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Shah NM, Ghazaryan N, Gonzaga NL, Paclibar CG, Biju AP, Liang C, Mukherjee J. Glutamate's Effects on the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Ion Channel in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: Challenges for PET Radiotracer Development for Imaging the NMDA Ion Channel. Molecules 2023; 29:20. [PMID: 38202606 PMCID: PMC10779680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In an effort to further understand the challenges facing in vivo imaging probe development for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ion channel, we have evaluated the effect of glutamate on the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Human post-mortem AD brain slices of the frontal cortex and anterior cingulate were incubated with [3H]MK-801 and adjacent sections were tested for Aβ and Tau. The binding of [3H]MK-801 was measured in the absence and presence of glutamate and glycine. Increased [3H]MK-801 binding in AD brains was observed at baseline and in the presence of glutamate, indicating a significant increase (>100%) in glutamate-induced NMDA ion channel activity in AD brains compared to cognitively normal brains. The glycine effect was lower, suggesting a decrease of the co-agonist effect of glutamate and glycine in the AD brain. Our preliminary findings suggest that the targeting of the NMDA ion channel as well as the glutamate site may be appropriate in the diagnosis and treatment of AD. However, the low baseline levels of [3H]MK-801 binding in the frontal cortex and anterior cingulate in the absence of glutamate and glycine indicate significant hurdles for in vivo imaging probe development and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.M.S.); (N.G.); (N.L.G.); (C.G.P.); (A.P.B.); (C.L.)
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2
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Baracchini G, Zhou Y, da Silva Castanheira J, Hansen JY, Rieck J, Turner GR, Grady CL, Misic B, Nomi J, Uddin LQ, Spreng RN. The biological role of local and global fMRI BOLD signal variability in human brain organization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.22.563476. [PMID: 37961684 PMCID: PMC10634715 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.22.563476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Variability drives the organization and behavior of complex systems, including the human brain. Understanding the variability of brain signals is thus necessary to broaden our window into brain function and behavior. Few empirical investigations of macroscale brain signal variability have yet been undertaken, given the difficulty in separating biological sources of variance from artefactual noise. Here, we characterize the temporal variability of the most predominant macroscale brain signal, the fMRI BOLD signal, and systematically investigate its statistical, topographical and neurobiological properties. We contrast fMRI acquisition protocols, and integrate across histology, microstructure, transcriptomics, neurotransmitter receptor and metabolic data, fMRI static connectivity, and empirical and simulated magnetoencephalography data. We show that BOLD signal variability represents a spatially heterogeneous, central property of multi-scale multi-modal brain organization, distinct from noise. Our work establishes the biological relevance of BOLD signal variability and provides a lens on brain stochasticity across spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baracchini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yigu Zhou
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason da Silva Castanheira
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Justine Y. Hansen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Gary R. Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Grady
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest, and Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bratislav Misic
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Nomi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lucina Q. Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - R. Nathan Spreng
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Beaurain M, Talmont F, Pierre D, Péran P, Boucher S, Hitzel A, Rols MP, Cuvillier O, Payoux P, Salabert AS. Pharmacological Characterization of [ 18F]-FNM and Evaluation of NMDA Receptors Activation in a Rat Brain Injury Model. Mol Imaging Biol 2023:10.1007/s11307-023-01811-y. [PMID: 36944798 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE NMDA receptors (NMDARs) dysfunction plays a central role in the physiopathology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders whose mechanisms are still poorly understood. The development of a PET (positron emission tomography) tracer able to selectively bind to the NMDARs intra-channel PCP site may make it possible to visualize NMDARs in an open and active state. We describe the in vitro pharmacological characterization of [18F]-fluoroethylnormemantine ([18F]-FNM) and evaluate its ability to localize activated NMDA receptors in a rat preclinical model of excitotoxicity. PROCEDURES The affinity of the non-radioactive analog for the intra-channel PCP site was determined in a radioligand competition assay using [3H]TCP ([3H]N-(1-[thienyl]cyclohexyl)piperidine) on rat brain homogenates. Selectivity was also investigated by the displacement of specific radioligands targeting various cerebral receptors. In vivo brain lesions were performed using stereotaxic quinolinic acid (QA) injections in the left motor area (M1) of seven Sprague Dawley rats. Each rat was imaged with a microPET/CT camera, 40 min after receiving a dose of 30 MBq + / - 20 of [18F]-FNM, 24 and 72 h after injury. Nine non-injured rats were also imaged using the same protocol. RESULTS FNM displayed IC50 value of 13.0 ± 8.9 µM in rat forebrain homogenates but also showed significant bindings on opioid receptors. In the frontal and left somatosensory areas, [18F]FNM PET detected a mean of 37% and 41% increase in [18F]FNM uptake (p < 0,0001) 24 and 72 h after QA stereotaxic injection, respectively, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS In spite of FNM's poor affinity for NMDAR PCP site, this study supports the ability of this tracer to track massive activation of NMDARs in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaurain
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, UMR1214 Inserm, Toulouse, France.
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
| | - Franck Talmont
- Institut de Pharmacologie Et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Pierre
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, UMR1214 Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, UMR1214 Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Samuel Boucher
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, UMR1214 Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Hitzel
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie Et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Cuvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie Et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, UMR1214 Inserm, Toulouse, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, UMR1214 Inserm, Toulouse, France
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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4
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Determination of the Unilaterally Damaged Region May Depend on the Asymmetry of Carotid Blood Flow Velocity in Hemiparkinsonian Monkey: A Pilot Study. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:4382145. [PMID: 36407681 PMCID: PMC9668443 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4382145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hemiparkinsonian nonhuman primate model induced by unilateral injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the carotid artery is used to study Parkinson's disease. However, there have been no studies that the contralateral distribution of MPTP via the cerebral collateral circulation is provided by both the circle of Willis (CoW) and connections of the carotid artery. To investigate whether MPTP-induced unilaterally damaged regions were determined by asymmetrical cerebral blood flow, the differential asymmetric damage of striatal subregions, and examined structural asymmetries in a circle of Willis, and blood flow velocity of the common carotid artery were observed in three monkeys that were infused with MPTP through the left internal carotid artery. Lower flow velocity in the ipsilateral common carotid artery and a higher ratio of ipsilateral middle cerebral artery diameter to anterior cerebral artery diameter resulted in unilateral damage. Additionally, the unilateral damaged monkey observed the apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation behavior and the temporary increase of plasma RANTES. Contrastively, higher flow velocity in the ipsilateral common carotid artery was observed in the bilateral damaged monkey. It is suggested that asymmetry of blood flow velocity and structural asymmetry of the circle of Willis should be taken into consideration when establishing more efficient hemiparkinsonian nonhuman primate models.
