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Karpov OA, Stotland A, Raedschelders K, Chazarin B, Ai L, Murray CI, Van Eyk JE. Proteomics of the heart. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:931-982. [PMID: 38300522 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a sophisticated identification tool specializing in portraying protein dynamics at a molecular level. Proteomics provides biologists with a snapshot of context-dependent protein and proteoform expression, structural conformations, dynamic turnover, and protein-protein interactions. Cardiac proteomics can offer a broader and deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underscore cardiovascular disease, and it is foundational to the development of future therapeutic interventions. This review encapsulates the evolution, current technologies, and future perspectives of proteomic-based mass spectrometry as it applies to the study of the heart. Key technological advancements have allowed researchers to study proteomes at a single-cell level and employ robot-assisted automation systems for enhanced sample preparation techniques, and the increase in fidelity of the mass spectrometers has allowed for the unambiguous identification of numerous dynamic posttranslational modifications. Animal models of cardiovascular disease, ranging from early animal experiments to current sophisticated models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, have provided the tools to study a challenging organ in the laboratory. Further technological development will pave the way for the implementation of proteomics even closer within the clinical setting, allowing not only scientists but also patients to benefit from an understanding of protein interplay as it relates to cardiac disease physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Karpov
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Blandine Chazarin
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lizhuo Ai
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christopher I Murray
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute, Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Yusuf IO, Parsi S, Ostrow LW, Brown RH, Thompson PR, Xu Z. PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106414. [PMID: 38253209 PMCID: PMC11003460 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alteration in protein citrullination (PC), a common posttranslational modification (PTM), contributes to pathogenesis in various inflammatory disorders. We previously reported that PC and protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), the predominant enzyme isoform that catalyzes this PTM in the central nervous system (CNS), are altered in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We now demonstrate that PAD2 expression and PC are altered in human postmortem ALS spinal cord and motor cortex compared to controls, increasing in astrocytes while trending lower in neurons. Furthermore, PC is enriched in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP in ALS. These results confirm our findings in ALS mouse models and suggest that altered PAD2 and PC contribute to neurodegeneration in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa O Yusuf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Lyle W Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, RNA Therapeutic Institute, Neuroscience Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Wang B, Fields L, Li L. Recent advances in characterization of citrullination and its implication in human disease research: From method development to network integration. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200286. [PMID: 36546832 PMCID: PMC10285031 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins increase the functional diversity of the proteome and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The most widely understood modifications include phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, O-linked/N-linked glycosylation, and ubiquitination, all of which have been extensively studied and documented. Citrullination is a historically less explored, yet increasingly studied, protein PTM which has profound effects on protein conformation and protein-protein interactions. Dysregulation of protein citrullination has been associated with disease development and progression. Identification and characterization of citrullinated proteins is highly challenging, complicated by the low cellular abundance of citrullinated proteins, making it difficult to identify and quantify the extent of citrullination in samples, coupled with challenges associated with development of mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods, as the corresponding mass shift is relatively small, +0.984 Da, and identical to the mass shift of deamidation. The focus of this review is to discuss recent advancements of citrullination-specific MS approaches and integration of the potential methodology for improved citrullination identification and characterization. In addition, the association of citrullination in disease networks is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Lauren Fields
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
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4
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Zeleznik OA, Welling DB, Stankovic K, Frueh L, Balasubramanian R, Curhan GC, Curhan SG. Association of Plasma Metabolomic Biomarkers With Persistent Tinnitus: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 149:404-415. [PMID: 36928544 PMCID: PMC10020935 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Importance Persistent tinnitus is common, disabling, and difficult to treat. Objective To evaluate the association between circulating metabolites and persistent tinnitus. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a population-based case-control study of 6477 women who were participants in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II with metabolomic profiles and tinnitus data. Information on tinnitus onset and frequency was collected on biennial questionnaires (2009-2017). For cases, metabolomic profiles were measured (2015-2021) in blood samples collected after the date of the participant's first report of persistent tinnitus (NHS, 1989-1999 and 2010-2012; NHS II, 1996-1999). Data analyses were performed from January 24, 2022, to January 14, 2023. Exposures In total, 466 plasma metabolites from 488 cases of persistent tinnitus and 5989 controls were profiled using 3 complementary liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approaches. Main Outcomes and Measures Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of persistent tinnitus (per 1 SD increase in metabolite values) and 95% CIs for each individual metabolite. Metabolite set enrichment analysis was used to identify metabolite classes enriched for associations with tinnitus. Results Of the 6477 study participants (mean [SD] age, 52 [9] years; 6477 [100%] female; 6121 [95%] White individuals) who were registered nurses, 488 reported experiencing daily persistent (≥5 minutes) tinnitus. Compared with participants with no tinnitus (5989 controls), those with persistent tinnitus were slightly older (53.0 vs 51.8 years) and more likely to be postmenopausal, using oral postmenopausal hormone therapy, and have type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and/or hearing loss at baseline. Compared with controls, homocitrulline (OR, 1.32; (95% CI, 1.16-1.50); C38:6 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; OR, 1.24; 95% CIs, 1.12-1.38), C52:6 triglyceride (TAG; OR, 1.22; 95% CIs, 1.10-1.36), C36:4 PE (OR, 1.22; 95% CIs, 1.10-1.35), C40:6 PE (OR, 1.22; 95% CIs, 1.09-1.35), and C56:7 TAG (OR, 1.21; 95% CIs, 1.09-1.34) were positively associated, whereas α-keto-β-methylvalerate (OR, 0.68; 95% CIs, 0.56-0.82) and levulinate (OR, 0.60; 95% CIs, 0.46-0.79) were inversely associated with persistent tinnitus. Among metabolite classes, TAGs (normalized enrichment score [NES], 2.68), PEs (NES, 2.48), and diglycerides (NES, 1.65) were positively associated, whereas phosphatidylcholine plasmalogens (NES, -1.91), lysophosphatidylcholines (NES, -2.23), and cholesteryl esters (NES,-2.31) were inversely associated with persistent tinnitus. Conclusions and Relevance This population-based case-control study of metabolomic profiles and tinnitus identified novel plasma metabolites and metabolite classes that were significantly associated with persistent tinnitus, suggesting that metabolomic studies may help improve understanding of tinnitus pathophysiology and identify therapeutic targets for this challenging disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana A. Zeleznik
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - D. Bradley Welling
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston
| | - Konstantina Stankovic
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lisa Frueh
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raji Balasubramanian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon G. Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Shi Y, Li Z, Wang B, Shi X, Ye H, Delafield DG, Lv L, Ye Z, Chen Z, Ma F, Li L. Enabling Global Analysis of Protein Citrullination via Biotin Thiol Tag-Assisted Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17895-17903. [PMID: 36512406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a key post-translational modification (PTM) that affects protein structures and functions. Although it has been linked to various biological processes and disease pathogenesis, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood due to a lack of effective tools to enrich, detect, and localize this PTM. Herein, we report the design and development of a biotin thiol tag that enables derivatization, enrichment, and confident identification of citrullination via mass spectrometry. We perform global mapping of the citrullination proteome of mouse tissues. In total, we identify 691 citrullination sites from 432 proteins which represents the largest data set to date. We discover novel distribution and functions of this PTM. This study depicts a landscape of protein citrullination and lays the foundation for further deciphering their physiological and pathological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
