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El-Sayed A, Ebissy E, Ateya A. Positive impacts of Nannochloropsis oculata supplementation on gene expression of immune and antioxidant markers and metabolic profile of Barki sheep in the transition period and lipogenic effects on progeny. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2207-2226. [PMID: 38702499 PMCID: PMC11315803 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis species should be given priority when it comes to microalgae that should be added to feed since they are suitable for intense culture and have a high concentration of PUFAs (especially EPA), antioxidants, and certain vitamins. This study investigated the possible immune and antioxidant impacts of Nannochloropsis supplementation on Barki ewes during transition period and their newly born lambs. Three weeks prior to the expected time of lambing, the researched ewes were divided into two equal groups of thirty ewes each. The second group, on the other hand, was fed the same base diet as the first group plus 10 g of commercially available Nannochloropsis powder per kg of concentrate, given daily to each ewe's concentrate. Findings revealed that supplementation of ewes with Nannochloropsis significantly up-regulated the expression pattern of immune (NFKB, RANTES, HMGB1, TNF-α, IRF4, TLR7, CLA-DRB3.2, IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, S-LZ, and Cathelicidin), and antioxidant (SOD1, CAT, GPX1, GST, ATOX1, Nrf2 and AhpC/TSA) markers in ewes post-lambing and their newly born lambs. Additionally, mRNA levels of lipogenic (ACACA, FASN SCD, LPL, and BTN1A) markers were significantly up-regulated in lambs from supplemented ewes than control ones. There was a significant increase in the WBCs, Hb, RBc count, serum level of glucose, total protein, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, GPx, catalase, IL1α and IL6 with significantly decreased serum level of TNF-α and MDA in supplemented ewes after lambing as compared with control ones. There was also a significant increase in WBCs, Hb, RBc count, birth weight and body temperature with significantly decreased in the serum levels of TNF-α and stillbirth of newly born lambs from supplemented ewes as compared to other lambs from control ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sayed
- Department of Animal Health and Poultry, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Ebissy
- Department of Animal Health and Poultry, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Fiore E, Lisuzzo A, Laghi L, Harvatine KJ, Mazzotta E, Alterisio MC, Ciaramella P, Zhu C, Contiero B, Faillace V, Guccione J. Serum metabolomics assessment of etiological processes predisposing ketosis in water buffalo during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3465-3476. [PMID: 36935234 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders as ketosis are manifestations of the animal's inability to manage the increase in energy requirement during early lactation. Generally, buffaloes show a different response to higher metabolic demands than other ruminants with a lower incidence of metabolic problems, although ketosis is one of the major diseases that may decrease the productivity in buffaloes. The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolic profile of Mediterranean buffaloes (MB) associated with 2 different levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Sixty-two MB within 50 days in milk (DIM) were enrolled and divided into 2 groups according to serum BHB concentration: healthy group (37 MB; BHB <0.70 mmol/L; body condition score: 5.00; parity: 3.78; and DIM: 30.70) and group at risk of hyperketonemia (25 MB; BHB ≥0.70 mmol/L; body condition score: 4.50; parity: 3.76; and DIM: 33.20). The statistical analysis was conducted by one-way ANOVA and unpaired 2-sample Wilcoxon tests. Fifty-seven metabolites were identified and among them, 12 were significant or tended to be significant. These metabolites were related to different metabolic changes such as mobilization of body resources, ruminal fermentations, urea cycle, thyroid hormone synthesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress status. These findings are suggestive of metabolic changes related to subclinical ketosis status that should be further investigated to better characterize this disease in the MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fiore
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - A Lisuzzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - L Laghi
- Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521, Cesena, Italy
| | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, State College 16801
| | - E Mazzotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro 35020, Italy
| | - M C Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli "Federico II," Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli "Federico II," Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - C Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - B Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - V Faillace
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - J Guccione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli "Federico II," Via Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes: A Review of Molecular Metabolic Mechanisms and Management Strategies. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020149. [PMID: 36837768 PMCID: PMC9961611 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia is a nutritional metabolic disease during late gestation in small ruminants. The condition is characterized by disorders in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Obese and multiparous ewes are particularly susceptible to pregnancy toxemia, which may lead to maternal death, abortion, or premature birth. Highly productive multiparous meat ewes are major breeding animals, which has led to an increased incidence of the disease. However, the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia remains unclear and adequate disease prevention and treatment strategies are absent. Investigating the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia, especially the metabolic pathways of hepatic lipids, is key to an improved understanding of the condition. This review provides a snapshot of the genes that are associated with lipid metabolism in the ovine liver, including genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, acetyl coenzyme metabolism, and triglyceride synthesis; describes the interrelationships between these genes; and summarizes the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of pregnancy toxemia.
