. The anticancer effect of recombinant adeno-associated virus-DCN (rAAV-DCN) was assessed in vivo and in vitro. And the effect of rAAV-DCN on the intratumoral uptake of paclitaxel was also studied in neuroblastoma-grafted nude mice. Overall, 12.5%, 17.7%, and 71.9% of the tumors stained positive for DCN, SPARC and stabilin-1 respectively and correlated to age, stage and N-MYC status in 96 children and adolescents with neuroblastoma. Transfected neuroblastoma cells stably expressed DCN, with in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrating rAAV-DCN sensitized the anticancer effect of nab-paclitaxel. Systemic rAAV-DCN in neuroblastoma-grafted nude mice inhibited stabilin-1, up-regulated SPARC, and increased the intratumoral uptake of paclitaxel. Macrophage depletion or anti-stabilin-1 monoclonal antibody increased the intratumoral uptake of nab-paclitaxel and its anticancer effects to a degree comparable to that achieved by systemic rAAV-DCN. The systemic administration of rAAV-DCN up-regulates DCN in neuroblastoma and accelerates the intratumoral uptake of nab-paclitaxel by inhibiting stabilin-1 mediated SPARC degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kaibin Yang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Litong Ye
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyao You
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rirong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Nio Y, Okawara M, Okuda S, Matsuo T, Furuyama N. Podocan Is Expressed in Blood and Adipose Tissue and Correlates Negatively With the Induction of Diabetic Nephropathy. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:772-786. [PMID: 29264529 PMCID: PMC5686772 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocan, a member of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs), is expressed in vascular endothelial cells with high levels of expression in the sclerotic glomerular lesions of experimental HIV-associated nephropathy. It is also found in vascular smooth muscle cells and is involved in atherosclerosis. Decorin, a protein similar to podocan, also belongs to the SLRP family and is highly expressed in adipose tissues. It is a secreted protein associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and diabetic nephropathy. Based on the similarity of podocan to decorin and its functions reported in the renal and cardiovascular systems, we hypothesized that podocan levels might correlate with the occurrence of metabolic syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, and diabetic nephropathy. We found that podocan was highly expressed in the adipose tissue of mice and humans and its expression was regulated by tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, podocan was detected in the plasma, and its levels tended to increase in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice and decrease in obese-diabetic KKAy and db/db mice. Podocan messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the renal cortex correlated negatively with the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, a surrogate marker of glomerular injury in uninephrectomized db/db mice used as a model of diabetic nephropathy. Our results suggest that podocan is involved in kidney function and could be a unique therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nio
- Extra Value Generation and General Medicine Drug Discovery Unit, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsugi Okawara
- Extra Value Generation and General Medicine Drug Discovery Unit, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuo
- Extra Value Generation and General Medicine Drug Discovery Unit, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Furuyama
- Japan Medical Affairs, Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
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18
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Gubbiotti MA, Vallet SD, Ricard-Blum S, Iozzo RV. Decorin interacting network: A comprehensive analysis of decorin-binding partners and their versatile functions. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:7-21. [PMID: 27693454 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decorin, a prototype small leucine-rich proteoglycan, regulates a vast array of cellular processes including collagen fibrillogenesis, wound repair, angiostasis, tumor growth, and autophagy. This functional versatility arises from a wide array of decorin/protein interactions also including interactions with its single glycosaminoglycan side chain. The decorin-binding partners encompass numerous categories ranging from extracellular matrix molecules to cell surface receptors to growth factors and enzymes. Despite the diversity of the decorin interacting network, two main roles emerge as prominent themes in decorin function: maintenance of cellular structure and outside-in signaling, culminating in anti-tumorigenic effects. Here we present contemporary knowledge regarding the decorin interacting network and discuss in detail the biological relevance of these pleiotropic interactions, some of which could be targeted by therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sylvain D Vallet
- Pericellular and Extracellular Supramolecular Assemblies, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Pericellular and Extracellular Supramolecular Assemblies, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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19
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and redox processes are of key importance in obesity- and diabetes-related kidney disease; however, there remains significant controversy in the field. RECENT ADVANCES New data from imaging and in vivo models of obesity and diabetic kidney disease have shed new insights into this field. In the setting of obesity- and diabetes-related kidney injury, there is a growing recognition that the major moieties of ROS and RNS are hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite with the enzymatic sources being NADPH oxidases and nitric oxide synthase, respectively. However, the role of mitochondrial superoxide as a driver of renal complications remains unclear. CRITICAL ISSUES Several key issues that are often not discussed are the specific ROS and RNS molecules, the source of generation, the location of production, and downstream targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further understanding of the role of ROS/RNS/redox and their relationship with key signaling and metabolic pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1α) will be critical to a new understanding of kidney complications of caloric challenges and new therapeutic approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 208-216.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sharma
- 1 Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Institute of Metabolomic Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California.,2 Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , La Jolla, California
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20