| | - Hui Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Daniel G Delafield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Langlang Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhengqing Ye
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Fengfei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Zhu D, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. PAD4 and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2414. [PMID: 36365233 PMCID: PMC9699117 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic spread of malignancies and the risk of cancer-associated thrombosis are major clinical challenges in cancer therapy worldwide. As an important post-translational modification enzyme, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) could mediate the citrullination of protein in different components (including nucleus and cytoplasm, etc.) of a variety of cells (tumor cells, neutrophils, macrophages, etc.), thus participating in gene regulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and macrophage extracellular trap (MET). Thereby, PAD4 plays an important role in enhancing the growth of primary tumors and facilitating the distant metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, it is related to the formation of cancer-associated thrombosis. Therefore, the development of PAD4-specific inhibitors may be a promising strategy for treating cancer, and it may improve patient prognosis. In this review, we describe PAD4 involvement in gene regulation, protein citrullination, and NET formation. We also discuss its potential role in cancer and cancer-associated thrombosis, and we summarize the development and application of PAD4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing 100069, China
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Yusuf IO, Qiao T, Parsi S, Tilvawala R, Thompson PR, Xu Z. Protein citrullination marks myelin protein aggregation and disease progression in mouse ALS models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:135. [PMID: 36076282 PMCID: PMC9458309 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased protein citrullination (PC) and dysregulated protein arginine deiminase (PAD) activity have been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. PC is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by the PADs. PC converts peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, thereby reducing the positive charges and altering structure and function of proteins. Of the five PADs, PAD2 is the dominant isoform in the central nervous system (CNS). Abnormal PC and PAD dysregulation are associated with numerous pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases and neurodegeneration. Animal model studies have shown therapeutic efficacy from inhibition of PADs, thus suggesting a role of PC in pathogenesis. To determine whether PC contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a deadly neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons, paralysis, and eventual death, we investigated alterations of PC and PAD2 in two different transgenic mouse models of ALS expressing human mutant SOD1G93A and PFN1C71G, respectively. PC and PAD2 expression are altered dynamically in the spinal cord during disease progression in both models. PC and PAD2 increase progressively in astrocytes with the development of reactive astrogliosis, while decreasing in neurons. Importantly, in the spinal cord white matter, PC accumulates in protein aggregates that contain the myelin proteins PLP and MBP. PC also accumulates progressively in insoluble protein fractions during disease progression. Finally, increased PC and PAD2 expression spatially correlate with areas of the CNS with the most severe motor neuron degeneration. These results suggest that altered PC is an integral part of the neurodegenerative process and potential biomarkers for disease progression in ALS. Moreover, increased PC may contribute to disease-associated processes such as myelin protein aggregation, myelin degeneration, and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa O. Yusuf
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Tao Qiao
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.423286.90000 0004 0507 1326Present Address: Astellas Pharma, 33 Locke Dr, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.509226.aPresent Address: Scorpion Therapeutics, 1 Winthrop Square, Boston, MA 02110 USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA ,grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Zuoshang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Sarnik J, Makowska J. Citrullination good or bad guy? Immunobiology 2022; 227:152233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pasquero S, Gugliesi F, Griffante G, Dell’Oste V, Biolatti M, Albano C, Bajetto G, Delbue S, Signorini L, Dolci M, Landolfo S, De Andrea M. Novel antiviral activity of PAD inhibitors against human beta-coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral Res 2022; 200:105278. [PMID: 35288208 PMCID: PMC8915624 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, along with the likelihood that new coronavirus strains will appear in the nearby future, highlights the urgent need to develop new effective antiviral agents. In this scenario, emerging host-targeting antivirals (HTAs), which act on host-cell factors essential for viral replication, are a promising class of antiviral compounds. Here we show that a new class of HTAs targeting peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a family of calcium-dependent enzymes catalyzing protein citrullination, is endowed with a potent inhibitory activity against human beta-coronaviruses (HCoVs). Specifically, we show that infection of human fetal lung fibroblasts with HCoV-OC43 leads to enhanced protein citrullination through transcriptional activation of PAD4, and that inhibition of PAD4-mediated citrullination with either of the two pan-PAD inhibitors Cl-A and BB-Cl or the PAD4-specific inhibitor GSK199 curbs HCoV-OC43 replication. Furthermore, we show that either Cl-A or BB-Cl treatment of African green monkey kidney Vero-E6 cells, a widely used cell system to study beta-CoV replication, potently suppresses HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 replication. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential efficacy of PAD inhibitors, in suppressing HCoV infection, which may provide the rationale for the repurposing of this class of inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Yu K, Proost P. Insights into peptidylarginine deiminase expression and citrullination pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:746-761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ahmed D, Puthussery H, Basnett P, Knowles JC, Lange S, Roy I. Controlled Delivery of Pan-PAD-Inhibitor Cl-Amidine Using Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Microspheres. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312852. [PMID: 34884657 PMCID: PMC8658019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the process of optimization and synthesis of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres with encapsulated Cl-amidine. Cl-amidine is an inhibitor of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play critical roles in a number of pathologies, including autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. While Cl-amidine application has been assessed in a number of in vitro and in vivo models; methods of controlled release delivery remain to be investigated. P(3HB) microspheres have proven to be an effective delivery system for several compounds applied in antimicrobial, wound healing, cancer, and cardiovascular and regenerative disease models. In the current study, P(3HB) microspheres with encapsulated Cl-amidine were produced in a size ranging from ~4–5 µm and characterized for surface morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity and protein adsorption, in comparison with empty P(3HB) microspheres. Cl-amidine encapsulation in P(3HB) microspheres was optimized, and these were found to be less hydrophobic, compared with the empty microspheres, and subsequently adsorbed a lower amount of protein on their surface. The release kinetics of Cl-amidine from the microspheres were assessed in vitro and expressed as a function of encapsulation efficiency. There was a burst release of ~50% Cl-amidine in the first 24 h and a zero order release from that point up to 16 days, at which time point ~93% of the drug had been released. As Cl-amidine has been associated with anti-cancer effects, the Cl-amidine encapsulated microspheres were assessed for the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the mammalian breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3, including in the presence of the anti-proliferative drug rapamycin. The cytotoxicity of the combinatorial effect of rapamycin with Cl-amidine encapsulated P(3HB) microspheres was found to be 3.5% more effective within a 24 h period. The cells treated with Cl-amidine encapsulated microspheres alone, were found to have 36.5% reduction in VEGF expression when compared with untreated SK-BR-3 cells. This indicates that controlled release of Cl-amidine from P(3HB) microspheres may be effective in anti-cancer treatment, including in synergy with chemotherapeutic agents. Using controlled drug-delivery of Cl-amidine encapsulated in Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microspheres may be a promising novel strategy for application in PAD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ahmed
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
| | - Hima Puthussery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK; (H.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Pooja Basnett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK; (H.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK;
- Correspondence: emails: (S.L.); (I.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832) (S.L.); +44-(0)114-222-5962 (ext. 64096) (I.R.)
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: emails: (S.L.); (I.R.); Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832) (S.L.); +44-(0)114-222-5962 (ext. 64096) (I.R.)