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Changes in plasma fatty acids profile in hyperketonemic ewes during early lactation: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17017. [PMID: 36220846 PMCID: PMC9553884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from late pregnancy to early lactation is characterized by marked changes in energy balance of dairy ruminants. The mobilization of adipose tissue led to an increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). The aim of this study was to analyze the total plasma fatty acids of healthy and hyperketonemic dairy ewes in early lactation through gas chromatography (GC) to evaluate metabolic alterations. An observational study was used with a cross-sectional experimental design. Forty-six Sarda dairy ewes were enrolled in the immediate post-partum (7 ± 3 days in milk) and divided into two groups according to serum BHB concentration: non-hyperketonemic group (n = 28; BHB < 0.86 mmol/L) and hyperketonemic group (n = 18; BHB ≥ 0.86 mmol/L). A two-way ANOVA included the effect of group and parity was used to evaluate differences in fatty acids (FA) concentrations. A total of 34 plasma FA was assessed using GC. 12 out of 34 FA showed a significant different between groups and 3 out of 34 were tended to significance. Only NEFA concentration and stearic acid were influenced by parity. The results may suggest possible links with lipid metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses in hyperketonemic group. In conclusion, GC represents a useful tool in the study of hyperketonemia and primiparous dairy ewes might show a greater risk to develop this condition.
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Souza LM, Mendonça CL, Assis RN, Oliveira Filho EF, Soares GSL, Souto RJC, Soares PC, Afonso JAB. Changes in cardiac biomarkers in goats naturally affected by pregnancy toxemia. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:73-78. [PMID: 32146378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia (PT) is considered one of the most common metabolic diseases with high impact on the production of small ruminants. The objective of this study was investigate possible myocardial damage in goats affected with PT by the determination of serum myocardial biomarkers CK-MB and cTnI. A total of 44 goats affected with PT, and 10 apparently healthy goats (control group or CG) were used in the study. In goats with PT, the serum concentrations of cTnI (0.43 ng/mL) were significantly higher than that in CG goats (0.06 ng/mL). Although CK-MB showed no significant difference, it was approximately three times higher in animals with PT. The serum concentrations of insulin were significantly lower in PT goats (5.03 ppmol/L) compared to CG goats (10.66 pmol/L). The serum concentrations of cortisol in PT goats (155.41 nmol/L) were significantly higher than that in CG goats (36.58 nmol/L). Results of this study indicate that a clinically significant myocardial damage might occur in goats affected with PT leading to significant elevations in values of cTnI and CK-MB. Therefore, these parameters could be used as a potential prognostic indicator in goats affected with this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Souza
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UAG/UFRPE), Postgraduate Program in Sanitation and Reproduction of Ruminants, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, CP 152-Boa Vista, 55292-278 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - C L Mendonça
- Cattle Clinic, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, CP 152-Boa Vista, 55292-278 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - R N Assis
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UAG/UFRPE), Postgraduate Program in Sanitation and Reproduction of Ruminants, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, CP 152-Boa Vista, 55292-278 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - E F Oliveira Filho
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Campus Recife/UFRPE, Av. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n-Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - G S L Soares
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Campus Recife/UFRPE, Av. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n-Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - R J C Souto
- Cattle Clinic, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, CP 152-Boa Vista, 55292-278 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - P C Soares
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Campus Recife/UFRPE, Av. Manuel de Medeiros, s/n-Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J A B Afonso
- Cattle Clinic, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, Av. Bom Pastor, s/n, CP 152-Boa Vista, 55292-278 Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Chalmeh A, Mirzaei A, Pourjafar M, Badiei K, Mazrouei Sebdani M, Saadat Akhtar I, Hadi Zarei M. Glucose related endocrine and metabolic responses following bolus intravenous hypertonic dextrose administration in Iranian fat-tailed ewes at different pre and post parturition periods. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing glucose as primary metabolic fuel for maintenance, foetal growth and milk production may be considered necessary for protection against negative energy balance and metabolic disorders. Five adult Ghezel ewes were selected 4 weeks before their parturition and followed at 2 weeks before, 2 and 4 weeks and 2, 3 and 4 months after parturition. Dextrose 50% was administered at 500 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg/hour, and blood samples were collected from all ewes prior to and 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after 50% dextrose infusion. Serum levels of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, high, low and very low density lipoproteins, insulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, prolactin, cortisol and insulin like growth factor-1 were evaluated. Glucose and insulin were increased significantly and immediately following intravenous dextrose administration at all studied periods. The levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and non-esterified fatty acids were significantly decreased following dextrose infusion at all periods. Triiodothyronine was decreased in pregnant ewes and increased in non-pregnant, lactating ones. The significant increasing cortisol patterns were detected at 2 and 4 weeks before and 2 and 4 weeks after parturition following dextrose administrations. The decreasing patterns of insulin like growth factor-1 were seen in all studied periods. Prolactin was significantly increased following dextrose administration at 4 and 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after parturition. Bolus intravenous hypertonic dextrose administration could induce the obvious endocrine and metabolic responses in Ghezel ewes via providing a source of energy and the glucose is an important direct controller of metabolic interactions in Ghezel ewes.
