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Rauch R, Nichols K, de Carvalho IPC, Daniel J, Martín‐Tereso J, Dijkstra J. Effects of partial or full replacement of soybean meal with urea or coated urea on intake, performance, and plasma urea concentrations in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2025; 109:64-75. [PMID: 39138957 PMCID: PMC11731464 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
We expected mitigation of the hypophagic effects of urea (U) with a coated urea (CU) product that aimed to partially shift urea supply to the post-ruminal gastrointestinal tract. Ruminal release and post-ruminal digestibility of CU was evaluated in vitro, followed by a randomised complete block experiment (54 Holstein-Friesian cows; 177 ± 72 days in milk). Soybean meal (SBM) was partially (PR) or fully (FR) replaced on an isonitrogenous basis by beet pulp and U or CU. Urea sources were included at 12 (U-PR, CU-PR) and 19 (U-FR, CU-FR) g/kg dietary dry matter (DM). Hypophagic effects were similar for U-PR and CU-PR (-11% vs. -7%), and for U-FR and CU-FR (-13% vs. -12%) compared with SBM (average 25.8 kg DM intake/d). Compared with SBM, U-PR and CU-PR reduced yields of milk (-8%) and protein (-12%), U-PR reduced yield of fat (-9%) and fat- and protein-corrected-milk (FPCM; -9%), and CU-PR tended to reduce FPCM yield (-5%). Compared with SBM, U-FR and CU-FR respectively reduced yields of milk (-21%, -22%), protein (-25%, -26%), fat (both -14%), lactose (-20%, -21%), and FPCM (-17%, -19%), and lowered N (-15%, -12%) and feed (-8%, trend, -9%) efficiency. Human-edible protein efficiency approximately doubled with U-PR and CU-PR and approximately tripled with U-FR and CU-FR compared with SBM. Milk composition and plasma urea concentration were similar between U and CU, except for a trend for a greater plasma urea concentration with U-PR compared with CU-PR. Dry matter intake patterns differed for CU-PR compared with U-PR and for CU-FR compared with U-FR, suggesting effects of urea release rate or location on feeding behaviour. Overall, replacing SBM with U or CU reduced DM intake and milk production and affected nutrient efficiencies. Coated urea influenced DM intake pattern but did not affect total DM intake or milk production compared with U.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Javier Martín‐Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition R&DAmersfoortThe Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Saraiva DT, Moreira SS, Santos MEP, Almeida ER, Rennó LN, Valadares Filho SDC, Paulino MF, Aniceto ÉDP, Gonçalves JCC, Albuquerque JM, Lopes SA. Performance and Metabolic Responses of Nellore Cows Subjected to Different Supplementation Plans during Prepartum. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2283. [PMID: 39199817 PMCID: PMC11350781 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of different prepartum supplementation plans on Nellore cows' performance, metabolic responses, and early offspring development. Thirty-nine pregnant Nellore cows (224 ± 2.67 days of pregnancy, 5.3 ± 0.29 years of age, body weight 520 ± 15.2 kg, initial body condition score 6.0 ± 0.07) were assigned to one of four treatments: a control group receiving only mineral mixture ad libitum, and three groups receiving daily protein-energy supplements of 2, 4, or 6 g/kg BW for 60 days prepartum. Weights and body condition scores were evaluated at the start of the experiment, 7 days before calving, and at 45 and 90 days postpartum. Cows supplemented with 4 and 6 g/kg BW showed improved body weight and body condition scores prepartum and postpartum and had a shorter service period (p < 0.05). The highest blood urea nitrogen concentrations were observed in cows receiving 6 g/kg BW (p = 0.0124). There was a reduction in blood urea nitrogen at calving for the 6 g/kg BW group, while the control group showed an increase (p < 0.001). Non-esterified fatty acids concentrations were lower 21 days before calving for the 4 and 6 g/kg BW groups compared to the control (p < 0.05) and decreased postpartum for all treatments (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in calf birth weight or performance. Supplementing with 4 g/kg BW of protein-energy is recommended to enhance metabolic health and overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Teixeira Saraiva
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Samira Silveira Moreira
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Mateus Emanuel Pereira Santos
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Eduarda Ramos Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Luciana Navajas Rennó
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Mário Fonseca Paulino
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Érica de Paula Aniceto
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Johnnatan Castro Cabral Gonçalves
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Jean Marcelo Albuquerque
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Sidnei Antônio Lopes
- Departament of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (M.E.P.S.); (L.N.R.); (S.d.C.V.F.); (M.F.P.); (É.d.P.A.); (J.C.C.G.); (J.M.A.); (S.A.L.)
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Moreira da Silva AE, Franco AM, Ferguson BS, Fonseca MA. Influence of previous plane of nutrition on molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of urea and water metabolism related genes in the rumen and kidney of finishing crossbred Angus steers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:232-243. [PMID: 38800739 PMCID: PMC11126772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand how molecular mechanisms controlling water and urea metabolism at the finishing phase can be affected by previous plane of nutrition of crossbred Angus beef steers. Twenty-four (n = 24) animals were randomly distributed into either a moderate (MP) or high plane of nutrition during the background phase for 85 d. Animals were then blocked by their previous plane and were moved onto a 105-d finishing phase in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The forage-finished group received only high-quality alfalfa hay, whereas the grain-fed group received a high grain diet (80% whole corn and 20% alfalfa hay). By the end of the finishing phase, animals were harvested and tissue samples from the rumen and kidney were collected. Changes in gene expression of aquaporins (AQP)-2, -3, -4, -7, ATP1A1, ATP1B1, SGK1, CLIC1 (kidney and rumen), UT-A1 (kidney only) and UT-B (rumen only), were assayed via real-time qPCR; 18S rRNA was used as an endogenous control. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis was conducted. When animals were from MP, forage-finishing increased the relative abundance of AQP3 (P ≤ 0.05), AQP7 (P ≤ 0.05), ATP1B1 (P ≤ 0.05), and SGK1 (P ≤ 0.05) in the kidney when compared to grain-fed animals. In the rumen, for the MP group, AQP7 was differentially expressed in both treatments at the finishing phase (P ≤ 0.01), with forage-finished steers having the highest expression of AQP7. For the MP group, UT-B had a tendency of presenting a higher expression on grain-fed animals (P = 0.075). Overall, these results suggest that previous plane can impact expression of genes associated with water and urea metabolism during the finishing phase, namely AQP3, AQP7, ATP1B1, and SGK1 in the kidney, and AQP7 and UT-B in the rumen. The greatest impact observed on gene expression changes of investigated genes at the finishing phase was reflective of animals backgrounded on the moderate previous plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aghata E. Moreira da Silva
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89503, USA
| | - Arturo Macias Franco
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89503, USA
| | - Bradley S. Ferguson
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89503, USA
| | - Mozart A. Fonseca
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89503, USA
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, NM 88415, USA
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Burns KS, Penner GB, Hogan NS, Mutsvangwa T. Whole-body urea kinetics and functional roles of urea transporters and aquaporins in urea secretion into the rumen in sheep fed diets varying in crude protein content and corn grain processing method. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae237. [PMID: 39154206 PMCID: PMC11407831 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content and corn grain processing on whole-body urea kinetics and the functional roles of urea transporter-B (UT-B) and aquaporins (AQP) in serosal-to-mucosal urea flux (Jsm-urea) in ovine ruminal epithelia. Thirty-two Rideau-Arcott ram lambs were blocked by bodyweight into groups of 4 and then randomly allocated within blocks to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dietary factors were CP content (11% [LP] vs. 16% [HP]) and corn grain processing (whole-shelled [WSC] vs. steam-flaked [SFC] corn). Whole-body urea kinetics and N balance were determined using 4-d continuous intrajugular infusions of [15N15N]-urea with concurrent collections of urine and feces with four blocks of lambs (n = 4). After 23 d on diets, lambs were killed to collect ruminal epithelia for mounting in Ussing chambers to determine Jsm-urea and the measurement of mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP. Serosal and mucosal additions of phloretin and NiCl2 were used to inhibit UT-B- and AQP-mediated urea transport, respectively. Lambs fed HP had a greater (P < 0.01) N intake (29.4 vs. 19.1 g/d) than those fed LP; however, retained N (g/d or % of N intake) was not different. As a % of N intake, lambs fed SFC tended (P = 0.09) to have a lower N excretion (72.2 vs. 83.5%) and a greater N retention (27.8 vs. 16.6%) compared to those fed WSC. Endogenous urea-N production (UER) was greater in lambs fed HP compared to those fed LP (29.9 vs. 20.6 g/d; P = 0.02), whereas urea-N secreted into the gut (GER; g/d) and urea-N used for anabolic purposes (UUA; g/d) were similar. Lambs fed LP tended (P = 0.05) to have greater GER:UER (0.78 vs. 0.66) and UUA:GER (0.23 vs. 0.13) ratios, and a greater Jsm-urea (144.7 vs. 116.1 nmol/[cm2 × h]; P = 0.07) compared to those fed HP. Lambs fed SFC tended to have a lower NiCl2-insensitive Jsm-urea (117.4 vs. 178.4 nmol/[cm2 × h]; P = 0.09) and had a lower phloretin-insensitive Jsm-urea (87.1 vs. 143.1 nmol/[cm2 × h]; P = 0.02) compared to those fed WSC. The mRNA abundance of UT-B (0.89 vs. 1.07; P = 0.08) and AQP-3 (0.90 vs. 1.05; P = 0.07) tended to be lower in lambs fed SFC compared to those fed WSC. Overall, reducing CP content tended to increase the GER:UER ratio with no changes in the expression or function of UT-B and AQP. Although corn grain processing had no effects on GER, feeding SFC increased the portion of urea secretion into the rumen that was mediated via UT-B and AQP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin S Burns
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - Timothy Mutsvangwa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
