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Burns TA. "Feeding the Foot": Nutritional Influences on Equine Hoof Health. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:669-684. [PMID: 34674915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role in equine health, including that of the foot. Deficiencies and excesses of dietary components can affect the growth and function of the foot and have been associated with important podiatric diseases. The recognition, prevention, and treatment of specific notable nutritional diseases of the foot are discussed, as well as information regarding specific ingredients included in supplements meant to improve equine hoof quality. Ensuring provision of a balanced diet, maintaining horses in appropriate body condition, and seeking guidance from an equine nutritionist when creating dietary recommendations will prevent most equine foot disease related to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Siciliano P, Pratt-Phillips S, Goertzen EW, McLeod SJ, Moore J, Krafka K, Hyda J, Rounds W. Chromium propionate increases insulin sensitivity in horses following oral and intravenous carbohydrate administration. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5811456. [PMID: 32211767 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight Quarter Horse geldings (3 to 8 yr of age) were used to determine the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), in the form of Cr propionate (Cr Prop) on insulin sensitivity. Horses were blocked by age, body condition score, and glucose response to concentrate feeding on day 0 and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop. Horses were fed daily a concentrate mix at a rate of 0.2 kg/100 kg body weight (BW) and grass hay at 1.75 to 2.0 kg/100 kg BW. All horses were fed the control diet for 7 d prior to the initiation of the study. After an overnight fast, blood samples from the jugular vein were obtained at 0, 2, and 4 h after concentrate feeding on days 0 and 28 for the determination of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and insulin. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted on day 42. Glucose was infused via jugular vein catheters, and blood samples were collected at various times relative to dosing for glucose and insulin determination. Plasma glucose on day 28 was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment × time. Horses fed 4 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose concentrations than those in the other treatments at 0 h. At 2 h post-feeding glucose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 8 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 mg Cr. Horses fed 2 mg Cr/d had lesser (P < 0.05) plasma glucose at 4 h post feeding compared with those fed 0 or 8 mg Cr. Plasma glucose did not differ among horses receiving 2 or 4 mg Cr/d at 2 or 4 h. Serum insulin was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment, time, and treatment × time. Insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 0 or 2 mg Cr/d than in those given 4 or 8 mg Cr at 0 h. At 4 h post-feeding insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses given 0 or 8 mg Cr than in those fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Plasma glucose was affected (P < 0.05) by treatment and time, but not by treatment × time following the GTT. Mean plasma glucose (across sampling times) concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in controls than in horses fed 2 or 4 mg Cr/d. Glucose concentrations following the GTT did not differ among controls and horses given 8 mg Cr/d. Following glucose infusion, serum insulin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in horses fed 2 or 4 mg Cr and tended to be greater in those fed 8 mg Cr/d compared with controls. The results of this study indicate that 2 or 4 mg Cr/d from Cr Prop increased insulin sensitivity in adult horses following oral carbohydrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Karen E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Paul Siciliano
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Ellen W Goertzen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Sarah J McLeod
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - Jill Hyda
- Kemin AgriFoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA
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Kędzierski W, Janczarek I, Kowalik S, Jamioł M, Wawak T, Borsuk G, Przetacznik M. Bee Pollen Supplementation to Aged Horses Influences Several Blood Parameters. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:103024. [PMID: 32534787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans and animals, aging leads to a decrease in immune function and an increased susceptibility to infection. Decreased immunity and an increase in the incidence of infectious diseases are particularly notable during the autumn. Bee pollen supplementation improves immunity and antioxidant enzyme activity, as well as general performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bee pollen supplementation during the autumn on blood parameters in aged horses. The study was performed on 16 warmblood horses aged 15-26 years. Half of this group received 60 g of bee pollen (soaked in water) daily for 30 days during the autumn season. Blood samples were taken from all horses before and after the supplementation period. Numerous hematological and plasma biochemical parameters including indicators of oxidative stress were determined. The data collected after the supplementation were compared with data collected before the experiment using one-way analysis of variance and paired Student's t-test. In the control group, there was a decline in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit and an increase in some lipid parameters, urea, total plasma proteins, and sulfhydryl groups. Supplementation with bee pollen prevented the variation of these parameters, except for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We believe that bee pollen supplementation for aged horses during autumn has beneficial effects because it inhibited some of the adverse changes observed in the control horses during this season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kędzierski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Janczarek
