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Morrone S, Sechi S, Carta C, Senes A, Cocco R, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Sanna Passino E, Cappai MG. Nutritional management of hyperlipaemia in a jenny: a brief report. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10460-7. [PMID: 38963468 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
An adult jenny (5-years-old, non-pregnant) was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the University of Sassari, with a recent history of appetite loss, extreme underweight condition and reluctance to move. On physical inspection, emaciation [body condition score, BCS: 3/9], muscular waste [muscular condition score, MCS: 1/5], loose/running faeces [faecal score, FS: 2/8], and a general state of mild dehydration were found. Blood analyses outlined a general undernourishment condition [circulating albumins, ALB: 17.6 g/L (21.6-31.6 g/L)] with underlying systemic inflammatory profile and moderate increase in circulating enzymes to explore liver function [aspartate amino-transferase, AST: 657 u/L (279-430 u/L); alanine amino-transferase ALT: 60 u/L (5-14 u/L); gamma-glutamyl-transferase, γ-GT: 87 IU/L (14-69 IU/L); total bilirubin close to the upper limit, TB: 0.20 mg/dL(0.07-0.21 mg/dL)]and hyperlipaemia [TG: 8.70 mmol/L (0.60-2.87 mmol/L)], following fat depots mobilisation, with total cholesterol closed to the lower limit of the physiological range. Hyper-phosphataemia was linked to haemolytic anaemia [P:1.81 mmol/L (0.77-1.39 mmol/L) and red blood cells, RBC: 4.14 1012/L (4.40-7.10 1012)] aligned with the TB to the upper limit. On ultrasound abdominal imaging, enlarged and hyper-echogenic liver was observed. Based on the clinical evaluation, a condition of hepatic lipidosis was diagnosed, requiring dedicated nutritional treatment to solve the extreme emaciation along with the metabolic disorder in support of medical therapy. A two-step feeding protocol was planned to support treatments aiming at immediate re-hydration (Ringer lactate solution 2 ml/kg/8 h). The nutritional objectives were meant at first to restart the voluntary feed intake. Gradual increasing energy provision through a palatable hay-based diet was planned to cover one fourth of daily metabolizable energy requirement calculated on the expected metabolic weight, adjusted according to the daily intake of feed and clinical condition. At the conclusion of this first 7-day phase, circulating blood parameters were closer to the reference values and the BCS moved from 3 to 4 out of 9. Bowel motility was restored, and faecal score improved (4/8). In the second phase, allowance to pasture and a combination diet with compound mixed feed were designed. Within four weeks of starting the nutritional plan, blood parameters were re-established to reference values. The gradual feed provision calculated in this two-phase approach proved successful in support of the overall clinical improvement observed after four weeks of treatment, in a severely undernourished jenny with compromised liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morrone
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - S Sechi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - C Carta
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - A Senes
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - R Cocco
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - M L Pinna Parpaglia
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - E Sanna Passino
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - M G Cappai
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
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2
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Lovett A, Vokes J, Loghides N, Johnstone L, Sykes B. Survival of formalin intoxication in a 13-year-old Thoroughbred gelding. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:494-502. [PMID: 37587652 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formalin intoxication via the gastrointestinal route has not been previously reported in the horse. Whereas ingestion of formalin in humans, although rare, is well documented. Majority of human cases are either accidental, suicidal or homicidal and often lead to fatality, with a reported lethal formaldehyde dose equating to 0.12 - 0.16 g/kg bwt. OBJECTIVES To describe a single case report of the clinical management of an adult horse referred to a veterinary teaching hospital following accidental administration of 10% formalin via nasogastric tube. METHODS A 13-year-old Thoroughbred gelding originally presented to the referring veterinarian for colic where 1.8 L of 10% formalin was accidentally administered instead of mineral oil via nasogastric intubation, a potentially lethal dose of formaldehyde (0.12 g/kg bwt). Approximately 20-hours following 10% formalin administration the horse was admitted to the referral hospital with moderate tachycardia, occasional ectopic beats, tacky and hyperaemic mucous membranes, delayed capillary refill time, reduced borborygmi, and pronounced digital pulses. Diagnostic investigations included laboratory blood analysis, urinalysis, electrocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, palpation per rectum and gastroscopy. RESULTS Patient assessment found evidence of toxicity to the gastrointestinal tract, hypovolaemia and risk for laminitis. Intensive care included fluid and electrolyte therapy, anti-inflammatories and analgesia, continuous digital cryotherapy, gastro-protectants and other methods of gastrointestinal support. The horse was discharged from hospital on day 14 with no long-term