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Nichols K, Rauch R, Lippens L, Seymour DJ, Martín-Tereso J. Dose response to postruminal urea in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8694-8709. [PMID: 37641248 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Inclusion of urea in dairy cattle diets is often limited by negative effects of high levels of feed urea on dry matter intake (DMI) and efficiency of rumen N utilization. We hypothesized that supplying urea postruminally would mitigate these limitations and allow greater inclusion of urea in dairy cattle diets. Four rumen-fistulated Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (7 ± 2.1 lactations, 110 ± 30.8 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to examine DMI, milk production and composition, digestibility, rumen fermentation, N balance, and plasma constituents in response to 4 levels of urea continuously infused into the abomasum (0, 163, 325, and 488 g/d). Urea doses were targeted to linearly increase the crude protein (CP) content of total DMI (diet plus infusion) by 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% and equated to 0%, 0.7%, 1.4%, and 2.1% of expected DMI, respectively. Each 28-d infusion period consisted of a 7-d dose step-up period, 14 d of adaptation, and a 7-d measurement period. The diet was fed ad libitum as a total mixed ration [10.9% CP, 42.5% corn silage, 3.5% grass hay, 3.5% wheat straw, and 50.5% concentrate (dry matter basis)] and was formulated to meet 100%, 82%, and 53% of net energy, metabolizable protein, and rumen-degradable protein requirements, respectively. Linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of urea dose were assessed using polynomial regression assuming the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of period and cow. Dry matter intake and energy-corrected milk yield responded quadratically to urea dose, and milk urea content increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Apparent total-tract digestibility of CP increased linearly with increasing urea dose and ruminal NH3-N concentration responded quadratically to urea dose. Mean total VFA concentration was not affected by urea dose. The proportion of N intake excreted in feces decreased linearly and that excreted in urine increased linearly in response to increasing urea dose. The proportion of N intake excreted in milk increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Urinary urea excretion increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Microbial N flow responded cubically to urea dose, but the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not affected. Plasma urea concentration increased linearly with increasing urea dose. Regression analysis estimated that when supplemented on top of a low-CP diet, 179 g/d of postruminal urea would maximize DMI at 23.4 kg/d, corresponding to a dietary urea inclusion level of 0.8% of DMI, which is in line with the current recommendations for urea inclusion in dairy cattle diets. Overall, these results indicate that postruminal delivery of urea does not mitigate DMI depression as urea dose increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nichols
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
| | - R Rauch
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - L Lippens
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Puslinch, Ontario, N0B 2J0 Canada
| | - D J Seymour
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
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Prahl MC, Müller CBM, Wimmers K, Kuhla B. Mammary gland, kidney and rumen urea and uric acid transporters of dairy cows differing in milk urea concentration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17231. [PMID: 37821556 PMCID: PMC10567808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The milk urea concentration (MUC) serves as indicator of urinary nitrogen emissions, but at comparable crude protein (CP) intake, cows with high (HMU) and low (LMU) MUC excrete equal urea amounts. We hypothesized that urea and uric acid transporters and sizes of the kidney, mammary gland, and rumen account for these phenotypes. Eighteen HMU and 18 LMU Holstein dairy cows fed a low (LP) and normal (NP) CP diet were studied. Milk, plasma and urinary urea concentrations were greater with NP feeding, while plasma and urinary urea concentrations were comparable between phenotypes. Milk and plasma uric acid concentrations were higher with LP feeding but not affected by phenotype. The milk-urine uric acid ratio was greater in HMU cows. The mRNA expressions of the ruminal urea transporter SLC14A1 and AQP10, the mammary gland and rumen AQP3, and the mammary gland uric acid transporter ABCG2 were not affected by group or diet. Renal AQP10, but not AQP3, AQP7, and SLC14A2 expressions, and the kidney weights were lower in HMU cows. These data indicate that renal size and AQP10 limit the urea transfer from blood to urine, and that MUC determines if uric acid is more released with milk or urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Prahl
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Carolin B M Müller
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Hussein AH, Patra AK, Puchala R, Wilson BK, Goetsch AL. Effects of Restricted Availability of Drinking Water on Blood Characteristics and Constituents in Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix Sheep from Different Regions of the USA. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3167. [PMID: 36428395 PMCID: PMC9686939 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different hair sheep breeds originated from diverse climatic regions of the USA may show varying adaptability to water deprivation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of restricted availability of drinking water on blood characteristics and constituent concentrations in different breeds of hair sheep from various regions the USA. For this study, 45 Dorper (initial age = 3.7 ± 0.34 yr), 45 Katahdin (3.9 ± 0.36 yr), and 44 St. Croix (2.7 ± 0.29 yr) sheep from 45 farms in 4 regions of the USA (Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas) were used. Ad libitum water intake was determined during wk 2 of period one, with 75% of ad libitum water intake offered during wk 2 of period two, and 50% of ad libitum water intake offered for 5 wk (i.e., wk 5−9) in period three. Water was offered at 07:00 or 07:30 h, with blood samples collected at 08:00 and(or) 14:00 h in wk 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9 for variables such as hemoglobin and oxygen saturation and wk 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 for concentrations of glucose and other constituents. The blood oxygen concentration at 08:00 h was 4.86, 4.93, and 5.25 mmol/L in period one and 4.89, 4.81, and 5.74 mmol/L in period three for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively (SEM = 0.160; p = 0.001). Blood oxygen at 14:00 h was 4.37, 4.61, and 4.74 mmol/L in period one and 4.66, 4.81, and 5.46 mmol/L in period three for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively (SEM = 0.154; p = 0.003). St. Croix were able to maintain a higher (p < 0.001) blood oxygen concentration than Dorper and Katahdin regardless of water availability. The pattern of change in blood concentrations with advancing time varied considerably among constituents. However, concentrations of glucose (55.3 and 56.2 mg/dL; SEM = 0.84), lactate (24.1 and 22.5 mg/dL; SEM = 0.79), total protein (7.08 and 7.17 g/dL; SEM = 0.0781), and albumin (2.59 and 2.65 g/dL in wk 2 and 9, respectively; SEM = 0.029) were similar (p > 0.05) between periods one and three. Conversely, concentrations of cholesterol (56.2 and 69.3 mg/dL; SEM = 1.33) and triglycerides (28.6 and 34.5 mg/dL in wk 2 and 9, respectively; SEM = 0.98) were greater (p < 0.05) in period three vs. 1. In conclusion, water restriction altered almost all the blood variables depending upon severity and duration of restriction, but the hair sheep breeds used from different regions of the USA, especially St. Croix, displayed considerable capacity to adapt to limited drinking water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hussein Hussein
- American Institute for Goat Research, School of Agriculture and Applied sciences, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, School of Agriculture and Applied sciences, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Ryszard Puchala
- American Institute for Goat Research, School of Agriculture and Applied sciences, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
| | - Blake Kenyon Wilson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Arthur Louis Goetsch
- American Institute for Goat Research, School of Agriculture and Applied sciences, Langston University, Langston, OK 73050, USA
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Prahl MC, Müller CBM, Albrecht D, Koch F, Wimmers K, Kuhla B. Hepatic urea, creatinine and uric acid metabolism in dairy cows with divergent milk urea concentrations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17593. [PMID: 36266429 PMCID: PMC9585098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk urea concentration is an indicator for dietary nitrogen (N)-supply and urinary N-excretion. Dairy cows with high (HMU) compared to low milk urea (LMU) concentration have greater plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations, but if the liver metabolism accounts for these differences is unknown. Eighteen HMU and 18 LMU cows were fed a diet with a low (LP) or normal (NP) crude protein concentration. A N balance study was performed and a 13C-urea bolus was administered to measure urea pool size. Liver samples were analyzed by 2D-gel-based proteomics and RT-qPCR. Although HMU cows had a greater urea pool, plasma urea, uric acid, and hippuric acid concentrations, these differences were not associated with altered expressions of genes related to urea cycling or N-metabolism. Instead, HMU cows had higher oxidative stress levels. Conclusively, other factors than hepatic urea metabolism account for milk urea concentrations. Despite higher plasma urea concentrations and argininosuccinate synthase 1 protein expression on the LP diet, urea cycle mRNA expressions were not affected, indicating that its activity is not controlled at transcriptional level. Feeding the LP diet resulted in increased expressions of enzymes catabolizing fatty acids, but the reason remains to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. Prahl
- grid.418188.c0000 0000 9049 5051Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Carolin B. M. Müller
- grid.418188.c0000 0000 9049 5051Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Albrecht
- grid.5603.0Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 8, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Koch
- grid.418188.c0000 0000 9049 5051Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- grid.418188.c0000 0000 9049 5051Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- grid.418188.c0000 0000 9049 5051Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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9
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Localization of urea transporter B in the developing bovine rumen. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:216-222. [PMID: 35785258 PMCID: PMC9207548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Urea nitrogen secreted from blood to rumen is a crucial factor shaping the symbiotic relationship between host ruminants and their microbial populations. Passage of urea across rumen epithelia is facilitated by urea transporter B (UT-B), but the long-term regulation of these proteins remains unclear. As ruminal function develops over a period of months, the developing rumen is an excellent model with which to investigate this regulation. Using rumen epithelium samples of calves from birth to 96 d of age, this study performed immunolocalization studies to localize and semi-quantify UT-B protein development. As expected, preliminary experiments confirmed that ruminal monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) short chain fatty acid transporter protein abundance increased with age (P < 0.01, n = 4). Further investigation revealed that ruminal UT-B was present in the first few weeks of life and initially detected in the basolateral membrane of stratum basale cells. Over the next 2 months, UT-B staining spread to other epithelial layers and semi-quantification indicated that UT-B abundance significantly increased with age (P < 0.01, n = 4 or 6). These changes were in line with the development of rumen function after the advent of solid feed intake and weaning, exhibiting a similar pattern to both MCT1 transporters and papillae growth. This study therefore confirmed age-dependent changes of in situ ruminal UT-B protein, adding to our understanding of the long-term regulation of ruminal urea transporters.