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Souto RJ, Afonso JA, Mendonça CL, Dantas AFM, Cajueiro JF, Gonçalves DN, Olivera Filho EF, Soares PC. Biochemical, endocrine, and histopathological profile of liver and kidneys of sheep with pregnancy toxemia. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to characterize the biochemical, hormonal, and mineral profile, and histopathology of the liver and kidneys, related to the severity of natural cases of pregnancy toxemia (PT) in sheep. A total of 45 sheep with PT were analyzed at the “Clínica de Bovinos”, Campus Garanhuns-UFRPE. The animals were submitted to clinical examination, followed by the collection of blood and urine. A necropsy was performed on thirteen animals that died and a histopathological examination was performed on samples of liver and kidneys. Increased creatinine, urea, glucose, fructosamine, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, chlorine, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and folic acid were found, whereas insulin, potassium, and total and ionizable calcium presented low values for the species. Total protein, albumin, globulin, sodium, magnesium, and vitamin B12 remained within the normal range. In the macroscopic analysis of the liver, it was possible to observe an increase in organ and border size, yellowish coloration and parenchyma that varied from firm to friable. Vacuolation of the hepatocytes and renal tubular cells was observed. Metabolic disorders in sheep associated with hepatic and renal lesions are more apparent in overweight animals. With the greater impairment in hepatic and renal function, the clinical prognosis of animals with a high body score should be considered reserved.
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de Souza LM, de Mendonça CL, de ASSIS RN, Oliveira Filho EF, Araújo Gonçalves DN, Cavalcante Souto RJ, Soares PC, Bastos Afonso JA. CARDIAC BIOMARKERS TROPONIN I AND CK-MB IN EWES AFFECTED BY PREGNANCY TOXEMIA. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xue Y, Guo C, Hu F, Liu J, Mao S. Hepatic Metabolic Profile Reveals the Adaptive Mechanisms of Ewes to Severe Undernutrition during Late Gestation. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040085. [PMID: 30486444 PMCID: PMC6316483 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the adaption of liver metabolism to the undernutrition in ewes during late gestation remain unclear. This research aimed to explore the adaptive mechanisms of liver metabolism by hepatic metabolome analysis in pregnant ewes to the negative energy balance induced by severe feed restriction. Twenty ewes carrying multiple fetuses and gestating for 115 days were fed normally or restricted to a 30% feed level (10 ewes in each group) for 15 days. All ewes were sacrificed and hepatic samples were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both the principal components analysis and partial least squares of discriminant analysis of hepatic metabolites showed the clear separation between ewes in the control and severely feed-restricted groups. The metabolic profile demonstrated that the proportions of differential metabolites between the two groups in fatty acids and lipids, organic acids, and amino acids and derivatives were 61.11%, 16.67%, and 11.11%, respectively. Enriched pathways of differential metabolites were mainly involved in fatty acids and amino acids metabolism and biosynthesis. Correlation networks of differential metabolites revealed that general metabolic pattern was changed apparently and mainly based on fatty acids and lipids in the livers of feed-restricted ewes. The accumulation and oxidation of long-chain fatty acids were intensified in the livers of feed-restricted ewes, while those of medium-chain fatty acids were the opposite. In general, severe feed restriction significantly affected the levels of hepatic metabolites and altered the overall metabolic pattern. Furthermore, fatty acids oxidation as well as the utilization of amino acids and organic acids were intensified to adapt to the negative energy balance during late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Changzheng Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junhua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Özalp G, Yavuz A, Seker İ, Udum-Küçükşen D, Rişvanlı A, Korlu Y. Evaluation of an alternative treatment protocol by aglepristone to induce parturition in ewes with an experimental model of early pregnancy toxemia. Theriogenology 2018; 116:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The association of serum β-hydroxybutyrate concentration with fetal number and health indicators in late-gestation ewes in commercial meat flocks in Prince Edward Island. Prev Vet Med 2018; 154:18-22. [PMID: 29685440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Late-gestation ewes are susceptible to ketonemia resulting from high energy requirement for fetal growth during the last few weeks of pregnancy. High lamb mortality is a possible consequence of effects of ketonemia on both ewes and lambs. Determining risk factors to ketonemia is a fundamental step to identify ewes at risk, in order to avoid losses caused by ketonemia. Serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations of 384 late-gestation ewe samples were determined. Physical examinations, including body condition, FAMACHA© and hygiene scoring, were performed. Udders and teeth were also examined. Fecal floatation was performed to detect gastrointestinal helminth eggs of the ewe fecal samples. General feeding management practices and season at sampling were recorded. Litter sizes were retrieved from lambing records. Factors associated with log serum BHBA concentration were determined using a linear mixed model, with flock and lambing groups as random effects. The mean serum BHBA concentration was 545.8 (±453.3) μmol/l. Ewes with a body condition score (BCS) of 2.5-3.5 had significantly lower log BHBA concentrations than ewes with a BCS of ≤2.0, by 19.7% (p = 0.035). Ewes with a BCS of >3.5 had a