complications and the client-veterinarian relationship was preserved. DISCUSSION In human cases of ingestion, gastrointestinal injury is typically accompanied by severe metabolic acidosis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to toxicity of other body systems that can contribute to non-survival. Formaldehyde toxicity in the present case predominantly affected the gastrointestinal tract, most likely a direct result of the route of administration. Aside from gastrointestinal injury, primary toxicity of other body systems was not confirmed. To prevent this medical error recurring, the referring veterinary clinic revised their labelling and storage of 10% formalin. CONCLUSION This is the first report of systemic formalin intoxication in the horse. Following a high dose of 10% formalin (0.12 g/kg bwt formaldehyde) enterally, the horse survived having received intensive supportive care based on human guidelines for ingested formalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lovett
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Vokes
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Natasha Loghides
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Laura Johnstone
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Sykes
- Equine Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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3
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Bello K, Lorch G, Kim K, Toribio RE, Yan L, Xie Z, Hill K, Phelps M. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of multiple-day oral dosing of mycophenolate mofetil in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1907-1916. [PMID: 37469186 PMCID: PMC10472989 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additional efficacious immunomodulatory treatment is needed for the management of immune-mediated disease in horses. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive drug that warrants assessment as a viable therapeutic agent for horses. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of multiple-day oral dosing of MMF in healthy horses and to determine the tolerability of this dosing regimen. ANIMALS Six healthy Standardbred mares. METHODS Horses received MMF 10 mg/kg PO q12h for 7 days in the fed state. Serial sampling was performed over 12 hours on Days 1 and 7 with trough samples collected every 24 hours, immediately before morning drug administration. Noncompartmental PK analyses were performed to determine primary PK parameters, followed by calculation of geometric means and coefficients of variation. A CBC, serum biochemical profile, physical examination, and fecal scoring were used to assess dose tolerability. RESULTS Seven days of treatment resulted in a mycophenolic acid (MPA) area under the curve (AUC0-12 ) of 12 594 h × ng/mL (8567-19 488 h × ng/mL) and terminal half-life (T1/2 ) of 11.3 hours (7.5-15.9 hours), yielding minor metabolite accumulation in all horses treated. Salmonellosis was detected in the feces of 2 horses by Day 7, and all horses developed myelosuppression, hyperbilirubinemia, hyporexia, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and decreased fecal output by the seventh day of treatment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of MMF at 10 mg/kg PO q12h resulted in hematologic and clinical toxicity within 1 week of treatment. A decreased MMF dose, frequency, or both is needed to avoid colic. Drug monitoring should include frequent hemograms, serum biochemical profiles, and strict biosecurity protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Bello
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Gwendolen Lorch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kyeongmin Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Liwei Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kasey Hill
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Mitch Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of PharmacyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Satué K, Fazio E, Medica P, Miguel L, Gardón JC. Biochemical and Hematological Indexes of Liver Dysfunction in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104294. [PMID: 36958409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present review, the authors, based on the multiple functions performed by the liver, analyze the multiple biochemical and hematological changes as an expression of altered liver function in the horse. The liver performs important metabolic functions related to the synthesis, degradation, and excretion of various substances. Modification of these functions can be evaluated and diagnosed by determining serum concentrations of several serum analytes, including enzymes and other endogenous substances. Hepatocellular enzymes, such as sorbitol dehydrogenase-SDH and glutamate dehydrogenase-GLDH, are released following hepatocellular necrosis. Hepatobiliary enzymes, such as γ-glutamyl transferase-GGT, increase in response to necrosis, cholestasis, and other alterations in bile conducts. Serum concentrations of mainly endogenous and exogenous substances that the liver should synthesize or eliminate, such as proteins (albumin and globulins), bile acids, urea, glucose, total and direct bilirubin, and coagulation factors, and fibrinogen should be included in the liver function test profile. The interpretation of laboratory tests of liver function will allow the diagnosis of functional loss of the organ. Some of the analytes considered provide information on the prognosis of liver disease. This review will provide an accurate and objective interpretation of the common biochemical and hematological