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10
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Niehues MB, Tomaz LDA, Ferreira MS, Baldassini WA, Chardulo LAL, Sartor AB, Ribeiro RV, Fogaça LA, Arrigoni MDB, Martins CL, Machado Neto OR. Assessment of corn wet distillers grains fed to crossbred bulls on feeding behavior, rumen morphology, liver abscesses and blood parameters. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271461. [PMID: 35951618 PMCID: PMC9371291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn ethanol production has been growing in Brazil in the last ten years, generating by-products to feedlot diets. This study evaluates the effects of the inclusion of low-fat corn wet distillers grains (LF-WDG) on feeding behavior, ruminal health, liver abscesses and blood parameters of F1 Angus-Nellore bulls feedlot finished. Our hypothesis is that evaluation of data from feeding behavior, rumen and liver health would help to explain animal performance. In this trail, one-hundred animals were fed for 129 days with diets containing amounts of 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45% of LF-WDG replacing corn grain and soybean meal. Evaluations of fluctuation of dry matter intake (DMI) were carried out. Additionally, feeding behavior data were assessed by monitoring (24-h period) the feeding, rumination, time spent eating (TSE), and time expended on other activities (resting and number of meals per day). Blood variables such as pH, bicarbonate, total CO2 content, and base excess in extracellular fluid (Beecf) were determined. After slaughter, rumen epithelium was classified according to the incidence of lesions (rumenitis) and abnormalities (papillae clumped), and samples were collected for morphology and histology evaluations. Moreover, livers were scored for severity of abscesses as follow: as unabscessed (0), one or two small abscesses (A−), two to four small active abscesses (A) or one or more large, active abscesses (A+). The DMI (kg/day) differed (P = 0.03) among treatments and there is a tendency of 15 and 30 LF-WDG (% DM) had lower %DMI fluctuation compared to 0 or 45%. The TSE increased linearly (P < 0.01) as the amounts of inclusion of LF-WDG increased. Moreover, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, NDF consumption rate and NDF rumination efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to LF-WDG feeding. The incidence of rumenitis tended (P = 0.08) to be greater at 45% LF-WDG, while keratin thickness decreased linearly in bulls fed LF-WDG (P < 0.01). The severity of liver abscesses (score A+) increased linearly (P = 0.02). Regarding blood parameters, only Beecf decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to LF-WDG feeding. Therefore, the hypothesis of the current study was confirmed. We previous reported that F1 Angus-Nellore bulls fed LF-WDG show greater weight gain (1.94 ± 0.09 kg/day) and final body weight (620 ± 18.8 kg) when compare to control (1.8 ± 0.09 kg/day and 602 ± 18.8 kg, respectively). Here, we conclude that inclusion of 15 to 30% LF-WDG in feedlot diets improved feeding behavior without impairing ruminal health and blood parameters, driving performance and weigh gain of crossbred bulls. However, bulls fed 45% LF-WDG had greater severity of liver abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Betânia Niehues
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís de Aquino Tomaz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Silva Ferreira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welder Angelo Baldassini
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Artur Loyola Chardulo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Bárbara Sartor
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Vaquero Ribeiro
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Fogaça
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário de Beni Arrigoni
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cyntia Ludovico Martins
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otávio Rodrigues Machado Neto
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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11
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Bougouin A, Hristov A, Dijkstra J, Aguerre MJ, Ahvenjärvi S, Arndt C, Bannink A, Bayat AR, Benchaar C, Boland T, Brown WE, Crompton LA, Dehareng F, Dufrasne I, Eugène M, Froidmont E, van Gastelen S, Garnsworthy PC, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Herremans S, Huhtanen P, Johansen M, Kidane A, Kreuzer M, Kuhla B, Lessire F, Lund P, Minnée EMK, Muñoz C, Niu M, Nozière P, Pacheco D, Prestløkken E, Reynolds CK, Schwarm A, Spek JW, Terranova M, Vanhatalo A, Wattiaux MA, Weisbjerg MR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Yu Z, Kebreab E. Prediction of nitrogen excretion from data on dairy cows fed a wide range of diets compiled in an intercontinental database: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7462-7481. [PMID: 35931475 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manure nitrogen (N) from cattle contributes to nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions and nitrate leaching. Measurement of manure N outputs on dairy farms is laborious, expensive, and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were (1) to collate an international database of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual lactating dairy cow data from different continents; (2) to determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; and (3) to develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual data from lactating dairy cows consuming various diets. A raw data set was created based on 5,483 individual cow observations, with 5,420 fecal N excretion and 3,621 urine N excretion measurements collected from 162 in vivo experiments conducted by 22 research institutes mostly located in Europe (n = 14) and North America (n = 5). A sequential approach was taken in developing models with increasing complexity by incrementally adding variables that had a significant individual effect on fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models including experiment as a random effect. Simple models requiring dry matter intake (DMI) or N intake performed better for predicting fecal N excretion than simple models using diet nutrient composition or milk performance parameters. Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI, but simple models using milk urea N (MUN) and N intake performed even better for urinary N excretion. The full model predicting fecal N excretion had similar performance to simple models based on DMI but included several independent variables (DMI, diet crude protein content, diet neutral detergent fiber content, milk protein), depending on the location, and had root mean square prediction errors as a fraction of the observed mean values of 19.1% for intercontinental, 19.8% for European, and 17.7% for North American data sets. Complex total manure N excretion models based on N intake and MUN led to prediction errors of about 13.0% to 14.0%, which were comparable to models based on N intake alone. Intercepts and slopes of variables in optimal prediction equations developed on intercontinental, European, and North American bases differed from each other, and therefore region-specific models are preferred to predict N excretion. In conclusion, region-specific models that include information on DMI or N intake and MUN are required for good prediction of fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion. In absence of intake data, region-specific complex equations using easily and routinely measured variables to predict fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion may be used, but these equations have lower performance than equations based on intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bougouin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
| | - A Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16803
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J Aguerre
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - C Arndt
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A R Bayat
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - C Benchaar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - T Boland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1205; Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - L A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - F Dehareng
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - I Dufrasne
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Eugène
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - E Froidmont
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Herremans
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Kidane
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - M Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Dummerstorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - F Lessire
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - E M K Minnée
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand 3240
| | - C Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Ruta 5 S, Osorno, Chile
| | - M Niu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Nozière
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - D Pacheco
- Ag Research, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - E Prestløkken
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - A Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - J W Spek
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Terranova
- AgroVet-Strickhof, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1205
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidin, CSIC, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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12
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Effects of Dietary Lysophospholipid Inclusion on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Utilization, and Blood Metabolites of Finishing Beef Cattle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081486. [PMID: 36009204 PMCID: PMC9404894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with lysophospholipids (LPLs) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and blood metabolites of finishing beef cattle. In total, 40 Angus beef bulls were blocked for body weight (447 ± 9.64 kg) and age (420 ± 6.1 days) and randomly assigned to one of four treatments (10 beef cattle per treatment): (1) control (CON; basal diet); (2) LLPL (CON supplemented with 0.012% dietary LPL, dry matter (DM) basis); (3) MLPL (CON supplemented with 0.024% dietary LPL, DM basis); and (4) HLPL (CON supplemented with 0.048% dietary LPLs, DM basis). The results showed that dietary supplementation with LPLs linearly increased the average daily gain (p < 0.01), digestibility of DM (p < 0.01), crude protein (p < 0.01), and ether extract (p < 0.01) and decreased the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01). A linear increase in N retention (p = 0.01) and a decrease in urinary (p = 0.04) and fecal N (p = 0.02) levels were observed with increasing the supplemental doses of LPLs. Bulls fed LPLs showed a linear increase in glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.04) and hepatic lipase (p < 0.01) activity and a decrease in cholesterol (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and malondialdehyde (p < 0.01) levels. In conclusion, supplementation with LPLs has the potential to improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and antioxidant status of beef cattle.