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5
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Hansen JY, Shafiei G, Markello RD, Smart K, Cox SML, Nørgaard M, Beliveau V, Wu Y, Gallezot JD, Aumont É, Servaes S, Scala SG, DuBois JM, Wainstein G, Bezgin G, Funck T, Schmitz TW, Spreng RN, Galovic M, Koepp MJ, Duncan JS, Coles JP, Fryer TD, Aigbirhio FI, McGinnity CJ, Hammers A, Soucy JP, Baillet S, Guimond S, Hietala J, Bedard MA, Leyton M, Kobayashi E, Rosa-Neto P, Ganz M, Knudsen GM, Palomero-Gallagher N, Shine JM, Carson RE, Tuominen L, Dagher A, Misic B. Mapping neurotransmitter systems to the structural and functional organization of the human neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1569-1581. [PMID: 36303070 PMCID: PMC9630096 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter receptors support the propagation of signals in the human brain. How receptor systems are situated within macro-scale neuroanatomy and how they shape emergent function remain poorly understood, and there exists no comprehensive atlas of receptors. Here we collate positron emission tomography data from more than 1,200 healthy individuals to construct a whole-brain three-dimensional normative atlas of 19 receptors and transporters across nine different neurotransmitter systems. We found that receptor profiles align with structural connectivity and mediate function, including neurophysiological oscillatory dynamics and resting-state hemodynamic functional connectivity. Using the Neurosynth cognitive atlas, we uncovered a topographic gradient of overlapping receptor distributions that separates extrinsic and intrinsic psychological processes. Finally, we found both expected and novel associations between receptor distributions and cortical abnormality patterns across 13 disorders. We replicated all findings in an independently collected autoradiography dataset. This work demonstrates how chemoarchitecture shapes brain structure and function, providing a new direction for studying multi-scale brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Y Hansen
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Golia Shafiei
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ross D Markello
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kelly Smart
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sylvia M L Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Nørgaard
- Department of Psychology, Center for Reproducible Neuroscience, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Cimbi & OpenNeuroPET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincent Beliveau
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Cimbi & OpenNeuroPET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Étienne Aumont
- Cognitive Pharmacology Research Unit, UQAM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stijn Servaes
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Gleb Bezgin
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Funck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Taylor W Schmitz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marian Galovic
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont Saint Peter, UK
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont Saint Peter, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont Saint Peter, UK
| | - Jonathan P Coles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colm J McGinnity
- King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hammers
- King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' PET Centre, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Synthia Guimond
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marc-André Bedard
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cognitive Pharmacology Research Unit, UQAM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Ganz
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Cimbi & OpenNeuroPET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Cimbi & OpenNeuroPET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bratislav Misic
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Beck K, Arumuham A, Brugger S, McCutcheon RA, Veronese M, Santangelo B, McGinnity CJ, Dunn J, Kaar S, Singh N, Pillinger T, Borgan F, Sementa T, Neji R, Jauhar S, Aigbirhio F, Boros I, Turkheimer F, Hammers A, Lythgoe D, Stone J, Howes OD. The association between N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor availability and glutamate levels: A multi-modal PET-MR brain imaging study in first-episode psychosis and healthy controls. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1051-1060. [PMID: 36120998 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221099643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from post-mortem studies and in vivo imaging studies suggests there may be reduced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) levels in the hippocampus in patients with schizophrenia. Other studies have reported increased glutamate in striatum in schizophrenia patients. It has been hypothesised that NMDAR hypofunction leads to the disinhibition of glutamatergic signalling; however, this has not been tested in vivo. METHODS In this study, we investigated the relationship between hippocampal NMDAR and striatal glutamate using simultaneous positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance (PET-MR) imaging. We recruited 40 volunteers to this cross-sectional study; 21 patients with schizophrenia, all in their first episode of illness, and 19 healthy controls. We measured hippocampal NMDAR availability using the PET ligand [18F]GE179. This was indexed relative to whole brain as the distribution volume ratio (DVR). Striatal glutamatergic indices (glutamate and Glx) were acquired simultaneously, using combined PET-MR proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). RESULTS A total of 33 individuals (15 healthy controls, 18 patients) were included in the analyses (mean (SD) age of controls, 27.31 (4.68) years; mean (SD) age of patients, 24.75 (4.33), 27 male and 6 female). We found an inverse relationship between hippocampal DVR and striatal glutamate levels in people with first-episode psychosis (rho = -0.74, p < 0.001) but not in healthy controls (rho = -0.22, p = 0.44). CONCLUSION This study show that lower relative NMDAR availability in the hippocampus may drive increased striatal glutamate levels in patients with schizophrenia. Further work is required to determine whether these findings may yield new targets for drug development in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Atheeshaan Arumuham
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Brugger
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Santangelo
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Colm J McGinnity
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joel Dunn
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Kaar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Toby Pillinger
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Faith Borgan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Sementa
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Radhouene Neji
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- MR Research Collaborations, Siemens Healthcare Limited, Frimley, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Franklin Aigbirhio
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Istvan Boros
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hammers
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Eastbourne District General Hospital, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Nour MM, Beck K, Liu Y, Arumuham A, Veronese M, Howes OD, Dolan RJ. Relationship Between Replay-Associated Ripples and Hippocampal N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors: Preliminary Evidence From a PET-MEG Study in Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2022; 3:sgac044. [PMID: 35911846 PMCID: PMC9334566 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Hypotheses Hippocampal replay and associated high-frequency ripple oscillations are among the best-characterized phenomena in resting brain activity. Replay/ripples support memory consolidation and relational inference, and are regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Schizophrenia has been associated with both replay/ripple abnormalities and NMDAR hypofunction in both clinical samples and genetic mouse models, although the relationship between these 2 facets of hippocampal function has not been tested in humans. Study Design Here, we avail of a unique multimodal human neuroimaging data set to investigate the relationship between the availability of (intrachannel) NMDAR binding sites in hippocampus, and replay-associated ripple power, in 16 participants (7 nonclinical participants and 9 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, PScz). Each participant had both a [18F]GE-179 positron emission tomography (PET) scan (to measure NMDAR availability, V T ) and a magnetoencephalography (MEG) scan (to measure offline neural replay and associated high-frequency ripple oscillations, using Temporally Delayed Linear Modeling). Study Results We show a positive relationship between hippocampal NMDAR availability and replay-associated ripple power. This linkage was evident across control participants (r(5) = .94, P = .002) and PScz (r(7) = .70, P = .04), with no group difference. Conclusions Our findings provide preliminary evidence for a relationship between hippocampal NMDAR availability and replay-associated ripple power in humans, and haverelevance for NMDAR hypofunction theories of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Nour
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Yunzhe Liu
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Atheeshaan Arumuham
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
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8
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Martins D, Giacomel A, Williams SCR, Turkheimer F, Dipasquale O, Veronese M. Imaging transcriptomics: Convergent cellular, transcriptomic, and molecular neuroimaging signatures in the healthy adult human brain. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110173. [PMID: 34965413 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of transcriptomic and neuroimaging data, "imaging transcriptomics," has recently emerged to generate hypotheses about potential biological pathways underlying regional variability in neuroimaging features. However, the validity of this approach is yet to be examined in depth. Here, we sought to bridge this gap by performing transcriptomic decoding of the regional distribution of well-known molecular markers spanning different elements of the biology of the healthy human brain. Imaging transcriptomics identifies biological and cell pathways that are consistent with the known biology of a wide range of molecular neuroimaging markers. The extent to which it can capture patterns of gene expression that align well with elements of the biology of the neuroinflammatory axis, at least in healthy controls without a proinflammatory challenge, is inconclusive. Imaging transcriptomics might constitute an interesting approach to improve our understanding of the biological pathways underlying regional variability in a wide range of neuroimaging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Alessio Giacomel
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo, 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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9
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Vibholm AK, Dietz MJ, Beniczky S, Christensen J, Højlund A, Jacobsen J, Bender D, Møller A, Brooks DJ. Activated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channels detected in focal epilepsy with [ 18 F]GE-179 positron emission tomography. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2899-2908. [PMID: 34558066 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imaging activated glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channels (NMDAR-ICs) using positron emission tomography (PET) has proved challenging due to low brain uptake, poor affinity and selectivity, and high metabolism and dissociation rates of candidate radioligands. The radioligand [18 F]GE-179 is a known use-dependent marker of NMDAR-ICs. We studied whether interictal [18 F]GE-179 PET would detect foci of abnormal NMDAR-IC activation in patients with refractory focal epilepsy. METHODS Ten patients with refractory focal epilepsy and 18 healthy controls had structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by a 90-min dynamic [18 F]GE-179 PET scan with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG). PET and EEG findings were compared with MRI and previous EEGs. Standard uptake value (SUV) images of [18 F]GE-179 were generated and global gray matter uptake was measured for each individual. To localize focal increases in uptake of [18 F]GE-179, the individual SUV images were interrogated with statistical parametric mapping in comparison to a normal database. Additionally, individual healthy control SUV images were compared with the rest of the control database to determine their prevalence of increased focal [18 F]GE-179 uptake. RESULTS Interictal [18 F]GE-179 PET detected clusters of significantly increased binding in eight of 10 patients with focal epilepsy but none of the controls. The number of clusters of raised [18 F]GE-179 uptake in the patients with epilepsy exceeded the focal abnormalities revealed by the simultaneously recorded EEG. Patients with extensive clusters of raised [18 F]GE-179 uptake showed the most abnormal EEGs. SIGNIFICANCE Detection of multiple foci of abnormal NMDAR-IC activation in 80% of our patients with refractory focal epilepsy using interictal [18 F]GE-179 PET could reflect enhanced neuronal excitability due to chronic seizure activity. This indicates that chronic epileptic activity is associated with abnormal NMDAR ion channel activation beyond the initial irritative zones. [18 F]GE-179 PET could be a candidate marker for identifying pathological brain areas in patients with treatment-resistant focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Vibholm
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin J Dietz
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sándor Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Center and Aarhus University, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Jakob Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Center for Register-Based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Højlund
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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10
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Lam MTY, Duttke SH, Odish MF, Le HD, Hansen EA, Nguyen CT, Trescott S, Kim R, Deota S, Chang MW, Patel A, Hepokoski M, Alotaibi M, Rolfsen M, Perofsky K, Warden AS, Foley J, Ramirez SI, Dan JM, Abbott RK, Crotty S, Crotty Alexander LE, Malhotra A, Panda S, Benner CW, Coufal NG. Profiling Transcription Initiation in Peripheral Leukocytes Reveals Severity-Associated Cis-Regulatory Elements in Critical COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.24.457187. [PMID: 34462742 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.28.466336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of transcription factors (TFs) and gene regulatory programs in the immune response to COVID-19 and their relationship to disease outcome is not fully understood. Analysis of genome-wide changes in transcription at both promoter-proximal and distal cis-regulatory DNA elements, collectively termed the 'active cistrome,' offers an unbiased assessment of TF activity identifying key pathways regulated in homeostasis or disease. Here, we profiled the active cistrome from peripheral leukocytes of critically ill COVID-19 patients to identify major regulatory programs and their dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We identified TF motifs that track the severity of COVID- 19 lung injury, disease resolution, and outcome. We used unbiased clustering to reveal distinct cistrome subsets delineating the regulation of pathways, cell types, and the combinatorial activity of TFs. We found critical roles for regulatory networks driven by stimulus and lineage determining TFs, showing that STAT and E2F/MYB regulatory programs targeting myeloid cells are activated in patients with poor disease outcomes and associated with single nucleotide genetic variants implicated in COVID-19 susceptibility. Integration with single-cell RNA-seq found that STAT and E2F/MYB activation converged in specific neutrophils subset found in patients with severe disease. Collectively we demonstrate that cistrome analysis facilitates insight into disease mechanisms and provides an unbiased approach to evaluate global changes in transcription factor activity and stratify patient disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tun Yin Lam