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Spichiger C, Torres-Farfan C, Galdames HA, Mendez N, Alonso-Vazquez P, Richter HG. Gestation under chronic constant light leads to extensive gene expression changes in the fetal rat liver. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:621-33. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports account for altered metabolism in adult offspring from pregnancy subjected to abnormal photoperiod, suggesting fetal programming of liver physiology. To generate a pipeline of subsequent mechanistic experiments addressing strong candidate genes, here we investigated the effects of constant gestational light on the fetal liver transcriptome. At 10 days of gestation, dams were randomized in two groups ( n = 7 each): constant light (LL) and normal photoperiod (12 h light/12 h dark; LD). At 18 days of gestation, RNA was isolated from the fetal liver and subjected to DNA microarray (Affymetrix platform for 28,000 genes). Selected differential mRNAs were validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), while integrated transcriptional changes were analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and other bioinformatics tools. Comparison of LL relative to LD fetal liver led to the following findings. Significant differential expression was found for 3,431 transcripts (1,960 upregulated and 1,471 downregulated), with 393 of them displaying ≥ 1.5-fold change. We validated 27 selected transcripts by qPCR, which displayed fold-change values highly correlated with microarray ( r2 = 0.91). Different markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were either upregulated (e.g., Ndn and Pnpla3) or downregulated (e.g., Gnmt, Bhmt1/2, Sult1a1, Mpo, and Mat1a). Diverse pathways were altered, including hematopoiesis, coagulation cascade, complement system, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The microRNAs 7a-1, 431, 146a, and 153 were upregulated, while the abundant hepatic miRNA 122 was downregulated. Constant gestational light induced extensive modification of the fetal liver transcriptome. A number of differentially expressed transcripts belong to fundamental functional pathways, potentially contributing to long-term liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spichiger
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Galdames
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Alonso-Vazquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans G. Richter
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Borén J, Chakravarti S. The small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in tissue repair and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2015; 278:447-61. [PMID: 26477596 PMCID: PMC4616156 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains and have multiple roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the potential and known functions of a group of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) in atherosclerosis. We focus on five SLRPs, decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP, because these have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques or demonstrated to have a role in animal models of atherosclerosis. Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. The chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAG side chains have been implicated in lipid retention in atherosclerosis. The core proteins are discussed here in the context of (i) interactions with collagens and their implications in tissue integrity, fibrosis and wound repair and (ii) interactions with growth factors, cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell surface receptors that impact normal physiology and disease processes such as inflammation, innate immune responses and wound healing (i.e. processes that are all important in plaque development and progression). Thus, studies of these SLRPs in the context of wound healing are providing clues about their functions in early stages of atherosclerosis to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular disease at later stages. Understanding of signal transduction pathways regulated by the core protein interactions is leading to novel roles and therapeutic potential for these proteins in wound repair and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Chakravarti
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Brunskill EW, Potter SS. Pathogenic pathways are activated in each major cell type of the glomerulus in the Cd2ap mutant mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 25968128 PMCID: PMC4430919 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in several genes expressed in podocytes, including Cd2ap, have been associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in humans. Mutant mouse models provide an opportunity to better understand the molecular pathology that drives these diseases. Methods In this report we use a battery of transgenic-GFP mice to facilitate the purification of all three major cell types of the glomerulus from Cd2ap mutant mice. Both microarrays and RNA-seq were used to characterize the gene expression profiles of the podocytes, mesangial cells and endothelial cells, providing a global dual platform cross-validating dataset. Results The mesangial cells showed increased expression of profibrotic factors, including thrombospondin, Tgfb2 and Tgfb3, as well as the angiogenesis factor Vegf. They also showed upregulation of protective genes, including Aldh1a2, involved in retinoic acid synthesis and Decorin, a Tgfb antagonist. Of interest, the mesangial cells also showed significant expression of Wt1, which has generally been considered podocyte specific. The Cd2ap mutant podocytes showed upregulation of proteases as well as genes involved in muscle and vasculature development and showed a very strong gene expression signature indicating programmed cell death. Endothelial cells showed increased expression of the leukocyte adhesion associated factors Vcam1 and Sele, as well as Midkine (promoting angiogenesis), endothelin and many genes responsive to cytokines and interferons. Conclusions This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the changing properties of the three cell types of the glomerulus in Cd2ap mutants, identifying activated and repressed pathways and responsible genes, thereby delivering a deeper molecular understanding of this genetic disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0063-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Brunskill
- Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - S Steven Potter
- Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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He L, Hao L, Fu X, Huang M, Li R. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia accelerating renal injury: a novel model of type 1 diabetic hamsters induced by short-term high-fat / high-cholesterol diet and low-dose streptozotocin. BMC Nephrol 2015; 16:51. [PMID: 25884847 PMCID: PMC4429331 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperlipidemia is thought to be a major risk factor for the progression of renal diseases in diabetes. Recent studies have shown that lipid profiles are commonly abnormal early on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with diabetic nephropathy. However, the early effects of triglyceride and cholesterol abnormalities on renal injury in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are not fully understood and require reliable animal models for exploration of the underlying mechanisms. Hamster models are important tools for studying lipid metabolism because of their similarity to humans in terms of lipid utilization and high susceptibility to dietary cholesterol and fat. Methods Twenty-four male Golden Syrian hamsters (100–110 g) were rendered diabetes by intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ) on consecutive 3 days at dose of 30 mg/kg, Ten days after STZ injections, hamsters with a plasma Glu concentration more than 12 mmol/L were selected as insulin deficient ones and divided into four groups (D-C, D-HF, D-HC, and D-HFHC), and fed with commercially available standard rodent chow, high-fat diet, high-cholesterol diet, high-fat and cholesterol diet respectively, for a period of four weeks. Results After an induction phase, a stable model of renal injury was established with the aspects of early T1DM kidney disease, These aspects were severe hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria with mesangial matrix accumulation, upgraded creatinine clearance, significant cholesterol and triglyceride deposition, and increasing glomerular surface area, thickness of basement membrane and mesangial expansion. The mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, transforming growth factors-β, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the D-HFHC group were significantly up-regulated compared with control groups. Conclusions This study presents a novel, non-transgenic, non-surgical method for induction of renal injury in hamsters, which is an important complement to existing diabetic models for pathophysiological studies in early acute and chronic kidney disease, especially hyperlipidemia. These data suggest that both severe hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia can accelerate renal injury in the early development of T1DM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-015-0041-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lili Hao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Fu