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwestr Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Jamioł
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tatiana Wawak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Borsuk
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Apidologie, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Przetacznik
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Blaue D, Schedlbauer C, Starzonek J, Gittel C, Brehm W, Einspanier A, Vervuert I. Effects of body weight gain on insulin and lipid metabolism in equines. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:111-118. [PMID: 31035090 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to illuminate the changes in serum NEFA concentrations during a combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT) and basal serum triacylglycerides (TGs) with increasing BW in Shetland ponies and warmblood horses. Therefore, basal blood samples were taken during fasting and a CGIT was performed in 19 healthy equines (10 Shetland ponies, 9 warmblood horses) (t0). After one (t1) and two (t2) year(s) of receiving 200% of their maintenance metabolizable energy requirement, procedures were repeated in the same equines. Sixteen of 19 equines had no signs of insulin dysregulation confirmed by CGIT. Basal plasma glucose concentrations increased in ponies (P = 0.001) when comparing t0 and t2, and basal serum insulin concentrations increased in ponies (P = 0.009) and horses (P = 0.024) from t0 to t2. Basal serum NEFA concentrations increased in ponies comparing t0 and t2 (P = 0.01). During CGIT, NEFA levels dropped until reaching a nadir and subsequently recovered until reaching basal concentrations. The minimum serum NEFA value did not change over time in ponies or horses. However, a strong correlation between basal serum NEFA concentrations and the percentage drop to minimum NEFA levels was found in ponies. Two of three equines (one horse and one pony) graded as insulin-dysregulated suffered from laminitis at t2. The serum NEFA concentrations of these animals had a delay in recovery of the minimum NEFA levels. Basal serum TG levels did not change with BW gain, and no breed differences were observed. In conclusion, serum NEFA concentrations are useful parameters during CGIT to detect insulin dysregulation in equines. Thus, further investigation should be focused on lipid metabolism during insulin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Blaue
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Schedlbauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Starzonek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Gittel
- University Equine Hospital, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - W Brehm
- University Equine Hospital, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Einspanier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - I Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, An den Tierkliniken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Survey of biochemical and oxidative profile in donkey foals suckled with one natural and one semi-artificial technique. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198774. [PMID: 29874272 PMCID: PMC5991377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy donkey milking procedures require separating foals from their dams for a few hours a day. Artificial suckling in this species is a good technique for improving milk production and foal welfare. The aim of the work is to compare the effect of two different diets on donkey foals when separated from jennies for milking procedures with and without a milk replacer. Forty newborn Martina Franca donkey foals were subdivided into two experimental groups. Both groups were separated from their respective dams from 8.00to 20.00to allow the jennies to be milked. During the separation, all the foals had access ad libitum to water, hay and feed. During the separation period, one group had the availability of a mechanical milk replacer dispenser, so foals were partially artificially suckled (AS), while the other group had no milk replacer available, and so were totally naturally suckled (NS). The AS group had milk replacer availability until 120±7d of life. Both groups were naturally weaned at 168±7d. Blood samples were collected weekly starting from birth until two wks after weaning (i.e. at 182d), from all the foals included in the trial. Almost all the analytes were influenced by suckling technique and age of foals. Alanine-aminotransferase, aspartate-aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, NEFA, lipid hydroperoxides, serum proteins showed the greatest differences between the two experimental groups. Separating foals from their dams for 12hdaily for 24 weeks does not lead to pathological subclinical and metabolic conditions, thus confirming the high rusticity and resistance of the donkey.