trend toward higher log BHBA concentrations compared to ewes with a BCS of 2.5-3.5. Ewes with a FAMACHA© score of 3 had significantly higher log BHBA concentrations than ewes with a FAMACHA© score of 1 or 2, by 12.1% (p = 0.049). Ewes in which gastrointestinal helminth eggs were detected had significantly higher log BHBA concentrations than ewes in which helminth eggs were not detected, by 12.3% (p = 0.040). An increased litter size was associated with higher log BHBA concentration (p ≤ 0.003), with the log BHBA concentrations of ewes having twins, triplets, and quadruplets or quintuplets were higher than those of ewes having singleton by 19.2%, 30.4%, and 85.2%, respectively. Season at sampling confounded the association between log BHBA concentration and FAMACHA© score, and therefore was retained in the final model even though it was not statistically significant. Intra-class correlation coefficients at the flock and lambing group levels were 0.14 and 0.32, respectively.
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Da Silva S, Cal-Pereyra LG, Benech A, Acosta-Dibarrat J, Martin MJ, Abreu MC, Perini S, González-Montaña JR. Evaluation of a fibrate, specific stimulant of PPARα, as a therapeutic alternative to the treatment of clinical ovine pregnancy toxaemia. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:497-503. [PMID: 26969801 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder affecting sheep in their last 6 weeks of pregnancy as a result of their inability to maintain adequate energy homoeostasis. Different alternative treatments are available with variable results. The aim of this research was to evaluate a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) stimulant as an alternative to treat clinical pregnancy toxaemia. Thirty-three adult sheep, with known gestation date and carrying a single foetus, were fasted from day 130 of gestation until animals showed clinical disease. From that moment onwards, sheep were treated during 6 days with three different therapeutic alternatives: 10 mg/kg of 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid; 10 mg/kg of 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid + 100 mL of propylene glycol oral; or 100 mL of propylene glycol oral. Glycaemia and serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHOB) were determined daily. Liver biopsies were taken at day 130 of gestation, at the beginning and end of treatments and at 5 days postpartum, evaluating the extent and degree of the steatosis lesion. Even though in sheep treated with 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid, serum concentrations of glucose and BHOB recovered more slowly, we conclude that 2-methyl-2-phenoxy-propionic acid alone or combined with propylene glycol can be used as an alternative to effectively treat fatty liver, and therefore pregnancy toxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Da Silva
- Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L G Cal-Pereyra
- Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A Benech
- Small Animals Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J Acosta-Dibarrat
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Mexico State, Toluca, Mexico
| | - M J Martin
- Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy Veterinary Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
| | - M C Abreu
- Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - S Perini
- Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - J R González-Montaña
- Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy Veterinary Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
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Effects of experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection on pregnancy in Yankasa ewes. Theriogenology 2015; 85:862-869. [PMID: 26643605 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Twenty pregnant Yankasa ewes were assigned to three groups to determine the effect of Trypanosoma evansi infection on pregnancy. Groups A and B comprising seven ewes each were infected with approximately 1.0 × 10(6) cells of T evansi per ewe through venepuncture at the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. Group C comprising six ewes served as uninfected control. There was slight pyrexia in the infected groups (groups A and B) but was absent in group C. The mean body weight, glucose concentration, and packed cell volume of ewes in group A were not significantly different from those in group C throughout the study. There was also no significant difference in mean glucose concentration between groups B and C. However, in group B, mean body weight was significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared to group C at week 2 and from week 4 post infection (pi) till the end of the study; the packed cell volume also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased but at weeks 4 and 6 pi. The mean plasma protein of ewes in group A was significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared to those of group C at weeks 7, 11 pi and thereafter till the end of the study. On the contrary, the plasma protein of ewes in group B decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to those in group C at weeks 2 and 6 pi. There were no reproductive losses throughout the study. This was characterized by insignificant differences in the gestation length between ewes in the infected groups (groups A and B) compared with those in group C. However, there were significant (P < 0.05) decreases in lamb birth weights of ewes in group B compared with ewes in groups A and C. Mice inoculation with blood from infected ewes postpartum was parasitemic 18 to 25 days pi, for ewes in group B, whereas none of the mice in groups A and C were parasitemic. Lambs born from the infected groups (groups A and B) were also aparasitemic for 40 days postpartum. It was therefore concluded that the T evansi isolate used caused mild trypanosomosis when infected at third trimester, whereas ewes infected at second trimester were resistant.