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingshu Huang
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, 310021, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Bryant CE, Gay NJ, Heymans S, Sacre S, Schaefer L, Midwood KS. Advances in Toll-like receptor biology: Modes of activation by diverse stimuli. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:359-79. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1033511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
- ICIN – Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK,
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and
| | - Kim S. Midwood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
The concept that excess superoxide production from mitochondria is the driving, initial cellular response underlying diabetes complications has been held for the past decade. However, results of antioxidant-based trials have been largely negative. In the present review, the data supporting mitochondrial superoxide as a driving force for diabetic kidney, nerve, heart, and retinal complications are reexamined, and a new concept for diabetes complications--mitochondrial hormesis--is presented. In this view, production of mitochondrial superoxide can be an indicator of healthy mitochondria and physiologic oxidative phosphorylation. Recent data suggest that in response to excess glucose exposure or nutrient stress, there is a reduction of mitochondrial superoxide, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial ATP generation in several target tissues of diabetes complications. Persistent reduction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex activity is associated with the release of oxidants from nonmitochondrial sources and release of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, and a manifestation of organ dysfunction. Restoration of mitochondrial function and superoxide production via activation of AMPK has now been associated with improvement in markers of renal, cardiovascular, and neuronal dysfunction with diabetes. With this Perspective, approaches that stimulate AMPK and PGC1α via exercise, caloric restriction, and medications result in stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation activity, restore physiologic mitochondrial superoxide production, and promote organ healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, and Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Hsieh LTH, Nastase MV, Zeng-Brouwers J, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Soluble biglycan as a biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:223-35. [PMID: 25091702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal inflammation is often associated with a progressive accumulation of various extracellular matrix constituents, including several members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) gene family. It is becoming increasingly evident that the matrix-unbound SLRPs strongly regulate the progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble SLRPs are generated either via partial proteolytic processing of collagenous matrices or by de novo synthesis evoked by stress or injury. Liberated SLRPs can then bind to and activate Toll-like receptors, thus modulating downstream inflammatory signaling. Preclinical animal models and human studies have recently identified soluble biglycan as a key initiator and regulator of various inflammatory renal diseases. Biglycan, generated by activated macrophages, can enter the circulation and its elevated levels in plasma and renal parenchyma correlate with unfavorable renal function and outcome. In this review, we will focus on the critical role of soluble biglycan in inflammatory signaling in various renal disorders. Moreover, we will provide new data implicating proinflammatory effects of soluble decorin in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Finally, we will critically evaluate the potential application of soluble biglycan vis-à-vis other SLRPs (decorin, lumican and fibromodulin) as a promising target and novel biomarker of inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tzung-Harn Hsieh
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Madalina-Viviana Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Potter SS, Brunskill EW. Building an atlas of gene expression driving kidney development: pushing the limits of resolution. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:581-8. [PMID: 23996451 PMCID: PMC7540944 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Changing gene expression patterns is the essential driver of developmental processes. Growth factors, micro-RNAs, long intergenic noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, all work by impacting gene expression. The key features of developing cells, including their ability to communicate with others, are defined primarily by their gene-expression profiles. It is therefore clear that a gene-expression atlas of the developing kidney can provide a useful tool for the developmental nephrology research community. Toward this end, the GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project (GUDMAP) consortium has worked to create an atlas of the changing gene-expression patterns that drive kidney development. In this article, the global gene-expression profiling strategies of GUDMAP are reviewed. The initial work used laser-capture microdissection to purify multiple compartments of the developing kidney, including cap mesenchyme, renal vesicle, S-shaped bodies, proximal tubules, and more, which were then gene-expression profiled using microarrays. Resolution of the atlas was then improved by using transgenic mice with specific cell types labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), allowing their purification and profiling. In addition, RNA-Seq replaced microarrays. Currently, the atlas is being pushed to the single-cell resolution using microfluidic approaches that allow high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis of hundreds of individual cells. Results can identify novel types of cells and define interesting heterogeneities present within cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA,
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29
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Nastase MV, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Key roles for the small leucine-rich proteoglycans in renal and pulmonary pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2460-70. [PMID: 24508120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are molecules that have signaling roles in a multitude of biological processes. In this respect, SLRPs play key roles in the evolution of a variety of diseases throughout the human body. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will critically review current developments in the roles of SLRPs in several types of disease of the kidney and lungs. Particular emphasis will be given to the roles of decorin and biglycan, the best characterized members of the SLRP gene family. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In both renal and pulmonary disorders, SLRPs are essential elements that regulate several pathophysiological processes including fibrosis, inflammation and tumor progression. Decorin has remarkable antifibrotic and antitumorigenic properties and is considered a valuable potential treatment of these diseases. Biglycan can modulate inflammatory processes in lung and renal inflammation and is a potential target in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE SLRPs can serve as either treatment targets or as potential treatment in renal or lung disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina V Nastase