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13
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Zhong C, Long R, Stewart GS. The role of rumen epithelial urea transport proteins in urea nitrogen salvage: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:304-313. [PMID: 35600543 PMCID: PMC9097623 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Bougouin A, Hristov A, Zanetti D, Filho SCV, Rennó LN, Menezes ACB, Silva Junior JM, Alhadas HM, Mariz LDS, Prados LF, Beauchemin KA, McAllister T, Yang WZZ, Koenig KM, Goossens K, Yan T, Noziere P, Jonker A, Kebreab E. Nitrogen excretion from beef cattle fed a wide range of diets compiled in an intercontinental dataset: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6573219. [PMID: 35460418 PMCID: PMC9486885 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manure N from cattle contributes to nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions. Measurement of manure N outputs on commercial beef cattle operations is laborious, expensive, and impractical; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were to (1) collate an international dataset of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual observations from beef cattle; (2) determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; (3) develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual observation from beef cattle consuming various diets. A meta-analysis based on individual beef data from different experiments was carried from a raw dataset including 1,004 observations from 33 experiments collected from 5 research institutes in Europe (n = 3), North America (n = 1), and South America (n = 1). A sequential approach was taken in developing models of increasing complexity by incrementally adding significant variables that effected fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models with experiment as a random effect. Simple models including dry matter intake (DMI) were better at predicting fecal N excretion, than those using only dietary nutrient composition or BW. Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI. A model including DMI and dietary component concentrations led to the most robust prediction of fecal and urinary N excretion, generating root mean square prediction errors as a percentage of the observed mean values of 25.0% for feces and 25.6% for urine. Complex total manure N excretion models based on BW and dietary component concentrations led to the lowest prediction errors of about 14.6%. In conclusion, several models to predict N excretion already exist, but the ones developed in this study are based on individual observations encompassing larger variability than the previous developed models. In addition, models that include information on DMI or N intake are required for accurate prediction of fecal, urinary and total manure N excretion. In the absence of intake data, equations have poor performance as compared to equations based on intake and dietary component concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bougouin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Diego Zanetti
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Sebastiao C V Filho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucianna N Rennó
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ana C B Menezes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jarbas M Silva Junior
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Herlon M Alhadas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lays D S Mariz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Laura F Prados
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Wen Zhu Z Yang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Karen M Koenig
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Karen Goossens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg, Melle, 9090, Belgium
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, 8 Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Noziere
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Arjan Jonker
- AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Castro DPV, Pimentel PRS, da Silva Júnior JM, Virgínio Júnior GF, de Andrade EA, Barbosa AM, Pereira ES, Ribeiro CVDM, Bezerra LR, Oliveira RL. Effects of Increasing Levels of Palm Kernel Oil in the Feed of Finishing Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040427. [PMID: 35203135 PMCID: PMC8868089 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Palm kernel oil (PKO) is extracted from an oleaginous seed fruit (Elaeis guineenses Jacq.) commonly cultivated in Brazil and can be used strategically as a ruminal fermentation modulator to improve animal performance. We conducted three experimental trials by increasing PKO levels in the diets of lambs. Although we observed low consumption of most nutrients, we also observed that feed conversion improved as the PKO inclusion level increased, indicating that the animals needed to consume less food to gain 1.0 kg of body weight. In addition, we observed that nutrient digestibility was not affected by the inclusion levels of PKO. We also did not observe differences in ruminal fermentation parameters but noted a reduction in the protozoan population. Therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of palm kernel oil may be beneficial to lambs and can lower the cost of feed in regions that contain an abundance of this byproduct. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of palm kernel oil (PKO) in a lamb diet on nutrient intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation parameters, and animal performance. Three experimental trials were conducted. The treatments consisted of varying levels of PKO included in the diet, with PKOzero = no PKO inclusion, PKO1.3 = 1.3% addition, PKO2.6 = 2.6% addition, PKO3.9 = 3.9% addition, and PKO5.2 = 5.2% addition, based on the total dry matter (DM) of the diet. With the inclusion of PKO in the diet, linear decreases in DM (p < 0.001), crude ash (p < 0.001), crude protein (CP) (p < 0.001), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p < 0.001), nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) (p < 0.001), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) (p = 0.021) intake were observed, as was an increase in ether extract (EE) intake (p < 0.001). The digestibility coefficients of NDF and NFC were not affected by PKO addition to the diet. However, the digestibility of DM (p = 0.035), EE (p < 0.001), CP (p < 0.001), and TDNs (p < 0.001) increased when PKO was added to the lambs’ diet. Reductions in N intake (p < 0.001), fecal nitrogen excretion (p < 0.001), and microbial protein production (p < 0.001) were noted with increasing PKO levels. Serum cholesterol increased (p < 0.001) while serum GGT enzyme concentrations in the blood decreased (p = 0.048) with increasing PKO levels. PKO addition had no effect on total weight gain and average daily gain; however, feed conversion improved (p = 0.001) with increasing PKO levels. The intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, and growth performance of lambs with PKO1.3 added to their diet were similar to animals that did not receive PKO, meaning that PKO could be an alternative energy source for growing lambs because it does not harm animal performance and can lower the cost of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pionorio Vilaronga Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Silveira Pimentel
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Jarbas Miguel da Silva Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Gercino Ferreira Virgínio Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Ederson Américo de Andrade
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Analívia Martins Barbosa
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Elzânia Sales Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60021970, CE, Brazil;
| | - Claudio Vaz Di Mambro Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
| | - Leilson Rocha Bezerra
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos 58708110, PB, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170110, BA, Brazil; (D.P.V.C.); (P.R.S.P.); (J.M.d.S.J.); (G.F.V.J.); (E.A.d.A.); (A.M.B.); (C.V.D.M.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Hailemariam S, Zhao S, He Y, Wang J. Urea transport and hydrolysis in the rumen: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:989-996. [PMID: 34738029 PMCID: PMC8529027 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient dietary nitrogen (N) conversion to microbial proteins, and the subsequent use by ruminants, is a major research focus across different fields. Excess bacterial ammonia (NH3) produced due to degradation or hydrolyses of N containing compounds, such as urea, leads to an inefficiency in a host's ability to utilize nitrogen. Urea is a non-protein N containing compound used by ruminants as an ammonia source, obtained from feed and endogenous sources. It is hydrolyzed by ureases from rumen bacteria to produce NH3 which is used for microbial protein synthesis. However, lack of information exists regarding urea hydrolysis in ruminal bacteria, and how urea gets to hydrolysis sites. Therefore, this review describes research on sites of urea hydrolysis, urea transport routes towards these sites, the role and structure of urea transporters in rumen epithelium and bacteria, the composition of ruminal ureolytic bacteria, mechanisms behind urea hydrolysis by bacterial ureases, and factors influencing urea hydrolysis. This review explores the current knowledge on the structure and physiological role of urea transport and ureolytic bacteria, for the regulation of urea hydrolysis and recycling in ruminants. Lastly, underlying mechanisms of urea transportation in rumen bacteria and their physiological importance are currently unknown, and therefore future research should be directed to this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Hailemariam
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Dilla University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Dilla P. O. Box 419, Ethiopia
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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17
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Yang J, Zheng J, Fang X, Jiang X, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Effects of Dietary N-carbamylglutamate on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility, Nitrogen Metabolism and Plasma Metabolites of Fattening Holstein Bulls. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E126. [PMID: 33430052 PMCID: PMC7827832 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), a structural analog of N-acetylglutamate, improves nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. However, the effects of NCG on bulls are unknown. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the effects of adding different amounts of NCG on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and plasma metabolites of fattening Holstein bulls. Twenty-four Holstein bulls with similar body weights (BW, 408 ± 21.9 kg) and ages (450 ± 6.1 d; all mean ± SD) were selected for the feeding trial. After 2 weeks of adaptation, bulls were blocked by BW and age and subsequently randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: (1) CON group (control diet), (2) L group (supplementation with 20 mg/kg BW NCG), (3) M group (supplementation with 40 mg/kg BW NCG), or (4) H group (supplementation with 80 mg/kg BW NCG). The addition of NCG linearly and quadratically increased the average daily gain (CON vs. L vs. M vs. H = 1.03 vs. 1.19 vs. 1.40 vs. 1.26 kg/d) (p < 0.05), feed conversion ratio (CON vs. L vs. M vs. H = 11.92 vs. 9.22 vs. 7.76 vs. 8.62) (p < 0.05), crude protein digestibility (CON vs. L vs. M vs. H = 64.3 vs. 63.8 vs. 67.7 vs. 65.8%) (0.05 < p < 0.10), N retention (p < 0.05) and N utilization (p < 0.05) of bulls, whereas the contents of fecal N (0.05 < p < 0.10) and urinary N (0.05 < p < 0.10) in NCG-fed bulls linearly decreased compared with those in CON bulls. Bulls fed NCG showed a quadratic increased plasma nitric oxide (p < 0.05) concentration. Furthermore, Arg (p < 0.05), Ile (p < 0.05), Val (p < 0.05), Ala (p < 0.05), Glu (p < 0.05), Ser (p < 0.05), total essential amino acid (p < 0.05) and total nonessential amino acid (p < 0.05) concentrations linearly and quadratically increased with increasing doses of NCG. In contrast, plasma urea (p < 0.05) and ammonia (p < 0.05) concentration linearly and quadratically decreased with increasing doses of NCG. Overall, the addition of NCG increased plasma Arg, Ile, Val, TEAA and TNEAA concentration, which in turn resulted in a higher N utilization and, therefore, higher average daily gain in NCG-fed bulls, providing baseline data for the widespread application of NCG in beef cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yonggen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.F.); (X.J.); (Y.S.)