tests in use in the diagnosis of equine hepatic disease patients, aiding still further the veterinary activity on the applied equine clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Miguel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Gardón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia-San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Bauck AG. Basic Postoperative Care of the Equine Colic Patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023:S0749-0739(23)00022-6. [PMID: 37120332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3 time periods around colic surgery (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are all critical to successful outcomes. Although much focus is often paid to the first 2 time periods, the importance of sound clinical judgment and rational decision-making in the postoperative period cannot be overstated. This article will outline the basic principles of monitoring, fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, analgesia, nutrition, and other therapeutics routinely used in patients following colic surgery. Discussions of the economics of colic surgery and expectations for normal return to function will also be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anje G Bauck
- Large Animal Surgery, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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6
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Storms N, Salciccia A, Grulke S, Barbazanges P, Detilleux J, de la Rebière G. Strangulating lesions of the small intestine associated with the greater omentum in horses: 32 cases. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Storms
- Clinical Department of Equids Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - A. Salciccia
- Clinical Department of Equids Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - S. Grulke
- Clinical Department of Equids Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - P. Barbazanges
- Clinical Department of Equids Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - J. Detilleux
- Department of Animal Resource Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium
| | - G. de la Rebière
- Clinical Department of Equids Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Liège Liège Belgium
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Hepatic Enzyme Profile in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070861. [PMID: 35405850 PMCID: PMC8996839 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For diagnostic purposes, liver enzymes are usually classified into hepatocellular and cholestatic. These two groups of equine liver-specific enzymes include sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). SDH and GLDH mostly reflect hepatocellular injury and cholestasis, while GGT expresses high values in biliary necrosis or hyperplasia. Likewise, AST, LDH, and ALP also reflect hepatocellular and biliary disease, but these enzymes are not liver specific. From the clinical point of view of the course of liver or biliary disease, AST and ALP are indicative of chronic disease, whereas SDH, GGT, and GLDH indicate an acute course. The patterns of enzymatic changes at the blood level are associated with different types of liver pathologies (infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, etc.). Increases in hepatocellular versus biliary enzyme activities are indicative of a particular process. There are different ways to diagnose alterations at the hepatic level. These include the evaluation of abnormalities in the predominant pattern of hepatocellular versus cholestatic enzyme abnormalities, the mild, moderate, or marked (5−10-fold or >10-fold) increase in enzyme abnormality concerning the upper limit of the reference range, the evolution over time (increase or decrease) and the course of the abnormality (acute or chronic).
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8
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Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121406. [PMID: 34947937 PMCID: PMC8705694 DOI: 10.3390/life11121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious health problem with frequent occurrence both in human and animal populations. It is estimated that it may affect over 85% of the human population and 70–80% of horses and cows by 2030. Fat cow syndrome (FCS) is a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive disorders that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, and occurs most frequently in loose-housing systems, where periparturient and dry cows are fed and managed in one group disregarding the lactation stages. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS) and has insulin dysregulation as a central and consistent feature. It is often associated with obesity, although EMS may occur in a lean phenotype as well. Other inconsistent features of EMS are cardiovascular changes and adipose dysregulation. Laminitis is the main clinical consequence of EMS. MetS holds a 30-years old lead in research and represents a clustering of risk factors that comprise abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM), which are associated with doubled atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and a 5-fold increased risk for T2DM. The main aim of this review is to provide critical information for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in animals, especially in cows and horses, in comparison with MetS. Human medicine studies can offer suitable candidate mechanisms to fill the existing gap in the literature, which might be indispensable for owners to tackle FCS, EMS, and their consequences.