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Evaluation of three therapeutic alternatives for the early treatment of ovine pregnancy toxaemia. Ir Vet J 2015; 68:25. [PMID: 26500763 PMCID: PMC4619998 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-015-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovine pregnancy toxaemia is a common metabolic disorder of ewes due to increased foetal energy requirements in late pregnancy. This pathology is a metabolic condition characterized by hypoglycaemia and hyperketonaemia resulting in the inability of the animal to maintain an adequate energy balance. The response to treatment is effective, if it is started in the early stages of the disease, when irreversible neurological injuries have not yet been established. The aim was to evaluate three therapeutic alternatives to effectively reverse the disease process in its early stages. For this, thirty adult Corriedale ewes, pregnant with a single lamb, were randomly separated in three groups of ten animals each, at day 130 of gestation. From that day onwards, ewes were locked up for forage fasting until glycaemia reached clinical values defining sub-clinical pregnancy toxaemia (1.59 ± 0.24 mmol/L). After fasting, ewes grazed and received a treatment for 4 days: 50 ml i.v. infusions of hypertonic glucose and 20 UI insulin/ewe/day s.c. or 100 ml/sheep/12 h of glycerol together with propylene glycol oral solution or fed with pasture supplemented with two daily intakes 300 g/sheep of cracked corn. Glycaemia and ß-hydroxybutyrate were determined in all the animals from the beginning of fasting until the completion of the treatment. RESULTS Fasting caused a decline in blood glucose in the 3 groups. This decline continued until fasting was withdrawn and treatment began. Thereafter blood glucose increased in all three groups, although in the group supplemented with glycerol and propylene glycol it started to increase significantly after 12 h. The values of ß-hydroxybutyrate decreased in the 3 groups at the start of treatment, and this decline was more pronounced earlier on and in the group supplemented with glycerol and propylene glycol. We found no significant differences between all experimental groups. No animal showed clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia throughout the research. CONCLUSIONS The three treatments administered to sheep affected by sub-clinical pregnancy toxaemia were able to restore normal concentration of glucose and ß-hydroxybutyrate in blood, although per os administration of 100 ml/sheep/12 h of glycerol with propylene glycol, was the most successful treatment, normalizing the aforementioned biochemical parameters in a shorter time.
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Zobel G, Weary DM, Leslie KE, von Keyserlingk MAG. Invited review: Cessation of lactation: Effects on animal welfare. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8263-77. [PMID: 26409963 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The forced cessation of milk production, or dry-off, is a routine management practice in dairy cattle, sheep, and goats. This practice initiates a dry period, during which the animal is not milked. Milking begins again after parturition. Most of the literature on the dry period has focused on how various drying-off strategies affect milk production and disease; little work to date has addressed how dry-off affects the overall welfare of the dairy animal. The first aim of this review was to present an overview of the importance of dry-off and how it is commonly achieved. Our review shows that much scientific progress has been made in improving health status between lactations. The second aim was to identify important gaps in the literature, of which 2 key research disparities have been identified. We find that much of the work to date has focused on cattle and very little research has examined dry-off in dairy sheep and goats. We also find a lack of research addressing how common dry-off methodologies affect animal welfare on more than just a biological level, regardless of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K E Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Stewart Building, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Cal-Pereyra L, Benech A, González-Montaña JR, Acosta-Dibarrat J, Da Silva S, Martín A. Changes in the metabolic profile of pregnant ewes to an acute feed restriction in late gestation. N Z Vet J 2015; 63:141-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.971083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Body water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance are important considerations in the evaluation and treatment of small ruminants and camelids with any disease process, with restoration of these a priority as adjunctive therapy. The goals of fluid therapy should be to maintain cardiac output and tissue perfusion, and to correct acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities. Hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and acidosis are the most life-threatening abnormalities, and require most immediate correction.