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18
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Fontaine SS, Kohl KD. Optimal integration between host physiology and functions of the gut microbiome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190594. [PMID: 32772673 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbial communities have profound impacts on animal physiological function, especially nutrition and metabolism. The hypothesis of 'symmorphosis', which posits that the physiological systems of animals are regulated precisely to meet, but not exceed, their imposed functional demands, has been used to understand the integration of physiological systems across levels of biological organization. Although this idea has been criticized, it is recognized as having important heuristic value, even as a null hypothesis, and may, therefore, be a useful tool in understanding how hosts evolve in response to the function of their microbiota. Here, through a hologenomic lens, we discuss how the idea of symmorphosis may be applied to host-microbe interactions. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which host physiology may have evolved to collaborate with the microbiota to perform important functions, and, on the other hand, situations in which services have been completely outsourced to the microbiota, resulting in relaxed selection on host pathways. Following this theoretical discussion, we finally suggest strategies by which these currently speculative ideas may be explicitly tested to further our understanding of host evolution in response to their associated microbial communities. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Fontaine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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19
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Bush SJ, McCulloch MEB, Lisowski ZM, Muriuki C, Clark EL, Young R, Pridans C, Prendergast JGD, Summers KM, Hume DA. Species-Specificity of Transcriptional Regulation and the Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Mammalian Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:661. [PMID: 32793601 PMCID: PMC7386301 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian macrophages differ in their basal gene expression profiles and response to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In human macrophages, LPS elicits a temporal cascade of transient gene expression including feed forward activators and feedback regulators that limit the response. Here we present a transcriptional network analysis of the response of sheep bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to LPS based upon RNA-seq at 0, 2, 4, 7, and 24 h post-stimulation. The analysis reveals a conserved transcription factor network with humans, and rapid induction of feedback regulators that constrain the response at every level. The gene expression profiles of sheep BMDM at 0 and 7 h post LPS addition were compared to similar data obtained from goat, cow, water buffalo, horse, pig, mouse and rat BMDM. This comparison was based upon identification of 8,200 genes annotated in all species and detected at >10TPM in at least one sample. Analysis of expression of transcription factors revealed a conserved transcriptional millieu associated with macrophage differentiation and LPS response. The largest co-expression clusters, including genes encoding cell surface receptors, endosome-lysosome components and secretory activity, were also expressed in all species and the combined dataset defines a macrophage functional transcriptome. All of the large animals differed from rodents in lacking inducible expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism and nitric oxide production. Instead, they expressed inducible transporters and enzymes of tryptophan and kynurenine metabolism. BMDM from all species expressed high levels of transcripts encoding transporters and enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism suggesting that glutamine is a major metabolic fuel. We identify and discuss transcripts that were uniquely expressed or regulated in rodents compared to large animals including ACOD1, CXC and CC chemokines, CD163, CLEC4E, CPM, CSF1, CSF2, CTSK, MARCO, MMP9, SLC2A3, SLC7A7, and SUCNR1. Conversely, the data confirm the conserved regulation of multiple transcripts for which there is limited functional data from mouse models and knockouts. The data provide a resource for functional annotation and interpretation of loci involved in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory disease in humans and large animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim M. Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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20
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Scott KA, Penner GB, Mutsvangwa T. Influence of forage level and corn grain processing on whole-body urea kinetics, and serosal-to-mucosal urea flux and expression of urea transporters and aquaporins in the ovine ruminal, duodenal, and cecal epithelia. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa098. [PMID: 32227169 PMCID: PMC7174056 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the effects of forage level and grain processing on whole-body urea kinetics, N balance, serosal-to-mucosal urea flux (Jsm-urea), and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) abundance of urea transporter-B (UT-B; SLC14a1) and aquaporins (AQP) in ovine ruminal, duodenal, and cecal epithelia. Thirty-two wether lambs were blocked by body weight into groups of four and assigned to one of four diets (n = 8) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dietary factors were forage level (30% [LF] vs. 70% [HF]) and corn grain processing (whole-shelled [WS] vs. steam-flaked [SF]). Four blocks of lambs (n = 4) were used to determine urea kinetics and N balance using 4-d [15N15N]-urea infusions with concurrent fecal and urine collections. Lambs were killed after 23 d of dietary adaptation. Ruminal, duodenal, and cecal epithelia were collected to determine Jsm-urea and mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP. Lambs fed LF had greater intakes of dry matter (DMI; 1.20 vs. 0.86 kg/d) and N (NI; 20.1 vs. 15.0 g/d) than those fed HF (P < 0.01). Lambs fed SF had greater DMI (1.20 vs. 0.86 kg/d) and NI (20.6 vs. 14.5 g/d) than those fed WS (P < 0.01). As a percentage of NI, total N excretion was greater in lambs fed HF compared with those fed LF (103% vs. 63.0%; P < 0.01) and was also greater in lambs fed WS compared with those fed SF (93.6% vs. 72.1%; P = 0.02). Retained N (% of NI) was greater in lambs fed LF compared with those fed HF (37.0% vs. -2.55%; P < 0.01). Lambs fed SF had a greater (P = 0.02) retained N (% of NI; 28.0% vs. 6.50%) compared with those fed WS. Endogenous urea production (UER) tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in lambs fed HF compared with those fed LF. As a proportion of UER, lambs fed HF had a greater urinary urea-N loss (0.38 vs. 0.22) and lower urea-N transferred to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; 0.62 vs. 0.78) or urea-N used for anabolism (as a proportion of urea-N transferred to the GIT; 0.12 vs. 0.26) compared with lambs fed LF (P < 0.01). Ruminal Jsm-urea was unaffected by diet. Duodenal Jsm-urea was greater (P < 0.01) in lambs fed HF compared with LF (77.5 vs. 57.2 nmol/[cm2 × h]). Lambs fed LF had greater (P = 0.03) mRNA expression of AQP3 in ruminal epithelia and tended (P = 0.06) to have greater mRNA expression of AQP3 in duodenal epithelia compared with lambs fed HF. Expression of UT-B mRNA was unaffected by diet. Our results showed that feeding more ruminally available energy improved N utilization, partly through a greater proportion of UER being transferred to the GIT and being used for anabolic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Scott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Timothy Mutsvangwa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Mazza P, Jaeger S, Silva F, Barbosa A, Nascimento T, Hora D, da Silva Júnior J, Bezerra L, Oliveira R. Effect of dehydrated residue from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit pulp in lamb diet on intake, ingestive behavior, digestibility, ruminal parameters and N balance. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zhou J, Ji K, Liu H, Zhang Y, Degen AA, Jiao D, Wang W, Xie Z, Wang X, Zhou P, Yang G. Effect of air temperature on growth performance, apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation and serum metabolites in Altay and Hu lambs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1024-1033. [PMID: 32011791 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fat-tailed Altay sheep are indigenous to the Altay prefecture and well adapted to severe cold and sparse pasture of poor quality. Hu sheep were introduced to this region in the 1970s and are raised mainly in feedlots. We hypothesized that the dietary energy utilization would differ between breeds and predicted that Altay sheep would be more efficient than Hu sheep, in particular at a low air temperature. To test this prediction, we examined growth performance, apparent digestibilities, rumen fermentation and serum metabolites in Altay (32 ± 2.6 kg) and Hu sheep (31 ± 2.7 kg) at air temperatures of -5 and 20°C. Average daily gain (ADG), feed and metabolizable energy intakes were greater in Altay than in Hu sheep (p < .01), and all were greater at -5°C than 20°C (p < .01). Body mass gain-to-feed intake ratio was higher in Altay than in Hu sheep (p < .001), but was not affected by air temperature (p > .10). Rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was greater in Hu than in Altay sheep (p < .05) and was greater at 20°C than at -5°C (p < .05), while rumen microbial protein concentration was greater in Altay than in Hu sheep (p < .05). Rectal temperature was higher at -5°C than 20°C (p < .05) and was similar between breeds (p > .05). Serum glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and urea-N concentrations were higher in Hu than in Altay sheep (p < .05). It was concluded that Altay sheep are better able to cope with poor quality diets as they had higher digestibility of nutrients, ADG and body mass gain-to-feed intake ratio than Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaixi Ji
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Abraham Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dan Jiao
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongkui Xie
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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23
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Shi F, Guo N, Degen A, Niu J, Wei H, Jing X, Ding L, Shang Z, Long R. Effects of level of feed intake and season on digestibility of dietary components, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiota in yaks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Abdelraheem N, Li F, Guo P, Sun Y, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Hou F. Oat hay as winter feed improves digestibility, nitrogen balance and energy utilization of Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Yu L, Liu T, Fu S, Li L, Meng X, Su X, Xie Z, Ren J, Meng Y, Lv X, Du Y. Physiological functions of urea transporter B. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1359-1368. [PMID: 31734718 PMCID: PMC6882768 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Urea transporters (UTs) are membrane proteins in the urea transporter protein A (UT-A) and urea transporter protein B (UT-B) families. UT-B is mainly expressed in endothelial cell membrane of the renal medulla and in other tissues, including the brain, heart, pancreas, colon, bladder, bone marrow, and cochlea. UT-B is responsible for the maintenance of urea concentration, male reproductive function, blood pressure, bone metabolism, and brain astrocyte and cardiac functions. Its deficiency and dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Actually, UT-B deficiency increases the sensitivity of bladder epithelial cells to apoptosis triggers in mice and UT-B-null mice develop II-III atrioventricular block and depression. The expression of UT-B in the rumen of cow and sheep may participate in digestive function. However, there is no systemic review to discuss the UT-B functions. Here, we update research approaches to understanding the functions of UT-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Yu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Fu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Meng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Su
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanfeng Xie
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Ren
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuejiao Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanwei Du
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.
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De Seram EL, Penner GB, Mutsvangwa T. Nitrogen utilization, whole-body urea-nitrogen kinetics, omasal nutrient flow, and production performance in dairy cows fed lactose as a partial replacement for barley starch. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6088-6108. [PMID: 31056327 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the partial replacement of barley starch with lactose (fed as dried whey permeate; DWP) affects N utilization, whole-body urea kinetics, and production in dairy cows. Eight lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Four cows in one Latin square were ruminally cannulated and used to determine dietary effects on whole-body urea kinetics and N utilization. Cows were fed a barley-based diet that contained 3.6% (dry matter basis) total sugar (TSG; designated control), or diets that contained 6.6, 9.6, or 12.6% TSG. Dietary TSG content was increased by the replacement of barley grain with DWP (83% lactose). Diets were isonitrogenous (∼17.3% crude protein), and starch contents of the control, 6.6, 9.6, and 12.6% TSG diets were 24.3, 22.2, 21.2, and 19.1%, respectively. Whole-body urea kinetics were measured using 4-d infusions of [15N15N]-urea with concurrent total collections of feces and urine. Dry matter intake (mean = 26.7 kg/d), milk yield (mean = 34.9 kg/d), and milk protein and fat contents were unaffected by diet. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration decreased linearly as TSG content increased, whereas ruminal butyrate concentration increased linearly as TSG content increased. Urinary excretion of total N and urea-N changed quadratically, whereas urinary excretion of total N (% of N intake) tended to change quadratically as TSG content increased. Fecal N excretion linearly increased as TSG content increased. A quadratic response was observed for total N excretion as TSG content increased. Milk N and retained N were not affected by diet. As TSG content increased, we observed quadratic responses in the omasal flow of fluid-associated and total bacterial nonammonia N, endogenous production of urea-N, urea-N recycled to the gastrointestinal tract, and urea-N returned to the ornithine cycle. Dietary TSG content did not affect the anabolic utilization of recycled urea-N or the proportion of recycled urea-N that was used for bacterial growth. Our results indicate that feeding DWP did not influence dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk composition. Feeding DWP decreased ruminal ammonia-N concentration, but this did not result in positive responses in milk protein secretion or N balance. The quadratic response in omasal flow of total bacterial nonammonia N indicated that including TSG beyond 9.6% of diet dry matter might depress ruminal microbial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L De Seram
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - G B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - T Mutsvangwa
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8.