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Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Plasma and Plasma EVs of Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus). BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030222. [PMID: 33805829 PMCID: PMC7998281 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Reindeer are an important wild and domesticated species of the Arctic, Northern Europe, Siberia and North America. As reindeer have developed various strategies to adapt to extreme environments, this makes them an interesting species for studies into diversity of immune and metabolic functions in the animal kingdom. Importantly, while reindeer carry natural infections caused by viruses (including coronaviruses), bacteria and parasites, they can also act as carriers for transmitting such diseases to other animals and humans, so called zoonosis. Reindeer are also affected by chronic wasting disease, a neuronal disease caused by prions, similar to scrapie in sheep, mad cows disease in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. The current study assessed a specific protein modification called deimination/citrullination, which can change how proteins function and allow them to take on different roles in health and disease processes. Profiling of deiminated proteins in reindeer showed that many important pathways for immune defenses, prion diseases and metabolism are enriched in deiminated proteins, both in plasma, as well as in plasma extracellular vesicles. This study provides a platform for the development of novel biomarkers to assess wild life health status and factors relating to zoonotic disease. Abstract The reindeer (caribou) Rangifer tarandus is a Cervidae in the order Artiodactyla. Reindeer are sedentary and migratory populations with circumpolar distribution in the Arctic, Northern Europe, Siberia and North America. Reindeer are an important wild and domesticated species, and have developed various adaptive strategies to extreme environments. Importantly, deer have also been identified to be putative zoonotic carriers, including for parasites, prions and coronavirus. Therefore, novel insights into immune-related markers are of considerable interest. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a phylogenetically conserved enzyme family which causes post-translational protein deimination by converting arginine into citrulline in target proteins. This affects protein function in health and disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in cellular communication, in physiological and pathological processes, via transfer of cargo material, and their release is partly regulated by PADs. This study assessed deiminated protein and EV profile signatures in plasma from sixteen healthy wild female reindeer, collected in Iceland during screening for parasites and chronic wasting disease. Reindeer plasma EV profiles showed a poly-dispersed distribution from 30 to 400 nm and were positive for phylogenetically conserved EV-specific markers. Deiminated proteins were isolated from whole plasma and plasma EVs, identified by proteomic analysis and protein interaction networks assessed by KEGG and GO analysis. This revealed a large number of deimination-enriched pathways for immunity and metabolism, with some differences between whole plasma and EVs. While shared KEGG pathways for whole plasma and plasma EVs included complement and coagulation pathways, KEGG pathways specific for EVs were for protein digestion and absorption, platelet activation, amoebiasis, the AGE–RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, ECM receptor interaction, the relaxin signaling pathway and the estrogen signaling pathway. KEGG pathways specific for whole plasma were pertussis, ferroptosis, SLE, thyroid hormone synthesis, phagosome, Staphylococcus aureus infection, vitamin digestion and absorption, and prion disease. Further differences were also found between molecular function and biological processes GO pathways when comparing functional STRING networks for deiminated proteins in EVs, compared with deiminated proteins in whole plasma. This study highlights deiminated proteins and EVs as candidate biomarkers for reindeer health and may provide information on regulation of immune pathways in physiological and pathological processes, including neurodegenerative (prion) disease and zoonosis.
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de la Fuente AG, Queiroz RML, Ghosh T, McMurran CE, Cubillos JF, Bergles DE, Fitzgerald DC, Jones CA, Lilley KS, Glover CP, Franklin RJM. Changes in the Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Proteome with Ageing. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1281-1302. [PMID: 32434922 PMCID: PMC8015006 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Following central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) can differentiate into new myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in a regenerative process called remyelination. Although remyelination is very efficient in young adults, its efficiency declines progressively with ageing. Here we performed proteomic analysis of OPCs freshly isolated from the brains of neonate, young and aged female rats. Approximately 50% of the proteins are expressed at different levels in OPCs from neonates compared with their adult counterparts. The amount of myelin-associated proteins, and proteins associated with oxidative phosphorylation, inflammatory responses and actin cytoskeletal organization increased with age, whereas cholesterol-biosynthesis, transcription factors and cell cycle proteins decreased. Our experiments provide the first ageing OPC proteome, revealing the distinct features of OPCs at different ages. These studies provide new insights into why remyelination efficiency declines with ageing and potential roles for aged OPCs in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alerie G de la Fuente
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rayner M L Queiroz
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, United Kingdom
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E McMurran
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F Cubillos
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; John Hopkins University, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, USA
| | - Denise C Fitzgerald
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clare A Jones
- John Hopkins University, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, USA
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin P Glover
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, United Kingdom; Oncology Early Clinical Projects, Oncology R &D, AstraZeneca, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Jang B, Kim M, Lee Y, Ishigami A, Kim Y, Choi E. Vimentin citrullination probed by a novel monoclonal antibody serves as a specific indicator for reactive astrocytes in neurodegeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:751-769. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - M.J. Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology Graduate School of Hallym University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Y.J. Lee
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
| | - A. Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Itabashi‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Y.S. Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology College of Medicine Hallym University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | - E.K. Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science Hallym University Anyang Gyeonggi‐doRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology Graduate School of Hallym University Chuncheon Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
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15
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Infield DT, Lee EEL, Galpin JD, Galles GD, Bezanilla F, Ahern CA. Replacing voltage sensor arginines with citrulline provides mechanistic insight into charge versus shape. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1017-1024. [PMID: 29866793 PMCID: PMC6028492 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of voltage-gated channels results from the outward movement of arginine residues on the S4 segments. Infield et al. use in vivo nonsense suppression to replace Shaker's S4 arginine residues with citrulline and reveal that a positive charge is required on R4 for voltage-dependent deactivation. Voltage-dependent activation of voltage-gated cation channels results from the outward movement of arginine-bearing helices within proteinaceous voltage sensors. The voltage-sensing residues in potassium channels have been extensively characterized, but current functional approaches do not allow a distinction between the electrostatic and steric contributions of the arginine side chain. Here we use chemical misacylation and in vivo nonsense suppression to encode citrulline, a neutral and nearly isosteric analogue of arginine, into the voltage sensor of the Shaker potassium channel. We functionally characterize the engineered channels and compare them with those bearing conventional mutations at the same positions. We observe effects on both voltage sensitivity and gating kinetics, enabling dissection of the roles of residue structure versus positive charge in channel function. In some positions, substitution with citrulline causes mild effects on channel activation compared with natural mutations. In contrast, substitution of the fourth S4 arginine with citrulline causes substantial changes in the conductance–voltage relationship and the kinetics of the channel, which suggests that a positive charge is required at this position for efficient voltage sensor deactivation and channel closure. The encoding of citrulline is expected to enable enhanced precision for the study of arginine residues located in crowded transmembrane environments in other membrane proteins. In addition, the method may facilitate the study of citrullination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Infield
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Elizabeth E L Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jason D Galpin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Grace D Galles
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Francisco Bezanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Christopher A Ahern
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA .,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Zafar S, Shafiq M, Younas N, Schmitz M, Ferrer I, Zerr I. Prion Protein Interactome: Identifying Novel Targets in Slowly and Rapidly Progressive Forms of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:265-275. [PMID: 28671123 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease (rpAD) is a variant of AD distinguished by a rapid decline in cognition and short disease duration from onset to death. While attempts to identify rpAD based on biomarker profile classifications have been initiated, the mechanisms which contribute to the rapid decline and prion mimicking heterogeneity in clinical signs are still largely unknown. In this study, we characterized prion protein (PrP) expression, localization, and interactome in rpAD, slow progressive AD, and in non-dementia controls. PrP along with its interacting proteins were affinity purified with magnetic Dynabeads Protein-G, and were identified using Q-TOF-ESI/MS analysis. Our data demonstrated a significant 1.2-fold decrease in di-glycosylated PrP isoforms specifically in rpAD patients. Fifteen proteins appeared to interact with PrP and only two proteins3/4histone H2B-type1-B and zinc alpha-2 protein3/4were specifically bound with PrP isoform isolated from rpAD cases. Our data suggest distinct PrP involvement in association with the altered PrP interacting protein in rpAD, though the pathophysiological significance of these interactions remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, IDIBELL-University Hospital Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED (Network center for biomedical research of neurodegenerative diseases), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
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Development of Activity-Based Proteomic Probes for Protein Citrullination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:233-251. [PMID: 30203394 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the post-translational deimination of peptidyl arginine to form peptidyl citrulline. This modification is increased in multiple inflammatory diseases and in certain cancers. PADs regulate a variety of signaling pathways including apoptosis, terminal differentiation, and transcriptional regulation. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probes have been developed to understand the role of the PADs in vivo and to investigate the effect of protein citrullination in various pathological conditions. Furthermore, these ABPPs have been utilized as a platform for high-throughput inhibitor discovery. This review will showcase the development of ABPPs targeting the PADs. In addition, it provides a brief overview of PAD structure and function along with recent advances in PAD inhibitor development.