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Auyyuenyong R, Henze A, Ungru J, Schweigert FJ, Raila J, Vervuert I. Determination of lipid profiles in serum of obese ponies before and after weight reduction by using multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:111-117. [PMID: 29241051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome, which is highly associated with laminitis. Feed restriction and/or exercise are known to alleviate the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in obese ponies. However, little is known about changes in the serum lipid patterns due to weight reduction and its association with disease outcomes. Therefore, the lipid patterns in the serum of 14 mature ponies before and after a 14-week body weight reduction program (BWRP) were investigated by multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (MOD-TLC). Additionally, sensitivity to insulin (SI), body condition scores (BCS) and cresty neck scores (CNS) were measured. A BWRP resulted in a significant loss of body weight (P<0.001), which was associated with beneficial decreases in BCS and CNS (both, P<0.001). Serum lipid compositions revealed significantly increased free fatty acid (FFA), sphingomyelin (SM; both P<0.001), total cholesterol (C) and cholesterol ester (CE) (both P<0.01) and triacylglycerol (TG; P<0.05) densities. Improvement of SI after the BWRP was associated with increases in neutral lipids (C, CE and TG, all P<0.01), FFA and the phospholipid SM (both, P<0.001). The results show that a BWRP in obese ponies was effective and associated with changes in the concentrations of neutral lipids and the phospholipid SM, indicating that SM may play a role in insulin signaling pathways and thus in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the progression of metabolic syndrome in obese ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchada Auyyuenyong
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andrea Henze
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Julia Ungru
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Warnken T, Brehm R, Feige K, Huber K. Insulin signaling in various equine tissues under basal conditions and acute stimulation by intravenously injected insulin. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2017; 61:17-26. [PMID: 28595108 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze key proteins of the equine insulin signaling cascade and their extent of phosphorylation in biopsies from muscle tissue (MT), liver tissue (LT), and nuchal AT, subcutaneous AT, and retroperitoneal adipose tissues. This was investigated under unstimulated (B1) and intravenously insulin stimulated (B2) conditions, which were achieved by injection of insulin (0.1 IU/kg bodyweight) and glucose (150 mg/kg bodyweight). Twelve warmblood horses aged 15 ± 6.8 yr (yr), weighing 559 ± 79 kg, and with a mean body condition score of 4.7 ± 1.5 were included in the study. Key proteins of the insulin signaling cascade were semiquantitatively determined using Western blotting. Furthermore, modulation of the cascade was assessed. The basal expression of the proteins was only slightly influenced during the experimental period. Insulin induced a high extent of phosphorylation of insulin receptor in LT (P < 0.01) but not in MT. Protein kinase B and mechanistic target of rapamycin expressed a higher extent of phosphorylation in all tissues in B2 biopsies. Adenosine monophosphate protein kinase, as a component related to insulin signaling, expressed enhanced phosphorylation in MT (P < 0.05) and adipose tissues (nuchal AT P < 0.05; SCAT P < 0.01; retroperitoneal adipose tissue P < 0.05), but not in LT at B2. Tissue-specific variations in the acute response of insulin signaling to intravenously injected insulin were observed. In conclusion, insulin sensitivity in healthy horses is based on a complex concerted action of different tissues by their variations in the molecular response to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ralph Brehm
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Tóth B, Auth A, Rompos L, Bakos Z. Effect of feed deprivation on selected parameters of lipid mobilisation and hepatic function in healthy Akhal Teke horses. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:98-103. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Z. Bakos
- Department and Clinic of Equine Medicine; University of Veterinary Medicine; Üllő Hungary
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Bertin FR, Taylor SD, Bianco AW, Sojka-Kritchevsky JE. The Effect of Fasting Duration on Baseline Blood Glucose Concentration, Blood Insulin Concentration, Glucose/Insulin Ratio, Oral Sugar Test, and Insulin Response Test Results in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1726-1731. [PMID: 27481572 PMCID: PMC5032872 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Published descriptions of the oral sugar test (OST) and insulin response test (IRT) have been inconsistent when specifying the protocol for fasting horses before testing. The purpose of our study was to examine the effect of fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, OST, and IRT results in horses. Animals Ten healthy adult horses. Procedures Both OST and IRT were performed on horses without fasting and after fasting for 3, 6, and 12 hours. Thus, 8 tests were performed per horse in a randomized order. Blood collected at the initial time point of the OST was analysed for both blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations so that baseline concentrations and the glucose/insulin ratio could be determined. Unless fasted, horses had free‐choice access to grass hay. Results There was no effect of fasting and fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, serum insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, or the OST. Response to insulin in the IRT was decreased in fasted horses. The effect increased with fasting duration, with the least response to insulin administration after a 12‐hour fast. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance These data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not a fixed trait in horses. Fasting a horse is not recommended for a glucose/insulin ratio or IRT, and fasting a horse for 3 hours is recommended for the OST.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Bertin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - S D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - A W Bianco
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - J E Sojka-Kritchevsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
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Aoki T, Kimura Y, Oya A, Chiba A, Ishii M, Nambo Y. Hematological and biochemical features of postpartum fever in the heavy draft mare. J Equine Sci 2016; 27:13-6. [PMID: 27073331 PMCID: PMC4828247 DOI: 10.1294/jes.27.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy draft mares potentially have a higher risk of suffering from postpartum fever (PF) than light breed
mares. The purpose of this study was to compare hematological and biochemical features between clinically
healthy mares (n=40) and PF-affected mares (n=16). Mares were classified as having PF when their rectal
temperature rose to >38.5°C within 96 hr of foaling. The numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and
neutrophils and the serum magnesium level were significantly lower in PF-affected mares. The serum SAA and
NEFA levels were significantly higher in PF-affected mares. Strong inflammation responses, fat mobilization
associated with negative energy balance and possibly endotoxin participate in hematological and biochemical
features of PF in heavy draft mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Anna Oya
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Chiba
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ishii
- Ishii Veterinary Support Services Inc., Hokkaido 080-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Holcombe SJ, Embertson RM, Kurtz KA, Roessner HA, Wismer SE, Geor RJ, Kaneene JB. Increased serum nonesterified fatty acid and low ionised calcium concentrations are associated withpost partumcolic in mares. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:39-44. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Holcombe
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | | | - K. A. Kurtz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. A. Roessner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - S. E. Wismer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - R. J. Geor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - J. B. Kaneene
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan USA
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Munsterman AS, Hanson RR, Cattley RC, Barrett EJ, Albanese V. Surgical Technique and Short-Term Outcome for Experimental Laparoscopic Closure of the Epiploic Foramen in 6 Horses. Vet Surg 2014; 43:105-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S. Munsterman
- Equine Surgery Section; Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
| | - Russell Reid Hanson
- Equine Surgery Section; Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
| | | | - Elizabeth J. Barrett
- Hagyard Sport Horse Division; Hagyard Equine Medical Institute; Lexington Kentucky
| | - Valeria Albanese
- Equine Surgery Section; Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
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13
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Gray SM, Bartell PA, Staniar WB. High glycemic and insulinemic responses to meals affect plasma growth hormone secretory characteristics in Quarter Horse weanlings. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 44:165-75. [PMID: 23433709 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone is a key component of the somatotropic axis and is critical for the interplay between nutrition, regulation of metabolic functions, and subsequent processes of growth. The objective of this study was to investigate potential relations between meal feeding concentrates differing in the glycemic responses they elicit and GH secretory patterns in young growing horses. Twelve Quarter Horse weanlings (5.4 ± 0.4 mo of age) were used in a crossover design, consisting of two 21-d periods and two treatments, a high-glycemic (HG) or low-glycemic (LG) concentrate meal, fed twice daily. Horses were individually housed and fed hay ad libitum. On the final day of each period, quarter-hourly blood samples were drawn for 24 h to measure plasma glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, and GH. Growth hormone secretory characteristics were estimated with deconvolution analysis. After a meal, HG-fed horses exhibited a longer inhibition until the first pulse of GH secretion (P = 0.012). During late night hours (1:00 AM to 6:45 AM), HG horses secreted a greater amount of pulsatile GH than LG horses (P = 0.002). These differences highlight the potential relations between glycemic and insulinemic responses to meals and GH secretion. Dietary energy source and metabolic perturbations associated with feeding HG meals to young, growing horses have the potential to alter GH secretory patterns compared with LG meals. This may potentially affect the developmental pattern of various tissues in the young growing horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gray
