1
|
Marsch P, Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Biophysics of claudin proteins in tight junction architecture: Three decades of progress. Biophys J 2024; 123:2363-2378. [PMID: 38859584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are cell-cell adhesion complexes that act as gatekeepers of the paracellular space. Formed by several transmembrane proteins, the claudin family performs the primary gate-keeping function. The claudin proteins form charge and size-selective diffusion barriers to maintain homeostasis across endothelial and epithelial tissue. Of the 27 known claudins in mammals, some are known to seal the paracellular space, while others provide selective permeability. The differences in permeability arise due to the varying expression levels of claudins in each tissue. The tight junctions are observed as strands in freeze-fracture electron monographs; however, at the molecular level, tight junction strands form when multiple claudin proteins assemble laterally (cis assembly) within a cell and head-on (trans assembly) with claudins of the adjacent cell in a zipper-like architecture, closing the gap between the neighboring cells. The disruption of tight junctions caused by changing claudin expression levels or mutations can lead to diseases. Therefore, knowledge of the molecular architecture of the tight junctions and how that is tied to tissue-specific function is critical for fighting diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of the tight junctions accrued over the last three decades from experimental and computational biophysics perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marsch
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kempuraj D, Aenlle KK, Cohen J, Mathew A, Isler D, Pangeni RP, Nathanson L, Theoharides TC, Klimas NG. COVID-19 and Long COVID: Disruption of the Neurovascular Unit, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Tight Junctions. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:421-439. [PMID: 37694571 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231194927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), could affect brain structure and function. SARS-CoV-2 can enter the brain through different routes, including the olfactory, trigeminal, and vagus nerves, and through blood and immunocytes. SARS-CoV-2 may also enter the brain from the peripheral blood through a disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB). The neurovascular unit in the brain, composed of neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes, protects brain parenchyma by regulating the entry of substances from the blood. The endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes highly express angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), indicating that the BBB can be disturbed by SARS-CoV-2 and lead to derangements of tight junction and adherens junction proteins. This leads to increased BBB permeability, leakage of blood components, and movement of immune cells into the brain parenchyma. SARS-CoV-2 may also cross microvascular endothelial cells through an ACE2 receptor-associated pathway. The exact mechanism of BBB dysregulation in COVID-19/neuro-COVID is not clearly known, nor is the development of long COVID. Various blood biomarkers could indicate disease severity and neurologic complications in COVID-19 and help objectively diagnose those developing long COVID. This review highlights the importance of neurovascular and BBB disruption, as well as some potentially useful biomarkers in COVID-19, and long COVID/neuro-COVID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Kristina K Aenlle
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Cohen
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Annette Mathew
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Dylan Isler
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Rajendra P Pangeni
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Lubov Nathanson
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar Nelson V, Jha NK, Nuli MV, Gupta S, Kanna S, Gahtani RM, Hani U, Singh AK, Abomughaid MM, Abomughayedh AM, Almutary AG, Iqbal D, Al Othaim A, Begum SS, Ahmad F, Mishra PC, Jha SK, Ojha S. Unveiling the impact of aging on BBB and Alzheimer's disease: Factors and therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102224. [PMID: 38346505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative condition that has devastating effects on individuals, often resulting in dementia. AD is primarily defined by the presence of extracellular plaques containing insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau). In addition, individuals afflicted by these age-related illnesses experience a diminished state of health, which places significant financial strain on their loved ones. Several risk factors play a significant role in the development of AD. These factors include genetics, diet, smoking, certain diseases (such as cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), age, and alcohol consumption. Age-related factors are key contributors to the development of vascular-based neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. In general, the process of aging can lead to changes in the immune system's responses and can also initiate inflammation in the brain. The chronic inflammation and the inflammatory mediators found in the brain play a crucial role in the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Furthermore, maintaining BBB integrity is of utmost importance in preventing a wide range of neurological disorders. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the role of age and its related factors in the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the development of AD. We also discussed the importance of different compounds, such as those with anti-aging properties, and other compounds that can help maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in the prevention of AD. This review builds a strong correlation between age-related factors, degradation of the BBB, and its impact on AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Nelson
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India.
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
| | - Mohana Vamsi Nuli
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Anantapur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kanna
- Department of pharmaceutics, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalapathi Nagar, Guntur 522034, India
| | - Reem M Gahtani
- Departement of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Abomughayedh
- Pharmacy Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Health Information Management, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S Sabarunisha Begum
- Department of Biotechnology, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi 626140, India
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Zoology, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, 110008, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yu Z, Liu D, Wu C, Zhao W. Intestinal absorption of bioactive oligopeptides: paracellular transport and tight junction modulation. Food Funct 2024; 15:6274-6288. [PMID: 38787733 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive oligopeptides have gained increasing attention due to their diverse physiological functions, and these can be transported into the vasculature via transcellular and paracellular pathways. Among these, paracellular transport through the intercellular space is a passive diffusion process without energy consumption. It is currently the most frequently reported absorption route for food-derived bioactive oligopeptides. Previous work has demonstrated that paracellular pathways are mainly controlled by tight junctions, but the mechanism by which they regulate paracellular absorption of bioactive oligopeptides remains unclear. In this review, we summarized the composition of paracellular pathways across the intercellular space and elaborated on the paracellular transport mechanism of bioactive oligopeptides in terms of the interaction between oligopeptides and tight junction proteins, the protein expression level of tight junctions, the signaling pathways regulating intestinal permeability, and the properties of oligopeptides themselves. These findings contribute to a more profound understanding of the paracellular absorption of bioactive oligopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China.
| | - Di Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, P.R. China
| | - Chunjian Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China.
| | - Wenzhu Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dulamea AO, Lupescu IC. Cerebral cavernous malformations - An overview on genetics, clinical aspects and therapeutic strategies. J Neurol Sci 2024; 461:123044. [PMID: 38749279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are abnormally packed blood vessels lined with endothelial cells, that do not exhibit intervening tight junctions, lack muscular and elastic layers and are usually surrounded by hemosiderin and gliosis. CCMs may be sporadic or familial autosomal dominant (FCCMs) caused by loss of function mutations in CCM1 (KRIT1), CCM2 (MGC4607), and CCM3 (PDCD10) genes. In the FCCMs, patients have multiple CCMs, different family members are affected, and developmental venous anomalies are absent. CCMs may be asymptomatic or may manifest with focal neurological deficits with or without associated hemorrhage andseizures. Recent studies identify a digenic "triple-hit" mechanism involving the aquisition of three distinct genetic mutations that culminate in phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PIK3CA) gain of function, as the basis for rapidly growing and clinically symptomatic CCMs. The pathophysiology of CCMs involves signaling aberrations in the neurovascular unit, including proliferative dysangiogenesis, blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability, inflammation and immune mediated processes, anticoagulant vascular domain, and gut microbiome-driven mechanisms. Clinical trials are investigating potential therapies, magnetic resonance imaging and plasma biomarkers for hemorrhage and CCMs-related epilepsy, as well as different techniques of neuronavigation and neurosonology to guide surgery in order to minimize post-operatory morbidity and mortality. This review addresses the recent data about the natural history, genetics, neuroimaging and therapeutic approaches for CCMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; Fundeni Clinical Institute, Department of Neurology, 258 Fundeni Street, 022328 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ioan Cristian Lupescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; Fundeni Clinical Institute, Department of Neurology, 258 Fundeni Street, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carey A, Parodi‐Rullan R, Vazquez‐Torres R, Canepa E, Fossati S. Homocysteine potentiates amyloid β -induced death receptor 4- and 5-mediated cerebral endothelial cell apoptosis, blood brain barrier dysfunction and angiogenic impairment. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14106. [PMID: 38358083 PMCID: PMC11113365 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction has been implicated as a major contributor to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology, with cerebral endothelial cell (cEC) stress promoting ischemia, cerebral-blood flow impairments and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recent evidence suggests that cardiovascular (CV)/cerebrovascular risk factors, including hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy), exacerbate AD pathology and risk. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms for this interaction remain unclear. Our lab has demonstrated that amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) species, and particularly Aβ40-E22Q (AβQ22; vasculotropic Dutch mutant), promote death receptor 4 and 5 (DR4/DR5)-mediated apoptosis in human cECs, barrier permeability, and angiogenic impairment. Previous studies show that Hhcy also induces EC dysfunction, but it remains unknown whether Aβ and homocysteine function through common molecular mechanisms. We tested the hypotheses that Hhcy exacerbates Aβ-induced cEC DR4/5-mediated apoptosis, barrier dysfunction, and angiogenesis defects. This study was the first to demonstrate that Hhcy specifically potentiates AβQ22-mediated activation of the DR4/5-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cECs, including DR4/5 expression, caspase 8/9/3 activation, cytochrome-c release and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, we revealed that Hhcy intensifies the deregulation of the same cEC junction proteins mediated by Aβ, precipitating BBB permeability. Furthermore, Hhcy and AβQ22, impairing VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling and VEGFR2 endosomal trafficking, additively decrease cEC angiogenic capabilities. Overall, these results show that the presence of the CV risk factor Hhcy exacerbates Aβ-induced cEC apoptosis, barrier dysfunction, and angiogenic impairment. This study reveals specific mechanisms through which amyloidosis and Hhcy jointly operate to produce brain EC dysfunction and death, highlighting new potential molecular targets against vascular pathology in comorbid AD/CAA and Hhcy conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Carey