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Brain ureido degenerative protein modifications are associated with neuroinflammation and proteinopathy in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:175. [PMID: 28865468 PMCID: PMC5581431 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) are associated with the apparition and progression of dementia, and at the same time, Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease (AD + CVD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elder population. Thus, understanding the role(s) of brain DPMs in this dementia subtype may provide novel insight on the disease pathogenesis and may aid on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Two essential DPMs known to promote inflammation in several human diseases are the ureido DPMs (uDPMs) arginine citrullination and lysine carbamylation, although they have distinct enzymatic and non-enzymatic origins, respectively. Nevertheless, the implication of uDPMs in the neuropathology of dementia remains poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we use the state-of-the-art, ultracentrifugation-electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography (UC-ERLIC)-coupled mass spectrometry technology to undertake a comparative characterization of uDPMs in the soluble and particulate postmortem brain fractions of subjects diagnosed with AD + CVD and age-matched controls. RESULTS An increase in the formation of uDPMs was observed in all the profiled AD + CVD brains. Citrulline-containing proteins were found more abundant in the soluble fraction of AD + CVD whereas homocitrulline-containing proteins were preferentially abundant in the particulate fraction of AD + CVD brains. Several dementia-specific citrulline residues were also identified in soluble proteins previously categorized as pro-immunogenic, which include the receptor P2X7, alpha-internexin, GFAP, CNP, MBP, and histones. Similarly, diverse dementia-specific homocitrulline residues were also observed in the particulate fractions of AD + CVD in proteins that have been vastly implicated in neuropathology. Intriguingly, we also found that the amino acids immediately flanking arginine residues may specifically influence the increase in protein citrullination. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results indicate that uDPMs widely contribute to the pathophysiology of AD + CVD by promoting neuroinflammation and proteinopathy. Furthermore, the obtained results could help to identify disease-associated proteins that can act as potential targets for therapeutic intervention or as novel biomarkers of specific neuropathology.
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Myelin Basic Protein Citrullination, a Hallmark of Central Nervous System Demyelination, Assessed by Novel Monoclonal Antibodies in Prion Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3172-3184. [PMID: 28470584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes leads to incomplete protein-lipid bilayer interactions and vulnerability to proteolytic enzymes, resulting in disorganization of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Therefore, citrullinated MBP (citMBP) has been suggested as a hallmark of demyelination, but how citMBP is implicated in prion diseases remains unknown. For the first time, we developed mouse monoclonal anti-citMBP IgG1 (clones 1B8, 1H1, and 3C6) and IgM (clone 3G5) antibodies that recognize human citMBP at its R25, R122, and R130 residues and at its C-terminal region (or the corresponding sites in mouse MBP), respectively. Using a biochemical, immunohistochemical, and immunogold-silver staining for electron microscopy techniques, we found that MBP residue R23 (corresponding to human R25) was specifically citrullinated, was stained as intense punctae in the corpus callosum, the striatum, and the cerebellar white matter, and was predominantly localized in disorganized myelin in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. In the brains of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients, MBP residues R25, R122, and R130 were markedly citrullinated and were stained as fibrils and punctae. In particular, white matter regions, such as the midbrain and the medulla, exhibited high levels of citMBP compared to other regions. However, the high levels of citMBP were not correlated with PAD2 expression. The clone 3G5 recognized significantly increased expression of the 18.5 kDa and/or 21.5 kDa variants of MBP in prion disease. Our findings suggest that significantly increased levels of citMBP may reflect demyelinating neuropathology, and that these newly developed antibodies may be useful for identifying demyelination.
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Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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Masutomi H, Kawashima S, Kondo Y, Uchida Y, Jang B, Choi EK, Kim YS, Shimokado K, Ishigami A. Induction of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 3 by dibutyryl cAMP via cAMP-PKA signaling in human astrocytoma U-251MG cells. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1503-1512. [PMID: 27704563 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are posttranslational modification enzymes that citrullinate (deiminate) protein arginine residues in a calcium-dependent manner, yielding citrulline residues. Enzymatic citrullination abolishes positive charges of native protein molecules, inevitably causing significant alterations in their structure and function. Previously, we reported the abnormal accumulation of citrullinated proteins and an increase of PAD2 content in hippocampi of patients with Alzheimer disease. In this study, we investigated PAD expression by using dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) in human astrocytoma U-251MG cells. Under normal culture conditions, PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA expression is detectable with quantitative PCR in U-251MG cells. The addition of dbcAMP in a dose-dependent manner significantly increased this mRNA expression and protein levels. Moreover, PAD enzyme activity also increased significantly and dose-dependently. Furthermore, the expression of PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA was inhibited by the cAMP-dependent PKA inhibitor KT5720, suggesting that such expression of dbcAMP-induced PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA is mediated by the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway in U-251MG cells. This is the first report to document the PAD2 and PAD3 mRNA expression induced by dbcAMP and to attribute the induction of these genes to mediation by the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway in U-251MG cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Masutomi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Kawashima
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kondo
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Research & Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kentaro Shimokado
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Saijo S, Nagai A, Kinjo S, Mashimo R, Akimoto M, Kizawa K, Yabe-Wada T, Shimizu N, Takahara H, Unno M. Monomeric Form of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type I Revealed by X-ray Crystallography and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3058-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Witalison EE, Thompson PR, Hofseth LJ. Protein Arginine Deiminases and Associated Citrullination: Physiological Functions and Diseases Associated with Dysregulation. Curr Drug Targets 2016; 16:700-10. [PMID: 25642720 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150202160954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human proteins are subjected to more than 200 known post-translational modifications (PTMs) (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, S-nitrosylation, methylation, Nacetylation, and citrullination) and these PTMs can alter protein structure and function with consequent effects on the multitude of pathways necessary for maintaining the physiological homeostasis. When dysregulated, however, the enzymes that catalyze these PTMs can impact the genesis of countless diseases. In this review, we will focus on protein citrullination, a PTM catalyzed by the Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) family of enzymes. Specifically, we will describe the roles of the PADs in both normal human physiology and disease. The development of PAD inhibitors and their efficacy in a variety of autoimmune disorders and cancer will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy 770 Sumter St., Coker Life Sciences, Rm. 513C University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208.