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Bookbinder L, Schott HC. Refeeding syndrome in a miniature donkey. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:668-673. [PMID: 34259376 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe refeeding syndrome in an equid without a history of recognized risk factors. CASE SUMMARY Refeeding syndrome with marked hypophosphatemia developed in an aged miniature donkey gelding during treatment of suspected enterocolitis. Hypophosphatemia (manifested clinically as ileus and neuromuscular weakness) developed despite a short (3 day) history of hyporexia, increased body condition (7/9), and adherence to nutritional recommendations for critically ill equids. Nutritional support included nasogastric enteral feeding with a commercial equine nutrition product claiming to provide 100% of the National Research Council's daily recommended protein, vitamin, and mineral requirements for equids. Hypophosphatemia developed despite this enteral supplementation and was ultimately corrected by intravenous administration of sodium phosphate solution. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This case report suggests that risk factors for refeeding syndrome in equids may be broader than previously recognized. Specifically, critically ill equids at risk for insulin dysregulation may have unique nutritional co-morbidities and requirements. This report highlights the need for both broader recognition of risk factors for refeeding syndrome, and revised best-practice nutritional guidelines and supplementation products to improve equine critical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bookbinder
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Freeman DE. Effect of Feed Intake on Water Consumption in Horses: Relevance to Maintenance Fluid Therapy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:626081. [PMID: 33732739 PMCID: PMC7956953 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.626081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance fluid therapy is challenging in horses that cannot drink or are denied feed and water because of concerns about gastrointestinal tract function and patency. Intravenous fluid delivery to meet water needs based on current recommendations for maintenance requirements were obtained in fed horses and therefore might not apply to horses that are not being fed. This is a critical flaw because of the interdependence between intestinal tract water and extracellular water to support digestion while preserving water balance, a concept explained by the enterosystemic cycle. Because horses drink less when they are not eating and hence have lower water needs than fed horses, maintenance water requirements need to be adjusted accordingly. This article reviews this topic and identifies benefits of adjusting maintenance fluid therapy to meet lower demands from gastrointestinal function, such as reduced volumes, lower cost, avoidance of overhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Freeman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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11
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Filippo PAD, Duarte BR, Albernaz AP, Quirino CR. Effects of feed deprivation on physical and blood parameters of horses. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e000321. [PMID: 35749104 PMCID: PMC9179197 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on some physical and blood parameters in horses kept outdoors under natural conditions. Twenty horses were deprived of food for 48 h. They were closely monitored and examined, and blood samples were taken at the beginning (0) of the experiment and 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 hours afterward. During the experimental period, the control group (12 animals) had free access to water and hay, while the restricted group had free access to water only. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, and statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05. The horses tolerated feed restriction without complications. Feed restriction had no effect on body mass and body condition score, heart rate, respiratory rate, capillary filling time and body temperature. However, feed restriction decreased the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds (P<0.05) compared to the control horses. Feed restriction did not cause any changes in erythrocyte variables and gamma glutamyl transferase, creatinine, total protein, and albumin concentrations. During fasting, there was a reduction in the leukocyte response (P<0.05). Feed restriction significantly raised the levels of blood urea nitrogen (24 to 48 hours), aspartate aminotransferase (36 to 48 hours) and total cholesterol (42 to 48 hours). During 48 hours of fasting, there was a continuous increase in triglyceride concentration. Feed restriction for 48 h had a marked effect on the intensity of gastrointestinal sounds and was responsible for important metabolic changes in the healthy horses of our sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alessandra Di Filippo
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Clínicas e Cirurgia Animal (LCCA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
- Correspondence Paula Alessandra Di Filippo Laboratório de Clínica e Cirurgia Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, CEP 28013-602 - Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Brasil E-mail:
| | - Barbara Ribeiro Duarte
- Veterinarian, MSc., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal (PPGCA), UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Antônio Peixoto Albernaz
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Clínicas e Cirurgia Animal (LCCA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Célia Raquel Quirino
- Veterinarian, DSc., Laboratório de Reprodução e Melhoramento Genético Animal (LRMGA), UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil.