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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14
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Williams A, Peachey LE, Christley RM. Assessment of a point-of-care test for measurement of blood triglyceride levels for rapid detection of equid hypertriglyceridaemia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kędzierski W, Kusy R, Kowalik S. Plasma leptin level in hyperlipidemic mares and their newborn foals. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:275-80. [PMID: 20565697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma leptin and lipid levels in breeding mares and their newborn foals. The study was conducted on 17 Polish cold-blood mares and their newborn foals. The mares were divided into two groups, according to the course of delivery. These groups were seven mares which had a normal delivery and 10 mares which had required veterinary intervention during their delivery. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of both the mares and their foals. The blood samples were taken within 30 min after delivery, as well as on four successive mornings directly afterwards. In obtained plasma samples, the leptin, triacylglycerols (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured. The leptin and TG levels in the plasma sampled on the day of delivery and the two following days were significantly higher in mares which received veterinary intervention during the delivery, when compared to the results obtained from the plasma of mares which had normal delivery. The results obtained from foals did not show any statistical differences. In conclusion, the conducted tests have shown that post-parturient hyperlipidemia and hyperleptinemia in mares did not influence the lipid status and plasma leptin level in newborn foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kędzierski
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Shepherd ML, Pleasant RS, Crisman MV, Werre SR, Milton SC, Swecker WS. Effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:428-35. [PMID: 21575079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings. Eight adult overweight (average BCS 7 [9-point scale]) Arabian geldings were fed each of two orchardgrass hays, high NSC (18% DM) and moderate NSC (12% DM), in a cross over design during two 28-day periods. Body weight and body condition score assessment along with blood sampling to measure insulin, glucose, leptin, and triglyceride concentrations were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of each period. Effects of hay, period, day, and day*hay on plasma glucose and serum leptin were not detected. Serum insulin was influenced by hay (p = 0.001), day (p = 0.03), and day*hay (p = 0.04). Insulin concentrations were higher on day 7 in the high NSC group (15.6 μIU/ml) than the moderate NSC group (9.5 μIU/ml), but not by day 14 (p = 0.0007). Plasma triglyceride was influenced by period (p = 0.0003), day*period (p < 0.0001), and day*hay (p = 0.02). Hyperinsulinaemia was not observed in the overweight Arabian geldings fed either a moderate or high NSC hay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Dugdale AHA, Curtis GC, Cripps P, Harris PA, Argo CM. Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:600-10. [PMID: 20840575 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Increased prevalence of obesity among UK horses and ponies demands evidence-based advice to promote weight loss. HYPOTHESIS Restriction of dry matter intake (DMI) to 1% of body mass (BM, 67% [corrected] of predicted maintenance digestible energy [DE] requirements) would promote weight loss without compromise to health. METHODS Five mature (mean ± s.e. 10 ± 2 years), overweight/obese pony mares (BM, 257 ± 20 kg: body condition score [BCS] 6.8/9 ± 0.5) were studied over 12 weeks. Animals were individually housed. Daily provision of a chaff-based, complete diet (measured DE, 8.5 MJ/kg DM) was restricted to 1% of actual BM as DMI daily. BCS, girth measurements and ultrasound-derived measures of subcutaneous fat depth overlying the gluteal region and 12th intercostal space (rib-eye) were recorded weekly. Body fat content was estimated at the beginning and end of the study by deuterium oxide dilution methods. Clinical biochemistry was monitored weekly. Behaviour was observed (24 h, 3/5 ponies) on 3 occasions. RESULTS BM decreased by 4.3 ± 1.1% during the first week and thereafter by 0.7 ± 0.1% of BM at end of Week 1 each week. BCS remained constant. Heart and belly girths, rump width and subcutaneous fat depth at rib-eye decreased significantly with time and BM. Fat comprised 45 ± 19% of BM loss. Fatter animals lost relatively more fat. With decreased feeding activity, time spent in 'play' and rest increased by 36 ± 11% and 438 ± 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This plane of nutrition resulted in an overall rate of weight loss of 1% of outset BM weekly. BCS was not a useful index of early weight loss but heart and belly girths and subcutaneous rib-eye fat were identified as alternative markers. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study provides an evidence-base for the management of weight loss in obese animals, especially those for which exercise may be contra-indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H A Dugdale