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Fert-Bober J, Giles JT, Holewinski RJ, Kirk JA, Uhrigshardt H, Crowgey EL, Andrade F, Bingham CO, Park JK, Halushka MK, Kass DA, Bathon JM, Van Eyk JE. Citrullination of myofilament proteins in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 108:232-42. [PMID: 26113265 PMCID: PMC4614685 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginine to citrulline by the enzyme family of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is associated with several diseases, and specific citrullinated proteins have been shown to alter function while others act as auto-antigens. In this study, we identified citrullinated proteins in human myocardial samples, from healthy and heart failure patients, and determined several potential functional consequences. Further we investigated PAD isoform cell-specific expression in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS A citrullination-targeted proteomic strategy using data-independent (SWATH) acquisition method was used to identify the modified cardiac proteins. Citrullinated-induced sarcomeric proteins were validated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and investigated using biochemical and functional assays. Myocardial PAD isoforms were confirmed by RT-PCR with PAD2 being the major isoform in myocytes. In total, 304 citrullinated sites were identified that map to 145 proteins among the three study groups: normal, ischaemia, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Citrullination of myosin (using HMM fragment) decreased its intrinsic ATPase activity and inhibited the acto-HMM-ATPase activity. Citrullinated TM resulted in stronger F-actin binding and inhibited the acto-HMM-ATPase activity. Citrullinated TnI did not alter the binding to F-actin or acto-HMM-ATPase activity. Overall, citrullination of sarcomeric proteins caused a decrease in Ca(2+) sensitivity in skinned cardiomyocytes, with no change in maximal calcium-activated force or hill coefficient. CONCLUSION Citrullination unique to the cardiac proteome was identified. Our data indicate important structural and functional alterations to the cardiac sarcomere and the contribution of protein citrullination to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fert-Bober
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA Bayview Proteomics Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald J Holewinski
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kirk
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helge Uhrigshardt
- Bayview Proteomics Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin L Crowgey
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifton O Bingham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan M Bathon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Clinical BioSystems Research Institute, Advanced Health Science Building, 9229, Los Angeles, CA, USA Bayview Proteomics Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Lazarus RC, Buonora JE, Flora MN, Freedy JG, Holstein GR, Martinelli GP, Jacobowitz DM, Mueller GP. Protein Citrullination: A Proposed Mechanism for Pathology in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2015; 6:204. [PMID: 26441823 PMCID: PMC4585288 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is a calcium-driven post-translational modification proposed to play a causative role in the neurodegenerative disorders of Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and prion disease. Citrullination can result in the formation of antigenic epitopes that underlie pathogenic autoimmune responses. This phenomenon, which is best understood in rheumatoid arthritis, may play a role in the chronic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite substantial evidence of aberrations in calcium signaling following TBI, there is little understanding of how TBI alters citrullination in the brain. The present investigation addressed this gap by examining the effects of TBI on the distribution of protein citrullination and on the specific cell types involved. Immunofluorescence revealed that controlled cortical impact in rats profoundly up-regulated protein citrullination in the cerebral cortex, external capsule, and hippocampus. This response was exclusively seen in astrocytes; no such effects were observed on the status of protein citrullination in neurons, oligodendrocytes or microglia. Further, proteomic analyses demonstrated that the effects of TBI on citrullination were confined to a relatively small subset of neural proteins. Proteins most notably affected were those also reported to be citrullinated in other disorders, including prion disease and MS. In vivo findings were extended in an in vitro model of simulated TBI employing normal human astrocytes. Pharmacologically induced calcium excitotoxicity was shown to activate the citrullination and breakdown of glial fibrillary acidic protein, producing a novel candidate TBI biomarker and potential target for autoimmune recognition. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the effects of TBI on protein citrullination are selective with respect to brain region, cell type, and proteins modified, and may contribute to a role for autoimmune dysfunction in chronic pathology following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Lazarus
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - John E Buonora
- US Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing , Fort Sam Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael N Flora
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - James G Freedy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Gay R Holstein
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Giorgio P Martinelli
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - David M Jacobowitz
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Gregory P Mueller
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA ; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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26
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Ishigami A, Masutomi H, Handa S, Nakamura M, Nakaya S, Uchida Y, Saito Y, Murayama S, Jang B, Jeon YC, Choi EK, Kim YS, Kasahara Y, Maruyama N, Toda T. Mass spectrometric identification of citrullination sites and immunohistochemical detection of citrullinated glial fibrillary acidic protein in Alzheimer's disease brains. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1664-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirofumi Masutomi
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Setsuko Handa
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuuichi Nakaya
- Global Applications Development Center; Shimadzu Corp.; Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Research & Development Division; Fujirebio Inc.; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Itabashi-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Itabashi-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science; Hallym University; Anyang Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Jeon
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science; Hallym University; Anyang Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science; Hallym University; Anyang Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science; Hallym University; Anyang Gyeonggi-do Korea
| | - Yasushi Kasahara
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
- Research & Development Division; Fujirebio Inc.; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Molecular Regulation of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tosifusa Toda
- Advanced Medical Research Center; Yokohama City University; Yokohama Japan
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Subramanian V, Knight JS, Parelkar S, Anguish L, Coonrod SA, Kaplan MJ, Thompson PR. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of tetrazole analogs of Cl-amidine as protein arginine deiminase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1337-44. [PMID: 25559347 PMCID: PMC4610306 DOI: 10.1021/jm501636x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
arginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the post-translational
hydrolysis of arginine residues to form citrulline. This once obscure
modification is now known to play a key role in the etiology of multiple
autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis,
lupus, and ulcerative colitis) and in some forms of cancer. Among
the five human PADs (PAD1, -2, -3, -4, and -6), it is unclear which
isozyme contributes to disease pathogenesis. Toward the identification
of potent, selective, and bioavailable PAD inhibitors that can be
used to elucidate the specific roles of each isozyme, we describe
tetrazole analogs as suitable backbone amide bond bioisosteres for
the parent pan PAD inhibitor Cl-amidine. These tetrazole based analogs
are highly potent and show selectivity toward particular isozymes.