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rebecca Parodi‐Rullan
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rafael Vazquez‐Torres
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Elisa Canepa
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Department of Neural Sciences, Alzheimer's Center at TempleTemple University Lewis Katz School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vázquez-Liébanas E, Mocci G, Li W, Laviña B, Reddy A, O'Connor C, Hudson N, Elbeck Z, Nikoloudis I, Gaengel K, Vanlandewijck M, Campbell M, Betsholtz C, Mäe MA. Mosaic deletion of claudin-5 reveals rapid non-cell-autonomous consequences of blood-brain barrier leakage. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113911. [PMID: 38446668 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Claudin-5 (CLDN5) is an endothelial tight junction protein essential for blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation. Abnormal CLDN5 expression is common in brain disease, and knockdown of Cldn5 at the BBB has been proposed to facilitate drug delivery to the brain. To study the consequences of CLDN5 loss in the mature brain, we induced mosaic endothelial-specific Cldn5 gene ablation in adult mice (Cldn5iECKO). These mice displayed increased BBB permeability to tracers up to 10 kDa in size from 6 days post induction (dpi) and ensuing lethality from 10 dpi. Single-cell RNA sequencing at 11 dpi revealed profound transcriptomic differences in brain endothelial cells regardless of their Cldn5 status in mosaic mice, suggesting major non-cell-autonomous responses. Reactive microglia and astrocytes suggested rapid cellular responses to BBB leakage. Our study demonstrates a critical role for CLDN5 in the adult BBB and provides molecular insight into the consequences and risks associated with CLDN5 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vázquez-Liébanas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Mocci
- Single Cell Core Facility of Flemingsberg Campus (SICOF), Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Weihan Li
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Avril Reddy
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claire O'Connor
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zaher Elbeck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Nikoloudis
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Single Cell Core Facility of Flemingsberg Campus (SICOF), Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maarja Andaloussi Mäe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ling Y, Kang X, Yi Y, Feng S, Ma G, Qu H. CLDN5: From structure and regulation to roles in tumors and other diseases beyond CNS disorders. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107075. [PMID: 38228255 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Claudin-5 (CLDN5) is an essential component of tight junctions (TJs) and is critical for the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), ensuring homeostasis and protection from damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, many researchers have summarized the role and mechanisms of CLDN5 in CNS diseases. However, it is noteworthy that CLDN5 also plays a significant role in tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, abnormal CLDN5 expression is involved in the development of respiratory diseases, intestinal diseases, cardiac diseases, and diabetic ocular complications. This paper aims to review the structure, expression, and regulation of CLDN5, focusing on its role in tumors, including its expression and regulation, effects on malignant phenotypes, and clinical significance. Furthermore, this paper will provide an overview of the role and mechanisms of CLDN5 in respiratory diseases, intestinal diseases, cardiac diseases, and diabetic ocular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ling
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Bethune Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Kang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Bethune Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Yi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Bethune Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shenao Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Bethune Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanshen Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Bethune Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huinan Qu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar R, Rottner K, Rao GN. Requirement of Site-Specific Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Cortactin in Retinal Neovascularization and Vascular Leakage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:366-390. [PMID: 38126170 PMCID: PMC10872470 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal neovascularization is a major cause of vision impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanisms by which hypoxia triggers the development of abnormal and leaky blood vessels. METHODS A variety of cellular and molecular approaches as well as tissue-specific knockout mice were used to investigate the role of Cttn (cortactin) in retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage. RESULTS We found that VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) stimulates Cttn phosphorylation at Y421, Y453, and Y470 residues in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. In addition, we observed that while blockade of Cttn phosphorylation at Y470 inhibited VEGFA-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell angiogenic events, suppression of Y421 phosphorylation protected endothelial barrier integrity from disruption by VEGFA. In line with these observations, while blockade of Cttn phosphorylation at Y470 negated oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced retinal neovascularization, interference with Y421 phosphorylation prevented VEGFA/oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced vascular leakage. Mechanistically, while phosphorylation at Y470 was required for its interaction with Arp2/3 and CDC6 facilitating actin polymerization and DNA synthesis, respectively, Cttn phosphorylation at Y421 leads to its dissociation from VE-cadherin, resulting in adherens junction disruption. Furthermore, whereas Cttn phosphorylation at Y470 residue was dependent on Lyn, its phosphorylation at Y421 residue required Syk activation. Accordingly, lentivirus-mediated expression of shRNA targeting Lyn or Syk levels inhibited oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The above observations show for the first time that phosphorylation of Cttn is involved in a site-specific manner in the regulation of retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage. In view of these findings, Cttn could be a novel target for the development of therapeutics against vascular diseases such as retinal neovascularization and vascular leakage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gadiparthi N. Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang S, Meng R, Jiang M, Qing H, Ni J. Emerging Roles of Microglia in Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1189-1204. [PMID: 36740799 PMCID: PMC10964094 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230203103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective interface between the blood and the brain parenchyma. It plays an essential role in maintaining a specialized environment for central nervous system function and homeostasis. The BBB disrupts with age, which contributes to the development of many age-related disorders due to central and peripheral toxic factors or BBB dysfunction. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, have recently been explored for their ability to directly and indirectly regulate the integrity of the BBB. This review will focus on the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms utilized by microglia to regulate BBB integrity and how this becomes disrupted in aging and age-associated diseases. We will also discuss the rationale for considering microglia as a therapeutic target to prevent or slow down neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muzhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Torices S, Daire L, Simon S, Naranjo O, Mendoza L, Teglas T, Fattakhov N, Adesse D, Toborek M. Occludin: a gatekeeper of brain Infection by HIV-1. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:73. [PMID: 37840143 PMCID: PMC10577960 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Compromised structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the pathological hallmarks of brain infection by HIV-1. BBB damage during HIV-1 infection has been associated with modified expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, including occludin. Recent evidence indicated occludin as a redox-sensitive, multifunctional protein that can act as both an NADH oxidase and influence cellular metabolism through AMPK kinase. One of the newly identified functions of occludin is its involvement in regulating HIV-1 infection. Studies suggest that occludin expression levels and the rate of HIV-1 infection share a reverse, bidirectional relationship; however, the mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. In this review, we describe the pathways involved in the regulation of HIV-1 infection by occludin. We propose that occludin may serve as a potential therapeutic target to control HIV-1 infection and to improve the lives of people living with HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Leah Daire