- University of Liverpool, School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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Siciliano PD, Pratt-Phillips SE, Dowler LE. Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Daily Within-Horse Variation of Plasma Alpha-Tocopherol Concentration. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Oikawa S, McGuirk S, Nishibe K, Higuchi T, Kurosawa T, Watanuki M, Satoh H. Changes of blood biochemical values in ponies recovering from hyperlipemia in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:353-9. [PMID: 16679726 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipemia in horses is a disorder of lipid metabolism peculiar to ponies. This study reports changes of blood biochemical values from the acute to the postconvalescent phases in 3 Shetland ponies with hyperlipemia in Japan. Diseased ponies (all 7 to 9 years old, in late pregnancy, and obese) were fed in the same farm. The periods of their hospitalizations ranged from 30 to 45 days. Twelve well-conditioned ponies (3 to 13 years old) around parturition were used to establish baseline values for blood test results. Main clinical findings in the affected ponies were depression, dysphagia, anorexia, ventral edema and milky-appearing plasma. Hypertriglyceridemia (40- to 70-fold rise of controls) was found in the acute phase of the disease in the affected ponies, and was derived from increased very-low density lipoproteins. Aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinin concentrations were increased in acute ponies compared to controls, suggesting impairment of liver and kidney functions. However, these values gradually recovered until the end of postconvalescent phase. Hyperinsulinemia was observed in the acute phase of the hyperlipemia of all affected ponies. And an exaggerated insulin response to intravenous glucose was observed in the 2 ponies given intravenous glucose tolerance tests. These findings suggest decreased insulin sensitivity in hyperlipemic ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Oikawa
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Japan
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Frank N, Sommardahl CS, Eiler H, Webb LL, Denhart JW, Boston RC. Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1032-8. [PMID: 16008228 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adult horses administered levothyroxine sodium (L-T4). ANIMALS 12 healthy adult mares. PROCEDURE 8 horses received an incrementally increasing dosage of L-T4 (24, 48, 72, or 96 mg of L-T4/d) for weeks 1 to 8. Each dose was provide between 7 AM and 8 AM in the morning grain meal for 2 weeks. Four additional horses remained untreated. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were measured and composition of VLDL examined in samples obtained between 8 AM and 9 AM at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Glucose dynamics were assessed by use of a combined IV glucose-insulin tolerance test (IVGITT) conducted before and at the end of the 8-week treatment period. Data for each combined IVGITT were interpreted by use of the minimal model. RESULTS Plasma TG, TC, and VLDL concentrations significantly decreased over time in treated horses. At the completion of the 8-week treatment period, mean plasma VLDL concentration was 46% of the mean value for week 0 in treated horses. Insulin sensitivity significantly increased (> 2-fold) in treated horses, but glucose effectiveness and net insulin response were not affected. Levothyroxine sodium significantly increased the rate of insulin disposal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of L-T4 decreases blood lipid concentrations, improves insulin sensitivity, and increases insulin disposal in horses. Levothyroxine sodium may have potential as a treatment for horses with reduced insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Frank
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Frank N, Sojka JE, Patterson BW, Wood KV, Bonham CC, Latour MA. Effect of hypothyroidism on kinetics of metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein in mares. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:1052-8. [PMID: 12926601 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare kinetics of the metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B (apoB) before and after thyroidectomy in mares. ANIMALS 5 healthy adult mares. PROCEDURE Thyroidectomy was performed in euthyroid mares. Kinetics of VLDL apoB metabolism were measured before and after thyroidectomy by use of a bolus IV injection of 5,5,5-2H3 (98%) leucine (5 mg/kg) and subsequent isolation of labeled amino acid from plasma and VLDL. Labeled leucine was quantified by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Production rate (PR), delay time, and fractional catabolic rate (FCR) were calculated for the 2 forms of equine VLDL, apoB-48 VLDL, and apoB-100 VLDL. Plasma lipid concentrations were measured, and VLDL