Importantly, one of the compounds, biphenyl tetrazole tert-butyl Cl-amidine (compound 13), exhibits enhanced cell
killing in a PAD4 expressing osteosarcoma bone marrow (U2OS) cell
line and can also block the formation of neutrophil extracellular
traps. These bioisosteres represent an important step in our efforts
to develop stable, bioavailable, and selective inhibitors for the
PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States
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28
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Shott RH, Majer A, Frost KL, Booth SA, Schang LM. Activation of pro-survival CaMK4β/CREB and pro-death MST1 signaling at early and late times during a mouse model of prion disease. Virol J 2014; 11:160. [PMID: 25183307 PMCID: PMC4168054 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The signaling pathways most critical to prion disease pathogenesis are as yet incompletely characterized. We have developed a kinomics approach to identify signaling pathways that are dysregulated during prion pathogenesis. The approach is sensitive and specific enough to detect signaling pathways dysregulated in a simple in vitro model of prion pathogenesis. Here, we used this approach to identify signaling pathways dysregulated during prion pathogenesis in vivo. Methods Mice intraperitoneally infected with scrapie (strain RML) were euthanized at 70, 90, 110, 130 days post-infection (dpi) or at terminal stages of disease (155–190 dpi). The levels of 139 protein kinases in brainstem-cerebellum homogenates were analyzed by multiplex Western blots, followed by hierarchical clustering and analyses of activation states. Results Hierarchical and functional clustering identified CaMK4β and MST1 signaling pathways as potentially dysregulated. Targeted analyses revealed that CaMK4β and its downstream substrate CREB, which promotes neuronal survival, were activated at 70 and 90 dpi in cortical, subcortical and brainstem-cerebellum homogenates from scrapie-infected mice. The activation levels of CaMK4β/CREB signaling returned to those in mock-infected mice at 110 dpi, whereas MST1, which promotes neuronal death, became activated at 130 dpi. Conclusion Pro-survival CaMK4β/CREB signaling is activated in mouse scrapie at earlier times and later inhibited, whereas pro-death MST1 signaling is activated at these later times. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-11-160) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis M Schang
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases (CPPFD), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Anchorless 23-230 PrPC interactomics for elucidation of PrPC protective role. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1385-99. [PMID: 24390569 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of conformationally altered cellular proteins (i.e., prion protein) is the common feature of prions and other neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that the lack of terminal sequence of cellular prion protein (PrPC), necessary for the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor, leads to a protease-resistant conformation that resembles scrapie-associated isoform of prion protein. Moreover, mice overexpressing the truncated form of PrPC showed late-onset, amyloid deposition, and the presence of a short protease-resistant PrP fragment in the brain similar to those found in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease patients. Therefore, the physiopathological function of truncated_/anchorless 23-230 PrPC (Δ23-230 PrPC) has come into focus of attention. The present study aims at revealing the physiopathological function of the anchorless PrPC form by identifying its interacting proteins. The truncated_/anchorless Δ23-230 PrPC along with its interacting proteins was affinity purified using STrEP-Tactin chromatography, in-gel digested, and identified by quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis in prion protein-deficient murine hippocampus (HpL3-4) neuronal cell line. Twenty-three proteins appeared to interact with anchorless Δ23-230 PrPC in HpL3-4 cells. Out of the 23 proteins, one novel protein, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (PKM2), exhibited a potential interaction with the anchorless Δ23-230 form of PrPC. Both reverse co-immunoprecipitation and confocal laser-scanning microscopic analysis confirmed an interaction of PKM2 with the anchorless Δ23-230 form of PrPC. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence for co-localization of PKM2 and PrPC as well as PrPC-dependent PKM2 expression regulation. In addition, given the involvement of PrPC in the regulation of apoptosis, we exposed HpL3-4 cells to staurosporine (STS)-mediated apoptotic stress. In response to STS-mediated apoptotic stress, HpL3-4 cells transiently expressing 23-230-truncated PrPC were markedly less viable, were more prone to apoptosis and exhibited significantly higher PKM2 expressional regulation as compared with HpL3-4 cells transiently expressing full-length PrPC (1-253 PrPC). The enhanced STS-induced apoptosis was shown by increased caspase-3 cleavage. Together, our data suggest that the misbalance or over expression of anchorless Δ23-230 form of PrPC in association with the expressional regulation of interacting proteins could render cells more prone to cellular insults-stress response, formation of aggregates and may ultimately be linked to the cell death.
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30
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Ishigami A, Uchida Y, Miyazaki T, Handa S, Choi EK, Kim YS, Kasahara Y, Maruyama N. Two novel sandwich ELISAs identify PAD4 levels and PAD4 autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Moscarello MA. Protein Hypercitrullination in CNS Demyelinating Disease Reversed by PAD Inhibition. PROTEIN DEIMINATION IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2014:187-217. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8317-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P, Loos T. Peptidylarginine deiminases: physiological function, interaction with chemokines and role in pathology. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Jin Z, Fu Z, Yang J, Troncosco J, Everett AD, Van Eyk JE. Identification and characterization of citrulline-modified brain proteins by combining HCD and CID fragmentation. Proteomics 2013; 13:2682-91. [PMID: 23828821 PMCID: PMC4864592 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a protein PTM of arginine residues catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase. Protein citrullination has been detected in the CNS and associated with a number of neurological diseases. However, identifying citrullinated proteins from complex mixtures and pinpointing citrullinated residues have been limited. Using RP LC and high-resolution MS, this study determined in vitro citrullination sites of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), neurogranin (NRGN/RC3), and myelin basic protein (MBP) and in vivo sites in brain protein extract. Human GFAP has five endogenous citrullination sites, R30, R36, R270, R406, and R416, and MBP has 14 in vivo citrullination sites. Human NRGN/RC3 was found citrullinated at residue R68. The sequence of citrullinated peptides and citrullination sites were confirmed from peptides identified in trypsin, Lys-C, and Glu-C digests. The relative ratio of citrullination was estimated by simultaneous identification of citrullinated and unmodified peptides from Alzheimer's and control brain samples. The site occupancy of citrullination at the residue R68 of NRGN ranged from 1.6 to 9.5%. Compared to CID, higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) mainly produced protein backbone fragmentation for citrullinated peptides. CID-triggered HCD fragmentation is an optimal approach for the identification of citrullinated peptides in complex protein digests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zongming Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Juan Troncosco
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allen D. Everett
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Campisi E, Cardone F, Graziano S, Galeno R, Pocchiari M. Role of proteomics in understanding prion infection. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 9:649-66. [PMID: 23256675 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative pathologies characterized by the autocatalytic misfolding and polymerization of a cellular glycoprotein (cellular prion protein [PrP(C)]) that accumulates in the CNS and leads to neurodegeneration. The detailed mechanics of PrP(C) conversion to its pathological isoform (PrP(TSE)) are unclear but one or more exogenous factors are likely involved in the process of PrP misfolding. In the last 20 years, proteomic investigations have identified several endogenous proteins that interact with PrP(C), PrP(TSE) or both, which are possibly involved in the prion pathogenetic process. However, current approaches have not yet produced convincing conclusions on the biological value of such PrP interactors. Future advancements in the comprehension of the molecular pathogenesis of prion diseases, in experimental techniques and in data analysis procedures, together with a boost in more productive international collaborations, are therefore needed to improve the understanding on the role of PrP interactors. Finally, the advancement of 'omics' techniques in prion diseases will contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests and effective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmondo Campisi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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35
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Dual immunofluorescence study of citrullinated proteins in Alzheimer diseased frontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2013; 545:107-11. [PMID: 23648390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deimination is a post-translational modification of proteins in which selected arginine amino acids are enzymatically converted to citrullines. Using dual-color immunofluorescence, the present study is the first to examine the frontal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus age-matched controls with an established monoclonal antibody (F95) against peptidyl-citrulline moieties. In AD specimens, a number of new findings were discovered, including evidence for deiminated proteins in extracellular plaques, the walls of large blood vessels, the nuclei of selective neurons immunoreactive for phosphorylated tau and numerous reactive astrocytes concentrated around extracellular plaques, ventricular surfaces and at the interface between the gray and white matter of the cortex. Although the identities of these citrullinated proteins remain largely unknown, the present study adds to the growing number of locations in which deiminated proteins may be found in the brains of patients with AD.
