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Marín D, Narváez DM, Sierra A, Molina JS, Ortiz I, Builes JJ, Morales O, Cuellar M, Corredor A, Villamil-Osorio M, Bejarano MA, Vidal D, Basagaña X, Anguita-Ruiz A, Maitre L, Domínguez A, Valencia A, Henao J, Abad JM, Lopera V, Amaya F, Aristizábal LM, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Ramos-Contreras C, López L, Hernández-Flórez LJ, Bangdiwala SI, Groot H, Rueda ZV. DNA damage and its association with early-life exposome: Gene-environment analysis in Colombian children under five years old. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108907. [PMID: 39121825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Environmental exposures and gene-exposure interactions are the major causes of some diseases. Early-life exposome studies are needed to elucidate the role of environmental exposures and their complex interactions with biological mechanisms involved in childhood health. This study aimed to determine the contribution of early-life exposome to DNA damage and the modifying effect of genetic polymorphisms involved in air pollutants metabolism, antioxidant defense, and DNA repair. We conducted a cohort study in 416 Colombian children under five years. Blood samples at baseline were collected to measure DNA damage by the Comet assay and to determine GSTT1, GSTM1, CYP1A1, H2AX, OGG1, and SOD2 genetic polymorphisms. The exposome was estimated using geographic information systems, remote sensing, LUR models, and questionnaires. The association exposome-DNA damage was estimated using the Elastic Net linear regression with log link. Our results suggest that exposure to PM2.5 one year before the blood draw (BBD) (0.83, 95 %CI: 0.76; 0.91), soft drinks consumption (0.94, 0.89; 0.98), and GSTM1 null genotype (0.05, 0.01; 0.36) diminished the DNA damage, whereas exposure to PM2.5 one-week BBD (1.18, 1.06; 1.32), NO2 lag-5 days BBD (1.27, 1.18; 1.36), in-house cockroaches (1.10, 1.00; 1.21) at the recruitment, crowding at home (1.34, 1.08; 1.67) at the recruitment, cereal consumption (1.11, 1.04; 1.19) and H2AX (AG/GG vs. AA) (1.44, 1.11; 1.88) increased the DNA damage. The interactions between H2AX (AG/GG vs. AA) genotypes with crowding and PM2.5 one week BBD, GSTM1 (null vs. present) with humidity at the first year of life, and OGG1 (SC/CC vs. SS) with walkability at the first year of life were significant. The early-life exposome contributes to elucidating the effect of environmental exposures on DNA damage in Colombian children under five years old. The exposome-DNA damage effect appears to be modulated by genetic variants in DNA repair and antioxidant defense enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marín
- Public Health Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana M Narváez
- Human Genetics Laboratory, School of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Anamaría Sierra
- Human Genetics Laboratory, School of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Sebastián Molina
- Human Genetics Laboratory, School of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Isabel Ortiz
- Systems Biology Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Olga Morales
- Pediaciencias Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Martha Cuellar
- Pediaciencias Group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Department of Pediatrics, SOMER Clinic, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrea Corredor
- Department of Pediatrics, ONIROS Centro Especializado en Medicina integral del Sueño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Villamil-Osorio
- Department of Pediatrics, Fundación Hospital Pediátrico la Misericordia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Dolly Vidal
- Hospital Universitario San José, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Augusto Anguita-Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leá Maitre
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alan Domínguez
- ISGlobal, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Valencia
- Systems Biology Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Henao
- Medical and Experimental Mycology, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Verónica Lopera
- Secretaría de Salud, Alcaldía de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ferney Amaya
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis M Aristizábal
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Lucelly López
- Public Health Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Statistics Department, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Helena Groot
- Human Genetics Laboratory, School of Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Public Health Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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2
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Kearns ML, Reynolds CM. The impact of non-nutritive sweeteners on fertility, maternal and child health outcomes: a review of human and animal studies. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38433591 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that an unhealthy diet greatly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and predisposes offspring to metabolic dysfunction and obesity. While fat intake is typically associated with the onset of obesity and its comorbidities, there is increasing evidence linking sugar, particularly high fructose corn syrup, to the global rise in obesity rates. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of added sugar intake during pregnancy on mother and child have been clearly outlined. Guidelines advising pregnant women to avoid food and beverages with high fat and sugar have led to an increase in consumption of 'diet' or 'light' options. Examination of some human birth cohort studies shows that heavy consumption (at least one beverage a day) of non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) containing beverages has been associated with increased risk of preterm birth and increased weight/BMI in male offspring independent of maternal weight, which appears to be offset by breastfeeding for 6 months. Rodent models have shown that NNS exposure during pregnancy can impact maternal metabolic health, adipose tissue function, gut microbiome profiles and taste preference. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are multifaceted and further research, particularly in a translational setting is required to fully understand the effects of NNS on maternal and infant health during pregnancy. Therefore, this review examines maternal sweetener intakes and their influence on fertility, maternal health outcomes and offspring outcomes in human cohort studies and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Kearns