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sascha H Duttke
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mazen F Odish
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Hiep D Le
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Hansen
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Celina T Nguyen
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Trescott
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roy Kim
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shaunak Deota
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max W Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Mark Hepokoski
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Mona Alotaibi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Mark Rolfsen
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Perofsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Anna S Warden
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert K Abbott
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHVAD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher W Benner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
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11
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Beck K, Arumuham A, Veronese M, Santangelo B, McGinnity CJ, Dunn J, McCutcheon RA, Kaar SJ, Singh N, Pillinger T, Borgan F, Stone J, Jauhar S, Sementa T, Turkheimer F, Hammers A, Howes OD. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor availability in first-episode psychosis: a PET-MR brain imaging study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:425. [PMID: 34385418 PMCID: PMC8361127 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction is hypothesised to underlie psychosis but this has not been tested early in illness. To address this, we studied 40 volunteers (21 patients with first-episode psychosis and 19 matched healthy controls) using PET imaging with an NMDAR selective ligand, [18F]GE-179, that binds to the ketamine binding site to index its distribution volume ratio (DVR) and volume of distribution (VT). Hippocampal DVR, but not VT, was significantly lower in patients relative to controls (p = 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.81; p = 0.15, Cohen's d = 0.49), and negatively associated with total (rho = -0.47, p = 0.04), depressive (rho = -0.67, p = 0.002), and general symptom severity (rho = -0.74, p < 0.001). Exploratory analyses found no significant differences in other brain regions (anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, striatum and temporal cortex). These findings are consistent with the NMDAR hypofunction hypothesis and identify the hippocampus as a key locus for relative NMDAR hypofunction, although further studies should test specificity and causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Atheeshaan Arumuham
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Santangelo
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Colm J McGinnity
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joel Dunn
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen J Kaar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Toby Pillinger
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Faith Borgan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- COMPASS Pathways plc, London, UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Sementa
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hammers
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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12
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Vibholm AK, Landau AM, Møller A, Jacobsen J, Vang K, Munk OL, Orlowski D, Sørensen JC, Brooks DJ. NMDA receptor ion channel activation detected in vivo with [ 18F]GE-179 PET after electrical stimulation of rat hippocampus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1301-1312. [PMID: 32960687 PMCID: PMC8142139 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20954928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]GE-179 binds to the phencyclidine (PCP) site in the open N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channel (NMDAR-IC). To demonstrate that PET can visualise increased [18F]GE-179 uptake by active NMDAR-ICs and that this can be blocked by the PCP antagonist S-ketamine, 15 rats had an electrode unilaterally implanted in their ventral hippocampus. Seven rats had no stimulation, five received pulsed 400 µA supra-threshold 60 Hz stimulation alone, and three received intravenous S-ketamine injection prior to stimulation. Six other rats were not implanted. Each rat had a 90 min [18F]GE-179 PET scan. Stimulated rats had simultaneous depth-EEG recordings of induced seizure activity. [18F]GE-179 uptake (volume of distribution, VT) was compared between hemispheres and between groups. Electrical stimulation induced a significant increase in [18F]GE-179 uptake at the electrode site compared to the contralateral hippocampus (mean 22% increase in VT, p = 0.0014) and to non-stimulated comparator groups. Rats injected with S-ketamine prior to stimulation maintained non-stimulated levels of [18F]GE-179 uptake during stimulation. In conclusion, PET visualisation of focal [18F]GE-179 uptake during electrically activated NMDAR-ICs and the demonstration of specificity for PCP sites by blockade with S-ketamine support the in vivo utility of [18F]GE-179 PET as a use-dependent marker of NMDAR-IC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Vibholm
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne M Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Vang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole L Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Department of Neurosurgery and CENSE, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Ch Sørensen
- Department of Neurosurgery and CENSE, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Galovic M, Erlandsson K, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Manavaki R, Sari H, Chetcuti S, Thomas BA, Fisher M, Sephton S, Canales R, Russell JJ, Sander K, Årstad E, Aigbirhio FI, Groves AM, Duncan JS, Thielemans K, Hutton BF, Coles JP, Koepp MJ. Validation of a combined image derived input function and venous sampling approach for the quantification of [ 18F]GE-179 PET binding in the brain. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118194. [PMID: 34023451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-based kinetic analysis of PET data relies on an accurate estimate of the arterial plasma input function (PIF). An alternative to invasive measurements from arterial sampling is an image-derived input function (IDIF). However, an IDIF provides the whole blood radioactivity concentration, rather than the required free tracer radioactivity concentration in plasma. To estimate the tracer PIF, we corrected an IDIF from the carotid artery with estimates of plasma parent fraction (PF) and plasma-to-whole blood (PWB) ratio obtained from five venous samples. We compared the combined IDIF+venous approach to gold standard data from arterial sampling in 10 healthy volunteers undergoing [18F]GE-179 brain PET imaging of the NMDA receptor. Arterial and venous PF and PWB ratio estimates determined from 7 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were also compared to assess the potential effect of medication. There was high agreement between areas under the curves of the estimates of PF (r = 0.99, p<0.001), PWB ratio (r = 0.93, p<0.001), and the PIF (r = 0.92, p<0.001) as well as total distribution volume (VT) in 11 regions across the brain (r = 0.95, p<0.001). IDIF+venous VT had a mean bias of -1.7% and a comparable regional coefficient of variation (arterial: 21.3 ± 2.5%, IDIF+venous: 21.5 ± 2.0%). Simplification of the IDIF+venous method to use only one venous sample provided less accurate VT estimates (mean bias 9.9%; r = 0.71, p<0.001). A version of the method that avoids the need for blood sampling by combining the IDIF with population-based PF and PWB ratio estimates systematically underestimated VT (mean bias -20.9%), and produced VT estimates with a poor correlation to those obtained using arterial data (r = 0.45, p<0.001). Arterial and venous blood data from 7 TBI patients showed high correlations for PF (r = 0.92, p = 0.003) and PWB ratio (r = 0.93, p = 0.003). In conclusion, the IDIF+venous method with five venous samples provides a viable alternative to arterial sampling for quantification of [18F]GE-179 VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Galovic
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, UK
| | - Kjell Erlandsson
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roido Manavaki
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hasan Sari
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Chetcuti
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin A Thomas
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Fisher
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Selena Sephton
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roberto Canales
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph J Russell
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Erik Årstad
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley M Groves
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, UK
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian F Hutton
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan P Coles
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; MRI Unit, Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, UK.
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14
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Cumming P, Abi-Dargham A, Gründer G. Molecular imaging of schizophrenia: Neurochemical findings in a heterogeneous and evolving disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:113004. [PMID: 33197459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past four decades have seen enormous efforts placed on a search for molecular markers of schizophrenia using positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this narrative review, we cast a broad net to define and summarize what researchers have learned about schizophrenia from molecular imaging studies. Some PET studies of brain energy metabolism with the glucose analogue FDGhave have shown a hypofrontality defect in patients with schizophrenia, but more generally indicate a loss of metabolic coherence between different brain regions. An early finding of significantly increased striatal trapping of the dopamine synthesis tracer FDOPA has survived a meta-analysis of many replications, but the increase is not pathognomonic of the disorder, since one half of patients have entirely normal dopamine synthesis capacity. Similarly, competition SPECT studies show greater basal and amphetamine-evoked dopamine occupancy at post-synaptic dopamine D2/3 receptors in patients with schizophrenia, but the difference is likewise not pathognomonic. We thus propose that molecular imaging studies of brain dopamine indicate neurochemical heterogeneity within the diagnostic entity of schizophrenia. Occupancy studies have established the relevant target engagement by antipsychotic medications at dopamine D2/3 receptors in living brain. There is evidence for elevated frontal cortical dopamine D1 receptors, especially in relation to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. There is a general lack of consistent findings of abnormalities in serotonin markers, but some evidence for decreased levels of nicotinic receptors in patients. There are sparse and somewhat inconsistent findings of reduced binding of muscarinic, glutamate, and opioid receptors ligands, inconsistent findings of microglial activation, and very recently, evidence of globally reduced levels of synaptic proteins in brain of patients. One study reports a decline in histone acetylase binding that is confined to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In most contexts, the phase of the disease and effects of past or present medication can obscure or confound PET and SPECT findings in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Stony Brook University, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Gerhard Gründer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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15
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Kim JH, Marton J, Ametamey SM, Cumming P. A Review of Molecular Imaging of Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204749. [PMID: 33081223 PMCID: PMC7587586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a well-established and important in vivo technique to evaluate fundamental biological processes and unravel the role of neurotransmitter receptors in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Specific ligands are available for PET/SPECT studies of dopamine, serotonin, and opiate receptors, but corresponding development of radiotracers for receptors of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain, has lagged behind. This state of affairs has persisted despite the central importance of glutamate neurotransmission in brain physiology and in disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent years have seen extensive efforts to develop useful ligands for molecular imaging of subtypes of the ionotropic (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and AMPA/quisqualate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (types I, II, and III mGluRs). We now review the state of development of radioligands for glutamate receptor imaging, placing main emphasis on the suitability of available ligands for reliable in vivo applications. We give a brief account of the radiosynthetic approach for selected molecules. In general, with the exception of ligands for the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors, there has been little success in developing radiotracers for imaging ionotropic glutamate receptors; failure of ligands for the PCP/MK801 binding site in vivo doubtless relates their dependence on the open, unblocked state of the ion channel. Many AMPA and kainite receptor ligands with good binding properties in vitro have failed to give measurable specific binding in the living brain. This may reflect the challenge of developing brain-penetrating ligands for amino acid receptors, compounded by conformational differences in vivo. The situation is better with respect to mGluR imaging, particularly for the mGluR5 subtype. Several successful PET ligands serve for investigations of mGluRs in conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, substance abuse and aging. Considering the centrality and diversity of glutamatergic signaling in brain function, we have relatively few selective and sensitive tools for molecular imaging of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Further radiopharmaceutical research targeting specific subtypes and subunits of the glutamate receptors may yet open up new investigational vistas with broad applications in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
| | - János Marton
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds, Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-1454 Radeberg, Germany;
| | - Simon Mensah Ametamey
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences ETH, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 18, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (P.C.); Tel.: +41-31-664-0498 (P.C.); Fax: +41-31-632-7663 (P.C.)