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Wei L, Wasilewski E, Chakka SK, Bello AM, Moscarello MA, Kotra LP. Novel Inhibitors of Protein Arginine Deiminase with Potential Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Animal Model. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1715-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301755q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhu Wei
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Sai Kumar Chakka
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Angelica M. Bello
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mario A. Moscarello
- The Research Institute, Hospital
for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Center for Molecular Design
and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, University
Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- McLaughlin Center for Molecular
Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bello AM, Wasilewski E, Wei L, Moscarello MA, Kotra LP. Interrogation of the Active Sites of Protein Arginine Deiminases (PAD1, -2, and -4) Using Designer Probes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:249-53. [PMID: 24900657 DOI: 10.1021/ml300377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are involved in a number of cellular pathways, and they catalyze the transformation of peptidyl arginine residue into a citrulline as part of post-translational modifications. To understand ligand preferences, a group of probe molecules were investigated against PAD1, PAD2, and PAD4. These probe molecules carried a well-known covalent modifier of the catalytic cysteine residue, 2-chloroacetamidine moiety, which was tethered to an α-amino acid via a carbon linker. The chain length for the linker varied from 0 to 4. Time-dependent assays indicated that 2-chloroacetamidine (2CA) with no linker inhibited all PAD enzymes with a similar trend in the second-order rate constants, although with poor affinity. Among the other three probe molecules, compound 3 with a three-carbon linker exhibited the best second-order rate constants for optimal ligand reactivity with the binding site. These analyses provide insights into the relative patterns of covalent inactivation of PAD isozymes and the design of novel inhibitors targeting PAD enzymes as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M. Bello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Lianhu Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Mario A. Moscarello
- Department of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
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Moscarello MA, Lei H, Mastronardi FG, Winer S, Tsui H, Li Z, Ackerley C, Zhang L, Raijmakers R, Wood DD. Inhibition of peptidyl-arginine deiminases reverses protein-hypercitrullination and disease in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:467-78. [PMID: 23118341 PMCID: PMC3597028 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common CNS-demyelinating disease of humans, showing clinical and pathological heterogeneity and a general resistance to therapy. We first discovered that abnormal myelin hypercitrullination, even in normal-appearing white matter, by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) correlates strongly with disease severity and might have an important role in MS progression. Hypercitrullination is known to promote focal demyelination through reduced myelin compaction. Here we report that 2-chloroacetamidine (2CA), a small-molecule, PAD active-site inhibitor, dramatically attenuates disease at any stage in independent neurodegenerative as well as autoimmune MS mouse models. 2CA reduced PAD activity and protein citrullination to pre-disease status. In the autoimmune models, disease induction uniformly induced spontaneous hypercitrullination with citrulline+ epitopes targeted frequently. 2CA rapidly suppressed T cell autoreactivity, clearing brain and spinal cord infiltrates, through selective removal of newly activated T cells. 2CA essentially prevented disease when administered before disease onset or before autoimmune induction, making hypercitrullination, and specifically PAD enzymes, a therapeutic target in MS models and thus possibly in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Moscarello
- Molecular Structure and Function, The Research Institute, Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
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39
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Jang B, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Peptidylarginine deiminase and protein citrullination in prion diseases: strong evidence of neurodegeneration. Prion 2012; 7:42-6. [PMID: 23022892 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational citrullination (deimination) process is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline in the presence of high calcium concentrations. Over the past decade, PADs and protein citrullination have been commonly implicated as abnormal pathological features in neurodegeneration and inflammatory responses associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on this evidence, we investigated the roles of PADs and citrullination in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are pathologically well characterized as the accumulation of disease-associated misfolded prion proteins, spongiform changes, glial cell activation and neuronal loss. We previously demonstrated that the upregulation of PAD2, mainly found in reactive astrocytes of infected brains, leads to excessive citrullination, which is correlated with disease progression. Further, we demonstrated that various cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins are particularly vulnerable to citrullination. Our recent in vivo and in vitro studies elicited altered functions of enolase as the result of citrullination; these altered functions included reduced enzyme activity, increased protease sensitivity and enhanced plasminogen-binding affinity. These findings suggest that PAD2 and citrullinated proteins may play a key role in the brain pathology of prion diseases. By extension, we believe that abnormal increases in protein citrullination may be strong evidence of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular Aging and Neurodegeneration, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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40
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Two novel sandwich ELISAs identify PAD4 levels and PAD4 autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:794-803. [PMID: 22986904 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) gene and PAD4 autoantibodies have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its pathogenesis. Therefore, methods for accurately determining their levels in the peripheral blood of these patients would be a diagnostic asset. The objective of our study was to adapt the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for evaluating PAD4 levels in human blood. METHODS We prepared recombinant human (h)PAD1, -2, -3, and -4 proteins to develop mouse monoclonal antibodies specific to hPAD4. We then generated six monoclonal antibodies against hPAD4 and developed two new sandwich ELISA methods for evaluating hPAD4 and PAD4 autoantibodies in the peripheral blood from 32 patients with RA, ten patients with osteoarthrosis, and 20 healthy individuals. RESULTS The distribution of hPAD4 in the patients' plasma was determined. Two populations were identified: one group with high hPAD4 levels (>0.57 ng/mL) and a second group with near-zero levels (<0.1 ng/mL). Most patients approximating zero hPAD4 levels had PAD4 autoantibodies. In contrast, most of those with higher plasma hPAD4 levels did not have detectable PAD4 autoantibodies. CONCLUSION The combination of these sandwich ELISA methods may be a potentially beneficial clinical tool for diagnosing RA.
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41
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Peptidylarginine deiminase modulates the physiological roles of enolase via citrullination: links between altered multifunction of enolase and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem J 2012; 445:183-92. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The citrullination of enolase by PAD (peptidylarginine deiminase) has emerged as an important post-translational modification in human disorders; however, the physiological function of citrullination remains unknown. In the present study, we report that citrullination diversely regulates the biological functions of ENO1 (α-enolase) and NSE (neuron-specific enolase). We developed three mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies with specificity to the following: (i) citrullination of Arg9 of ENO1 [ENO1Cit9; anti-CE1 (citrullinated enolase 1) antibody]; (ii) citrullination of Arg9 in ENO1 and NSE (ENO1Cit9/NSECit9; anti-CE1/2 antibody); and (iii) citrullination of Arg429 of NSE (NSECit429; anti-CE2 antibody). Regardless of the total protein expression level, the levels of ENO1Cit9 and NSECit429 were elevated, and their immunoreactivities were also increased in cortical neuronal cells or around blood vessels in the frontal cortex of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer's disease compared with controls. In a time- and dose-dependent manner, PAD negatively regulated enolase activity via citrullination, and enolase in diseased patients was more inactive than in controls. Interestingly, the citrullination of enolase effectively promoted its proteolytic degradation by Ca2+-dependent calpain-1, and leupeptin (calpain inhibitor I) abrogated this degradation. Surprisingly, using an affinity assay, the citrullination of enolase enhanced its plasminogen-binding affinity, which was blocked by the lysine analogue ϵ-aminocaproic acid. These findings suggest that PAD-mediated citrullination regulates the diverse physiological activities of enolase and that CE may be a candidate diagnostic/prognostic factor for degenerative diseases.