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science/Conway Institute/Institute of Food and Health/Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Schiffman SS, Scholl EH, Furey TS, Nagle HT. Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:307-341. [PMID: 37246822 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate, a structural analog of the artificial sweetener sucralose. Sucralose-6-acetate is an intermediate and impurity in the manufacture of sucralose, and recent commercial sucralose samples were found to contain up to 0.67% sucralose-6-acetate. Studies in a rodent model found that sucralose-6-acetate is also present in fecal samples with levels up to 10% relative to sucralose which suggest that sucralose is also acetylated in the intestines. A MultiFlow® assay, a high-throughput genotoxicity screening tool, and a micronucleus (MN) test that detects cytogenetic damage both indicated that sucralose-6-acetate is genotoxic. The mechanism of action was classified as clastogenic (produces DNA strand breaks) using the MultiFlow® assay. The amount of sucralose-6-acetate in a single daily sucralose-sweetened drink might far exceed the threshold of toxicological concern for genotoxicity (TTCgenotox) of 0.15 µg/person/day. The RepliGut® System was employed to expose human intestinal epithelium to sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose, and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine gene expression induced by these exposures. Sucralose-6-acetate significantly increased the expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer with greatest expression for the metallothionein 1 G gene (MT1G). Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability in human transverse colon epithelium indicated that sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose both impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Sucralose-6-acetate also inhibited two members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP1A2 and CYP2C19). Overall, the toxicological and pharmacokinetic findings for sucralose-6-acetate raise significant health concerns regarding the safety and regulatory status of sucralose itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Schiffman
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Terrence S Furey
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Troy Nagle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Pavanello S, Moretto A, La Vecchia C, Alicandro G. Non-sugar sweeteners and cancer: Toxicological and epidemiological evidence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 139:105369. [PMID: 36870410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Several toxicological and epidemiological studies were published during the last five decades on non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) and cancer. Despite the large amount of research, the issue still continues to be of interest. In this review, we provided a comprehensive quantitative review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence on the possible relation between NSS and cancer. The toxicological section includes the evaluation of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data for acesulfame K, advantame, aspartame, cyclamates, saccharin, steviol glycosides and sucralose. The epidemiological section includes the results of a systematic search of cohort and case-control studies. The majority of the 22 cohort studies and 46 case-control studies showed no associations. Some risks for bladder, pancreas and hematopoietic cancers found in a few studies were not confirmed in other studies. Based on the review of both the experimental data on genotoxicity or carcinogenicity of the specific NSS evaluated, and the epidemiological studies it can be concluded that there is no evidence of cancer risk associated to NSS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy; University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy; University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alicandro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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5
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Borghoff SJ, Cohen SS, Jiang X, Lea IA, Klaren WD, Chappell GA, Britt JK, Rivera BN, Choski NY, Wikoff DS. Updated systematic assessment of human, animal and mechanistic evidence demonstrates lack of human carcinogenicity with consumption of aspartame. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113549. [PMID: 36493943 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aspartame has been studied extensively and evaluated for its safety in foods and beverages yet concerns for its potential carcinogenicity have persisted, driven primarily by animal studies conducted at the Ramazzini Institute (RI). To address this controversy, an updated systematic review of available human, animal, and mechanistic data was conducted leveraging critical assessment tools to consider the quality and reliability of data. The evidence base includes 12 animal studies and >40 epidemiological studies reviewed by the World Health Organization which collectively demonstrate a lack of carcinogenic effect. Assessment of >1360 mechanistic endpoints, including many guideline-based genotoxicity studies, demonstrate a lack of activity associated with endpoints grouped to key characteristics of carcinogens. Other non-specific mechanistic data (e.g., mixed findings of oxidative stress across study models, tissues, and species) do not provide evidence of a biologically plausible carcinogenic pathway associated with aspartame. Taken together, available evidence supports that aspartame consumption is not carcinogenic in humans and that the inconsistent findings of the RI studies may be explained by flaws in study design and conduct (despite additional analyses to address study limitations), as acknowledged by authoritative bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah S Cohen
- EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Isabel A Lea
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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6
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Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