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16
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Dodo Y, Takahashi T, Honjo K, Kitamura N, Maruyama H. Measurement of the length of vertebrobasilar arteries: A three-dimensional approach. J Neurol Sci 2020; 414:116818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Activation of NMDA receptor ion channels by deep brain stimulation in the pig visualised with [18F]GE-179 PET. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1071-1078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Association between human gray matter metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 availability in vivo and white matter properties: a [ 11C]ABP688 PET and diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1805-1816. [PMID: 32495131 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory corticofugal projections in the subcortical white matter (WM) convey signals arising from local neuronal activity in the gray matter (GM). We hypothesized that metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) availability in GM, as a surrogate marker for local glutamatergic neuronal activity, correlates with WM properties in healthy brain. We examined the relationship in healthy individuals between GM mGluR5 availability measured in vivo using [11C]ABP688 positron emission tomography (PET) and WM properties measured as fractional anisotropy (FA) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Twenty-three healthy volunteers underwent this multimodal imaging. We calculated mGluR5 availability, [11C]ABP688 binding potential (BPND), using the simplified reference tissue model, and generated DTI FA maps using FMRIB's Diffusion Toolbox (FDT) along with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). To investigate the relationship between mGluR5 availability and FA, we performed voxel-wise and region of interest (ROI)-based analyses. The voxel-wise analysis showed significant positive correlations between the whole cerebral GM [11C]ABP688 BPND and the FA in widespread WM regions including the corpus callosum body, internal capsule, and corona radiata (FWE corrected p < 0.05). The ROI-based analysis also revealed significant positive correlations (Bonferroni-corrected threshold p < 0.00021) between [11C]ABP688 BPND in the frontal and parietal cortical GM and FA in the internal capsule (anterior limb and retrolenticular part). Using a novel multimodal imaging interrogation, we provide the first evidence that GM mGluR5 availability is significantly positively associated with WM properties in healthy subjects. Future comparison studies could determine whether this relationship is perturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders with dysregulated mGluR5 signaling.
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Khan I, Berg TC, Brown J, Bhalla R, Wilson A, Black A, McRobbie G, Nairne J, Olsson A, Trigg W. Development of an automated, GMP compliant FASTlab™ radiosynthesis of [18
F]GE-179 for the clinical study of activated NMDA receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:183-195. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Khan
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | | | - Jane Brown
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | - Rajiv Bhalla
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | - Anthony Wilson
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | - Andrew Black
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | - Graeme McRobbie
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | - James Nairne
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
| | - Andreas Olsson
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Oslo Norway
| | - William Trigg
- Core Imaging R&D, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare; Chalfont St Giles, Bucks UK
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20
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Beaurain M, Salabert AS, Ribeiro MJ, Arlicot N, Damier P, Le Jeune F, Demonet JF, Payoux P. Innovative Molecular Imaging for Clinical Research, Therapeutic Stratification, and Nosography in Neuroscience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:268. [PMID: 31828073 PMCID: PMC6890558 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, several radiotracers have been developed for neuroimaging applications, especially in PET. Because of their low steric hindrance, PET radionuclides can be used to label molecules that are small enough to cross the blood brain barrier, without modifying their biological properties. As the use of 11C is limited by its short physical half-life (20 min), there has been an increasing focus on developing tracers labeled with 18F for clinical use. The first such tracers allowed cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism to be measured, and the development of molecular imaging has since enabled to focus more closely on specific targets such as receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, and other proteins. Hence, PET and SPECT biomarkers have become indispensable for innovative clinical research. Currently, the treatment options for a number of pathologies, notably neurodegenerative diseases, remain only supportive and symptomatic. Treatments that slow down or reverse disease progression are therefore the subject of numerous studies, in which molecular imaging is proving to be a powerful tool. PET and SPECT biomarkers already make it possible to diagnose several neurological diseases in vivo and at preclinical stages, yielding topographic, and quantitative data about the target. As a result, they can be used for assessing patients' eligibility for new treatments, or for treatment follow-up. The aim of the present review was to map major innovative radiotracers used in neuroscience, and explain their contribution to clinical research. We categorized them according to their target: dopaminergic, cholinergic or serotoninergic systems, β-amyloid plaques, tau protein, neuroinflammation, glutamate or GABA receptors, or α-synuclein. Most neurological disorders, and indeed mental disorders, involve the dysfunction of one or more of these targets. Combinations of molecular imaging biomarkers can afford us a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease development over time, and contribute to early detection/screening, diagnosis, therapy delivery/monitoring, and treatment follow-up in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaurain
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Salabert
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Joao Ribeiro
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.,Inserm CIC 1415, University Hospital, Tours, France.,CHRU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Damier
- Inserm U913, Neurology Department, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean-François Demonet
- Leenards Memory Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Payoux
- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Inserm U1214, Toulouse, France
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22
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Sah BR, Sommerauer M, Mu L, Gonzalez GP, Geistlich S, Treyer V, Schibli R, Buck A, Warnock G, Ametamey SM. Radiation dosimetry of [ 18F]-PSS232-a PET radioligand for imaging mGlu5 receptors in humans. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:56. [PMID: 31240594 PMCID: PMC6593000 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose (E)-3-(pyridin-2-ylethynyl)cyclohex-2-enone O-(3-(2-[18F]-fluoroethoxy)propyl) oxime ([18F]-PSS232) is a new PET tracer for imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5), and has shown promising results in rodents and humans. The aim of this study was to estimate the radiation dosimetry and biodistribution in humans, to assess dose-limiting organs, and to demonstrate safety and tolerability of [18F]-PSS232 in healthy volunteers. Methods PET/CT scans of six healthy male volunteers (mean age 23.5 ± 1.7; 21–26 years) were obtained after intravenous administration of 243 ± 3 MBq of [18F]-PSS232. Serial whole-body (vertex to mid-thigh) PET scans were assessed at ten time points, up to 90 min after tracer injection. Calculation of tracer kinetics and cumulated organ activities were performed using PMOD 3.7 software. Dosimetry estimates were calculated using the OLINDA/EXM software. Results Injection of [18F]-PSS232 was safe and well tolerated. Organs with highest absorbed doses were the gallbladder wall (0.2295 mGy/MBq), liver (0.0547 mGy/MBq), and the small intestine (0.0643 mGy/MBq). Mean effective dose was 3.72 ± 0.12 mSv/volunteer (range 3.61–3.96 mSv; 0.0153 mSv/MBq). Conclusion [18F]-PSS232, a novel [18F]-labeled mGlu5 tracer, showed favorable dosimetry values. Additionally, the tracer was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert-Ram Sah
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Diagnostic, Interventional, and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sommerauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Pla Gonzalez
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Geistlich
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Treyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Warnock
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,PMOD Technologies LLC, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Radiopharmaceutical Science, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Automated production of a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor radioligand [ 18F]GE179 for clinical use. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 148:246-252. [PMID: 31026789 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ligand and voltage-gated heteromeric ion channel receptors. Excessive activation of NMDA receptors is implicated in many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ischemic stroke, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, drug addition, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. [18F]GE179 is a promising PET probe for imaging functional NMDA receptor alterations (activated or 'open' channel) with a high binding affinity (Kd = 2.4 nM). Here, we report the production of the NMDA receptor radioligand [18F]GE179 in a current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) facility through a one-pot two-step strategy. [18F]GE179 was produced in approximately 110 min with a radiochemical yield of 12 ± 6% (n = 4, decay corrected), radiochemical purity >95%, molar activity of 146 ± 32 GBq/μmol (at the end of synthesis), an average mass of GE179 at 2.2 μg/batch, and total impurities less than 0.5 μg/batch (n = 4). The radiopharmaceutical dose meets all quality control (QC) criteria for human use, and is suitable for clinical PET studies of activated NMDA receptor ion channels.