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Sierra Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Luisa Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Timea Teglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 528E Gautier Bldg. 1011 NW 15th Street Miami, Miami, FL, 11336, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao X, Bayraktutan U. TNF-α evokes blood-brain barrier dysfunction through activation of Rho-kinase and neurokinin 1 receptor. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152706. [PMID: 37454559 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke, accompanied by neuroinflammation, impairs blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity through a complex mechanism involving activation of both RhoA/Rho kinase/myosin light chain-2 and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Using an in vitro model of human BBB composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), astrocytes and pericytes, this study examined the potential contributions of these elements to BBB damage induced by elevated availability of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. Treatment of human BMECs with TNF-α significantly enhanced RhoA activity and the protein expressions of Rho kinase and phosphorylated Ser19MLC-2 while decreasing that of NK1R. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase by Y-27632 and NK1R by CP96345 neutralised the disruptive effects of TNF-α on BBB integrity and function as ascertained by reversal of decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance and increases in paracellular flux of low molecular weight permeability marker, sodium fluorescein, respectively. Suppression of RhoA activation, mitigation of actin stress fibre formation and restoration of plasma membrane localisation of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 appeared to contribute to the barrier-protective effects of both Y-27632 and CP96345. Attenuation of TNF-α-mediated increases in NK1R protein expression in BMEC by Y-27632 suggests that RhoA/Rho kinase pathway acts upstream to NK1R. In conclusion, specific inhibition of Rho kinase in cerebrovascular conditions, accompanied by excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, helps preserve endothelial cell morphology and inter-endothelial cell barrier formation and may serve as an important therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chavarria D, Abbaspour A, Celestino N, Shah N, Sankar S, Baker AB. A high throughput blood-brain barrier model incorporating shear stress with improved predictive power for drug discovery. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:044105. [PMID: 37614679 PMCID: PMC10444201 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a key structure regulating the health of the brain and access of drugs and pathogens to neural tissue. Shear stress is a key regulator of the blood-brain barrier; however, the commonly used multi-well vitro models of the blood-brain barrier do not incorporate shear stress. In this work, we designed and validated a high-throughput system for simulating the blood-brain barrier that incorporates physiological flow and incorporates an optimized cellular model of the blood-brain barrier. This system can perform assays of blood-brain barrier function with shear stress, with 48 independent assays simultaneously. Using the high throughput assay, we conducted drug screening assays to explore the effects of compounds for opening or closing blood-brain barrier. Our studies revealed that assays with shear stress were more predictive and were able to identify compounds known to modify the blood-brain barrier function while static assays were not. Overall, we demonstrate an optimized, high throughput assay for simulating the blood-brain barrier that incorporates shear stress and is practical for use in drug screening and other high throughput studies of toxicology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chavarria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Ali Abbaspour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Natalie Celestino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Nehali Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | - Aaron B. Baker
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.:+512-232-7114
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu S, Wang J, Liu J, Zhu H, Li R, Wan X, Lei J, Li Y, You C, Hu F, Zhang S, Zhao K, Shu K, Lei T. Programmed cell death 10 increased blood-brain barrier permeability through HMGB1/TLR4 mediated downregulation of endothelial ZO-1 in glioblastoma. Cell Signal 2023; 107:110683. [PMID: 37075875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of blood brain barrier (BBB) contributes to the development of peritumoral edema (PTE) and GBM progression. Programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) exerts various influence on cancers, especially in glioblastoma (GBM). We previously found that PDCD10 expression was positively correlated with PTE extent in GBM. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the emerging role of PDCD10 in regulating BBB permeability in GBM. Here we found that in vitro indirect co-culture of ECs with Pdcd10-overexpressed GL261 cells resulted in a significant increase of FITC-Dextran (MW, 4000) leakage by reducing endothelial zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and Claudin-5 expression in ECs respectively. Overexpression of Pdcd10 in GBM cells (GL261) triggered an increase of soluble high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release, which in turn activated endothelial toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and downstream NF-κB, Erk1/2 and Akt signaling in ECs through a paracrine manner. Moreover, Pdcd10-overexpressed GL261 cells facilitated a formation of abnormal vasculature and increased the BBB permeability in vivo. Our present study demonstrates that upregulation of PDCD10 in GBM triggered HMGB1/TLR4 signaling in ECs and significantly decreased endothelial ZO-1 expression, which in turn dominantly increased BBB permeability and contributed to tumor progression in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Jingdian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Xueyan Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Jin Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Suojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China.
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China.
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hashimoto Y, Greene C, Munnich A, Campbell M. The CLDN5 gene at the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 36978081 PMCID: PMC10044825 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The CLDN5 gene encodes claudin-5 (CLDN-5) that is expressed in endothelial cells and forms tight junctions which limit the passive diffusions of ions and solutes. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells and associated pericytes and end-feet of astrocytes, is a physical and biological barrier to maintain the brain microenvironment. The expression of CLDN-5 is tightly regulated in the BBB by other junctional proteins in endothelial cells and by supports from pericytes and astrocytes. The most recent literature clearly shows a compromised BBB with a decline in CLDN-5 expression increasing the risks of developing neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, brain calcification and dementia. The purpose of this review is to summarize the known diseases associated with CLDN-5 expression and function. In the first part of this review, we highlight the recent understanding of how other junctional proteins as well as pericytes and astrocytes maintain CLDN-5 expression in brain endothelial cells. We detail some drugs that can enhance these supports and are being developed or currently in use to treat diseases associated with CLDN-5 decline. We then summarise mutagenesis-based studies which have facilitated a better understanding of the physiological role of the CLDN-5 protein at the BBB and have demonstrated the functional consequences of a recently identified pathogenic CLDN-5 missense mutation from patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood. This mutation is the first gain-of-function mutation identified in the CLDN gene family with all others representing loss-of-function mutations resulting in mis-localization of CLDN protein and/or attenuated barrier function. Finally, we summarize recent reports about the dosage-dependent effect of CLDN-5 expression on the development of neurological diseases in mice and discuss what cellular supports for CLDN-5 regulation are compromised in the BBB in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland.
| | - Chris Greene
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75015, France
- Departments of Pediatric Neurology and Medical Genetics, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin, D02 VF25, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Li K, Zhou L, Qiao H, Xu Q, Zhao J. The Role of Ferroptosis in Blood-Brain Barrier Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:223-236. [PMID: 35106665 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important barrier that maintains homeostasis within the central nervous system. Brain microvascular endothelial cells are arranged to form vessel walls and express tight junctional complexes that limit the paracellular pathways of the BBB and therefore play a crucial role in ensuring brain function. These vessel walls tightly regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the brain, which protect the neural tissue from toxins and pathogens. Primary damage caused by BBB dysfunction can disrupt the expression of tight junctions, transport proteins and leukocyte adhesion molecules, leading to brain edema, disturbances in ion homeostasis, altered signaling and immune infiltration, which can lead to neuronal cell death. Various neurological diseases are known to cause BBB dysfunction, but the mechanism that causes this disorder is not clear. Recently, ferroptosis has been found to play an important role in BBB dysfunction. Ferroptosis is a new form of regulatory cell death, which is caused by the excessive accumulation of lipid peroxides and iron-dependent reactive oxygen species. This review summarizes the role of ferroptosis in BBB dysfunction and the latest progress of ferroptosis mechanism, and further discusses the influence of various factors of ferroptosis on the severity and prognosis of BBB dysfunction, which may provide better therapeutic targets for BBB dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Haoduo Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yadav R, Kumar Y, Dahiya D, Bhatia A. Claudins: The Newly Emerging Targets in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2022; 22:737-752. [PMID: 36175290 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Claudin-low breast cancers are recently described entities showing low expression of certain claudins and cell adhesion molecules. Claudins constitute the backbone of tight junctions (TJs) formed between 2 cells. Their dysregulation plays a vital role in tumorigenesis. First part of the article focuses on the role of claudins in the TJ organization, their structural-functional characteristics, and post-transcriptional and translational modifications. The latter part of the review attempts to summarize existing knowledge regarding the status of claudins in breast cancer. The article also provides an overview of the effect of claudins on tumor progression, metastasis, stemness, chemotherapy resistance, and their crosstalk with relevant signaling pathways in breast cancer. Claudins can act as 2-edged swords in tumors. Some claudins have either tumor-suppressive/ promoting action, while others work as both in a context-dependent manner. Claudins regulate many important events in breast cancer. However, the intricacies involved in their activity are poorly understood. Post-translational modifications in claudins and their impact on TJ integrity, function, and tumor behavior are still unclear. Although their role in adverse events in breast cancer is recognized, their potential to serve as relevant targets for future therapeutics, especially for difficult-to-treat subtypes of the above malignancy, remains to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Divya Dahiya