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7
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Toxicological and Nutraceutical Screening Assays of Some Artificial Sweeteners. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are food additives worldwide used instead of fructose or glucose in many diet beverages. Furthermore, diet beverages intake has been increasing every year. Thus, some food agencies should regulate it based on toxicological studies. Debates and controversial results are demonstrated, and authority can revise its decision on the basis of new data reporting toxicological effects since cyclamate has been forbidden in some countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to report new data about the toxicity of acesulfame-k, aspartame, and cyclamate, which are useful for authority agencies, determining the toxic potential and nutraceutical capabilities of these compounds. The toxicity, antitoxicity, genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, and life expectancy assays were carried out in Drosophila as an in vivo model. In addition, in vitro HL-60 line cell was used to evaluate the chemopreventive activity determining the cytotoxic effect and the capability of producing DNA damage due to internucleosomal fragmentation or DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, the methylated status of these cancer cells treated with the tested compounds was assayed as a cancer therapy. Our results demonstrated that all tested compounds were neither toxic nor genotoxic, whereas these compounds resulted in antigenotoxic and cytotoxic substances, except for cyclamate. Aspartame showed antitoxic effects in Drosophila. All tested compounds decreased the quality of life of this in vivo organism model. Acesulfame-k, aspartame, and cyclamate induced DNA damage in the HL-60 cell line in the comet assay, and acesulfame-k generally increased the methylation status. In conclusion, all tested artificial sweeteners were safe compounds at assayed concentrations since toxicity and genotoxicity were not significantly induced in flies. Moreover, Aspartame and Cyclamate showed protective activity against a genotoxin in Drosophila Regarding nutraceutical potential, acesulfame-k and aspartame could be demonstrated to be chemopreventive due to the cytotoxicity activity shown by these compounds. According to DNA fragmentation and comet assays, a necrotic way could be the main mechanism of death cells induced by acesulfame-k and aspartame. Finally, Acesulfame-K hypermethylated repetitive elements, which are hypomethylated in cancer cells resulting in a benefit to humans.
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Jatho A, Cambia JM, Myung SK. Consumption of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of gastrointestinal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:6122-6136. [PMID: 33691824 PMCID: PMC11148581 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002100104x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There remain inconclusive findings from previous observational epidemiological studies on whether consumption of artificially sweetened soft drinks (ASSD) increases the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. We investigated the associations between the consumption of ASSD and the risk of GI cancer using a meta-analysis. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING PubMed and EMBASE were searched using keywords until May 2020 to identify observational epidemiological studies on the association between the consumption of ASSD and the risk of GI cancer. SUBJECTS Twenty-one case-control studies and seventeen cohort studies with 12 397 cancer cases and 2 474 452 controls. RESULTS In the random-effects meta-analysis of all the studies, consumption of ASSD was not significantly associated with the risk of overall GI cancer (OR/relative risk (RR), 1·02; 95 % CI, 0·92, 1·14). There was no significant association between the consumption of ASSD and the risk of overall GI cancer in the subgroup meta-analyses by study design (case-control studies: OR, 0·95; 95 % CI, 0·82, 1·11; cohort studies: RR, 1·14; 95 % CI, 0·97, 1·33). In the subgroup meta-analysis by type of cancer, consumption of ASSD was significantly associated with the increased risk of liver cancer (OR/RR, 1·28; 95 % CI, 1·03, 1·58). CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies suggests that overall, there is no significant association between the consumption of ASSD and the risk of GI cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Jatho
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jansen Marcos Cambia
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Myung
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do10408, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Management, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine and Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Hanawa Y, Higashiyama M, Kurihara C, Tanemoto R, Ito S, Mizoguchi A, Nishii S, Wada A, Inaba K, Sugihara N, Horiuchi K, Okada Y, Narimatsu K, Komoto S, Tomita K, Hokari R. Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:3140-3148. [PMID: 34368996 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium (ACK) is officially approved as safe for intake and has been used in processed foods. However, ACKs have been reported to induce metabolic syndrome, along with alteration of the gut microbiota in mice. In recent years, studies have suggested that this artificial sweetener promotes myeloperoxidase reactivity in Crohn's disease-like ileitis. We aimed to investigate the effect of ACK on the intestinal mucosa and gut microbiota of normal mice. METHODS Acesulfame potassium was administered to C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old) via free drinking. Intestinal damage was evaluated histologically, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL1-β, MAdCAM-1, GLP1R, and GLP2R were determined with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of MAdCAM-1 in the small intestine. The composition of gut microbiota was assessed using high-throughput sequencing. We performed intravital microscopic observation to examine if ACK altered lymphocyte migration to the intestinal microvessels. RESULTS Acesulfame potassium increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased the expression of GLP-1R and GLP-2R, and induced small intestinal injury with an increase in intestinal permeability, and ACK treatment induced microbial changes, but the transfer of feces alone from ACK mice did not reproduce intestinal damage in recipient mice. ACK treatment significantly increased the migration of lymphocytes to intestinal microvessels. CONCLUSION Acesulfame potassium induces dysbiosis and intestinal injury with enhanced lymphocyte migration to intestinal mucosa. Massive use of non-caloric artificial sweeteners may not be as safe as we think.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hanawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Mizoguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Sugihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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10