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24
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Metaxas A, van Berckel BNM, Klein PJ, Verbeek J, Nash EC, Kooijman EJM, Renjaän VA, Golla SSV, Boellaard R, Christiaans JAM, Windhorst AD, Leysen JE. Binding characterization of N-(2-chloro-5-thiomethylphenyl)-N'-(3-[ 3 H] 3 methoxy phenyl)-N'-methylguanidine ([ 3 H]GMOM), a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00458. [PMID: 30784206 PMCID: PMC6381215 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Labeled with carbon‐11, N‐(2‐chloro‐5‐thiomethylphenyl)‐N′‐(3‐methoxyphenyl)‐N′‐methylguanidine ([11C]GMOM) is currently the only positron emission tomography (PET) tracer that has shown selectivity for the ion‐channel site of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in human imaging studies. The present study reports on the selectivity profile and in vitro binding properties of GMOM. The compound was screened on a panel of 80 targets, and labeled with tritium ([3H]GMOM). The binding properties of [3H]GMOM were compared to those of the reference ion‐channel ligand [3H](+)‐dizocilpine maleate ([3H]MK‐801), in a set of concentration‐response, homologous and heterologous inhibition, and association kinetics assays, performed with repeatedly washed rat forebrain preparations. GMOM was at least 70‐fold more selective for NMDA receptors compared to all other targets examined. In homologous inhibition and concentration‐response assays, the binding of [3H]GMOM was regulated by NMDA receptor agonists, albeit in a less prominent manner compared to [3H]MK‐801. Scatchard transformation of homologous inhibition data produced concave upward curves for [3H]GMOM and [3H]MK‐801. The radioligands showed bi‐exponential association kinetics in the presence of 100 μmol L−1l‐glutamate/30 μmol L−1 glycine. [3H]GMOM (3 nmol L−1 and 10 nmol L−1) was inhibited with dual affinity by (+)‐MK‐801, (R,S)‐ketamine and memantine, in both presence and absence of agonists. [3H]MK‐801 (2 nmol L−1) was inhibited in a monophasic manner by GMOM under baseline and combined agonist conditions, with an IC50 value of ~19 nmol L−1. The non‐linear Scatchard plots, biphasic inhibition by open channel blockers, and bi‐exponential kinetics of [3H]GMOM indicate a complex mechanism of interaction with the NMDA receptor ionophore. The implications for quantifying the PET signal of [11C]GMOM are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Metaxas
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verbeek
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emily C Nash
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther J M Kooijman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique A Renjaän
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandeep S V Golla
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes A M Christiaans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josée E Leysen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Fu H, Chen Z, Josephson L, Li Z, Liang SH. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ligand Development for Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors: Challenges and Opportunities for Radiotracer Targeting N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA), and Kainate Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:403-419. [PMID: 30110164 PMCID: PMC6393217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission within the mammalian central nervous system. iGluRs exist as three main groups: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and kainate receptors. The past decades have witnessed a remarkable development of PET tracers targeting different iGluRs including NMDARs and AMPARs, and several of the tracers have advanced to clinical imaging studies. Here, we assess the recent development of iGluR PET probes, focusing on tracer design, brain kinetics, and performance in PET imaging studies. Furthermore, this review will not only present challenges in the tracer development but also provide novel approaches in conjunction with most recent drug discovery efforts on these iGluRs, including subtype-selective NMDAR and transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein modulators and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of AMPARs. These approaches, if successful as PET tracers, may provide fundamental knowledge to understand the roles of iGluR receptors under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Zijing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology, Molecular Diagnosis & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114 USA
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26
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McGinnity CJ, Årstad E, Beck K, Brooks DJ, Coles JP, Duncan JS, Galovic M, Hinz R, Hirani E, Howes OD, Jones PA, Koepp MJ, Luo F, Riaño Barros DA, Singh N, Trigg W, Hammers A. Comment on " In Vivo [ 18F]GE-179 Brain Signal Does Not Show NMDA-Specific Modulation with Drug Challenges in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates". ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:768-772. [PMID: 30346706 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schoenberger and colleagues ( Schoenberger et al. ( 2018 ) ACS Chem. Neurosci. 9 , 298 - 305 ) recently reported attempts to demonstrate specific binding of the positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, [18F]GE-179, to NMDA receptors in both rats and Rhesus macaques. GE-179 did not work as expected in animal models; however, we disagree with the authors' conclusion that "the [18F]GE-179 signal seems to be largely nonspecific". It is extremely challenging to demonstrate specific binding for the use-dependent NMDA receptor intrachannel ligands such as [18F]GE-179 in animals via traditional blocking, due to its low availability of target sites ( Bmax'). Schoenberger and colleagues anesthetized rats and Rhesus monkeys using isoflurane, which has an inhibitory effect on NMDA receptor function and thus would be expected to further reduce the Bmax'. The extent of glutamate release achieved in the provocation experiments is uncertain, as is whether a significant increase in NMDA receptor channel opening can be expected under anesthesia. Prior data suggest that the uptake of disubstituted arylguanidine-based ligands such as GE-179 can be reduced by phencyclidine binding site antagonists, if injection is performed in the absence of ketamine and isoflurane anesthesia, e.g., with GE-179's antecedent, CNS 5161 ( Biegon et al. ( 2007 ) Synapse 61 , 577 - 586 ), and with GMOM ( van der Doef et al. ( 2016 ) J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 36 , 1111 - 1121 ). However, the extent of nonspecific uptake remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm J. McGinnity
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- King’s
College London & Guy’s and St Thomas’ PET Centre,
St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Årstad
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Coles
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Gerrards Cross SL9 0RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Galovic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Gerrards Cross SL9 0RJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 3LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ella Hirani
- GE Healthcare Ltd, Amersham HP7 9LL, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D. Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthias J. Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Epilepsy Society, Gerrards Cross SL9 0RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Luo
- GE Healthcare Ltd, Amersham HP7 9LL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela A. Riaño Barros
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, London BR3 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nisha Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander Hammers
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- King’s
College London & Guy’s and St Thomas’ PET Centre,
St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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Sander CY, Schoenberger M, Hooker JM. Response to Comment on "In Vivo [ 18F]GE-179 Brain Signal Does Not Show NMDA-Specific Modulation with Drug Challenges in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates". ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:773-775. [PMID: 30346705 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Y. Sander
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthias Schoenberger
- Chemical Biology and Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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van der Aart J, Golla SSV, van der Pluijm M, Schwarte LA, Schuit RC, Klein PJ, Metaxas A, Windhorst AD, Boellaard R, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BNM. First in human evaluation of [ 18F]PK-209, a PET ligand for the ion channel binding site of NMDA receptors. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:69. [PMID: 30054846 PMCID: PMC6063804 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to develop suitable positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the ion channel site of human N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have had limited success. [18F]PK-209 is a GMOM derivative that binds to the intrachannel phencyclidine site with high affinity and selectivity. Primate PET studies have shown that the volume of distribution in the brain was reduced by administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801, consistent with substantial specific binding. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate [18F]PK-209 in 10 healthy humans by assessing test–retest reproducibility and binding specificity following intravenous S-ketamine administration (0.5 mg ∙ kg−1). Five healthy subjects underwent a test–retest protocol, and five others a baseline-ketamine protocol. In all cases dynamic, 120-min PET scans were acquired together with metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input functions. Additional input functions were tested based on within-subject and population-average parent fractions. Results Best fits of the brain time-activity curves were obtained using an irreversible two-tissue compartment model with additional blood volume parameter. Mean test–retest variability of the net rate of influx Ki varied between 7 and 24% depending on the input function. There were no consistent changes in [18F]PK-209 PET parameters following ketamine administration, which may be a consequence of the complex endogenous ligand processes that affect channel gating. Conclusions The molecular interaction between [18F]PK-209 and the binding site within the NMDA receptor ion channel is insufficiently reproducible and specific to be a reliable imaging agent for its quantification. Trial registration EudraCT 2014-001735-36. Registered 28 April 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van der Aart
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sandeep S V Golla
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Pluijm
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar A Schwarte
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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McGinnity CJ, Riaño Barros DA, Trigg W, Brooks DJ, Hinz R, Duncan JS, Koepp MJ, Hammers A. Simplifying [ 18F]GE-179 PET: are both arterial blood sampling and 90-min acquisitions essential? EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:46. [PMID: 29892810 PMCID: PMC5995767 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The NMDA receptor radiotracer [18F]GE-179 has been used with 90-min scans and arterial plasma input functions. We explored whether (1) arterial blood sampling is avoidable and (2) shorter scans are feasible. METHODS For 20 existing [18F]GE-179 datasets, we generated (1) standardised uptake values (SUVs) over eight intervals; (2) volume of distribution (VT) images using population-based input functions (PBIFs), scaled using one parent plasma sample; and (3) VT images using three shortened datasets, using the original parent plasma input functions (ppIFs). RESULTS Correlations with the original ppIF-derived 90-min VTs increased for later interval SUVs (maximal ρ = 0.78; 80-90 min). They were strong for PBIF-derived VTs (ρ = 0.90), but between-subject coefficient of variation increased. Correlations were very strong for the 60/70/80-min original ppIF-derived VTs (ρ = 0.97-1.00), which suffered regionally variant negative bias. CONCLUSIONS Where arterial blood sampling is available, reduction of scan duration to 60 min is feasible, but with negative bias. The performance of SUVs was more consistent across participants than PBIF-derived VTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm J. McGinnity