composition was determined. RESULTS Physical appearance of horses was not altered by thyroidectomy. Significantly lower mean blood concentrations of thyroid hormones and non-esterified fatty acids were detected following thyroidectomy. Mean percentage of free cholesterol in VLDL was significantly higher after thyroidectomy. Mean plasma VLDL concentration or kinetics of apoB-48 or apoB-100 were not significantly altered by thyroidectomy. Mean +/- SEM PR was significantly lower (8.70 +/- 1.61 mg/kg/d) and mean delay time significantly longer (1.58 +/- 0.12 hours) for apoB-48 VLDL in euthyroid mares, compared with values for thyroidectomized mares (16.15 +/- 2.24 mg/kg/d and 0.93 +/- 0.10 hours, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hypothyroidism did not significantly alter plasma VLDL concentrations or kinetics of VLDL apoB metabolism. Metabolism of apoB-48 VLDL differed significantly from that of apoB-100 VLDL in euthyroid mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Frank
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1248, USA
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Frank N, Sojka JE, Latour MA. Effects of hypothyroidism and withholding of feed on plasma lipid concentrations, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoprotein, and plasma lipase activity in horses. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:823-8. [PMID: 12856765 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate selected concentrations of blood lipids and lipase activities in euthyroid and hypothyroid horses deprived of feed for 96 hours. ANIMALS 4 healthy adult mares and 4 thyroidectomized adult mares. PROCEDURE Horses were deprived of feed for 96 hours. Blood samples were collected at 24-hour intervals and analyzed to determine concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) as well as composition of VLDL. Plasma lipase activities were measured after feed was withheld for 96 hours and 12 days after resumption of feeding. RESULTS Time significantly affected plasma NEFA, VLDL, TG, and TC concentrations in both groups of horses. During the 96-hour period, mean plasma concentrations of NEFA and VLDL increased 10-fold in euthyroid horses and increased 5-fold and 9-fold, respectively, in hypothyroid horses. Mean plasma TG concentrations increased 8-fold in both groups, and plasma TC concentrations significantly increased by 33 and 30%, respectively. Composition of VLDL was significantly affected by feed deprivation in euthyroid horses. Activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase were significantly higher in feed-deprived horses. Activity of hepatic lipase was significantly lower in hypothyroid horses than in euthyroid horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hypothyroidism did not significantly alter the magnitude of the response of blood lipids to feed deprivation. Thyroid hormones may reduce variability in blood lipid concentrations but do not determine susceptibility to hyperlipemia. Hypothyroidism does not appear to be a factor in the pathogenesis of hyperlipemia in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Frank
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1248, USA
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Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, Hurd HS. Effect of intranasal exposure to leukotoxin-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica at the time of arrival at the feedyard on subsequent isolation of M haemolytica from nasal secretions of calves. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:580-5. [PMID: 12755298 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of intranasal exposure to live leukotoxin (LktA)-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) at the time of feedyard arrival on nasopharyngeal colonization by wild-type MH in calves. ANIMALS 200 calves. PROCEDURE Calves from Arkansas (AR calves; n = 100; mean body weight, 205 kg) were purchased from an order buyer barn. Calves from New Mexico (NM calves; n = 100; mean body weight, 188 kg) were obtained from a single ranch. Calves were transported to a feedyard, where half of each group was exposed intranasally with LktA-deficient MH at the time of arrival. Calves were observed daily for respiratory tract disease (RTD), and nasal swab specimens were collected periodically to determine nasopharyngeal colonization status with MH. Serum samples were assayed for antibodies to MH. RESULTS 15 AR calves had nasopharyngeal colonization by wild-type MH at the order buyer barn, whereas none of the NM calves had nasopharyngeal colonization. Intranasal exposure to LktA-deficient MH elicited an increase in serum antibody titers against MH in NM calves, but titers were less in NM calves treated for RTD. Exposure of NM calves to LktA-deficient MH offered protection from nasopharyngeal colonization by wild-type MH. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Exposure of calves to LktA-deficient MH elicited an increase in serum antibody titers against MH and decreased colonization of the nasopharynx by wild-type MH. Earlier exposure would likely allow an immune response to develop before transportation and offer protection from nasopharyngeal colonization and pneumonia caused by wild-type MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynn H Frank
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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