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Salvador E, Kessler AF, Domröse D, Hörmann J, Schaeffer C, Giniunaite A, Burek M, Tempel-Brami C, Voloshin T, Volodin A, Zeidan A, Giladi M, Ernestus RI, Löhr M, Förster CY, Hagemann C. Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) Reversibly Permeabilize the Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1348. [PMID: 36291557 PMCID: PMC9599321 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic substances that could potentially target CNS disorders, an inability of these agents to cross the restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits their clinical utility. Novel strategies to overcome the BBB are therefore needed to improve drug delivery. We report, for the first time, how Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields), approved for glioblastoma (GBM), affect the BBB's integrity and permeability. Here, we treated murine microvascular cerebellar endothelial cells (cerebEND) with 100-300 kHz TTFields for up to 72 h and analyzed the expression of barrier proteins by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. In vivo, compounds normally unable to cross the BBB were traced in healthy rat brain following TTFields administration at 100 kHz. The effects were analyzed via MRI and immunohistochemical staining of tight-junction proteins. Furthermore, GBM tumor-bearing rats were treated with paclitaxel (PTX), a chemotherapeutic normally restricted by the BBB combined with TTFields at 100 kHz. The tumor volume was reduced with TTFields plus PTX, relative to either treatment alone. In vitro, we demonstrate that TTFields transiently disrupted BBB function at 100 kHz through a Rho kinase-mediated tight junction claudin-5 phosphorylation pathway. Altogether, if translated into clinical use, TTFields could represent a novel CNS drug delivery strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellaine Salvador
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Almuth F. Kessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Domröse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hörmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clara Schaeffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aiste Giniunaite
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Y. Förster
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section Experimental Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mekala N, Gheewala N, Rom S, Sriram U, Persidsky Y. Blocking of P2X7r Reduces Mitochondrial Stress Induced by Alcohol and Electronic Cigarette Exposure in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1328. [PMID: 35883819 PMCID: PMC9311929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in both humans and animal models demonstrated that chronic alcohol/e-cigarette (e-Cig) exposure affects mitochondrial function and impairs barrier function in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). Identification of the signaling pathways by which chronic alcohol/e-Cig exposure induces mitochondrial damage in BMVEC is vital for protection of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To address the issue, we treated human BMVEC [hBMVECs (D3 cell-line)] with ethanol (ETH) [100 mM], acetaldehyde (ALD) [100 μM], or e-cigarette (e-Cig) [35 ng/mL of 1.8% or 0% nicotine] conditioned medium and showed reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) measured by a Seahorse analyzer. Seahorse data were further complemented with the expression of mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins detected by Western blots. We also observed cytosolic escape of ATP and its extracellular release due to the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by ETH, ALD, or 1.8% e-Cig exposure. Moreover ETH, ALD, or 1.8% e-Cig treatment resulted in elevated purinergic P2X7r and TRPV1 channel gene expression, measured using qPCR. We also demonstrated the protective role of P2X7r antagonist A804598 (10 μM) in restoring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation levels and preventing extracellular ATP release. In a BBB functional assay using trans-endothelial electrical resistance, we showed that blocking the P2X7r channel enhanced barrier function. In summary, we identified the potential common pathways of mitochondrial injury caused by ETH, ALD, and 1.8% e-Cig which allow new protective interventions. We are further investigating the potential link between P2X7 regulatory pathways and mitochondrial health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (N.M.); (N.G.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterisation of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Severity from Fresh Cerebral Biopsy of Living Patients: An Immunohistochemical Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030518. [PMID: 35327320 PMCID: PMC8945429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an extremely complex disease and current systems classifying TBI as mild, moderate, and severe often fail to capture this complexity. Neuroimaging cannot resolve the cellular and molecular changes due to lack of resolution, and post-mortem tissue examination may not adequately represent acute disease. Therefore, we examined the cellular and molecular sequelae of TBI in fresh brain samples and related these to clinical outcomes. Brain biopsies, obtained shortly after injury from 25 living adult patients suffering severe TBI, underwent immunohistochemical analysis. There were no adverse events. Immunostaining revealed various qualitative cellular and biomolecular changes relating to neuronal injury, dendritic injury, neurovascular injury, and neuroinflammation, which we classified into 4 subgroups for each injury type using the newly devised Yip, Hasan and Uff (YHU) grading system. Based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, a total YHU grade of ≤8 or ≥11 had a favourable and unfavourable outcome, respectively. Biomolecular changes observed in fresh brain samples enabled classification of this heterogeneous patient population into various injury severity categories based on the cellular and molecular pathophysiology according to the YHU grading system, which correlated with outcome. This is the first study investigating the acute biomolecular response to TBI.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim Y, Cho AY, Kim HC, Ryu D, Jo SA, Jung YS. Effects of Natural Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020197. [PMID: 35204080 PMCID: PMC8868362 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists mainly of brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes connected by tight junctions (TJs) and adhesion molecules (AMs), maintains the homeostatic balance between brain parenchyma and extracellular fluid. Accumulating evidence shows that BBB dysfunction is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. Among the various pathological pathways of BBB dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to play a key role in inducing BBB disruption mediated via TJ modification, AM induction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and matrix metalloproteinase activation. Thus, antioxidants have been suggested to exert beneficial effects on BBB dysfunction-associated brain diseases. In this review, we summarized the sources of ROS production in multiple cells that constitute or surround the BBB, such as BBB endothelial cells, astrocytes, microglia, and neutrophils. We also reviewed various pathological mechanisms by which BBB disruption is caused by ROS in these cells. Finally, we summarized the effects of various natural polyphenols on BBB dysfunction to suggest a therapeutic strategy for BBB disruption-related brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - A Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Hong Cheol Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Dajung Ryu
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.Y.C.); (H.C.K.); (D.R.)
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-3444
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xing W, Pourteymoor S, Chen Y, Mohan S. Targeted Deletion of the Claudin12 Gene in Mice Increases Articular Cartilage and Inhibits Chondrocyte Differentiation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:931318. [PMID: 35937800 PMCID: PMC9354527 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.931318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of Claudin (CLDN)12 in bone, we developed mice with a targeted deletion of exon2 in the Cldn12 gene for skeletal phenotype analysis. Micro-CT analysis of the secondary spongiosa of distal femurs of mice with targeted disruption of the Cldn12 gene and control littermates showed no significant genotype-specific differences in either cortical or trabecular bone parameters for either gender in 13-week-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that while CLDN12 was expressed in both differentiating chondrocytes and osteoblasts of the secondary spongiosa of 3-week-old wild-type mice, its expression was restricted to differentiating chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and growth plate in adult mice. Articular cartilage area at the knee were increased by 47% in Cldn12 knockout (KO) mice compared to control littermates. Micro-CT analyses found that while the trabecular number was increased by 9% and the trabecular spacing was reduced by 9% in the femoral epiphysis of Cldn12 KO mice, neither bone volume nor bone volume adjusted for tissue volume was different between the two genotypes. The expression levels of Clusterin, Lubricin and Mmp13 were increased by 56%, 46%, and 129%, respectively, in primary articular chondrocytes derived from KO compared to control mice. Our data indicate that targeted deletion of the Cldn12 gene in mice increases articular cartilage, in part, by promoting articular chondrocyte phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Yian Chen
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Subburaman Mohan,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Potjewyd G, Kellett K, Hooper N. 3D hydrogel models of the neurovascular unit to investigate blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210027. [PMID: 34804595 PMCID: PMC8579151 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular cells (endothelial cells, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)) together with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), is an important interface between the peripheral blood and the brain parenchyma. Disruption of the NVU impacts on blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulation and underlies the development and pathology of multiple neurological disorders, including stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the different cell types of the NVU and incorporate them into physical models provides a reverse engineering approach to generate human NVU models to study BBB function. To recapitulate the in vivo situation such NVU models must also incorporate the ECM to provide a 3D environment with appropriate mechanical and biochemical cues for the cells of the NVU. In this review, we provide an overview of the cells of the NVU and the surrounding ECM, before discussing the characteristics (stiffness, functionality and porosity) required of hydrogels to mimic the ECM when incorporated into in vitro NVU models. We summarise the approaches available to measure BBB functionality and present the techniques in use to develop robust and translatable models of the NVU, including transwell models, hydrogel models, 3D-bioprinting, microfluidic models and organoids. The incorporation of iPSCs either without or with disease-specific genetic mutations into these NVU models provides a platform in which to study normal and disease mechanisms, test BBB permeability to drugs, screen for new therapeutic targets and drugs or to design cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Potjewyd