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SW1 7EH UK
- King’s College London and Guy’s and St Thomas’ PET Centre, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daniela A. Riaño Barros
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK
| | | | - David J. Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John S. Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Epilepsy Society, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Matthias J. Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Epilepsy Society, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Alexander Hammers
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SW1 7EH UK
- The Neurodis Foundation, CERMEP—Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
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Zhou W, Bao W, Jiang D, Kong Y, Hua F, Lu X, Guan Y. [18F]-GE-179 positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: One-pot synthesis and preliminary micro-PET study in a rat model of MCAO. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 61:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Schoenberger M, Schroeder FA, Placzek MS, Carter RL, Rosen BR, Hooker JM, Sander CY. In Vivo [ 18F]GE-179 Brain Signal Does Not Show NMDA-Specific Modulation with Drug Challenges in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:298-305. [PMID: 29050469 PMCID: PMC5894869 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the major excitatory ion channels in the brain, NMDA receptors have been a leading research target for neuroscientists, physicians, medicinal chemists, and pharmaceutical companies for decades. Molecular imaging of NMDA receptors by means of positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]GE-179 quickly progressed to clinical PET studies, but a thorough understanding of its binding specificity has been missing and has thus limited signal interpretation. Here a preclinical study with [18F]GE-179 in rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs) is presented in an attempt to characterize [18F]GE-179 signal specificity. Rodent PET/CT was used to study drug occupancy and functional manipulation in rats by pretreating animals with NMDA targeted blocking/modulating drug doses followed by a single bolus of [18F]GE-179. Binding competition with GE-179, MK801, PCP, and ketamine, allosteric inhibition by ifenprodil, and brain activation with methamphetamine did not alter the [18F]GE-179 brain signal in rats. In addition, multimodal imaging with PET/MRI in NHPs was used to evaluate changes in radiotracer binding as a function of pharmacological challenges. Drug-induced hemodynamic changes were monitored simultaneously using functional MRI (fMRI). Comparisons of baseline and signal after drug challenge in NHPs demonstrated that the [18F]GE-179 signal cannot be manipulated in a predictable fashion in vivo. fMRI data acquired simultaneously with PET data supported this finding and provided evidence that radiotracer delivery is not altered by blood flow changes. In conclusion, the [18F]GE-179 brain signal is not readily interpretable in the context of NMDA receptor binding on the basis of the results shown in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schoenberger
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Chemical Biology and Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven , BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick A Schroeder
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Michael S Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital , Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Bruce R Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christin Y Sander
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Milicevic Sephton S, Vetterli PT, Pedani V, Cermak S, Chiotellis A, Roscales S, Müller Herde A, Schibli R, Auberson YP, Ametamey SM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinoxaline Derivatives for PET Imaging of the NMDA Receptor. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Milicevic Sephton
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter T. Vetterli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Valentina Pedani
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stjepko Cermak
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Roscales
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Paul-Scherrer Institute; Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Yves P. Auberson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Pharma AG; CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Imaging the glutamate receptor subtypes-Much achieved, and still much to do. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2017; 25:27-36. [PMID: 29233264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging of glutamate receptors using PET imaging modality can be used to study numerous CNS disorders and also to select appropriate doses of clinically relevant glutamate-receptor-targeting candidate drugs. Great strides have been made in developing PET imaging probes for the non-invasive detection of glutamate receptors in the brain. This review highlights recent progress made towards the development of glutamatergic PET imaging agents. Focus is placed on PET imaging probes that have been labelled with either carbon-11 or fluorine-18.
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Klein PJ, Schuit RC, Metaxas A, Christiaans JAM, Kooijman E, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BNM, Windhorst AD. Synthesis, radiolabeling and preclinical evaluation of a [ 11C]GMOM derivative as PET radiotracer for the ion channel of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 51:25-32. [PMID: 28528265 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Presently available PET ligands for the NMDAr ion channel generally suffer from fast metabolism. The purpose of this study was to develop a metabolically more stable ligand for the NMDAr ion channel, taking [11C]GMOM ([11C]1) as the lead compound. METHODS [11C]1, its fluoralkyl analogue [18F]PK209 ([18F]2) and the newly synthesized fluorovinyloxy analogue [11C]7b were evaluated ex vivo in male Wistar rats for metabolic stability. In addition, [11C]7b was subjected to a biodistribution study and its affinity (Ki) and lipophilicity (logD7.4) values were determined. RESULTS The addition of a vinyl chain in the fluoromethoxy moiety did not negatively alter the affinity of [11C]7b for the NMDAr, while lipophilicity was increased. Biodistribution studies showed higher uptake of [11C]7b in forebrain regions compared with cerebellum. Pre-treatment with MK-801 decreased the overall brain uptake significantly, but not in a region-specific manner. 45min after injection 78, 90 and 87% of activity in the brain was due to parent compound for [11C]1, [18F]2 and [11C]7b, respectively. In plasma, 26-31% of activity was due to parent compound. CONCLUSION Complete substitution of the alpha-carbon increased lipophilicity to more favorable values. Substitution of one or more hydrogens of the alpha-carbon atom in the methoxy moiety improved metabolic stability. In plasma, more parent compound was found for [18F]2 and [11C]7b then for [11C]1, although differences were not significant. At 45min, significantly more parent [18F]2 and [11C]7b was measured in the brain compared with [11C]1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A M Christiaans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kooijman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Aart J, van der Doef TF, Horstman P, Huisman MC, Schuit RC, van Lingen A, Windhorst AD, van Berckel BNM, Lammertsma AA. Human Dosimetry of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Ligand 11C-GMOM. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1330-1333. [PMID: 28183990 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.188250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylguanidine derivative 11C-GMOM (11C-labeled N-(2-chloro-3-thiomethylphenyl)-N'-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N'-methylguanidine) has been used successfully to quantify N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding in humans. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the 11C-GMOM radiation dose in healthy humans. Methods: After 11C-GMOM injection, 3 female and 2 male subjects underwent 10 consecutive whole-body PET scans in approximately 77 min. Seven source organs were defined manually, scaled to a sex-specific reference, and residence times were calculated for input into OLINDA/EXM software. Accepted tissue-weighting factors were used to calculate the effective dose. Results: The mean absorbed radiation doses in source organs ranged from 7.7 μGy·MBq-1 in the brain to 12.7 μGy·MBq-1 in the spleen. The effective dose (±SD) was 4.5 ± 0.5 μSv·MBq-1Conclusion: The effective dose of 11C-GMOM is at the lower end of the range seen for other 11C-labeled ligands, allowing for serial PET scanning in a single subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van der Aart
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thalia F van der Doef
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Horstman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van Lingen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kassenbrock A, Vasdev N, Liang SH. Selected PET Radioligands for Ion Channel Linked Neuroreceptor Imaging: Focus on GABA, NMDA and nACh Receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 16:1830-42. [PMID: 26975506 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160315142457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging of ion channel linked receptors is a developing area of preclinical and clinical research. The present review focuses on recent advances with radiochemistry, preclinical and clinical PET imaging studies of three receptors that are actively pursued in neuropsychiatric drug discovery: namely the γ-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazapine (GABA) receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Recent efforts to develop new PET radioligands for these targets with improved brain uptake, selectivity, stability and pharmacokinetics are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Al-Diwani A, Pollak TA, Langford AE, Lennox BR. Synaptic and Neuronal Autoantibody-Associated Psychiatric Syndromes: Controversies and Hypotheses. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:13. [PMID: 28220082 PMCID: PMC5292436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) mediated by antibodies against synaptic and neuronal surface targets frequently presents with a psychiatric syndrome. In these patients, removal of autoantibodies treats the disease and outcomes are closely linked to early intervention. The discovery of these autoantibodies in isolated psychiatric syndromes has raised the possibility that these patients may derive similar benefits from immunotherapy, a potentially transformational approach to the treatment of mental illness. Although open-label case series suggest impressive therapeutic outcomes, the pathological relevance of these autoantibodies outside of canonical presentations is debated. The advent of diagnostic criteria for AE attempts to facilitate its prompt identification but risks prematurely neglecting the potential scientific and clinical significance of isolated syndromes that do not satisfy these criteria. Here, we propose using a syndrome-level taxonomy that has occasional, but not necessary, overlap with AE: synaptic and neuronal autoantibody-associated psychiatric syndromes or "SNAps". This will prevent confusion with AE and act heuristically to promote active investigation into this rare example of psychopathology defined on a molecular level. We suggest that this concept would have application in other autoantibody-associated syndromes including seizure, cognitive, and movement disorders, in which similar issues arise. We review putative direct and indirect mechanisms and outline experimentally testable hypotheses that would help to determine prospectively in whom autoantibody detection is relevant, and as important, in whom it is not. We summarize a pragmatic approach to autoantibody testing and management in severe mental illness in order to promptly diagnose AE and advocate a research-orientated experimental medicine paradigm for SNAps, where there is greater equipoise. We conclude that SNAps remains a nascent area of clinical neuroscience with great potential and in ongoing need of psychiatry-led basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Al-Diwani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas A Pollak