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Webb MC, Chong D, Bawa S. Consumption patterns of nonnutritive sweeteners among university students at a Caribbean institution. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:719-724. [PMID: 31995445 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1706531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To determine whether there is an association between the consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) and sex, as well as age. Also, to determine awareness of the health risks associated with the use of NNS. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to compile the data collected. Data were presented using frequencies and percentages. A chi-squared tests were performed to test the association between NNS and gender/sex and age. The level of significance was set at the ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The majority of students [n = 108 (55.1%)] indicated that they have never used NNS. The NNS with the highest intake was sucralose. There were no significant associations between gender (p-value = 0.508) and age (p-value = 0.275) and use of NNS. For awareness of the association between NNS, weight gain, and cancer, 38.8% (n = 76) of the participants indicated that they were not aware that NNS are associated with weight gain. Less than half of the participants (n = 46, 23.5%) were not aware that NNS does cause cancer. CONCLUSION A large portion of university students do not use NNS. The majority of students were aware that NNS are associated with weight gain but did not link it to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquitta C Webb
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies - St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Dana Chong
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies - St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sa'eed Bawa
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies - St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Lea IA, Chappell GA, Wikoff DS. Overall lack of genotoxic activity among five common low- and no-calorie sweeteners: A contemporary review of the collective evidence. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 868-869:503389. [PMID: 34454695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) are food additives that have been widely consumed for many decades. Their safety has been well established by authoritative bodies globally and is re-evaluated periodically. The objective herein was to survey and summarize the genotoxicity potential of five commonly utilized LNCS: acesulfame potassium (Ace-K), aspartame, saccharin, steviol glycosides and sucralose. Data from peer-reviewed literature and the ToxCast/Tox21 database were evaluated and integrated with the most recent weight-of-evidence evaluations from authoritative sources. Emphasis was placed on assays most frequently considered for hazard identification and risk assessment: mutation, clastogenicity and/or aneugenicity, and indirect DNA damage, such as changes in DNA repair mechanisms or gene expression data. These five sweeteners have been collectively evaluated in hundreds of in vivo or in vitro studies that employ numerous testing models, many of which have been conducted according to specific testing guidelines. The weight-of-evidence demonstrates overall negative findings across assay types for each sweetener when considering the totality of study design, reliability and reporting quality, as well as the lack of carcinogenic responses (or lack of responses relevant to humans) in animal cancer bioassays as well as observational studies in humans. This conclusion is consistent with the opinions of authoritative sources that have consistently determined that these sweeteners lack mutagenic and genotoxic potential.
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12
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Aspartame induces cancer stem cell enrichment through p21, NICD and GLI1 in human PANC-1 pancreas adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112264. [PMID: 33992720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular effects of the common natural sugar glucose and artificial sweetener aspartame on cancer stem cell (CSC) population and cancer aggressiveness of PANC-1 human pancreas adenocarcinoma cells. According to our findings while aspartame exposure significantly increased the CSC population, high glucose had no effect on it. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker N-cadherin increased only in the aspartame group. The findings indicate that a high level of glucose exposure does not effect the invasion and migration of PANC-1 cells, while aspartame increases both of these aggressiveness criteria. The findings also suggest that a high concentration of glucose maintains CSC population through induction of nuclear Oct3/4 and differentiation to parental cells via increasing cytoplasmic c-myc. Aspartame exposure to PANC-1 cells activated AKT and deactivated GSK3β by increasing levels of ROS and cytoplasmic Ca+2, respectively, through T1R2/T1R3 stimulation. Then p-GSK3β(Ser9) boosted the CSC population by increasing pluripotency factors Oct3/4 and c-myc via NICD, GLI1 and p21. In the aspartame group, T1R1 silencing further increased the CSC population but decreased cell viability and suppressed the p21, NICD and GLI activation. The presence and amount of T1R subunits in the membrane fraction of PANC-1 cells are demonstrated for the first time in this study, as is the regulatory effect of T1R1's on CSC population. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that long-term aspartame exposure increases CSC population and tumor cell aggressiveness through p21, NICD, GLI1. Moreover, while aspartame had no tumorigenic effect, it could potentially advance an existing tumor.