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12
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Viall AK, McNamee AL, Olsen LE, Deitz KL, Hostetter SJ. Prognostic value of dyslipidemia for sick dogs hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:699-709. [PMID: 30835179 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.6.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the lipidemia status and serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides of dogs when initially examined for hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a veterinary teaching hospital and to determine whether these variables were predictive of survival to hospital discharge. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 549 client-owned sick (n = 398) and healthy (151) dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of sick dogs hospitalized in the ICU at a veterinary teaching hospital between January 1, 2012, and September 30, 2015, and of healthy dogs evaluated at the teaching hospital during the same time frame were reviewed. Data collection included signalment, results of initial physical and clinicopathologic examinations, treatments, diagnosis, and survival to hospital discharge. Lipidemia status and serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were compared between healthy and sick dogs and between sick dogs that did and did not survive to hospital discharge. Regression analysis was performed to determine whether these variables were predictive of survival to hospital discharge in dogs. RESULTS Factors associated with increased odds of sick dogs not surviving to hospital discharge were hypocholesterolemia (OR, 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 3.34), hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.00 to 5.13), and concurrent hypocholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 55.7; 95% CI, 3.2 to 959.6) at the time of initial evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that hypocholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, alone or in combination, at initial examination were negative prognostic indicators for survival of dogs hospitalized in the ICU and that these conditions were easily identified with routine serum clinicopathologic analyses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;254:699-709).
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13
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Freeman DE, Mooney A, Giguère S, Claire J, Evetts C, Diskant P. Effect of feed deprivation on daily water consumption in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:117-124. [PMID: 32150657 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurements of water consumed by fed healthy horses might not apply to horses that are unwilling or unable to drink or are not fed for any reason. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of feed deprivation on voluntary water consumption compared with fed conditions. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Eight healthy adult Thoroughbred geldings were used in a randomised crossover design so that each horse served as its own control for fed vs feed-deprived conditions. Water intake, bodyweight, physical findings and vital signs were measured during 4 days of feeding and 4 days of feed deprivation. Daily measurements during the trial periods were PCV, TPP, electrolytes, osmolality and triglycerides. Plasma and extracellular fluid volumes were measured in the last 8 hours of the trial periods. Data were analysed with a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures, and statistical significance was P ≤ .05. RESULTS Feed deprivation immediately and persistently reduced water consumption to ~16% of fed values, with laboratory evidence of mild dehydration on day 4. MAIN LIMITATIONS Changes in total body water and in water and electrolyte excretion or conservation through faeces and urine were not measured. CONCLUSIONS Feed consumption has a marked effect on water requirements in healthy horses. Because current guidelines for water needs were obtained in the fed state, they might not apply to horses that are denied feed for any reason or have reduced feed intake. This study provides new information on water consumption in horses that should apply to this essential nutrient in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Freeman
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Mooney
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steeve Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jami Claire
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chloe Evetts
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patricia Diskant
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Cunneen A, Wood KA, Mathison K, Herndon AM, Bertin FR. Comparison of a continuous indwelling glucometer with a point-of-care device in healthy adult horses. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e21. [PMID: 32179578 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood glucose is tightly regulated in horses; however, since hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia are associated with poor prognosis, close monitoring is warranted. This study aimed at evaluating a continuous indwelling glucometer (CIG) by comparing performance with a point-of-care glucometer (POC). METHODS Ten horses were equipped with CIG and an intravenous catheter. Interstitial glucose concentrations were determined by CIG every 5 min at rest, during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and dextrose-induced hyperglycaemia, and compared with blood glucose determined by POC. Glucose concentrations were compared by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance and weighted kappa with Bland-Altman plots to determine agreement between assays. RESULTS Horses tolerated CIG well; however, five devices had to be replaced. There were no statistically significant differences between assays at rest or during hyperglycaemia; however, during hypoglycaemia, glucose concentrations determined by CIG were significantly higher (P=0.01). The mean bias (95% limits of agreement) between assays ranged from -0.03 (-2.46 to 2.52) mmol/l (hyperglycaemia) to 0.97 (-1.23 to 3.16) mmol/l (hypoglycaemia). Assay agreement was 'good' with observed agreements of 87.04% (κ=0.67). CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY CIG has acceptable accuracy in horses as compared with POC but overestimates glucose concentrations during hypoglycaemia and requires frequent replacement, limiting its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cunneen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kelly A Wood
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Mathison
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron M Herndon
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francois R Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Clinical Pathology in the Adult Sick Horse: The Gastrointestinal System and Liver. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:105-120. [PMID: 31982231 PMCID: PMC7127838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hansen S, Stephansen MG, Fjeldborg J, van Galen G. Effect of standard clinical procedures on blood glucose concentration in clinically healthy horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:568-572. [PMID: 31424165 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood glucose concentrations fluctuate with stress, but little is known on how it is influenced by clinical procedures. The objective was to investigate the effect of clinical procedures on blood glucose concentration in healthy horses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective, experimental study. Seven hospital-owned research horses were included in the study. A total of 4 horses were sampled either during a control sedation trial or during 3 different student workshops (prepurchase, oral, and rectal examination-the latter 2 with sedation). Blood samples were taken every 15 minutes and glucose concentration in whole blood was measured immediately with a previously validated handheld glucometer until normalization after the end of the workshops. No food was provided during sampling periods. KEY FINDINGS All measured blood glucose concentrations remained within reference interval. A significant increase in blood glucose concentration between baseline and peak was found during sedation (P = 0.005) and the oral workshop (P = 0.031). A decrease was found during prepurchase examination (P = 0.006; before exercising). Peak glucose concentration values between the sedation trial and both the oral (P = 0.065) and rectal workshop (P = 0.709) were not statistically different. Glucose measurements returned to baseline 1 hour after completion of the workshops. SIGNIFICANCE No impact of different clinical procedures on the blood glucose concentration over the effects of sedation was found. It is advisable to wait 1 hour after a procedure to measure blood for glucose concentration in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Hansen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Mia G Stephansen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Julie Fjeldborg
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Auyyuenyong R, Henze A, Ungru J, Schweigert FJ, Raila J, Vervuert I. Determination of lipid profiles in serum of obese ponies before and after weight reduction by using multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:111-117. [PMID: 29241051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome, which is highly associated with laminitis. Feed restriction and/or exercise are known to alleviate the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in obese ponies. However, little is known about changes in the serum lipid patterns due to weight reduction and its association with disease outcomes. Therefore, the lipid patterns in the serum of 14 mature ponies before and after a 14-week body weight reduction program (BWRP) were investigated by multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (MOD-TLC). Additionally, sensitivity to insulin (SI), body condition scores (BCS) and cresty neck scores (CNS) were measured. A BWRP resulted in a significant loss of body weight (P<0.001), which was associated with beneficial decreases in BCS and CNS (both, P<0.001). Serum lipid compositions revealed significantly increased free fatty acid (FFA), sphingomyelin (SM; both P<0.001), total cholesterol (C) and cholesterol ester (CE) (both P<0.01) and triacylglycerol (TG; P<0.05) densities. Improvement of SI after the BWRP was associated with increases in neutral lipids (C, CE and TG, all P<0.01), FFA and the phospholipid SM (both, P<0.001). The results show that a BWRP in obese ponies was effective and associated with changes in the concentrations of neutral lipids and the phospholipid SM, indicating that SM may play a role in insulin signaling pathways and thus in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the progression of metabolic syndrome in obese ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchada Auyyuenyong