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Partners , London , UK
| | - Alexander E Langford
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK; Department of Psychological Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Belinda R Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Hsieh CH, Lin YJ, Chen WL, Huang YC, Chang CW, Cheng FC, Liu RS, Shyu WC. HIF-1α triggers long-lasting glutamate excitotoxicity via system x c- in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion. J Pathol 2016; 241:337-349. [PMID: 27801527 DOI: 10.1002/path.4838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) controls many genes involved in physiological and pathological processes. However, its roles in glutamatergic transmission and excitotoxicity are unclear. Here, we proposed that HIF-1α might contribute to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity during cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (CIR) and investigated its molecular mechanism. We showed that an HIF-1α conditional knockout mouse displayed an inhibition in CIR-induced elevation of extracellular glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation. By gene screening for glutamate transporters in cortical cells, we found that HIF-1α mainly regulates the cystine-glutamate transporter (system xc- ) subunit xCT by directly binding to its promoter; xCT and its function are up-regulated in the ischaemic brains of rodents and humans, and the effects lasted for several days. Genetic deletion of xCT in cortical cells of mice inhibits either oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGDR) or CIR-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Pharmaceutical inhibition of system xc- by a clinically approved anti-cancer drug, sorafenib, improves infarct volume and functional outcome in rodents with CIR and its therapeutic window is at least 3 days. Taken together, these findings reveal that HIF-1α plays a role in CIR-induced glutamate excitotoxicity via the long-lasting activation of system xc- -dependent glutamate outflow and suggest that system xc- is a promising therapeutic target with an extended therapeutic window in stroke. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402.,Aging Medicine Program, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, No 500, Lioufeng Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 41354
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402
| | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Aging Medicine Program, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402
| | - Yen-Chih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- National PET/Cyclotron Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No 201, Shipai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 11217
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Taichung, Taiwan, 40705
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- National PET/Cyclotron Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No 201, Shipai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 11217
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a neuroimaging method that offers insights into the molecular functioning of a human brain. It has been widely used to study metabolic and neurotransmitter abnormalities in people with epilepsy. This article reviews the development of several PET radioligands and their application in studying the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy. Over the last decade, tracers binding to serotonin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors have been used to delineate the location of the epileptic focus. PET studies have examined the role of opioids, cannabinoids, acetylcholine, and dopamine in modulating neuronal hyperexcitability and seizure termination. In vivo analyses of drug transporters, e.g., P-glycoprotein, have increased our understanding of pharmacoresistance that could inform new therapeutic strategies. Finally, PET experiments targeting neuroinflammation and glutamate receptors might guide the development of novel biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Galovic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.,Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom. .,Epilepsy Society MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.
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40
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Spectral Analysis of Dynamic PET Studies: A Review of 20 Years of Method Developments and Applications. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7187541. [PMID: 28050197 PMCID: PMC5165231 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7187541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Positron Emission Tomography (PET), spectral analysis (SA) allows the quantification of dynamic data by relating the radioactivity measured by the scanner in time to the underlying physiological processes of the system under investigation. Among the different approaches for the quantification of PET data, SA is based on the linear solution of the Laplace transform inversion whereas the measured arterial and tissue time-activity curves of a radiotracer are used to calculate the input response function of the tissue. In the recent years SA has been used with a large number of PET tracers in brain and nonbrain applications, demonstrating that it is a very flexible and robust method for PET data analysis. Differently from the most common PET quantification approaches that adopt standard nonlinear estimation of compartmental models or some linear simplifications, SA can be applied without defining any specific model configuration and has demonstrated very good sensitivity to the underlying kinetics. This characteristic makes it useful as an investigative tool especially for the analysis of novel PET tracers. The purpose of this work is to offer an overview of SA, to discuss advantages and limitations of the methodology, and to inform about its applications in the PET field.
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Abstract
To date, little is known about how neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation propagate in Huntington's disease (HD). Unfortunately, no treatment is available to cure or reverse the progressive decline of function caused by the disease, thus considering HD a fatal disease. Mutation gene carriers typically remain asymptomatic for many years although alterations in the basal ganglia and cortex occur early on in mutant HD gene-carriers. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a functional imaging technique of nuclear medicine which enables in vivo visualization of numerous biological molecules expressed in several human tissues. Brain PET is most powerful to study in vivo neuronal and glial cells function as well as cerebral blood flow in a plethora of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's and HD. In absence of HD-specific biomarkers for monitoring disease progression, previous PET studies in HD were merely focused on the study of dopaminergic terminals, cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in manifest and premanifest HD-gene carriers. More recently, research interest has been exploring novel PET targets in HD including the state of phosphodiesterse expression and the role of activated microglia. Hence, a better understanding of the HD pathogenesis mechanisms may lead to the development of targeted therapies. PET imaging follow-up studies with novel selective PET radiotracers such as 11C-IMA-107 and 11C-PBR28 may provide insight on disease progression and identify prognostic biomarkers, elucidate the underlying HD pathology and assess novel pharmaceutical agents and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Piccini
- Correspondence to: Professor Paola Piccini, Imperial CollegeLondon, Hammersmith Hospital, Neurology Imaging Unit, 1stfloor, B-Block, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK. Tel.: +44 2083833773; Fax: +44 2033131783; E-mail:
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van der Doef TF, Golla SSV, Klein PJ, Oropeza-Seguias GM, Schuit RC, Metaxas A, Jobse E, Schwarte LA, Windhorst AD, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BNM, Boellaard R. Quantification of the novel N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor ligand [11C]GMOM in man. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1111-21. [PMID: 26661185 PMCID: PMC4904354 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
[(11)C]GMOM (carbon-11 labeled N-(2-chloro-5-thiomethylphenyl)-N'-(3-[(11)C]methoxy-phenyl)-N'-methylguanidine) is a PET ligand that binds to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor with high specificity and affinity. The purpose of this first in human study was to evaluate kinetics of [(11)C]GMOM in the healthy human brain and to identify the optimal pharmacokinetic model for quantifying these kinetics, both before and after a pharmacological dose of S-ketamine. Dynamic 90 min [(11)C]GMOM PET scans were obtained from 10 subjects. In six of the 10 subjects, a second PET scan was performed following an S-ketamine challenge. Metabolite corrected plasma input functions were obtained for all scans. Regional time activity curves were fitted to various single- and two-tissue compartment models. Best fits were obtained using a two-tissue irreversible model with blood volume parameter. The highest net influx rate (Ki) of [(11)C]GMOM was observed in regions with high N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor density, such as hippocampus and thalamus. A significant reduction in the Ki was observed for the entire brain after administration of ketamine, suggesting specific binding to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. This initial study suggests that the [(11)C]GMOM could be used for quantification of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia F van der Doef
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandeep S V Golla
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Oropeza-Seguias
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Jobse
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar A Schwarte
- Department of Anesthesiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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López-Picón F, Snellman A, Shatillo O, Lehtiniemi P, Grönroos TJ, Marjamäki P, Trigg W, Jones PA, Solin O, Pitkänen A, Haaparanta-Solin M. Ex Vivo Tracing of NMDA and GABA-A Receptors in Rat Brain After Traumatic Brain Injury Using 18F-GE-179 and 18F-GE-194 Autoradiography. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1442-7. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.167403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Klein PJ, Chomet M, Metaxas A, Christiaans JAM, Kooijman E, Schuit RC, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BNM, Windhorst AD. Synthesis, radiolabeling and evaluation of novel amine guanidine derivatives as potential positron emission tomography tracers for the ion channel of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:143-60. [PMID: 27128179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is involved in many neurological and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand to assess the bio-availability of the NMDAR ion channel in vivo. A series of tri-N-substituted diarylguanidines was synthesized and their in vitro binding affinities for the NMDAR ion channel assessed in rat forebrain membrane fractions. Compounds 21, 23 and 26 were radiolabeled with either carbon-11 or fluorine-18 and ex vivo biodistribution and metabolite studies were performed in Wistar rats. Biodistribution studies showed high uptake especially in prefrontal cortex and lowest uptake in cerebellum. Pre-treatment with MK-801, however, did not decrease uptake of the radiolabeled ligands. In addition, all three ligands showed fast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion Chomet