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Frey H, Schroeder N, Manon-Jensen T, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Biological interplay between proteoglycans and their innate immune receptors in inflammation. FEBS J 2013; 280:2165-79. [PMID: 23350913 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An emerging body of evidence indicates that secreted proteoglycans act as signaling molecules, in addition to their canonical function in maintaining and regulating the architecture of various extracellular matrices. Proteoglycans interact with a number of receptors that regulate growth, motility and immune response. In part, as a consequence of their complex structure, proteoglycans can induce crosstalk among various families of receptors and can also interact with natural receptor ligands, often blocking and sequestering their bioactivity. In their soluble form, originating from either partial proteolytic processing or through de novo synthesis by activated cells, some proteoglycans can become potent danger signals, denoting tissue stress and injury. Recently, it has been shown that proteoglycans, especially those belonging to the small leucine-rich and hyaluronan-binding gene families as well as the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, act as endogenous ligands of the toll-like receptors, a group of central receptors regulating innate immunity. Furthermore, proteoglycans can activate intracellular inflammasomes and trigger sterile inflammation. In this review, we critically assess the signaling events induced by the proteoglycans biglycan, decorin, lumican and versican as well as hyaluronan during inflammation. We discuss the intriguing emerging notion that, in spite of structural diversity of biglycan, decorin, versican and hyaluronan, all of them signal through the same toll-like receptors, albeit triggering differential responses and biological outcomes. Finally, we review the modes of action of these endogenous ligands of toll-like receptors and their ability to specifically modify the final signaling events and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Frey
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie/ZAFES, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Morrione A, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Dichotomy of decorin activity on the insulin-like growth factor-I system. FEBS J 2013; 280:2138-49. [PMID: 23351020 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The stromal-specific proteoglycan decorin has emerged in recent years as a critical regulator of tumor initiation and progression. Decorin regulates the biology of various types of cancer by modulating the activity of several receptor tyrosine kinases coordinating growth, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Decorin binds to surface receptors for epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor with high affinity, and negatively regulates their activity and signaling via robust internalization and eventual degradation. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I system plays a critical role in the regulation of cell growth both in vivo and in vitro. The IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is also essential for cellular transformation, owing to its ability to enhance cell proliferation and protect cancer cells from apoptosis. Recent data have pointed to a role of decorin in regulating the IGF-I system in both nontransformed and transformed cells. Significantly, there is a surprising dichotomy in the mechanism of decorin action on IGF-IR signaling, which differs considerably between physiological and pathological cellular models. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on decorin regulation of the IGF-I system in normal and transformed cells, and discuss possible decorin-based therapeutic approaches to target IGF-IR-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morrione
- Department of Urology and the Biology of Prostate Cancer Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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You YH, Okada S, Ly S, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Barit D, Namikoshi T, Sharma K. Role of Nox2 in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F840-8. [PMID: 23389458 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00511.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoforms have been implicated in contributing to diabetic microvascular complications, but the functional role of individual isoforms in diabetic kidney are unclear. Nox2, in particular, is highly expressed in phagocytes and may play a key inflammatory role in diabetic kidney disease. To determine the role of Nox2, we evaluated kidney function and pathology in wild-type (WT; C57BL/6) and Nox2 knockout (KO) mice with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes was induced in male Nox2 KO and WT mice with a multiple low-dose streptozotocin protocol. Groups were studied for kidney disease after 8 and 20 wk of diabetes. Hyperglycemia and body weights were similar in WT and Nox2 KO diabetic mice. All functional and structural features of early and later stage diabetic kidney disease (albuminuria, mesangial matrix, tubulointerstitial disease, and gene expression of matrix and transforming growth factor-β) were similar in both diabetic groups compared with their respective nondiabetic groups, except for reduction of macrophage infiltration and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the diabetic Nox2 KO mice. Systolic blood pressure by telemetry was surprisingly increased in Nox2 KO mice; however, the systolic blood pressure was reduced in the diabetic WT and Nox2 KO mice by tail-cuff. Interestingly, diabetic Nox2 KO mice had marked upregulation of renal Nox4 at both the glomerular and cortical levels. The present results demonstrate that lack of Nox2 does not protect against diabetic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes, despite a reduction in macrophage infiltration. The lack of renoprotection may be due to upregulation of renal Nox4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyun You
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Tang T, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Nelson C, Williams KJ, Tannock LR. Decreased body fat, elevated plasma transforming growth factor-β levels, and impaired BMP4-like signaling in biglycan-deficient mice. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:5-13. [PMID: 22834985 PMCID: PMC4557867 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2012.715700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biglycan (BGN), a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, binds the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and inhibits its bioactivity in vitro. Nevertheless, it is controversial whether BGN plays an inhibitory role in vivo. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BGN deficiency on TGFβ activity in vivo by studying 1-year-old Bgn null and wild-type (WT) mice on an Ldlr-null background. Phenotypic and metabolic characterization showed that the Bgn null mice had lower body weight, shorter body length, and shorter femur length (all p < 0.05). Surprisingly, the Bgn null mice also exhibited a striking reduction in percent body fat compared to WT mice (p == 0.006), but no changes were observed in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, or glycohemoglobin. Both total and bioactive TGFβ1 concentrations in plasma were markedly elevated in Bgn null mice compared to WT mice (4-fold and 11-fold increase, respectively, both p < 0.001), but no changes were found in hepatic levels of mRNA for Tgfβ1 or its receptors. Bgn null mice exhibited elevated expression of hepatic fibronectin protein (p = 0.034) without changes in hepatic or renal histology, and Bgn null mice had decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (p = 0.01). Two key downstream targets of bone morphogenetic protein 4-like signaling, SMAD1/3/5 phosphorylation and Id2 gene expression, were found dramatically reduced in Bgn null livers (p = 0.034). Thus, BGN deficiency decreases body fat in this hyperlipidemic mouse model without changing liver or kidney histology. Overall, we propose that this unexpected phenotype arises from the effects of BGN deficiency in vivo to elevate TGFβ levels while decreasing bone morphogenetic protein 4-like signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joel C. Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G. Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christina Nelson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa R. Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Lisa R. Tannock, Associate Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Room 567, Wethington Building, 900 S. Limestone, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, Tel: 859-323-4933 ext 81415, Fax: 859-257-3646,