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Ding L, Shen Y, Wang Y, Zhou G, Zhang X, Wang M, Loor JJ, Chen L, Zhang J. Jugular arginine supplementation increases lactation performance and nitrogen utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:3. [PMID: 30680190 PMCID: PMC6340174 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancing the post-ruminal supply of arginine (Arg), a semi-essential amino acid (AA), elicits positive effects on milk production. Our objective was to determine the effects of Arg infusion on milk production parameters and aspects of nitrogen (N) absorption and utilization in lactating dairy cows. Six lactating Chinese Holstein cows of similar body weight (508 ± 14 kg), body condition score (3.0 ± 0), parity (4.0 ± 0), milk yield (30.6 ± 1.8 kg) and days in milk (20 ± 2 d) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21 d for each period (1 week for infusion and 2 weeks for washout). Treatments were 1) Control: saline; 2) Arg group: saline + 9.42 g/L L-Arg; 3) Alanine (Ala) group: saline + 19.31 g/L L-Ala (iso-nitrogenous to the Arg group). Milk production and composition, dry matter intake, apparent absorption of N, profiles of amino acids (AA) in blood, urea N in urine, milk, and blood, and gene expression of AA transporters were determined. Results Compared with the Control or Ala group, the infusion of Arg led to greater expression of AA transporters (SLC7A2 and SLC7A8) and apparent uptake of free AA in the mammary gland, and was accompanied by greater milk yield, milk protein yield and milk efficiency (calculated by dividing milk yield over feed intake), together with lower concentration of urea N [regarded as an indicator of N utilization efficiency (NUE)] in blood and milk. Furthermore, in the cows infused with Arg, the NUE was higher and the concentration of urea N in urine was lower than those in the Ala group, although no differences were detected in NUE and urea N in urine between the Control and Arg group. The infusion of Ala had no effect on those indices compared with the Control. Conclusions Overall, enhancing the post-ruminal supply of Arg via the jugular vein had a positive effect on the synthesis of milk protein at least in part by increasing gene expression of some AA transporters and uptake of free AA by mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyang Ding
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China.,2School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Yizhao Shen
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Wang
- 3Clinical Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhou
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Juan J Loor
- 4Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Lianmin Chen
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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Silva LFP, Dixon RM, Costa DFA. Nitrogen recycling and feed efficiency of cattle fed protein-restricted diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cattle to grow and reproduce when ingesting low-protein diets is a crucial attribute for productive beef cattle systems in the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics. Nitrogen (N) recycling to the rumen is an important and known physiological mechanism allowing ruminants to efficiently grow in low-protein diets, but is usually disregarded in the nutritional models. This review discusses the role and magnitude of N recycling to provide additional N as microbial substrate in the rumen and in determining the efficiency of ruminants ingesting low-protein diets, to better understand the major factors regulating N recycling to the rumen. In addition to a review of the literature, study-adjusted regressions were used to evaluate various aspects of crude protein (CP) intake and availability, N recycling and excretion. There is large variation in N excretion and N-use efficiency among diets and among individuals, illustrating the opportunity for improvement in overall efficiency of cattle production. These data indicated that N recycling to the entire gastrointestinal tract supplies from half to twice as much N available for microbial growth as does the diet. Addition of rumen-degradable protein can increase rumen efficiency in using the available energy, as, conversely, the addition of fermentable energy can increase rumen efficiency in using the available CP. The present review has demonstrated that both are possible because of greater N recycling. Also, the importance of preserving the available N for determining individual variation in feed efficiency and the implications for selection are discussed. Nitrogen recycling can be controlled at both the epithelial wall of compartments of the gastrointestinal tract and at the liver, where ureagenesis occurs. Addition of fermentable energy can increase N recycling to the rumen and to post-ruminal tract by acting at both sites, and the mechanisms for this are discussed in the text. Although the effect of altering CP concentration in the diet has been substantially investigated, other factors potentially modulating N recycling, such as total fermentable energy, sources of protein and energy, hormonal modulation, and genetic variance, remain poorly understood. The selection of more efficient animals and development of diets with a lower environmental impact inescapably means further elucidation of the N-recycling mechanism.
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Patra AK, Aschenbach JR. Ureases in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminant and monogastric animals and their implication in urea-N/ammonia metabolism: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 13:39-50. [PMID: 30094081 PMCID: PMC6077136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea in diets of ruminants has been investigated to substitute expensive animal and vegetable protein sources for more than a century, and has been widely incorporated in diets of ruminants for many years. Urea is also recycled to the fermentative parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts through saliva or direct secretory flux from blood depending upon the dietary situations. Within the GI tracts, urea is hydrolyzed to ammonia by urease enzymes produced by GI microorganisms and subsequent ammonia utilization serves the synthesis of microbial protein. In ruminants, excessive urease activity in the rumen may lead to urea/ammonia toxicity when high amounts of urea are fed to animals; and in non-ruminants, ammonia concentrations in the GI content and milieu may cause damage to the GI mucosa, resulting in impaired nutrient absorption, futile energy and protein spillage and decreased growth performance. Relatively little attention has been directed to this area by researchers. Therefore, the present review intends to discuss current knowledge in ureolytic bacterial populations, urease activities and factors affecting them, urea metabolism by microorganisms, and the application of inhibitors of urease activity in livestock animals. The information related to the ureolytic bacteria and urease activity could be useful for improving protein utilization efficiency in ruminants and for the reduction of the ammonia concentration in GI tracts of monogastric animals. Application of recent molecular methods can be expected to provide rationales for improved strategies to modulate urease and urea dynamics in the GI tract. This would lead to improved GI health, production performance and environmental compatibility of livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata 700037, India
| | - Jörg Rudolf Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, digestive enzymes and urinary purine derivatives in yaks and Qaidam cattle offered forage-concentrate diets differing in nitrogen concentration. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Gao W, Gao X, Chen A, Zhang F, Chen D, Liu C. Effect of dietary dry matter intake on endogenous nitrogen flows in growing lambs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 101:e383-e393. [PMID: 28066937 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) on endogenous nitrogen (N) flows at different part of the digestive tract of growing lambs was determined using a 15 N isotope dilution technique. Three Kazakh male lambs (30 ± 2.75 kg of body weights and 4 months old, average daily gain 200 g/day) were fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae and raised in metabolic cage individually. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three lambs, three DMI levels (1100, 920 and 736 g/day respectively) and three periods. Each period lasted 18 days, consisting of 10 days for adaptation, 8 days for the continuous infusion of l-[15 N]leucine, during which the intestinal flow of N and 15 N enrichment were determined. The total endogenous secretions in the forestomach (Sfs ) were decreased (p = 0.0512) with increased level of DMI. On the contrary, endogenous nitrogen (EN) secretions into the small intestine (Si ) increased (p = 0.0249) significantly with the high level of DMI (HI) group compared with that of low level of DMI (LI). Total absorption from forestomach was reduced (p = 0.0121) with increased level of DMI, whereas total absorption from small intestine for HI group increased (p = 0.0116) significantly compared with that of LI treatment. The real digestibility of N in the rumen accompanied with the increase in feed intake is decreased (p = 0.081). In contrast, there were no effects of DMI level on the computed real digestibility of N across both small intestine and whole tract. The results of this study indicate that the total flows of EN at duodenum may be unaffected by the level of DMI; however, the EN flow at ileal level increased from 12% to 37% with the increase in DMI level, corresponding to 33% of total N flow at ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - X Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - A Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - F Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - D Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
| | - C Liu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, China
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Ji SK, Zhang F, Sun YK, Deng KD, Wang B, Tu Y, Zhang NF, Jiang CG, Wang SQ, Diao QY. Influence of dietary slow-release urea on growth performance, organ development and serum biochemical parameters of mutton sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:964-973. [PMID: 27272969 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eighty Dorper × thin-tailed Han cross-bred non-castrated male lambs [mean body weight (BW), 25.87 ± 1.06 kg] were randomly allocated to one of five different concentrations of slow-release urea (urea phosphate, UP). The feed consisted of an equal amount of concentrate diet and roughage; the concentrate feed was formulated to be isoenergetic and isonitrogenic and contained 0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% UP (UP0.0, UP1.0, UP2.0, UP4.0 and UP8.0, respectively) as a replacement for soya bean meal. Feed intake, BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed utilisation efficiency (FUE), absolute and relative organ weights and biochemical and histopathological parameters were measured. Feed intake, BW, ADG and FUE significantly decreased in the group receiving UP8.0 (p < 0.05), but no difference was found among the other groups (p > 0.05). Quadratic equations were developed between the UP dosage in the concentrate feed and ADG or FUE (r2 = 0.973 for ADG and r2 = 0.761 for FUE) to determine the appropriate dosage of UP given the desire to maximise either ADG or FUE, the appropriate dosage (feed concentration) was calculated as 2.01% UP to achieve the greatest ADG or 2.13% UP to achieve the best FUE. The relative weight of the liver (% BW) in the UP2.0 groups was significantly greater than that of UP0.0 (p < 0.05), and the relative weight of the intestine in the UP8.0 was significantly greater than that of UP0.0 (p < 0.05); the relative weight of the carcass, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). The UP8.0 treatment significantly increased serum phosphorus levels (p < 0.05) and decreased the levels of alkaline phosphatase, glucose and calcium (Ca) compared with the lower UP dosage (p < 0.05). No histopathological differences were found in either hepatic tissues or renal tissues among treatments. Dietary UP as a replacement for soya bean in concentrate feeds for mutton sheep should not exceed 4%, as higher dosing may cause malnutrition and mineral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ji
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - F Zhang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y K Sun
- College of Animal Science, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - K D Deng
- College of Animal Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Tu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - N F Zhang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C G Jiang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - S Q Wang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Y Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Korir D, Goopy JP, Gachuiri C, Butterbach-Bahl K. Supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus improves nitrogen retention in cattle fed low-protein diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ruminant productivity in the tropical Africa has remained low despite decades of research on animal nutrition and introduction of new breeds of animals mainly because of low-quality feeds available, especially during the dry season that is inefficiently utilised. This results in prolonged time for animals to mature and increased nutrient excretion to the environment. We conducted a study using yearling steers (n = 12, liveweight (LW) = 161.8 ± 10.89 kg) in a 3 × 3 Latin square to evaluate the effect of protein supplementation and supplementation frequency on intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and microbial N supply in cattle consuming low-protein diets. The steers were maintained on ad libitum wheat straw (DM = 877 ± 5 g/kg, crude protein (CP) = 20.0 ± 1.1 g/kg), with supplemental protein supplied as air-dried Calliandra calothyrsus leaves (DM = 897 ± 3 g/kg, CP = 257.5 ± 4.1 g/kg on a DM basis). Samples of basal diet, supplement, refusals, faecal matter and urine were collected and analysed per treatment. Supplementation increased intakes by the steers (P < 0.001), with no difference between the two supplementation frequencies (P > 0.404). Steers lost bodyweight (P < 0.05) on all treatments, but less so when supplemented. Nitrogen losses was reduced (P < 0.001) with supplementation (–33.3% vs 15.7%, s.e.m. 0.06). The increased N balance in animals receiving supplemented diets indicated that N retention actually improves with increased protein supplementation in animals fed low-protein diets, implying that improving protein supply to animals fed submaintenance diets will not only ameliorate production losses, but will actually decrease non-enteric greenhouse gas production and environmental N losses per animal product unit obtained.