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A M Christiaans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kooijman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Naumiec GR, Jenko KJ, Zoghbi SS, Innis RB, Cai L, Pike VW. N'-3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl Derivatives of N-Aryl-N'-methylguanidines as Prospective PET Radioligands for the Open Channel of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor: Synthesis and Structure-Affinity Relationships. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9722-30. [PMID: 26588360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction has been linked to several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, drug addiction, and schizophrenia. A radioligand that could be used with PET to image and quantify human brain NMDA receptors in the activated "open channel" state would be useful for research on such disorders and for the development of novel therapies. To date, no radioligands have shown well-validated efficacy for imaging NMDA receptors in human subjects. In order to discover improved radioligands for PET imaging, we explored structure-affinity relationships in N'-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl derivatives of N-aryl-N'-methylguanidines, seeking high affinity and moderate lipophilicity, plus necessary amenability for labeling with a positron-emitter, either carbon-11 or fluorine-18. Among a diverse set of 80 prepared N'-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl derivatives, four of these compounds (13, 19, 20, and 36) displayed desirable low nanomolar affinity for inhibition of [(3)H](+)-MK801 at the PCP binding site and are of interest for candidate PET radioligand development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Naumiec
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Kimberley J Jenko
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Lisheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health , Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, United States
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Fernandes A, Wojcik T, Baireddy P, Pieschl R, Newton A, Tian Y, Hong Y, Bristow L, Li YW. Inhibition of in vivo [3H]MK-801 binding by NMDA receptor open channel blockers and GluN2B antagonists in rats and mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 766:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zeiler FA. Activated NMDA receptor imaging: a step forward in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1053. [PMID: 26054652 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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McGinnity CJ, Koepp MJ, Hammers A, Riaño Barros DA, Pressler RM, Luthra S, Jones PA, Trigg W, Micallef C, Symms MR, Brooks DJ, Duncan JS. NMDA receptor binding in focal epilepsies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86:1150-7. [PMID: 25991402 PMCID: PMC4602274 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate altered N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor availability in patients with focal epilepsies using positron emission tomography (PET) and [(18)F]GE-179, a ligand that selectively binds to the open NMDA receptor ion channel, which is thought to be overactive in epilepsy. METHODS Eleven patients (median age 33 years, 6 males) with known frequent interictal epileptiform discharges had an [(18)F]GE-179 PET scan, in a cross-sectional study. MRI showed a focal lesion but discordant EEG changes in two, was non-localising with multifocal EEG abnormalities in two, and was normal in the remaining seven patients who all had multifocal EEG changes. Individual patient [(18)F]GE-179 volume-of-distribution (VT) images were compared between individual patients and a group of 10 healthy controls (47 years, 7 males) using Statistical Parametric Mapping. RESULTS Individual analyses revealed a single cluster of focal VT increase in four patients; one with a single and one with multifocal MRI lesions, and two with normal MRIs. Post hoc analysis revealed that, relative to controls, patients not taking antidepressants had globally increased [(18)F]GE-179 VT (+28%; p<0.002), and the three patients taking an antidepressant drug had globally reduced [(18)F]GE-179 VT (-29%; p<0.002). There were no focal abnormalities common to the epilepsy group. CONCLUSIONS In patients with focal epilepsies, we detected primarily global increases of [(18)F]GE-179 VT consistent with increased NMDA channel activation, but reduced availability in those taking antidepressant drugs, consistent with a possible mode of action of this class of drugs. [(18)F]GE-179 PET showed focal accentuations of NMDA binding in 4 out of 11 patients, with difficult to localise and treat focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McGinnity
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
| | - A Hammers
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, UK The Neurodis Foundation, CERMEP Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - D A Riaño Barros
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, London, UK
| | - R M Pressler
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S Luthra
- GE Healthcare plc, The Grove Centre, Amersham, UK
| | - P A Jones
- GE Healthcare plc, The Grove Centre, Amersham, UK
| | - W Trigg
- GE Healthcare plc, The Grove Centre, Amersham, UK
| | - C Micallef
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - M R Symms
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
| | - D J Brooks
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St. Peter, UK
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49
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Dhawan V, Robeson W, Bjelke D, Chaly T, Graf K, Hellman M, Zhuo L, Mackay M, Eidelberg D. Human Radiation Dosimetry for the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Radioligand 11C-CNS5161. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:869-72. [PMID: 25931480 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (11)C-CNS5161 (N-(2-chloro-5-methylthiophenyl)-N'-(3-methylthiophenyl)-N'-(11)C-methylguanidine) has been successfully used in PET imaging of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. However, no human dosimetry data have been published. We are planning to use this radiotracer for investigating NMDA receptor function in systemic lupus erythematosus, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson disease. We have therefore undertaken (11)C-CNS5161 PET imaging to measure the whole-body distribution of this radionuclide and to estimate radiation dose to various organs. METHODS Dynamic PET studies of the whole body were performed on 5 healthy adults. Regions of interest were drawn over the visualized structures. Resultant time-activity curves were generated and used to determine residence times for dosimetry calculations. S factors were implemented within the OLINDA/EXM software for each structure or organ. RESULTS For (11)C-CNS5161, organ doses ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0393 mGy/MBq (0.0006-0.1455 rad/mCi). The critical organ for radiation burden was the lungs, with a dose of 0.0393 mGy/MBq (0.1455 rad/mCi). Radiation doses to the reproductive and blood-forming organs were 0.0023, 0.0002, and 0.0020 mGy/MBq (0.0086, 0.0006, and 0.0074 rad/mCi) for the ovaries, testes, and red marrow, respectively. The effective dose equivalent was 0.0106 mSv/MBq (0.0392 rem/mCi). CONCLUSION The radiation dosimetry for (11)C-CNS5161 for a standard single injection of 555 MBq (15 mCi) will result in an effective dose equivalent of 5.9 mSv (0.59 rem) and a lung dose of 21.8 mGy (2.18 rad) in young, healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Dhawan
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - William Robeson
- Department of Radiology, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York; and
| | - David Bjelke
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Thomas Chaly
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Kristin Graf
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Matthew Hellman
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Limei Zhuo
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - David Eidelberg
- Center for Neurosciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
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Salabert AS, Fonta C, Fontan C, Adel D, Alonso M, Pestourie C, Belhadj-Tahar H, Tafani M, Payoux P. Radiolabeling of [18F]-fluoroethylnormemantine and initial in vivo evaluation of this innovative PET tracer for imaging the PCP sites of NMDA receptors. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:643-53. [PMID: 25963911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) is an ionotropic receptor that mediates excitatory transmission. NMDAr overexcitation is thought to be involved in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. We synthesized [(18)F]-fluoroethylnormemantine ([(18)F]-FNM), a memantine derivative that binds to phencyclidine (PCP) sites within the NMDA channel pore. These sites are primarily accessible when the channel is in the active and open state. METHODS Radiosynthesis was carried out using the Raytest® SynChrom R&D fluorination module. Affinity of this new compound was determined by competition assay. We ran a kinetic study in rats and computed a time-activity curve based on a volume-of-interest analysis, using CARIMAS® software. We performed an ex vivo autoradiography, exposing frozen rat brain sections to a phosphorscreen. Adjacent sections were used to detect NMDAr by immunohistochemistry with an anti-NR1 antibody. As a control of the specificity of our compound for NMDAr, we used a rat anesthetized with ketamine. Correlation analysis was performed with ImageJ software between signal of autoradiography and immunostaining. RESULTS Fluorination yield was 10.5% (end of synthesis), with a mean activity of 3145 MBq and a specific activity above 355 GBq/μmol. Affinity assessment allowed us to determine [(19)F]-FNM IC50 at 6.1 10(-6)M. [(18)F]-FMN concentration gradually increased in the brain, stabilizing at 40 minutes post injection. The brain-to-blood ratio was 6, and 0.4% of the injected dose was found in the brain. Combined ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated colocalization of NMDAr and [(18)F]-FNM (r=0.622, p<0.0001). The highest intensity was found in the cortex and cerebellum, and the lowest in white matter. A low and homogeneous signal corresponding to unspecific binding was observed when PCP sites were blocked with ketamine. CONCLUSIONS [(18)F]-FNM appears to be a promising tracer for imaging NMDAr activity for undertaking preclinical studies in perspective of clinical detection of neurological or neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Salabert
- Brain Imaging and Neurological Disability UMR 825, INSERM, F-31059 Toulouse, France; Brain imaging and neurological disability UMR 825, University of Toulouse, UPS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Radiopharmacy Department, University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
| | - Caroline Fonta
- Research Center for Brain and Cognition, University of Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France; CerCo, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Fontan
- Brain Imaging and Neurological Disability UMR 825, INSERM, F-31059 Toulouse, France; Brain imaging and neurological disability UMR 825, University of Toulouse, UPS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Radiopharmacy Department, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Djilali Adel
- Brain Imaging and Neurological Disability UMR 825, INSERM, F-31059 Toulouse, France; Brain imaging and neurological disability UMR 825, University of Toulouse, UPS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathieu Alonso
- Radiopharmacy Department, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Hafid Belhadj-Tahar
- Research and Expertise Group, French Association for the Promotion of Medical Research (AFPREMED), Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Tafani
- Brain Imaging and Neurological Disability UMR 825, INSERM, F-31059 Toulouse, France; Brain imaging and neurological disability UMR 825, University of Toulouse, UPS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Radiopharmacy Department, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- Brain Imaging and Neurological Disability UMR 825, INSERM, F-31059 Toulouse, France; Brain imaging and neurological disability UMR 825, University of Toulouse, UPS, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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