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Katherine A.B. Kellett
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nigel M. Hooper
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance and University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peng X, Luo Z, He S, Zhang L, Li Y. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption by Lipopolysaccharide and Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:768108. [PMID: 34804998 PMCID: PMC8599158 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As a complex multicellular structure of the vascular system at the central nervous system (CNS), the blood-brain barrier (BBB) separates the CNS from the system circulation and regulates the influx and efflux of substances to maintain the steady-state environment of the CNS. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, can damage the barrier function of BBB and further promote the occurrence and development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Here, we conduct a literature review of the direct and indirect damage mechanisms of LPS to BBB and the relationship between these processes and SAE. We believe that after LPS destroys BBB, a large number of inflammatory factors and neurotoxins will enter and damage the brain tissue, which will activate brain immune cells to mediate inflammatory response and in turn further destroys BBB. This vicious circle will ultimately lead to the progression of SAE. Finally, we present a succinct overview of the treatment of SAE by restoring the BBB barrier function and summarize novel opportunities in controlling the progression of SAE by targeting the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Peng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhixuan Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Luhua Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Archie SR, Al Shoyaib A, Cucullo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in CNS Disorders and Putative Therapeutic Targets: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111779. [PMID: 34834200 PMCID: PMC8622070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system (CNS). Its functional and structural integrity is vital to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment by controlling the passage of substances and regulating the trafficking of immune cells between the blood and the brain. The BBB is primarily composed of highly specialized microvascular endothelial cells. These cells’ special features and physiological properties are acquired and maintained through the concerted effort of hemodynamic and cellular cues from the surrounding environment. This complex multicellular system, comprising endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons, is known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). The BBB strictly controls the transport of nutrients and metabolites into brain parenchyma through a tightly regulated transport system while limiting the access of potentially harmful substances via efflux transcytosis and metabolic mechanisms. Not surprisingly, a disruption of the BBB has been associated with the onset and/or progression of major neurological disorders. Although the association between disease and BBB disruption is clear, its nature is not always evident, specifically with regard to whether an impaired BBB function results from the pathological condition or whether the BBB damage is the primary pathogenic factor prodromal to the onset of the disease. In either case, repairing the barrier could be a viable option for treating and/or reducing the effects of CNS disorders. In this review, we describe the fundamental structure and function of the BBB in both healthy and altered/diseased conditions. Additionally, we provide an overview of the potential therapeutic targets that could be leveraged to restore the integrity of the BBB concomitant to the treatment of these brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3884; Fax: +1-248-370-4060
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
DeOre BJ, Tran KA, Andrews AM, Ramirez SH, Galie PA. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Disrupts Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity via RhoA Activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:722-728. [PMID: 34687399 PMCID: PMC8536479 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been shown to disrupt blood–brain barrier (BBB) function, but its pathogenic mechanism of action is unknown. Whether angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the viral binding site for SARS-CoV-2, contributes to the spike protein-induced barrier disruption also remains unclear. Here, a 3D-BBB microfluidic model was used to interrogate mechanisms by which the spike protein may facilitate barrier dysfunction. The spike protein upregulated the expression of ACE2 in response to laminar shear stress. Moreover, interrogating the role of ACE2 showed that knock-down affected endothelial barrier properties. These results identify a possible role of ACE2 in barrier homeostasis. Analysis of RhoA, a key molecule in regulating endothelial cytoskeleton and tight junction complex dynamics, reveals that the spike protein triggers RhoA activation. Inhibition of RhoA with C3 transferase rescues its effect on tight junction disassembly. Overall, these results indicate a possible means by which the engagement of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 facilitates disruption of the BBB via RhoA activation. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates the BBB may lead to strategies to prevent the neurological deficits seen in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J DeOre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Kiet A Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Allison M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Center for Substance Abuse Research Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Servio H Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Center for Substance Abuse Research Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,The Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Peter A Galie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu S, Yin Y, Du L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2571-2591. [PMID: 34637015 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression represents a complex and prevalent psychological disease that is characterized by persistent depressed mood, impaired cognitive function and complicated pathophysiological and neuroendocrine alterations. Despite the multifactorial etiology of depression, one of the most recent factors to be identified as playing a critical role in the development of depression is blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. The occurrence of BBB integrity disruption contributes to the disturbance of brain homeostasis and leads to complications of neurological diseases, such as stroke, chronic neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders. Recently, BBB associated tight junction disruption has been shown to implicate in the pathophysiology of depression and contribute to increased susceptibility to depression. However, the underlying mechanisms and importance of BBB damage in depression remains largely unknown. This review highlights how BBB disruption regulates the depression process and the possible molecular mechanisms involved in development of depression-induced BBB dysfunction. Moreover, insight on promising therapeutic targets for treatment of depression with associated BBB dysfunctions are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuye Yin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longfei Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hashimoto Y, Campbell M, Tachibana K, Okada Y, Kondoh M. Claudin-5: A Pharmacological Target to Modify the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1380-1390. [PMID: 34602546 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 is the dominant tight junction protein in brain endothelial cells and exclusively limits the paracellular permeability of molecules larger than 400 Da across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its pathological impairment or sustained down-regulation has been shown to lead to the progression of psychiatric and neurological disorders, whereas its expression under physiological conditions prevents the passage of drugs across the BBB. While claudin-5 enhancers could potentially act as vascular stabilizers to treat neurological diseases, claudin-5 inhibitors could function as delivery systems to enhance the brain uptake of hydrophilic small-molecular-weight drugs. Therefore, the effects of claudin-5 manipulation on modulating the BBB in different neurological diseases requires further examination. To manipulate claudin-5 expression levels and function, several claudin-5 modulating molecules have been developed. In this review, we first describe the molecular, cellular and pathological aspects of claudin-5 to highlight the mechanisms of claudin-5 enhancers/inhibitors. We then discuss recently developed claudin-5 enhancers/inhibitors and new methods to discover these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Amplifies the Development of Neuroinflammation: Understanding of Cellular Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells for Prevention and Treatment of BBB Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661838. [PMID: 34588955 PMCID: PMC8475767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or exogenous pathogens. Activation of glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) is widely recognized as a hallmark of neuroinflammation and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction. Another feature associated with neuroinflammatory diseases is impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is composed of brain endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, maintains brain homeostasis and protects neurons. Impairment of this barrier allows trafficking of immune cells or plasma proteins into the brain parenchyma and subsequent inflammatory processes in the brain. Besides neurons, activated glial cells also affect BBB integrity. Therefore, BBB dysfunction can amplify neuroinflammation and act as a key process in the development of neuroinflammation. BBB integrity is determined by the integration of multiple signaling pathways within brain endothelial cells through intercellular communication between brain endothelial cells and brain perivascular cells (pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). For prevention of BBB disruption, both cellular components, such as signaling molecules in brain endothelial cells, and non-cellular components, such as inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells, should be considered. Thus, understanding of intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt the BBB can provide novel treatments for neurological diseases associated with neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in BBB impairment by inflammatory mediators released by perivascular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuko Takata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Dohgu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cornelissen A, Guo L, Fernandez R, Kelly MC, Janifer C, Kuntz S, Sakamoto A, Jinnouchi H, Sato Y, Paek KH, Kolodgie FD, Romero ME, Surve D, Virmani R, Finn AV. Endothelial Recovery in Bare Metal Stents and Drug-Eluting Stents on a Single-Cell Level. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2277-2292. [PMID: 34162228 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.316472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cornelissen
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.).,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany (A.C.)