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andrea Henze
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Julia Ungru
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Bamford NJ, Rosales CM, Williamson AJ, Steel CM, Tennent-Brown BS. Severe hypophosphataemia associated with the management of hyperlipaemia in a miniature pony. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Bamford
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Rosales
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. J. Williamson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - C. M. Steel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - B. S. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
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20
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Pongratz MC, Junge HK, Riond B, Schwarzwald CC. Validation of the Accutrend Plus point-of-care triglyceride analyzer in horses, ponies, and donkeys. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:682-90. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah K. Junge
- Equine Department; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Hoffman CJ, McKenzie HC, Furr MO, Desrochers A. Glucocorticoid receptor density and binding affinity in healthy horses and horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:626-35. [PMID: 25818217 PMCID: PMC4895485 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids has not been investigated in horses. OBJECTIVE To determine if glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function in horses can be measured using flow cytometry, and to use this information to evaluate HPA axis dynamics. ANIMALS Eleven healthy adult horses in parts 1 and 2. Ten horses with SIRS and 10 age and sex matched controls in part 3. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to evaluate GR density and binding affinity (BA) in 3 healthy horses in part 1. In part 2, exogenous ACTH was administered to eight healthy horses. Their cortisol response and GR properties were measured. In part 3, CBC, serum biochemistry, cortisol and ACTH, and GR properties were compared between controls without SIRS (n = 10) and horses with SIRS (n = 10), and between survivors and nonsurvivors (n = 4 and n = 6 respectively). RESULTS Flow cytometry can be used to measure GR properties in equine PBMCs. No correlation was observed between plasma cortisol concentration and GR density or BA in healthy horses (r = -0.145, P = .428 and r = 0.046, P = .802 respectively). Nonsurvivors with SIRS had significantly decreased GR BA (P = .008). Horses with triglyceride concentration > 28.5 mg/dL had increased odds of nonsurvival (OR=117; 95% CI, 1.94-7,060). GR BA <35.79% was associated with nonsurvival (OR = 30.33; 95% CI, 0.96-960.5). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Tissue resistance to glucocorticoids contributes to HPA axis dysfunction in adult horses with SIRS. These horses might benefit from treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hoffman
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia/Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA
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22
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Lester SJ, Mollat WH, Bryant JE. Overview of Clinical Pathology and the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Radcliffe RM, Buchanan BR, Cook VL, Divers TJ. The clinical value of whole blood point-of-care biomarkers in large animal emergency and critical care medicine. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:138-51. [PMID: 25590562 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current medical literature and provide a clinical perspective of whole blood point-of-care (POC) biomarkers in large animal emergency and critical care practice. DATA SOURCES Original studies, reviews, and textbook chapters in the human and veterinary medical fields. SUMMARY POC biomarkers are tests used to monitor normal or disease processes at or near the patient. In both human and veterinary medicine these tools are playing an increasingly important role in the management of critical diseases. The most important whole blood POC biomarkers available for veterinary practitioners include l-lactate, cardiac troponin I, serum amyloid A, triglyceride, creatinine, and glucose, although many other tests are available or on the horizon. CONCLUSION Whole blood POC biomarkers enable clinicians to provide improved management of critical diseases in large animals. These tools are especially useful for establishing a diagnosis, guiding therapy, and estimating disease risk and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Dixon CE. Hyperlipaemia in a laminitic pony following imposition of dietary restriction and in‐feed medications. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2013-000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Dunkel B, Wilford SA, Parkinson NJ, Ward C, Smith P, Grahame L, Brazil T, Schott HC. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in horses and ponies with endocrine disorders. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:118-22. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
| | - S. A. Wilford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms UK
| | | | - C. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; USA
| | - P. Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; USA
- Riviera Equine Internal Medicine & Consulting; Santa Ynez California USA
| | - L. Grahame
- Lisa Grahame Veterinary Surgeon; Letty Green UK
| | - T. Brazil
- Equine Medicine on the Move; Moreton-in-Marsh Gloucestershire UK