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42
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Zafar S, von Ahsen N, Oellerich M, Zerr I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Armstrong VW, Asif AR. Proteomics Approach to Identify the Interacting Partners of Cellular Prion Protein and Characterization of Rab7a Interaction in Neuronal Cells. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3123-35. [DOI: 10.1021/pr2001989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas von Ahsen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Oellerich
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Walter J. Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Victor W. Armstrong
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Abdul R. Asif
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, ‡Department of Neurobiology, and §Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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43
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Dual immunofluorescence study of citrullinated proteins in Parkinson diseased substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:26-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Méchin MC, Nachat R, Coudane F, Adoue V, Arnaud J, Serre G, Simon M. [Deimination or citrullination, a post-translational modification with many physiological and pathophysiological facets]. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:49-54. [PMID: 21299962 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deimination or citrullination, is a post-translational modification with many facets. It is involved in several basic cellular processes, including gene regulation, embryonic development and terminal differentiation, and also in various pathophysiological mechanisms linked to severe human diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Deimination, the calcium-dependent enzymatic conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, induces a decrease in the charge of the modified proteins with major consequences on their conformation, stability and/or interactions, and therefore on their functions. Five isotypes of peptidylarginine deiminases (1-4 and 6), exist in humans with a variable tissue expression. These highly conserved enzymes are closely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, probably including auto-deimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Méchin
- UMR 5165 CNRS/ Université Paul Sabatier, Hôpital Purpan, place du Docteur Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France. marie-claire.mechin@ udear.cnrs.fr
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45
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Subcellular localization of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and citrullinated proteins in brains of scrapie-infected mice: nuclear localization of PAD2 and membrane fraction-enriched citrullinated proteins. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:116-24. [PMID: 21343880 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318207559e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) and citrullinated proteins have emerged as key molecules in various human diseases, but detailed subcellular localizations of PAD2 and citrullinated proteins are poorly mapped in brain under normal and pathologic conditions. We performed subcellular fractionation and electron microscopic analysis using brains of normal and scrapie-infected mice. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 was abundantly present in cytosol and weakly in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions and expression in these fractions was higher in brains of scrapie-infected mice. Despite relatively low PAD2 expression, in microsomal and mitochondrial fractions, citrullinated proteins were present at high levels in these fractions in scrapie-infected brains. Surprisingly, increased PAD2 expression and accumulated citrullinated proteins were also found in nuclear fractions in scrapie-infected brains. By electron microscopy, PAD2 and citrullinated proteins in scrapie-infected brains were widely distributed in most cellular compartments including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, glial filaments, nuclei, and Golgi apparatus in astrocytes and hippocampal neurons. Taken together, we report for the first time the nuclear localization of PAD2 and the detailed subcellular localization of PAD2 and of citrullinated proteins in scrapie-infected brains. Our findings suggest that different subcellular compartmentalization of PAD2 and citrullinated proteins may have different physiological roles in normal and neurodegenerative conditions.
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46
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Mangat P, Wegner N, Venables PJ, Potempa J. Bacterial and human peptidylarginine deiminases: targets for inhibiting the autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:209. [PMID: 20553633 PMCID: PMC2911857 DOI: 10.1186/ar3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) convert arginine within a peptide (peptidylarginine) into peptidylcitrulline. Citrullination by human PADs is important in normal physiology and inflammation. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen in periodontitis, is the only prokaryote described to possess PAD. P. gingivalis infection may generate citrullinated peptides, which trigger anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. In susceptible individuals, host protein citrullination by human PADs in the joint probably perpetuates antibody formation, paving the way for the development of chronic arthritis. Blockades of bacterial and human PADs may act as powerful novel therapies by inhibiting the generation of the antigens that trigger and sustain autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Mangat
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College, 65 Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK
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47
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Shimada N, Handa S, Uchida Y, Fukuda M, Maruyama N, Asaga H, Choi EK, Lee J, Ishigami A. Developmental and age-related changes of peptidylarginine deiminase 2 in the mouse brain. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:798-806. [PMID: 19830834 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of posttranslational modification enzymes that citrullinate (deiminate) protein arginine residues in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Enzymatic citrullination abolishes positive charges of native protein molecules, inevitably causing significant alterations in their structure and functions. Among the five isoforms of PADs, PAD2 and PAD4 are proved occupants of the central nervous system (CNS), and especially PAD2 is a main PAD enzyme expressed in the CNS. We previously reported that abnormal protein citrullination by PAD2 has been closely associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and prion disease. Protein citrullination in these patients is thought to play a role during the initiation and/or progression of disease. However, the contribution of changes in PAD2 levels, and consequent citrullination, during developmental and aging processes remained unclear. Therefore, we used quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical methods to measure PAD2 expression and localization in the brain during those processes. PAD2 mRNA expression was detected in the brains of mice as early as embryonic day 15, and its expression in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum increased significantly as the animals aged from 3 to 30 months old. No citrullinated proteins were detected during that period. Moreover, we found here, for the first time, that PAD2 localized specifically in the neuronal cells of the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. These findings indicate that, despite PAD2's normally inactive status, it becomes active and citrullinates cellular proteins, but only when the intracellular Ca(2+) balance is upset during neurodegenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Shimada
- Aging Regulation, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Involvement of peptidylarginine deiminase-mediated post-translational citrullination in pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:199-210. [PMID: 20013286 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs)-mediated post-translational citrullination processes play key roles in protein functions and structural stability through the conversion of arginine to citrulline in the presence of excessive calcium concentrations. In brain, PAD2 is abundantly expressed and can be involved in citrullination in disease. Recently, we have reported pathological characterization of PAD2 and citrullinated proteins in scrapie-infected mice, but the implication of protein citrullination in the pathophysiology in human prion disease is not clear. In the present study, we explored the molecular and biological involvement of PAD2 and the pathogenesis of citrullinated proteins in frontal cortex of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). We found increased expression of PAD2 in reactive astrocytes that also contained increased levels of citrullinated proteins. In addition, PAD activity was significantly elevated in patients with sCJD compared to controls. From two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass analysis, we found various citrullinated candidates, including cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins such as vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, enolase, and phosphoglycerate kinase. Based on these findings, our investigations suggest that PAD2 activation and aberrant citrullinated proteins could play a role in pathogenesis and have value as a marker for the postmortem classification of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Jones J, Causey C, Knuckley B, Slack-Noyes JL, Thompson PR. Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4): Current understanding and future therapeutic potential. CURRENT OPINION IN DRUG DISCOVERY & DEVELOPMENT 2009; 12:616-627. [PMID: 19736621 PMCID: PMC3771078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The protein arginine deiminases (PADs), and in particular PAD4, have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, evidence linking dysregulated PAD activity to the onset and progression of RA is presented, and the potential role of such aberrant activity in other human diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and cancer, is discussed. The known physiological roles of the PADs, particularly PAD4, and current knowledge regarding PAD structure, catalysis and inhibition are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul R. Thompson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208 tel: (803)-777-6414; fax: (803)-777-9521;
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Young DS, Meersman F, Oxley D, Webster J, Gill AC, Bronstein I, Lowe CR, Dear DV. Effect of enzymatic deimination on the conformation of recombinant prion protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1794:1123-33. [PMID: 19341825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Deimination is the post-translational conversion of arginine residues to citrulline. It has been implicated as a causative factor in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis and more recently, as a marker of neurodegeneration. We have investigated the effect of the post-translational modification of arginine residues on the structure of recombinant ovine prion protein. Deiminated prion protein exhibited biophysical properties characteristic of the scrapie-associated conformer of prion protein viz. an increased beta-sheet secondary structure, congophilic structures indicative of amyloid and proteinase K resistance which could be templated onto normal unmodified prion protein. In the light of these findings, a potential role of post-translational modifications to prion protein in disease initiation or propagation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan S Young
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
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