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Raquel Fernandez
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD (M.C.K.)
| | - Christine Janifer
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Salome Kuntz
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Hiroyuki Jinnouchi
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Yu Sato
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Ka Hyun Paek
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Frank D Kolodgie
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Maria E Romero
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Dipti Surve
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Renu Virmani
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.)
| | - Aloke V Finn
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (A.C., L.G., R.F., C.J., S.K., A.S., H.J., Y.S., K.H.P., F.D.K., M.E.R., D.S., R.V., A.V.F.).,University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore (A.V.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yeh TY, Liu PH. Removal of a compressive mass causes a transient disruption of blood-brain barrier but a long-term recovery of spiny stellate neurons in the rat somatosensory cortex. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:111-127. [PMID: 34024792 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the cranial cavity, a space-occupying mass such as epidural hematoma usually leads to compression of brain. Removal of a large compressive mass under the cranial vault is critical to the patients. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether and to what extent epidural decompression of the rat primary somatosensory cortex affects the underlying microvessels, spiny stellate neurons and their afferent fibers. METHODS Rats received epidural decompression with preceding 1-week compression by implantation of a bead. The thickness of cortex was measured using brain coronal sections. The permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed by Evans Blue and immunoglobulin G extravasation. The dendrites and dendritic spines of the spiny stellate neurons were revealed by Golgi-Cox staining and analyzed. In addition, the thalamocortical afferent (TCA) fibers in the cortex were illustrated using anterograde tracing and examined. RESULTS The cortex gradually regained its thickness over time and became comparable to the sham group at 3 days after decompression. Although the diameter of cortical microvessels were unaltered, a transient disruption of the BBB was observed at 6 hours and 1 day after decompression. Nevertheless, no brain edema was detected. In contrast, the dendrites and dendritic spines of the spiny stellate neurons and the TCA fibers were markedly restored from 2 weeks to 3 months after decompression. CONCLUSIONS Epidural decompression caused a breakdown of the BBB, which was early-occurring and short-lasting. In contrast, epidural decompression facilitated a late-onset and prolonged recovery of the spiny stellate neurons and their afferent fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Yeh
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Medical Physiology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion in adult mice disrupts blood-brain barrier and facilitates brain infiltration of monocytes after bone-marrow transplantation. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:102-114. [PMID: 33242652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between intestinal bacteria and the central nervous system, so called "the gut-brain axis", is critically important for maintaining brain homeostasis and function. This study aimed to investigate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and migration of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells to the brain parenchyma after intestinal microbiota depletion in adult mice. Gut microbiota dysbiosis was induced with 5 non-absorbable antibiotics in drinking water in mice that had received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion reduced expression of tight-junction proteins of the brain blood vessels and increased BBB permeability. Fecal microbiota transplantation of antibiotics treated mice with pathogen-free gut microbiota decreased BBB permeability and up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins. The BM-derived GFP+ cells were observed to infiltrate specific brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the septal nucleus (SPT) and the hippocampus (CA3). The infiltrated cells acquired a ramified microglia-like morphology and Iba1, a microglia marker, was expressed in all GFP+ cells, whereas they were negative for the astrocyte marker GFAP. Furthermore, treatment with CCR2 antagonist (RS102895) suppressed the recruitment of BM-derived monocytes to the brain. We report for the first time the migration of BM-derived monocytes to the brain regions involved in regulating emotional behaviors after depletion of intestinal microbiota in BMT background mice. However, mechanisms responsible for the migration and functions of the microglia-like infiltrated cells in the brain need further investigation. These findings indicate that monocyte recruitment to the brain in response to gut microbiota dysbiosis may represent a novel cellular mechanism that contributes to the development of brain disorders.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaya M, Ahishali B. Basic physiology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease: a brief overview. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1840913. [PMID: 33190576 PMCID: PMC7849738 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1840913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a dynamic interface between blood and brain constituted mainly by endothelial cells of brain microvessels, robustly restricts the entry of potentially harmful blood-sourced substances and cells into the brain, however, many therapeutically active agents concurrently cannot gain access into the brain at effective doses in the presence of an intact barrier. On the other hand, breakdown of BBB integrity may involve in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and epilepsy are associated with varying degrees of BBB disruption. In this review, we aim to highlight the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular composition of the BBB with special emphasis on the major transport pathways across the barrier type endothelial cells. We further provide a discussion on the innovative brain drug delivery strategies in which the obstacle formed by BBB interferes with effective pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases/disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Physiology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ahishali
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Montagne A, Huuskonen MT, Rajagopal G, Sweeney MD, Nation DA, Sepehrband F, D'Orazio LM, Harrington MG, Chui HC, Law M, Toga AW, Zlokovic BV. Undetectable gadolinium brain retention in individuals with an age-dependent blood-brain barrier breakdown in the hippocampus and mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 15:1568-1575. [PMID: 31862169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is an early independent biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction, as found using gadolinium (Gd) as a contrast agent. Whether Gd accumulates in brains of individuals with an age-dependent BBB breakdown and/or mild cognitive impairment remains unclear. METHODS We analyzed T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 52 older participants with BBB breakdown in the hippocampus 19-28 months after either cyclic or linear Gd agent. RESULTS There was no change in T1-weighted signal intensity between the baseline contrast MRI and unenhanced MRI on re-examination in any of the studied 10 brain regions with either Gd agent suggesting undetectable Gd brain retention. DISCUSSION Gd does not accumulate in brains of older individuals with a BBB breakdown in the hippocampus. Thus, Gd agents can be used without risk of brain retention within a ∼2-year follow-up to study BBB in the aging human brain in relation to cognition and/or other pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mikko T Huuskonen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gautham Rajagopal
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Farshid Sepehrband
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lina M D'Orazio
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Helena C Chui
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meng Law
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Peripheral Blood Occludin Level as a Biomarker for Perioperative Cerebral Edema in Patients with Brain Tumors. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8813535. [PMID: 32884584 PMCID: PMC7455817 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8813535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Cerebral edema is a common complication of brain tumors in the perioperative period. However, there is currently no reliable and convenient method to evaluate the extent of brain edema. The objective is to explore the effectiveness of serum occludin on predicting the extent of perioperative brain edema and outcome in patients with brain tumors. Methods This prospective study enrolled 55 patients with brain tumors and 24 healthy controls in Sanbo Brain Hospital from June 2019 through November 2019. Serum occludin levels were measured preoperatively and on postoperative day 1. Peritumoral edema was assessed preoperatively using MRI. Pericavity brain edema on postoperative day 1 was evaluated using CT. Results Compared with healthy controls, the serum occludin level was higher in patients with brain tumors both preoperatively and postoperatively (P < 0.001). The serum occludin level correlated positively with the degree of brain edema preoperatively (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and postoperatively (r = 0.59, P < 0.001). At an optimal cutoff of 3.015 ng/mL, the preoperative serum occludin level discriminated between mild and severe preoperative brain edema with a sensitivity of 90.48% and specificity of 84.62%. At an optimal cutoff value of 3.033 ng/mL, the postoperative serum occludin level distinguished between mild and severe postoperative brain edema with a sensitivity of 97.30% and specificity of 55.56%. Conclusions The serum occludin level is associated with cerebral edema and could potentially be used as a biomarker for perioperative cerebral edema. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1900023742.