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Cord and jugular blood acid–base and electrolyte status and haematobiochemical profiles in goats with naturally occurring pregnancy toxaemia. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Souto RJ, Afonso JAB, Mendonça CL, Carvalho CC, Silva Filho AP, Cajueiro JF, Lima EH, Soares PC. Achados bioquímicos, eletrolíticos e hormonais de cabras acometidas com toxemia da prenhez. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013001000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A abrangência dos estudos sobre a toxemia da prenhez (TP) tem sido constante e inovadora em alguns conceitos, porém o estudo dos casos clínicos naturais em cabras é inexistente no Brasil. Diante disso, realizou-se análise das alterações clínicas, do perfil bioquímico, eletrolítico e hormonal com o objetivo de compreender a fisiopatogenia da enfermidade. Foram avaliadas 22 cabras atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, diagnosticadas com TP, no período de 2007 a 2012. Realizou-se exame clínico e coleta de sangue e urina, para análise do perfil bioquímico e hormonal. Acentuadas alterações clínicas foram observadas, como decúbito, apatia, dispneia, aumento da temperatura corpórea, mucosas congestas, vasos episclerais injetados, desidratação, anorexia, hipomotilidade ou atonia ruminal, edema nos membros. Os resultados laboratoriais revelaram valores elevados para ureia, creatinina, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), β-hidroxibutirato, amilase e cortisol, enquanto as variáveis: proteína total, albumina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, a relação cálcio e fósforo, sódio e insulina encontraram-se diminuídos. Outros parâmetros bioquímicos e eletrolíticos, como frutosamina, globulina, cloro, potássio e magnésio mantiveram-se dentro da faixa de normalidade. Quanto a glicemia, foram constatados três condições nas cabras com TP, normoglicêmicas (50%), hiperglicêmicas (27,28%) e hipoglicêmicas (22,72%). Dos 17 (77,27%) animais que obtiveram alta 10 (58,82%) eram normoglicêmicos. Vieram a óbito 22,8 % (5/22), no qual 60% (3/5) delas estavam hiperglicêmicas. A média de nascimento por cabra foi superior a duas crias. Verificou-se existir associação fortemente positiva dos AGNE's com a albumina (r=0,60), fraca com o β-hidroxibutirato (r=0,10) e glicose (r=0,03). Porém, existiu relação fortemente negativa dos AGNE's com a insulina (r= -0,70), moderada com o cortisol (r= -0,52) e amilase (r= -0,30). Marcadas alterações clínicas e metabólicas são observadas em cabras com TP, em que o aumento de certos metabólitos do perfil energético e hormonal se torna importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico e constitui um bom instrumento para avaliar a magnitude da condição clínica dos animais enfermos. Os dados encontrados servem de referência para estudos sobre nutrição e metabolismo em cabras com TP.
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Santos RAD, Campos AGS, Afonso JAB, Soares PC, Mendonça CLD. Efeito da administração de propileno glicol e cobalto associado à vitamina B12 sobre o perfil metabólico e a atividade enzimática de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês no periparto. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012001300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da administração de propileno glicol e cobalto associado à vitamina B12 sobre o perfil metabólico e a atividade enzimática de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês no período do periparto. Foram utilizadas 18 ovelhas prenhes, pesando em torno de 40kg. Aproximadamente 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto foram separadas de maneira aleatória em três grupos e administrados os suplementos conforme a seguir: (G1/n=6) grupo que recebeu propileno glicol (30mL por via oral diariamente); (G2/n=6) grupo que recebeu cobalto (1mg de cloreto de cobalto a 1%, via oral diariamente) associado a vitamina B12 (2mg via intramuscular, semanalmente) e (G3/n=6) grupo controle. As amostras de sangue das ovelhas para avaliação do perfil metabólico e enzimático (glicose, β-hidroxibutirato-BHB, NEFA, proteína total, albumina, uréia, creatinina, AST, GGT, FA e CK) foram colhidas 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto, uma semana antes (ante-parto), no parto, às 24h, 72h, 5 dias, 15 dias e 30 dias após o parto. Não foi observado cetonúria nos momentos que antecederam ao parto. A administração dos suplementos não influenciou sobre o perfil metabólico, protéico e energético, assim como não houve comprometimento hepático das ovelhas no período do periparto.