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35
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Urea kinetics and nitrogen balance and requirements for maintenance in Tibetan sheep when fed oat hay. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu Z, Gui H, Yao L, Yan L, Martens H, Aschenbach JR, Shen Z. Short-chain fatty acids and acidic pH upregulate UT-B, GPR41, and GPR4 in rumen epithelial cells of goats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R283-93. [PMID: 25519731 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00323.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the mechanism(s) responsible for the regulation of urea transporter B (UT-B) expression levels in the epithelium of the rumen remain unclear. We hypothesized that rumen fermentation products affect ruminal UT-B expression. Therefore, the effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, ammonia, and urea on mRNA and protein levels of UT-B were assayed in primary rumen epithelial cell cultures and in rumen epithelium obtained from intact goats. In vitro, SCFA and acidic pH were found to synergetically stimulate both mRNA and protein expression of UT-B, whereas NH4Cl decreased mRNA and protein levels of UT-B at pH 6.8. Treatment with urea increased both levels at pH 7.4. When goats received a diet rich in nitrogen (N) and nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC), their rumen epithelium had higher levels of UT-B, and the rumen contained higher concentrations of SCFA and NH3-N with a lower pH. An increase in plasma urea-N concentration was also observed compared with the plasma of the goats that received a diet low in N and NFC. In a second feeding trial, goats that received a NFC-rich, but isonitrogenous, diet had higher mRNA and protein levels of UT-B, and higher levels of G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 41 and GPR4, in their rumen epithelium. The ruminal concentrations of SCFA and NH3-N also increased, while a lower pH was detected. In contrast, the serum urea-N concentrations remained unchanged. These data indicate that ruminal SCFA and pH are key factors, via GPR4 and GPR41, in the dietary regulation of UT-B expression, and they have priority over changes in plasma urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Hongbing Gui
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Holger Martens
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Zanming Shen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Lu Z, Stumpff F, Deiner C, Rosendahl J, Braun H, Abdoun K, Aschenbach JR, Martens H. Modulation of sheep ruminal urea transport by ammonia and pH. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R558-70. [PMID: 24920734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00107.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal fermentation products such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and CO2 acutely stimulate urea transport across the ruminal epithelium in vivo, whereas ammonia has inhibitory effects. Uptake and signaling pathways remain obscure. The ruminal expression of SLC14a1 (UT-B) was studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The functional short-term effects of ammonia on cytosolic pH (pHi) and ruminal urea transport across native epithelia were investigated using pH-sensitive microelectrodes and via flux measurements in Ussing chambers. Two variants (UT-B1 and UT-B2) could be fully sequenced from ovine ruminal cDNA. Functionally, transport was passive and modulated by luminal pH in the presence of SCFA and CO2, rising in response to luminal acidification to a peak value at pH 5.8 and dropping with further acidification, resulting in a bell-shaped curve. Presence of ammonia reduced the amplitude, but not the shape of the relationship between urea flux and pH, so that urea flux remained maximal at pH 5.8. Effects of ammonia were concentration dependent, with saturation at 5 mmol/l. Clamping the transepithelial potential altered the inhibitory potential of ammonia on urea flux. Ammonia depolarized the apical membrane and acidified pHi, suggesting that, at physiological pH (< 7), uptake of NH4 (+) into the cytosol may be a key signaling event regulating ruminal urea transport. We conclude that transport of urea across the ruminal epithelium involves proteins subject to rapid modulation by manipulations that alter pHi and the cytosolic concentration of NH4 (+). Implications for epithelial and ruminal homeostasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Carolin Deiner
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Julia Rosendahl
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Hannah Braun
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Khalid Abdoun
- College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Holger Martens
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
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Benedeti P, Paulino P, Marcondes M, Valadares Filho S, Martins T, Lisboa E, Silva L, Teixeira C, Duarte M. Soybean meal replaced by slow release urea in finishing diets for beef cattle. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chedid M, Jaber LS, Giger-Reverdin S, Duvaux-Ponter C, Hamadeh SK. Review: Water stress in sheep raised under arid conditions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chedid, M., Jaber, L. S., Giger-Reverdin, S., Duvaux-Ponter, C. and Hamadeh, S. K. 2014. Review: Water stress in sheep raised under arid conditions. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 243–257. Sheep breeds which are indigenous to arid and semi-arid regions are known for their ability to adapt to rustic environments, to climatic variations as well as to shortages in resources. Water scarcity, often combined with heat stress, is a common challenge facing these animals, causing physiological perturbations and affecting the animal's productivity. This review reports the effect of different forms of water stress on physiological indicators, blood parameters, thermoregulation and immunological status in sheep. Although the breed effect may be significant, the following are generally observed common responses: drop in feed intake and weight loss, increase in evaporative cooling through panting, production of a small volume of highly concentrated urine, haemoconcentration, high blood osmolality, and immunosuppression. Prolonged water shortage may affect lamb birth weight and survival, and lead to a decrease in milk production, especially in non-adapted breeds, which could lead to important economic losses, as reported in heat-stressed sheep husbandries. Novel stress alleviation approaches are also presented, such as vitamin C supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabelle Chedid
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad el Solh 1107-2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina S. Jaber
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad el Solh 1107-2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sylvie Giger-Reverdin
- INRA UMR 791 MoSAR, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 791 MoSAR, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Duvaux-Ponter
- INRA UMR 791 MoSAR, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 791 MoSAR, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Shadi K. Hamadeh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad el Solh 1107-2020, Beirut, Lebanon
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Tshuma T, Holm DE, Fosgate GT, Lourens DC. Pre-breeding blood urea nitrogen concentration and reproductive performance of Bonsmara heifers within different management systems. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1023-30. [PMID: 24817422 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between pre-breeding blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and reproductive performance of beef heifers within different management systems in South Africa. Bonsmara heifers (n = 369) from five herds with different estimated levels of nitrogen intake during the month prior to the commencement of the breeding season were sampled in November and December 2010 to determine BUN concentrations. Body mass, age, body condition score (BCS) and reproductive tract score (RTS) were recorded at study enrolment. Trans-rectal ultrasound and/or palpation was performed 4-8 weeks after a 3-month breeding season to estimate the stage of pregnancy. Days to pregnancy (DTP) was defined as the number of days from the start of the breeding season until the estimated conception date. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards survival analysis were performed to estimate the association of pre-breeding BUN concentration with subsequent pregnancy and DTP, respectively. After stratifying for herd and adjusting for age, heifers with relatively higher pre-breeding BUN concentration took longer to become pregnant when compared to those with relatively lower BUN concentration (P = 0.011). In the herd with the highest estimated nitrogen intake (n = 143), heifers with relatively higher BUN were less likely to become pregnant (P = 0.013) and if they did, it was only later during the breeding season (P = 0.017), after adjusting for body mass. These associations were not present in the herd (n = 106) with the lowest estimated nitrogen intake (P > 0.500). It is concluded that Bonsmara heifers with relatively higher pre-breeding BUN concentration, might be at a disadvantage because of this negative impact on reproductive performance, particularly when the production system includes high levels of nitrogen intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takula Tshuma
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa,
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Recavarren MI, Milano GD. The rate and pattern of urea infusion into the rumen of wethers alters nitrogen balance and plasma ammonia. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 98:1047-53. [PMID: 24611997 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in N balance, urinary excretion of purine derivative (PD), urea, creatinine and ammonia and plasma ammonia, glucose, urea, insulin and IGF-1 were examined in four wethers (37 ± 2.6 kg BW). The animals were fitted with permanent ruminal catheters, fed lucerne hay (9.4 MJ/day; 23 g N/day; 7 g soluble N/day, 6 equal meals/day) and treated with contrasting rates of urea infusion into the rumen: first, a continuous infusion (CT), at 3.2 mg urea-N/min for 10 days and then a discontinuous infusion (DT) at 156 mg urea-N/min for 4 min; in 6 daily doses with the meals for 7 days. N balance was calculated from pooled samples of faeces and urine. Jugular blood samples were collected before and 1.5 h after the morning meal (M1) on days CT10, DT2, DT4 and DT6. N retention decreased during DT (p = 0.01) due to a significant increase of N excretion in urine (4 g/day; p = 0.009) and faeces (1 g/day; p = 0.02). Dry matter (p < 0.001) and N digestibility in vivo (p = 0.01) decreased significantly during DT. Urinary urea and PD excretion were not altered by treatment. Significant linear (p = 0.004) and quadratic (p = 0.001) effects were observed for plasma ammonia in M1 (from 170 CT10 to 235 μm DT2 and returned to 120 μm DT6). No changes were observed in plasma glucose, urea, insulin and IGF-1. Results indicate that changes from CT to DT reduced N retention in sheep due to enhanced urinary N excretion, but it was not associated with changes in urinary urea or PD excretion; or plasma concentrations of insulin and IGF-1. As the dry matter (DM) an N digestibility could account a 0.23 of the decrease in N retention; the largest fraction of the reduction in N retention remained unexplained by the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Recavarren