Collapse
|
36
|
Francisco DMF, Marchetti L, Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Frías-Anaya E, Figueiredo RM, Winter P, Romero IA, de Vries HE, Engelhardt B, Bruggmann R. Advancing brain barriers RNA sequencing: guidelines from experimental design to publication. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:51. [PMID: 32811511 PMCID: PMC7433166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) in its varied forms has become an indispensable tool for analyzing differential gene expression and thus characterization of specific tissues. Aiming to understand the brain barriers genetic signature, RNA seq has also been introduced in brain barriers research. This has led to availability of both, bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq datasets over the last few years. If appropriately performed, the RNA-Seq studies provide powerful datasets that allow for significant deepening of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that establish the brain barriers. However, RNA-Seq studies comprise complex workflows that require to consider many options and variables before, during and after the proper sequencing process. MAIN BODY In the current manuscript, we build on the interdisciplinary experience of the European PhD Training Network BtRAIN ( https://www.btrain-2020.eu/ ) where bioinformaticians and brain barriers researchers collaborated to analyze and establish RNA-Seq datasets on vertebrate brain barriers. The obstacles BtRAIN has identified in this process have been integrated into the present manuscript. It provides guidelines along the entire workflow of brain barriers RNA-Seq studies starting from the overall experimental design to interpretation of results. Focusing on the vertebrate endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and epithelial blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB) of the choroid plexus, we provide a step-by-step description of the workflow, highlighting the decisions to be made at each step of the workflow and explaining the strengths and weaknesses of individual choices made. Finally, we propose recommendations for accurate data interpretation and on the information to be included into a publication to ensure appropriate accessibility of the data and reproducibility of the observations by the scientific community. CONCLUSION Next generation transcriptomic profiling of the brain barriers provides a novel resource for understanding the development, function and pathology of these barrier cells, which is essential for understanding CNS homeostasis and disease. Continuous advancement and sophistication of RNA-Seq will require interdisciplinary approaches between brain barrier researchers and bioinformaticians as successfully performed in BtRAIN. The present guidelines are built on the BtRAIN interdisciplinary experience and aim to facilitate collaboration of brain barriers researchers with bioinformaticians to advance RNA-Seq study design in the brain barriers community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M F Francisco
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabela Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Frías-Anaya
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Ricardo M Figueiredo
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Ignacio Andres Romero
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Helga E de Vries
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiao M, Xiao ZJ, Yang B, Lan Z, Fang F. Blood-Brain Barrier: More Contributor to Disruption of Central Nervous System Homeostasis Than Victim in Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:764. [PMID: 32903669 PMCID: PMC7438939 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic but solid shield in the cerebral microvascular system. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by regulating the exchange of materials between the circulation and the brain and protects the neural tissue from neurotoxic components as well as pathogens. Here, we discuss the development of the BBB in physiological conditions and then focus on the role of the BBB in cerebrovascular disease, including acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Finally, we summarize recent advancements in the development of therapies targeting the BBB and outline future directions and outstanding questions in the field. We propose that BBB dysfunction not only results from, but is causal in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders; the BBB is more a contributor to the disruption of CNS homeostasis than a victim in neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Jie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lochhead JJ, Yang J, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP. Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Tight Junction in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:914. [PMID: 32848858 PMCID: PMC7424030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) allows the brain to selectively import nutrients and energy critical to neuronal function while simultaneously excluding neurotoxic substances from the peripheral circulation. In contrast to the highly permeable vasculature present in most organs that reside outside of the central nervous system (CNS), the BBB exhibits a high transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) along with a low rate of transcytosis and greatly restricted paracellular permeability. The property of low paracellular permeability is controlled by tight junction (TJ) protein complexes that seal the paracellular route between apposing brain microvascular endothelial cells. Although tight junction protein complexes are principal contributors to physical barrier properties, they are not static in nature. Rather, tight junction protein complexes are highly dynamic structures, where expression and/or localization of individual constituent proteins can be modified in response to pathophysiological stressors. These stressors induce modifications to tight junction protein complexes that involve de novo synthesis of new protein or discrete trafficking mechanisms. Such responsiveness of BBB tight junctions to diseases indicates that these protein complexes are critical for maintenance of CNS homeostasis. In fulfillment of this vital role, BBB tight junctions are also a major obstacle to therapeutic drug delivery to the brain. There is an opportunity to overcome this substantial obstacle and optimize neuropharmacology via acquisition of a detailed understanding of BBB tight junction structure, function, and regulation. In this review, we discuss physiological characteristics of tight junction protein complexes and how these properties regulate delivery of therapeutics to the CNS for treatment of neurological diseases. Specifically, we will discuss modulation of tight junction structure, function, and regulation both in the context of disease states and in the setting of pharmacotherapy. In particular, we will highlight how these properties can be potentially manipulated at the molecular level to increase CNS drug levels via paracellular transport to the brain.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hashimoto Y, Tachibana K, Kondoh M. Tight junction modulators for drug delivery to the central nervous system. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1477-1486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
40
|
Astrocyte glutathione maintains endothelial barrier stability. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101576. [PMID: 32502899 PMCID: PMC7267730 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment clearly accelerates brain disease progression. As ways to prevent injury-induced barrier dysfunction remain elusive, better understanding of how BBB cells interact and modulate barrier integrity is needed. Our metabolomic profiling study showed that cell-specific adaptation to injury correlates well with metabolic reprogramming at the BBB. In particular we noted that primary astrocytes (AC) contain comparatively high levels of glutathione (GSH)-related metabolites compared to primary endothelial cells (EC). Injury significantly disturbed redox balance in 10.13039/501100000780EC but not AC motivating us to assess 1) whether an AC-10.13039/501100000780EC GSH shuttle supports barrier stability and 2) the impact of GSH on 10.13039/501100000780EC function. Using an isotopic labeling/tracking approach combined with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS) we prove that AC constantly shuttle GSH to EC even under resting conditions - a flux accelerated by injury conditions in vitro. In correlation, co-culture studies revealed that blocking AC GSH generation and secretion via siRNA-mediated γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase (GCL) knockdown significantly compromises EC barrier integrity. Using different GSH donors, we further show that exogenous GSH supplementation improves barrier function by maintaining organization of tight junction proteins and preventing injury-induced tight junction phosphorylation. Thus the AC GSH shuttle is key for maintaining EC redox homeostasis and BBB stability suggesting GSH supplementation could improve recovery after brain injury. Astrocytes maintain better redox homeostasis during injury conditions than brain endothelial cells. Astrocyte-secreted glutathione abrogates injury-induced endothelial permeability. Exogenous GSH prevents injury-induced tight junction disruption. Better understanding of metabolic paracellular crosstalk could offer more opportunities to safeguard BBB integrity.
Collapse
|
41
|
Post-translational modifications of tight junction transmembrane proteins and their direct effect on barrier function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183330. [PMID: 32376223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination or glycosylation are processes affecting the conformation, stability, localization and function of proteins. There is clear evidence that PTMs can act upon tight junction (TJ) proteins, thus modulating epithelial barrier function. Compared to transcriptional or translational regulation, PTMs are rapid and more dynamic processes so in the context of barrier maintenance they might be essential for coping with changing environmental or external impacts. The aim of this review is to extract literature deciphering PTMs in TJ proteins directly contributing to epithelial barrier changes in permeability to ions and macromolecules. It is not intended to cover the entire scope of PTMs in TJ proteins and should rather be understood as a digest of TJ protein modifications directly resulting in the tightening or opening of the epithelial barrier.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products disrupt BBB and promote occludin and claudin-5 protein secretion on extracellular microvesicles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7274. [PMID: 32350344 PMCID: PMC7190636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a well-known complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Microvascular compromise was described one DM complication. Recently we showed blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and memory loss are associated with diminution of tight junctions (TJ) in brain endothelium and pericyte coverage and inflammation in cerebral microvessels and brain tissue paralleling hyperglycemia in mice of both DM types. The current study demonstrates that exposure of brain microvessels to hyperglycemic conditions or advanced glycation end products (AGEs) ex vivo resulted in significant abnormalities in membranous distribution of TJ proteins. We found significant increase in the amount of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from DM mice and enhanced presence of TJ proteins, occludin and claudin-5, on EVs. Exposure of BMVECs to high glucose and AGEs led to significant augmentation of ICAM and VCAM expression, elevated leukocyte adhesion to and migration across BMVEC monolayers, and increased BBB permeability in vitro. Pericytes exposed to hyperglycemia and AGEs displayed diminished expression of integrin α1, PDGF-R1β and connexin-43. Our findings indicate BBB compromise in DM ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo models in association with BMVEC/pericyte dysfunction and inflammation. Prevention of BBB injury may be a new therapeutic approach to avert cognitive demise in DM.