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21
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Santos FC, Mendonça CL, Silva Filho AP, Carvalho CC, Soares PC, Afonso JAB. Indicadores bioquímicos e hormonais de casos naturais de toxemia da prenhez em ovelhas. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011001100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toxemia da prenhez é considerada um transtorno metabólico de grande impacto econômico na produção de ovinos, porém as particularidades de repercussão sistêmicas deste distúrbio ainda são pouco esclarecedoras. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil bioquímico e hormonal de 77 ovelhas com diagnóstico clínico de toxemia da penhez e comparar os achados laboratoriais de acordo com a resolução clínica dos animais, alta hospitalar (G1) e aqueles que morreram (G2). A manifestação clinica da doença foi observada no período do pré-parto em 100% dos animais, destes 66,2 % (n=51) receberam alta clínica e 33,8% (n=26) morreram. Dos casos de toxemia da prenhez estudados havia gestação múltipla em 55,8%. Dentre os parâmetros estudados, cortisol, uréia, AST e CK estavam mais elevados no G2 em relação ao G1 com diferenças significativas (P<0,05). Foi encontrado aumento nas concentrações de glicose plasmática, frutosamina, albumina, creatinina, ß-hidroxubutirato, ácido graxo não esterificado e L-lactato, porém não houve diferenças entre os grupos (P>0,05). Não ocorreram alterações nas taxas de colesterol e triglicerídios. Houve redução nos índices da insulina, não havendo diferenças entre G1 e G2 (P>0,05). Todas as ovelhas apresentaram cetonúria e acidúria.
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Duehlmeier R, Fluegge I, Schwert B, Parvizi N, Ganter M. Metabolic adaptations to pregnancy and lactation in German Blackheaded Mutton and Finn sheep ewes with different susceptibilities to pregnancy toxaemia. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Al-Qudah KM. Oxidant and antioxidant profile of hyperketonemic ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:60-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Hefnawy AE, Youssef S, Shousha S. Some immunohormonal changes in experimentally pregnant toxemic goats. Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:768438. [PMID: 20613964 PMCID: PMC2896860 DOI: 10.4061/2010/768438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia was induced in nine pregnant goat does with twins by the stress of fasting with access to water in late pregnancy to investigate the effect of pregnancy toxemia on immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG), cortisol, insulin, thyroid, and growth hormones and their correlations with the plasma levels of glucose and β-Hydroxybutyrate. Plasma samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after induction of pregnancy toxemia. The result revealed that experimental animals developed neurological findings with convulsions and acetone odor from the mouth with recumbency after 72 hours. Laboratory findings showed a significant increase in β-Hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, and insulin while there were significant decreases in glucose, thyroid, and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG). Plasma glucose concentrations had significant negative correlations with β-hydroxybutyrate, cortisol, and insulin while the correlations were significantly positive with immunoglobulins and thyroid hormone. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was significantly positively correlated with cortisol and negatively correlated with immunoglobulins, insulin, and thyroid hormone. From this study we can conclude that pregnancy toxemia might affect humoral immune responses as well as insulin, cortisol, and thyroid hormones. Moreover, insulin might have a compensatory role to increase suppressive effect on ketogenesis in experimentally pregnant toxemic goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd-Elghany Hefnawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt
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25
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Schlumbohm C, Harmeyer J. Twin-pregnancy increases susceptibility of ewes to hypoglycaemic stress and pregnancy toxaemia. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:286-99. [PMID: 17610919 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy toxaemia is a metabolic disorder with a high mortality rate and occurs in twin-bearing ewes in late gestation. Maternal hypoglycaemia is a characteristic symptom of the disease and has been attributed to an increase in glucose uptake by the twin-bearing uterus. The possibility that a reduced maternal glucose production rate might cause hypoglycaemia, has received little attention in the past. It was the aim of this study to investigate this explanation as a possible alternative. Six ewes were sequentially subjected to two types of hypoglycaemic stress, firstly by fasting for 14 h and secondly through induction of moderate hyperketonaemia. Glucose kinetics were assessed in each animal during the dry non-gestational period, during late gestation, and during early lactation. Application of these stress factors was associated with variation of plasma glucose concentration from 4.9 to 0.87 mmol L(-1). The plasma glucose concentration was always significantly related to the glucose production rate. The greatest stress-induced reductions in glucose concentration and glucose production rate were seen during late gestation in twin-bearing ewes. The decline in the glucose production rate after an overnight fast and during induced hyperketonaemia was greater in twin-bearing ewes than in single-bearing ewes (59% and 43%, respectively, p<0.05). The stress conditions resulted in the lowest levels of glucose concentration and glucose turnover rates in the stressed, hyperketonaemic, late gestation twin-bearing ewes. This illustrates that the glucose homoeostatic system of ewes bearing twins is significantly more susceptible to hypoglycaemic stress than that of ewes bearing single lambs. These findings also show that the primary cause of hypoglycaemia in late gestation twin-pregnant ewes is an increased susceptibility to a stress related reduction in glucose production rate. This metabolic condition leaves the twin-pregnant ewe predisposed for the development of pregnancy toxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schlumbohm