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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Abstract
A urea transporter protein in the kidney was first proposed in 1987. The first urea transporter cDNA was cloned in 1993. The SLC14a urea transporter family contains two major subgroups: SLC14a1, the UT-B urea transporter originally isolated from erythrocytes; and SLC14a2, the UT-A group originally isolated from kidney inner medulla. Slc14a1, the human UT-B gene, arises from a single locus located on chromosome 18q12.1-q21.1, which is located close to Slc14a2. Slc14a1 includes 11 exons, with the coding region extending from exon 4 to exon 11, and is approximately 30 kb in length. The Slc14a2 gene is a very large gene with 24 exons, is approximately 300 kb in length, and encodes 6 different isoforms. Slc14a2 contains two promoter elements: promoter I is located in the typical position, upstream of exon 1, and drives the transcription of UT-A1, UT-A1b, UT-A3, UT-A3b, and UT-A4; while promoter II is located within intron 12 and drives the transcription of UT-A2 and UT-A2b. UT-A1 and UT-A3 are located in the inner medullary collecting duct, UT-A2 in the thin descending limb and liver, UT-A5 in testis, UT-A6 in colon, UT-B1 primarily in descending vasa recta and erythrocytes, and UT-B2 in rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, WMB Room 338, 1639 Pierce Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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Abstract
Some unicellular organisms can take up urea from the surrounding fluids by an uphill pumping mechanism. Several active (energy-dependent) urea transporters (AUTs) have been cloned in these organisms. Functional studies show that active urea transport also occurs in elasmobranchs, amphibians, and mammals. In the two former groups, active urea transport may serve to conserve urea in body fluids in order to balance external high ambient osmolarity or prevent desiccation. In mammals, active urea transport may be associated with the need to either store and/or reuse nitrogen in the case of low nitrogen supply, or to excrete nitrogen efficiently in the case of excess nitrogen intake. There are probably two different families of AUTs, one with a high capacity able to establish only a relatively modest transepithelial concentration difference (renal tubule of some frogs, pars recta of the mammalian kidney, early inner medullary collecting duct in some mammals eating protein-poor diets) and others with a low capacity but able to maintain a high transepithelial concentration difference that has been created by another mechanism or in another organ (elasmobranch gills, ventral skin of some toads, and maybe mammalian urinary bladder). Functional characterization of these transporters shows that some are coupled to sodium (symports or antiports) while others are sodium-independent. In humans, only one genetic anomaly, with a mild phenotype (familial azotemia), is suspected to concern one of these transporters. In spite of abundant functional evidence for such transporters in higher organisms, none have been molecularly identified yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France,
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Abstract
UT-A and UT-B families of urea transporters consist of multiple isoforms that are subject to regulation of both acutely and by long-term measures. This chapter provides a brief overview of the expression of the urea transporter forms and their locations in the kidney. Rapid regulation of UT-A1 results from the combination of phosphorylation and membrane accumulation. Phosphorylation of UT-A1 has been linked to vasopressin and hyperosmolality, although through different kinases. Other acute influences on urea transporter activity are ubiquitination and glycosylation, both of which influence the membrane association of the urea transporter, again through different mechanisms. Long-term regulation of urea transport is most closely associated with the environment that the kidney experiences. Low-protein diets may influence the amount of urea transporter available. Conditions of osmotic diuresis, where urea concentrations are low, will prompt an increase in urea transporter abundance. Although adrenal steroids affect urea transporter abundance, conflicting reports make conclusions tenuous. Urea transporters are upregulated when P2Y2 purinergic receptors are decreased, suggesting a role for these receptors in UT regulation. Hypercalcemia and hypokalemia both cause urine concentration deficiencies. Urea transporter abundances are reduced in aging animals and animals with angiotensin-converting enzyme deficiencies. This chapter will provide information about both rapid and long-term regulation of urea transporters and provide an introduction into the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Klein
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, WMB Room 3319B, 1639 Pierce Drive, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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Starke S, Cox C, Südekum KH, Huber K. Species-specific responses of N homeostasis and electrolyte handling to low N intake: a comparative physiological approach in a monogastric and a ruminant species. J Comp Physiol B 2013; 184:137-47. [PMID: 24129944 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-013-0785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In our former studies low crude protein (LCP) intake influenced N homeostasis and electrolyte handling in goats. We hypothesised that due to rumino-hepatic nitrogen (N) recycling adaptation of N homeostasis and adjustment of electrolyte handling to LCP intake differs between goats and monogastric animals. Therefore, an experiment similar to that with goats was conducted with rats. Two feeding groups received a diet either containing 20 or 8 % crude protein (as fed basis) for 5 weeks and intake and excretion of N, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were determined. To detect systemic and endocrine adaptation to LCP intake plasma concentrations of urea, Ca, phosphate (Pi), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) were measured. Adjustment of renal electrolyte transport was assessed by detecting protein expression of key proteins of renal Pi transport. All data were compared with the data of the goat experiment. LCP intake decreased plasma urea concentration stronger in goats than in rats. In both species urinary N excretion declined, but faecal N excretion decreased in goats only. Furthermore, in goats urinary Ca excretion decreased, but in rats urinary Ca concentration increased. Decreased plasma IGF-1 and calcitriol concentrations were found in goats only. Thus, renal Ca excretion appears to be a common target in adaptation of electrolyte homeostasis in both species, but is regulated differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Starke
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, 30173, Hannover, Germany,
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Chibisa G, Mutsvangwa T. Effects of feeding wheat or corn-wheat dried distillers grains with solubles in low- or high-crude protein diets on ruminal function, omasal nutrient flows, urea-N recycling, and performance in cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6550-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang S, Wang W, Tan Z, Liu S, He Z, Zhong R, Tang S, Zhou C, Han X, Wang M, Kang J. Effects of ruminally degradable dietary protein level on nitrogen metabolism in wethers. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Guo XS, Zhang Y, Zhou JW, Long RJ, Xin GS, Qi B, Ding LM, Wang HC. Nitrogen metabolism and recycling in yaks (Bos grunniens) offered a forage - concentrate diet differing in N concentration. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to characterise N use efficiency and quantify urea fluxes in yaks offered four levels of dietary N (1.43%, 1.97%, 2.45% and 2.90% of diet DM) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The incremental increase in N intake linearly increased N retention (P = 0.003) and the excretion of urinary N (P < 0.001), but no difference (P > 0.05) in faecal N excretion was observed in growing yaks fed any of the four diets. Microbial N production had quadratic (P < 0.001) responses to dietary N, characterised by the highest microbial N production occurring in the 1.97% N diet (P < 0.05). As the N content of the diet increased, the urinary excretion of urea increased from 13% to 27% of urea entry rate (quadratic, P < 0.001), whereas gastrointestinal entry urea returned to ornithine cycling decreased from 46% to 40% (linear, P < 0.001), and the gastrointestinal entry urea used for anabolism increased from 50% to 56% (linear, P < 0.001). Gastrointestinal entry urea incorporated into bacterial N decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with incremental increase in N intake, and the greatest concentration (23.5%) of bacterial N originating from plasma urea N was in yaks fed the 1.43% N diet. As much as 87% of the urea synthesised in the liver was returned to the gastrointestinal tract when the yaks were fed a diet with 1.43% N (1.1 times the maintenance N level). Moreover, constantly greater urea production than the intake of digestible N, and the gastrointestinal-urea clearance than the kidney-urea clearance were observed, respectively, in the growing yaks, regardless of the level of N intake. These results suggest that yaks might be more efficient at utilising N under harsh environment than are cattle.
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Røjen BA, Poulsen SB, Theil PK, Fenton RA, Kristensen NB. Short communication: Effects of dietary nitrogen concentration on messenger RNA expression and protein abundance of urea transporter-B and aquaporins in ruminal papillae from lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2587-91. [PMID: 21524550 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that dietary N concentrations affect gut epithelial urea transport by modifying the expression of urea transporter B (UT-B) and aquaporins (AQP), the mRNA expression and protein abundance of UT-B and AQP3, AQP7, AQP8, and AQP10 were investigated in ruminal papillae from 9 lactating dairy cows. Ruminal papillae were harvested from cows fed low N (12.9% crude protein) and high N (17.1% crude protein) diets in a crossover design with 21-d periods. The mRNA expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and protein abundance by immunoblotting. The mRNA expression of UT-B was not affected by dietary treatment, whereas mRNA expression of AQP3, 7, and 10 were greater in the high N compared with the low N fed cows. Using peptide-derived rabbit antibodies to cow AQP3, 7, and 8, immunoblotting revealed bands of approximately 27, 27, and 24 kDa in ruminal papillae, respectively. A peptide-derived chicken antibody to cow UT-B detected a band of approximately 30 to 32 kDa in ruminal papillae. The abundance of UT-B and AQP3 and 7 were not affected by dietary treatment. In contrast, the abundance of AQP8 was greater in high N compared with low N diets. In conclusion, AQP3, 7, and 8 were found to be expressed in bovine rumen papillae. None of the investigated transcripts or proteins correlated to the increased rumen epithelial urea permeability observed with low dietary N concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Røjen
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Røjen B, Theil P, Kristensen N. Effects of nitrogen supply on inter-organ fluxes of urea-N and renal urea-N kinetics in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2532-44. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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