| | - H. C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University; USA
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Armengou L, Jose-Cunilleras E, Ríos J, Cesarini C, Viu J, Monreal L. Metabolic and Endocrine Profiles in Sick Neonatal Foals Are Related to Survival. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:567-75. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Armengou
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - E. Jose-Cunilleras
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics & Epidemiology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Statistics and Methodology Support Unit; IDIBAPS; Hospital Clínic; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Cesarini
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Viu
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Monreal
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina and Unitat Equina; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals; Hospital Clínic Veterinari; Barcelona Spain
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Ranjithkumar M, Malik TA, Saxena A, Dan A, Sakthivel PC, Dey S. Hyperlipidaemia in trypanosomiasis of naturally infected horses: possible cachexia-anorexia syndrome? Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:417-21. [PMID: 22836485 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi commonly produces wasting disease with signs of emaciation and cachexia mainly at the end stage. The present study was conducted to explore the possible hyperlipaemia or hyperlipidaemia and its association with cachexia-anorexia in equine trypanosomiasis. Out of the fifteen confirmed animals, none of the plasma sample was opaque. There was a significant increase in plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen and a highly significant increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. A mild increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and very low-density lipoprotein levels were observed, while the relative percentage of HDL and LDL was altered with high significance. A moderate increase in triglyceride and highly significant increase in LDL might be the reasons for retention of appetite and lipolysis. Possible protein breakdown and presence of lipolysis might be the reasons for cachexia in equine trypanosomiasis.
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van Galen G, Votion DM. Management of cases suffering from atypical myopathy: Interpretations of descriptive, epidemiological and pathophysiological findings. Part 1: First aid, cardiovascular, nutritional and digestive care. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Williams A, Peachey LE, Christley RM. Assessment of a point-of-care test for measurement of blood triglyceride levels for rapid detection of equid hypertriglyceridaemia. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muñoz A, Riber C, Trigo P, Castejón F. Hematology and Clinical Pathology Data in Chronically Starved Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dugat SL, Taylor TS, Matthews NS, Gold JR. Values for Triglycerides, Insulin, Cortisol, and ACTH in a Herd of Normal Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Durham AE, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP, Newton JR. Nutritional and clinicopathological effects of post operative parenteral nutrition following small intestinal resection and anastomosis in the mature horse. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:390-6. [PMID: 15253078 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044868369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There is an absence of data describing the nutritional requirements and nutritional status of horses following surgery for colic; furthermore, the potential effect of parenteral nutrition (PN) on improving nutritional status in such cases is unknown. HYPOTHESIS Post operative colic cases suffer from a potentially detrimental negative energy balance and the PN formulation developed in this study would lead to clinicopathologically detectable improvements in the subjects' nutritional status. METHODS Several clinicopathological variables, some known to be associated with nutritional status, were compared in 2 groups of horses in the post operative period following colic surgery; Group N (n = 15) were treated with PN and Group C (n = 15) were starved routinely. RESULTS Group N had significantly lower serum concentrations of triglycerides, total bilirubin, albumin and urea and significantly higher serum concentrations of glucose and insulin compared with Group C in the post operative period. CONCLUSIONS The control group of horses demonstrated significant clinicopathological evidence of starvation and the described PN protocol resulted in a demonstrably improved nutritional status in the treated horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Further study is required to investigate clinical benefits and possible harmful side effects of post operative parenteral nutrition before the technique can be advocated for widespread use in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Durham
- The Liphook Equine Hospital, Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire GU30 7JG, UK
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35
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Carr EA, Holcombe SJ. Nutrition of Critically Ill Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2009; 25:93-108, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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