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Kulcsár M, Dankó G, Delavaud C, Mircu C, Nikolic AJ, Gáspárdy A, Cernescu H, Chilliard Y, Cseh S, Rudas P, Huszenicza G. Endocrine characteristics of late pregnant hyperketonaemic ewes and their reproductive performance following the induction of ovarian cyclicity out of the breeding season. Acta Vet Hung 2006; 54:235-49. [PMID: 16841761 DOI: 10.1556/avet.54.2006.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis was diagnosed in a flock of Merino ewes that conceived from synchronised oestrus in the early autumn period. On day 140 of pregnancy the ewes were sampled for determination of betaOH-butyrate (BHB), AST, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), total cholesterol (TCH), insulin, T4, T3, cortisol, IGF-1 and leptin. The results were evaluated according to the number of fetuses born some days later and the presence of hyperketonaemia (BHB: > or = 1.60 mmol/l). In May, about 3 months after lambing, cyclic ovarian function was induced (Cronolone + eCG), and the ewes were inseminated artificially (AI) 48 h after the removal of gestagen-containing sponge. At the time of AI and 10 days later blood samples were collected again to check the plasma levels of the same constituents as previously (in samples taken at AI), and to monitor the ovarian response by assaying progesterone (in both samples). On day 140 of gestation significantly lower BHB levels were detected in dams with single (n = 41) than in those with twin (n = 57) pregnancies. Hyperketonaemia was found only in ewes bearing twins (n = 27). These animals had higher NEFA and cortisol, and lower TCH, insulin, IGF-1, leptin and T3 levels than their normoketonaemic twin-bearing flock-mates, and those with single pregnancy. The blood glucose concentrations varied within a wide range, and the means of groups did not exhibit any significant differences. The formerly hyperketonaemic individuals were characterised by lower leptin level 3 months after lambing, and they showed a poorer response to the cycle-induction procedure than the others. The non-responders had lower IGF-1 and leptin levels than those ovulated after this treatment. It was concluded that the subclinical form of ovine ketosis is characterised by complex endocrine alterations, reflecting an obvious form of negative energy balance. If attempts to induce cyclic ovarian function outside the breeding season are made soon after lambing, the ovarian response and fertility of these ewes may also be depressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Kulcsár
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that high ketone body concentrations suppress endogenous production of glucose and in pregnant sheep facilitate development of pregnancy toxemia. Rates of endogenous glucose production [mmol.min(-1)], and rate constants of glucose turnover [min(-1)] were measured in seven 12-h fasted sheep in the presence of normo- and hyperketonemia by use of D-2-[(3)H]-glucose. The measurements were carried out in the same sheep during the nonpregnant nonlactating state, during late pregnancy (10 +/- 7 d antepartum) and during lactation (19 +/- 6 d postpartum). Hyperketonemia (5 to 7 mmol.L(-1)), similar to that present in spontaneous ovine pregnancy toxemia, was induced by continuous intravenous 4-h infusions of DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate (DL-BHB). Glucose turnover [mmol.min(-1)] in the same 7 nonpregnant nonlactating, late pregnant, and lactating sheep was significantly greater during normoketonemia (0.80, 1.16, 1.76) than during hyperketonemia (0.66, 0.92, 1.16, respectively). The rate constants of glucose turnover were not altered by elevation of the BHB concentration. The results demonstrated that high BHB concentrations significantly suppressed endogenous glucose production but showed no effect on glucose utilization. The suppressive effect of hyperketonemia on hepatic glucose production resulted in a significant reduction of plasma glucose concentration and was qualitatively the same in all three reproductive states. The results indicate that hyperketonemia, which is regularly present in late twin pregnant hypoglycemic sheep contributes significantly to the reduction of available glucose. This effect of hyperketonemia may invoke sustained hypoglycemia and may render the ewe into a vicious cycle that probably makes the animal refractory to treatment in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schlumbohm
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Pathological, clinical and biochemical investigation of naturally occurring pregnancy toxemia of sheep. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2003. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0303161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Palmer MV, Olsen SC. Hepatic lipidosis in pregnant captive American bison (Bison bison). J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:512-5. [PMID: 12423037 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipidosis, a hallmark lesion of lipid mobilization disorders in ruminants, was noted in four 3-year-old, pregnant bison (Bison bison) after periods of anorexia that progressed to recumbency and death. The affected bison were part of a herd at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) that was used for brucellosis vaccine research. Microscopically, the liver contained swollen hepatocytes with numerous, variably sized, round, smoothly contoured vacuoles that displaced cytoplasmic structures. Hepatocytes in all zones of the lobule were affected equally. Hypoglycemia, decreased total carbon dioxide, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and increased nonesterified fatty acid levels were noted. As in the case of cattle, altered nutritional demands of late gestation combined with management factors such as obesity, nutrition, stress, and concomitant disease may be critical in the pathophysiology of lipid mobilization disorders in bison. Additionally, stressors unique to this research herd likely contributed to fatal hepatic lipidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell V Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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