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Brunskill EW, Potter SS. Changes in the gene expression programs of renal mesangial cells during diabetic nephropathy. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13:70. [PMID: 22839765 PMCID: PMC3416581 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end stage renal disease. All three cell types of the glomerulus, podocytes, endothelial cells and mesangial cells, play important roles in diabetic nephropathy. In this report we used Meis1-GFP transgenic mice to purify mesangial cells from normal mice and from db/db mice, which suffer diabetic nephropathy. The purpose of the study is to better define the unique character of normal mesangial cells, and to characterize their pathogenic and protective responses during diabetic nephropathy. Methods Comprehensive gene expression states of the normal and diseased mesangial cells were defined with microarrays. By comparing the gene expression profiles of mesangial cells with those of multiple other renal cell types, including podocytes, endothelial cells and renal vesicles, it was possible to better define their exceptional nature, which includes smooth muscle, phagocytic and neuronal traits. Results The complete set of mesangial cell expressed transcription factors, growth factors and receptors were identified. In addition, the analysis of the mesangial cells from diabetic nephropathy mice characterized their changes in gene expression. Molecular functions and biological processes specific to diseased mesangial cells were characterized, identifying genes involved in extracellular matrix, cell division, vasculogenesis, and growth factor modulation. Selected gene changes considered of particular importance to the disease process were validated and localized within the glomuerulus by immunostaining. For example, thrombospondin, a key mediator of TGFβ signaling, was upregulated in the diabetic nephropathy mesangial cells, likely contributing to fibrosis. On the other hand the decorin gene was also upregulated, and expression of this gene has been strongly implicated in the reduction of TGFβ induced fibrosis. Conclusions The results provide an important complement to previous studies examining mesangial cells grown in culture. The remarkable qualities of the mesangial cell are more fully defined in both the normal and diabetic nephropathy diseased state. New gene expression changes and biological pathways are discovered, yielding a deeper understanding of the diabetic nephropathy pathogenic process, and identifying candidate targets for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Brunskill
- Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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New experimental models of diabetic nephropathy in mice models of type 2 diabetes: efforts to replicate human nephropathy. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:616313. [PMID: 22461787 PMCID: PMC3291115 DOI: 10.1155/2012/616313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The use of experimental models of DN has provided valuable information regarding many aspects of DN, including pathophysiology, progression, implicated genes, and new therapeutic strategies. A large number of mouse models of diabetes have been identified and their kidney disease was characterized to various degrees. Most experimental models of type 2 DN are helpful in studying early stages of DN, but these models have not been able to reproduce the characteristic features of more advanced DN in humans such as nodules in the glomerular tuft or glomerulosclerosis. The generation of new experimental models of DN created by crossing, knockdown, or knockin of genes continues to provide improved tools for studying DN. These models provide an opportunity to search for new mechanisms involving the development of DN, but their shortcomings should be recognized as well. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the genetic background has a substantial effect on the susceptibility to diabetes and kidney disease development in the various models of diabetes.
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Zhang Y, Hu R, Wu H, Jiang W, Sun Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Jin T, Zhang H, Mao X, Zhao Z, Zhang Z. OTUB1 overexpression in mesangial cells is a novel regulator in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis through the decrease of DCN level. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29654. [PMID: 22279542 PMCID: PMC3261153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background OTUB1 is a member of OTUs (Ovarian-tumor-domain-containing proteases), a deubiquitinating enzymes family (DUBs), which was shown as a proteasome-associated DUB to be involved in the proteins Ub-dependent degradation. It has been reported that OTUB1 was expressed in kidney tissue. But its concrete cellular location and function in the kidney remain unclear. Decorin (DCN) in mesangial cells (MC) is considered to be a potentially important factor for antagonizing glomerulonephritides, and its degradation is mediated by ubiquitination. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of OTUB1 expression in MC and its relationship with DCN during glomerulonephritis. Methodology/Principal Findings Using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, we demonstrated that OTUB1 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in cultured rat MC and found to be upregulated by the stimulation of IL-1β or ATS. OTUB1 overexpression was detected in the mesangial area of glomeruli in some immunocomplex mediated nephritides such as IgA nephropathy, acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and lupus nephritis by immunohistochemistry. The immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that OTUB1 interacted with DCN. The overexpression of OTUB1 enhanced the ubiquitination and degradation of DCN in MC. Conclusion/Significance These data showed the inflammatory injury could up-regulate OTUB1 expression in MC, which might attribute the promoting effect of OTUB1 on glomerulonephritides to the decrease of DCN level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of Chinese Education Ministry, Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) impact many aspects of kidney health and disease. Models that permit genetic dissection of PG core protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) function have been instrumental to understanding their roles in the kidney. Matrix-associated PGs do not serve critical structural roles in the organ, nor do they contribute significantly to the glomerular barrier under normal conditions, but their abnormal expression influences fibrosis, inflammation, and progression of kidney disease. Most core proteins are dispensable for nephrogenesis (glypican-3 being an exception) and for maintenance of function in adult life, but their loss alters susceptibility to experimental kidney injury. In contrast, kidney development is exquisitely sensitive to GAG expression and fine structure as evidenced by the severe phenotypes of mutants for genes involved in GAG biosynthesis. This article reviews PG expression in normal kidney and the abnormalities caused by their disruption in mice and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Harvey