Collapse
|
43
|
Hashimoto Y, Campbell M. Tight junction modulation at the blood-brain barrier: Current and future perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183298. [PMID: 32353377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the one of the most robust physical barriers in the body, comprised of tight junction (TJ) proteins in brain microvascular endothelial cells. The need for drugs to treat central nervous systems diseases is ever increasing, however the presence of the BBB significantly hampers the uptake of drugs into the brain. To overcome or circumvent the barrier, many kinds of techniques are being developed. Modulating the paracellular route by disruption of the TJ complex has been proposed as a potential drug delivery system to treat brain diseases, however, it has several limitations and is still in a developmental stage. However, recent significant advance in medical equipment /tools such as targeted ultra-sound technologies may resolve these limitations. In this review, we introduce recent advances in site- or molecular size-selective BBB disruption/modulation technologies and we include details on pharmacological inhibitory molecules against intercellular TJ proteins to modulate the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hashimoto
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cerebral Cavernous Malformation Proteins in Barrier Maintenance and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020675. [PMID: 31968585 PMCID: PMC7013531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a disease characterized by mulberry shaped clusters of dilated microvessels, primarily in the central nervous system. Such lesions can cause seizures, headaches, and stroke from brain bleeding. Loss-of-function germline and somatic mutations of a group of genes, called CCM genes, have been attributed to disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the impact of CCM gene encoded proteins on cellular signaling, barrier function of endothelium and epithelium, and their contribution to CCM and potentially other diseases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Role of Claudin Proteins in Regulating Cancer Stem Cells and Chemoresistance-Potential Implication in Disease Prognosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010053. [PMID: 31861759 PMCID: PMC6982342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are cell–cell adhesion proteins, which are expressed in tight junctions (TJs), the most common apical cell-cell adhesion. Claudin proteins help to regulate defense and barrier functions, as well as differentiation and polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells. A series of studies have now reported dysregulation of claudin proteins in cancers. However, the precise mechanisms are still not well understood. Nonetheless, studies have clearly demonstrated a causal role of multiple claudins in the regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key feature in the acquisition of a cancer stem cell phenotype in cancer cells. In addition, claudin proteins are known to modulate therapy resistance in cancer cells, a feature associated with cancer stem cells. In this review, we have focused primarily on highlighting the causal link between claudins, cancer stem cells, and therapy resistance. We have also contemplated the significance of claudins as novel targets in improving the efficacy of cancer therapy. Overall, this review provides a much-needed understanding of the emerging role of claudin proteins in cancer malignancy and therapeutic management.
Collapse
|
46
|
Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gross CM, Kellner M, Wang T, Lu Q, Sun X, Zemskov EA, Noonepalle S, Kangath A, Kumar S, Gonzalez-Garay M, Desai AA, Aggarwal S, Gorshkov B, Klinger C, Verin AD, Catravas JD, Jacobson JR, Yuan JXJ, Rafikov R, Garcia JGN, Black SM. LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury Involves NF-κB-mediated Downregulation of SOX18. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 58:614-624. [PMID: 29115856 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the early events in the progression of LPS-mediated acute lung injury in mice is the disruption of the pulmonary endothelial barrier resulting in lung edema. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the endothelial barrier becomes compromised remain unresolved. The SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome)-related high-mobility group box (Sox) group F family member, SOX18, is a barrier-protective protein through its ability to increase the expression of the tight junction protein CLDN5. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if downregulation of the SOX18-CLDN5 axis plays a role in the pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption associated with LPS exposure. Our data indicate that both SOX18 and CLDN5 expression is decreased in two models of in vivo LPS exposure (intraperitoneal, intratracheal). A similar downregulation was observed in cultured human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs) exposed to LPS. SOX18 overexpression in HLMVECs or in the mouse lung attenuated the LPS-mediated vascular barrier disruption. Conversely, reduced CLDN5 expression (siRNA) reduced the HLMVEC barrier-protective effects of SOX18 overexpression. The mechanism by which LPS decreases SOX18 expression was identified as transcriptional repression through binding of NF-κB (p65) to a SOX18 promoter sequence located between -1,082 and -1,073 bp with peroxynitrite contributing to LPS-mediated NF-κB activation. We conclude that NF-κB-dependent decreases in the SOX18-CLDN5 axis are essentially involved in the disruption of human endothelial cell barrier integrity associated with LPS-mediated acute lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Kellner
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ting Wang
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Qing Lu
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Xutong Sun
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Evgeny A Zemskov
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Satish Noonepalle
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Archana Kangath
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- 1 Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Garay
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Boris Gorshkov
- 1 Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Christina Klinger
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - John D Catravas
- 4 Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia; and
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- 5 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- 2 Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abdul Razzak R, Florence GJ, Gunn-Moore FJ. Approaches to CNS Drug Delivery with a Focus on Transporter-Mediated Transcytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3108. [PMID: 31242683 PMCID: PMC6627589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) conferred by brain barriers is a major obstacle in the development of effective neurotherapeutics. In this review, a classification of current approaches of clinical or investigational importance for the delivery of therapeutics to the CNS is presented. This classification includes the use of formulations administered systemically that can elicit transcytosis-mediated transport by interacting with transporters expressed by transvascular endothelial cells. Neurotherapeutics can also be delivered to the CNS by means of surgical intervention using specialized catheters or implantable reservoirs. Strategies for delivering drugs to the CNS have evolved tremendously during the last two decades, yet, some factors can affect the quality of data generated in preclinical investigation, which can hamper the extension of the applications of these strategies into clinically useful tools. Here, we disclose some of these factors and propose some solutions that may prove valuable at bridging the gap between preclinical findings and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abdul Razzak
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
- Biomedical Science Research Centre, Schools of Chemistry and Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Gordon J Florence
- Biomedical Science Research Centre, Schools of Chemistry and Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Frank J Gunn-Moore
- Medical and Biological Sciences Building, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
- Biomedical Science Research Centre, Schools of Chemistry and Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Klein RS, Garber C, Funk KE, Salimi H, Soung A, Kanmogne M, Manivasagam S, Agner S, Cain M. Neuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:73-95. [PMID: 31026414 PMCID: PMC6731125 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic RNA viruses continue to emerge and are increasingly linked to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) despite viral clearance. Indeed, the overall mortality of viral encephalitis in immunocompetent individuals is low, suggesting efficient mechanisms of virologic control within the CNS. Both immune and neural cells participate in this process, which requires extensive innate immune signaling between resident and infiltrating cells, including microglia and monocytes, that regulate the effector functions of antiviral T and B cells as they gain access to CNS compartments. While these interactions promote viral clearance via mainly neuroprotective mechanisms, they may also promote neuropathology and, in some cases, induce persistent alterations in CNS physiology and function that manifest as neurologic and psychiatric diseases. This review discusses mechanisms of RNA virus clearance and neurotoxicity during viral encephalitis with a focus on the cytokines essential for immune and neural cell inflammatory responses and interactions. Understanding neuroimmune communications in the setting of viral infections is essential for the development of treatments that augment neuroprotective processes while limiting ongoing immunopathological processes that cause ongoing CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Charise Garber
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Kristen E Funk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Allison Soung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Marlene Kanmogne
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Sindhu Manivasagam
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Shannon Agner
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Matthew Cain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ares G, Buonpane C, Sincavage J, Yuan C, Wood DR, Hunter CJ. Caveolin 1 is Associated with Upregulated Claudin 2 in Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4982. [PMID: 30899070 PMCID: PMC6428816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal emergency of neonates. Epithelial tight junction (TJ) proteins, such as claudins, are essential for regulation and function of the intestinal barrier. Rho kinase (ROCK) affects cellular permeability and TJ regulation. We hypothesized that TJ protein changes would correlate with increased permeability in experimental NEC, and ROCK inhibitors would be protective against NEC by regulation of key claudin proteins. We tested this hypothesis using an in vivo rat pup model, an in vitro model of experimental NEC, and human intestinal samples from patients with and without NEC. Experimental NEC was induced in rats via hypoxia and bacteria-containing formula, and in Caco-2 cells by media inoculated with LPS. The expression of claudins was measured by gene and protein analysis. Experimental NEC in rat pups and Caco-2 cells had increased permeability compared to controls. Gene and protein expression of claudin 2 was increased in experimental NEC. Sub-cellular fractionation localized increased claudin 2 protein to the cytoskeleton. ROCK inhibition was associated with normalization of these alterations and decreased severity of experimental NEC. Co-immunoprecipitation of caveolin-1 with claudin 2 suggests that caveolin-1 may act as a shuttle for the internalization of claudin 2 seen in experimental NEC. In conclusion, NEC is associated with intestinal permeability and increased expression of claudin 2, increased binding of caveolin-1 and claudin 2, and increased trafficking of claudin 2 to the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ares
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Surgery, 840S Wood Street, Suite 376-CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, 310 East Superior - Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christie Buonpane
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, 310 East Superior - Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Avenue, Box 63, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - John Sincavage
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, 310 East Superior - Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Carrie Yuan
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, 310 East Superior - Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Douglas R Wood
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, 310 East Superior - Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Catherine J Hunter
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, 310 East Superior - Morton 4-685, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Avenue, Box 63, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|