- INSERM Avenir U983, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Neill T, Painter H, Buraschi S, Owens RT, Lisanti MP, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decorin antagonizes the angiogenic network: concurrent inhibition of Met, hypoxia inducible factor 1α, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and induction of thrombospondin-1 and TIMP3. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5492-506. [PMID: 22194599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.283499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, inhibits tumor growth by antagonizing multiple receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR and Met. Here, we investigated decorin during normoxic angiogenic signaling. An angiogenic PCR array revealed a profound decorin-evoked transcriptional inhibition of pro-angiogenic genes, such as HIF1A. Decorin evoked a reduction of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in MDA-231 breast carcinoma cells expressing constitutively-active HIF-1α. Suppression of Met with decorin or siRNA evoked a similar reduction of VEGFA by attenuating downstream β-catenin signaling. These data establish a noncanonical role for β-catenin in regulating VEGFA expression. We found that exogenous decorin induced expression of thrombospondin-1 and TIMP3, two powerful angiostatic agents. In contrast, decorin suppressed both the expression and enzymatic activity of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and MMP-2, two pro-angiogenic proteases. Our data establish a novel duality for decorin as a suppressor of tumor angiogenesis under normoxia by simultaneously down-regulating potent pro-angiogenic factors and inducing endogenous anti-angiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Progress in identification of effective therapies for diabetic nephropathy continues to be limited by the lack of ideal animal models. Here we review the current status of some leading murine models of this disorder. RECENT FINDINGS A consensus statement of the Animals Models of Diabetic Complications Consortium sets forth guidelines and standards for measuring renal function and structural parameters necessary for validating murine models of diabetic nephropathy. Two murine models exploiting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency as a major susceptibility factor for development of diabetic nephropathy are among the very few options for studying features of advanced diabetic nephropathy. Akita and OVE26 mice with mutations that result in Type I diabetes are also useful models of diabetic nephropathy. The recently described BTBR ob/ob (leptin deficient) mouse with Type II diabetes demonstrates key features of early podocyte loss and mesangiolysis characteristic of human diabetic nephropathy. SUMMARY While there are many murine models of mesangial matrix expansion in the setting of diabetes, few progress to develop advanced diabetic lesions. Mice with eNOS deficiency, OVE26 mice, and the recently described BTBR ob/ob mouse currently appear to be the best murine models of advanced disease. A model that allows testing of interventions that modulate podocyte loss and regeneration, such as the BTBR ob/ob mouse, may be of particular benefit in developing therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy.
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Abstract
Research over the past 2 decades provides ample evidence that small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs; such as decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, and lumican) of the extracellular matrix are deeply involved in the regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic renal disorders. Initial efforts in SLRP research focused on the interaction between decorin and TGF-β because it had been unequivocally demonstrated that decorin treatment exerts beneficial effects in fibrotic disorders involving TGF-β overproduction in the kidney. This was followed by a paradigm shift in our understanding of SLRP biology, with new evidence showing that in addition to their role as structural matrix components, soluble SLRPs also act as signaling molecules regulating various complex biologic processes in a molecule- and cell-specific manner. With the identification of SLRP-derived endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors, the general question regarding the mechanisms of SLRP-derived signaling in pathogen-dependent and independent renal inflammation arose. This led to the fascinating concept of SLRPs as autonomous triggers of sterile renal inflammation in response to renal stress or injury. This review focuses on the key biologic roles of SLRPs in the normal and diseased kidney with special emphasis on newly described signaling events triggered by these proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut fur Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der JW Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Haus 74, Z. 3.108a, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Thompson J, Wilson P, Brandewie K, Taneja D, Schaefer L, Mitchell B, Tannock LR. Renal accumulation of biglycan and lipid retention accelerates diabetic nephropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1179-87. [PMID: 21723246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia worsens diabetic nephropathy, although the mechanism by which renal lipids accumulate is unknown. We previously demonstrated that renal proteoglycans have high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding affinity, suggesting that proteoglycan-mediated LDL retention may contribute to renal lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to determine the relative effect of diabetes and hyperlipidemia on renal proteoglycan content. Diabetic and non-diabetic LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed diets containing 0% or 0.12% cholesterol for 26 weeks, and then kidneys were analyzed for renal lipid and proteoglycan content. Diabetic mice on the high-cholesterol diet had accelerated development of diabetic nephropathy with elevations in urine albumin excretion, glomerular and renal hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion. Renal lipid accumulation was significantly increased by consumption of the 0.12% cholesterol diet, diabetes, and especially by both. The renal proteoglycans biglycan and decorin were detectable in glomeruli, with a significant increase in renal biglycan content in diabetic mice on the high-cholesterol diet. Renal biglycan and renal apolipoprotein B were colocalized, and regression analyses showed a significant relation between renal biglycan and renal apolipoprotein B content. The increased renal biglycan content in diabetic nephropathy probably contributes to renal lipid accumulation and the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Ebefors K, Granqvist A, Ingelsten M, Mölne J, Haraldsson B, Nyström J. Role of glomerular proteoglycans in IgA nephropathy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18575. [PMID: 21494642 PMCID: PMC3071844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangial matrix expansion is a prominent feature of the most common form of glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy (IgAN). To find molecular markers and improve the understanding of the disease, the gene and protein expression of proteoglycans were investigated in biopsies from IgAN patients and correlated to clinical and morphological data. We collected and microdissected renal biopsies from IgAN patients (n = 19) and from healthy kidney donors (n = 14). Patients were followed for an average time of 4 years and blood pressure was according to target guidelines. Distinct patterns of gene expression were seen in glomerular and tubulo-interstitial cells. Three of the proteoglycans investigated were found to be of special interest and upregulated in glomeruli: perlecan, decorin and biglycan. Perlecan gene expression negatively correlated to albumin excretion and progress of the disease. Abundant decorin protein expression was found in sclerotic glomeruli, but not in unaffected glomeruli from IgAN patients or in controls. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), known to interact with perlecan, decorin and biglycan, were upregulated both on gene and protein level in the glomeruli. This study provides further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in mesangial matrix expansion in IgAN. We conclude that perlecan is a possible prognostic marker for patients with IgAN. In addition, the up-regulation of biglycan and decorin, as well as TGF-β itself, indicate that regulation of TGF-β, and other profibrotic markers plays a role in IgAN pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine-Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Joladarashi D, Salimath PV, Chilkunda ND. Diabetes results in structural alteration of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate in the rat kidney: effects on the binding to extracellular matrix components. Glycobiology 2011; 21:960-72. [PMID: 21406563 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) is a group of sulfated polymers, which play an essential role in various biological phenomena. In the kidney, they are present in small but significant amounts. Studies on their structure-function relationship in the kidney and their changes during diabetic conditions have not been rigorously looked into, which is the focus of this paper. The CS/DS content decreased significantly (14%) during diabetic conditions. This was accompanied by a decrease in the CS/heparan sulfate ratio. Disaccharide composition analysis revealed fine structural changes especially with respect to the E unit [glucuronic acid β1-3 N-acetyl d-galactosamine (4,6-O-sulfate)] and the degree of sulfation. The mRNA expression levels of major enzymes involved in the synthesis of the "E"-disaccharide unit showed a decrease during diabetes. The changes in CS/DS had implications on ligand-binding properties when tested in vitro for binding to major extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as type IV collagen, laminin and fibronectin. Thus, this study provides insights into the structure-function relationship of CS/DS in the kidney during diabetes and alterations of which could aggravate conditions such as diabetic nephropathy by virtue of them being a part of ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darukeshwara Joladarashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Baghy K, Dezső K, László V, Fullár A, Péterfia B, Paku S, Nagy P, Schaff Z, Iozzo RV, Kovalszky I. Ablation of the decorin gene enhances experimental hepatic fibrosis and impairs hepatic healing in mice. J Transl Med 2011; 91:439-51. [PMID: 20956977 PMCID: PMC5074558 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of connective tissue is a typical feature of chronic liver diseases. Decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan, regulates collagen fibrillogenesis during development, and by directly blocking the bioactivity of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), it exerts a protective effect against fibrosis. However, no in vivo investigations on the role of decorin in liver have been performed before. In this study we used decorin-null (Dcn-/-) mice to establish the role of decorin in experimental liver fibrosis and repair. Not only the extent of experimentally induced liver fibrosis was more severe in Dcn-/- animals, but also the healing process was significantly delayed vis-à-vis wild-type mice. Collagen I, III, and IV mRNA levels in Dcn-/- livers were higher than those of wild-type livers only in the first 2 months, but no difference was observed after 4 months of fibrosis induction, suggesting that the elevation of these proteins reflects a specific impairment of their degradation. Gelatinase assays confirmed this hypothesis as we found decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and higher expression of TIMP-1 and PAI-1 mRNA in Dcn-/- livers. In contrast, at the end of the recovery phase increased production rather than impaired degradation was found to be responsible for the excessive connective tissue deposition in livers of Dcn-/- mice. Higher expression of TGFβ1-inducible early responsive gene in decorin-null livers indicated enhanced bioactivity of TGFβ1 known to upregulate TIMP-1 and PAI-1 as well. Moreover, two main axes of TGFβ1-evoked signaling pathways were affected by decorin deficiency, namely the Erk1/2 and Smad3 were activated in Dcn-/- samples, whereas no significant difference in phospho-Smad2 was observed between mice with different genotypes. Collectively, our results indicate that the lack of decorin favors the development of hepatic fibrosis and attenuates its subsequent healing process at least in part by affecting the bioactivity of TGFβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Baghy
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Dezső
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória László
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Fullár
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Péterfia
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Paku
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Schaff
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Corresponding author. 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26., Budapest, Hungary 1085., Tel.: +36-1-459-1500, Ext. 54449, Fax.: +36-1-317-1074, (I. Kovalszky)
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Buraschi S, Pal N, Tyler-Rubinstein N, Owens RT, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Decorin antagonizes Met receptor activity and down-regulates {beta}-catenin and Myc levels. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:42075-85. [PMID: 20974860 PMCID: PMC3009933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.172841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A theme emerging during the past few years is that members of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family affect cell growth by interacting with multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), mostly by a physical down-regulation of the receptors, thereby depriving tumor cells of pro-survival signals. Decorin binds and down-regulates several RTKs, including Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor. Here we demonstrate that decorin blocks several biological activities mediated by the Met signaling axis, including cell scatter, evasion, and migration. These effects were mediated by a profound down-regulation of noncanonical β-catenin levels. In addition, Myc, a downstream target of β-catenin, was markedly down-regulated by decorin, whereas phosphorylation of Myc at threonine 58 was markedly induced. The latter is known to destabilize Myc and target it for proteasomal degradation. We also discovered that systemic delivery of decorin using three distinct tumor xenograft models caused down-regulation of Met and a concurrent suppression of β-catenin and Myc levels. We found that decorin protein core labeled with the near infrared dye IR800 specifically targeted the tumor cells expressing Met. Even 68-h post-injection, decorin was found to reside within the tumor xenografts with little or no binding to other tissues. Collectively, our results indicate a role for a secreted proteoglycan in suppressing the expression of key oncogenic factors required for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Buraschi
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Nutan Pal
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Nadia Tyler-Rubinstein
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | | | - Thomas Neill
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- From the Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycans in health and disease: novel regulatory signaling mechanisms evoked by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans. FEBS J 2010; 277:3864-75. [PMID: 20840584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are involved in many aspects of mammalian biology, both in health and disease. They are now being recognized as key signaling molecules with an expanding repertoire of molecular interactions affecting not only growth factors, but also various receptors involved in controlling cell growth, morphogenesis and immunity. The complexity of SLRP signaling and the multitude of affected signaling pathways can be reconciled with a hierarchical affinity-based interaction of various SLRPs in a cell- and tissue-specific context. Here, we review this interacting network, describe new relationships of the SLRPs with tyrosine kinase and Toll-like receptors and critically assess their roles in cancer and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Rossini M, Naito T, Yang H, Freeman M, Donnert E, Ma LJ, Dunn SR, Sharma K, Fogo AB. Sulodexide ameliorates early but not late kidney disease in models of radiation nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:1803-10. [PMID: 20061322 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulodexide is a glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. Although sulodexide reduced albuminuria in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, long-term effects on chronic renal injury are not established. We investigated sulodexide effects and mechanisms in a rat radiation nephropathy model and in the db/db mouse model of diabetic kidney disease. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received kidney radiation and were treated as follows: 15 mg/kg/day sulodexide s.c., 6 day/week (SUL) or no treatment (CONT). Subsets of animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks and 12 weeks. Blood pressure, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance (CrCl) and urinary protein excretion were measured every 4 weeks. Sclerosis and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression were assessed at 8 and 12 weeks, and collagen I, total collagen content and phospho-smad-2 expressions were determined at 12 weeks. Twelve-week-old db/db mice received sulodexide as above or vehicle. Albuminuria and CrCl were assessed at intervals till sacrifice at week 9 with assessment of urinary transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and glomerular lesions. RESULTS Blood pressure, serum creatinine and CrCl were not different in radiation rat CONT vs SUL at any time. Proteinuria was significantly lower in SUL compared to CONT at 4 and 8 weeks but not at 12 weeks. Sclerosis and PAI-1 expression trended lower in SUL vs CONT at 8 weeks. There was no difference between the groups in sclerosis, collagen I mRNA, total collagen content or PAI-1 expression at 12 weeks. Phospho-smad 2 expression was significantly decreased in SUL compared to CONT at 12 weeks. Db/db mice with or without SUL showed no difference in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, urine TGF-beta or mesangial matrix expansion. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that sulodexide can reduce the early, but not late, proteinuria in radiation nephropathy in rats. In addition, sulodexide did not affect urine TGF-beta established albuminuria or mesangial matrix expansion in a chronic model of diabetic kidney disease in mice. Although sulodexide may affect TGF-beta activation in radiation nephropathy, this effect appeared insufficient in this model to inhibit the expressions of PAI-1 and collagen and reduce accumulation of extracellular matrix. These results may explain in part its lack of efficacy in recent clinical trials of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rossini
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Wang H, Li Y, Liu H, Liu S, Liu Q, Wang XM, Shi Y, Duan H. Peroxynitrite mediates glomerular lesion of diabetic rat via JAK/STAT signaling pathway. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:844-51. [PMID: 19636222 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxynitrite, a highly reactive oxidant produced by the reaction of nitric oxide with free radicals superoxide, has been indicated to be involved in many diseases. However, the contributions of peroxynitrite to diabetic nephropathy and the underlying mechanism have not been fully explored. AIM The present study was designed to evaluate the role and the underlying mechanism of peroxynitrite in glomerular lesion of diabetic rat. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by i.p. injection of streptozotocin, and urate was used as a specific scavenger of peroxynitrite; the pathological changes of rat glomerulus were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff staining and transmission electron microscopy observation; immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the content of nitrotyrosine (the marker of peroxynitrite) in renal cortex; the expression levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3 were assessed by Western blot assay; RT-PCR and Western blot were used to assay expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and fibronectin; biochemical indicators of renal function were also detected. RESULTS The content of nitrotyrosine was increased, consistent with the pathological changes of glomerulus and renal dysfunction in the diabetes group. Urate prevented the formation of nitrotyrosine in rat glomerulus and attenuated the pathological alterations. Furthermore, urate inhibited the activation of JAK2, STAT1, and STAT3. Finally, homogenates from renal cortices demonstrated reduced expression of TGF- beta1 and fibronectin under urate treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings thus provides in vivo evidence that exaggerated peroxynitrite formation mediates the glomerular lesion in, at least, Type 1 diabetes, which may function through JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
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Merline R, Schaefer RM, Schaefer L. The matricellular functions of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:323-35. [PMID: 19809894 PMCID: PMC2778586 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are biologically active components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting of a protein core with leucine rich-repeat (LRR) motifs covalently linked to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. The diversity in composition resulting from the various combinations of protein cores substituted with one or more GAG chains along with their pericellular localization enables SLRPs to interact with a host of different cell surface receptors, cytokines, growth factors, and other ECM components, leading to modulation of cellular functions. SLRPs are capable of binding to: (i) different types of collagens, thereby regulating fibril assembly, organization, and degradation; (ii) Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement C1q, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), regulating innate immunity and inflammation; (iii) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR), and c-Met, influencing cellular proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, tumor growth and metastasis as well as synthesis of other ECM components; (iv) low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1) and TGF-beta, modulating cytokine activity and fibrogenesis; and (v) growth factors such as bone morphogenic protein (BMP-4) and Wnt-I-induced secreted protein-1 (WISP-1), controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, the ability of SLRPs, as ECM components, to directly or indirectly regulate cell-matrix crosstalk, resulting in the modulation of various biological processes, aptly qualifies these compounds as matricellular proteins.
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