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Shin UC, Choi JS, Beak YJ, Lee MW, Kim HS, Choi DW, Kim DG, Kim SW. Development of a 68 Ga-labelled PET tracer for carbonic anhydrase IX-overexpressed tumors using the artificial sweetener saccharin. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:129-139. [PMID: 33119930 PMCID: PMC8048693 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a saccharin (SAC)-based radiopharmaceutical (68 Ga-NOTA-SAC) and evaluated the possibility of its application as a PET tracer in the diagnosis of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX)-overexpressed tumors. We did a water-soluble tetrazolium assay and flow cytometry analysis to identify the cell viability decrease by SAC. The radiochemical purity and stability of 68 Ga- NOTA-SAC in human and mouse serum was greater than 98%. The small animal PET image-based radioactivity distribution of all organs decreased over time.68 Ga-NOTA-SAC presented the highest tumor-to-muscle ratio at 90 min post injection (p.i). The growth rates of tumor-to-muscle ratios of 68 Ga-NOTA-SAC were 88% at 60 min and 220% at 90 min, compared to 30 min p.i. The potential of 68 Ga-NOTA-SAC as a PET tracer is expected to contribute to the diagnostic research on CA IX-overexpressed tumors with the advantages of a relatively simple synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un chul Shin
- School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jeong Su Choi
- School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Beak
- School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Min woo Lee
- School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Health Science Research CenterKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Suhng Wook Kim
- School of Health and Environmental Science, College of Health ScienceKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health SystemsGraduate School, Korea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Bórquez JC, Hidalgo M, Rodríguez JM, Montaña A, Porras O, Troncoso R, Bravo-Sagua R. Sucralose Stimulates Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Caco-2 Cells. Front Nutr 2021; 7:585484. [PMID: 33537337 PMCID: PMC7848014 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.585484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucralose is a non-caloric artificial sweetener widely used in processed foods that reportedly affects energy homeostasis through partially understood mechanisms. Mitochondria are organelles fundamental for cellular bioenergetics that are closely related to the development of metabolic diseases. Here, we addressed whether sucralose alters mitochondrial bioenergetics in the enterocyte cell line Caco-2. Sucralose exposure (0.5-50 mM for 3-24 h) increased cellular reductive power assessed through MTT assay, suggesting enhanced bioenergetics. Low doses of sucralose (0.5 and 5 mM) for 3 h stimulated mitochondrial respiration, measured through oxygraphy, and elevated mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cytoplasmic Ca2+, evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Contrary to other cell types, the increase in mitochondrial respiration was insensitive to inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. These findings suggest that sucralose alters enterocyte energy homeostasis, contributing to its effects on organismal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Bórquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miltha Hidalgo
- Laboratory for Research in Functional Nutrition, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Montaña
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar Porras
- Laboratory for Research in Functional Nutrition, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Obesity and Metabolism in Geriatrics and Adults, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Chile State Universities Network on Aging, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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High Concentrations of Aspartame Induce Pro-Angiogenic Effects in Ovo and Cytotoxic Effects in HT-29 Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123600. [PMID: 33255204 PMCID: PMC7760274 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame (ASP), an artificial sweetener abundantly consumed in recent years in an array of dietary products, has raised some concerns in terms of toxicity, and it was even suggested a link with the risk of carcinogenesis (colorectal cancer), though the present scientific data are rather inconclusive. This study aims at investigating the potential role of aspartame in colorectal cancer by suggesting two experimental approaches: (i) an in vitro cytotoxicity screening in HT-29 human colorectal carcinoma cells based on cell viability (Alamar blue assay), cell morphology and cell migration (scratch assay) assessment and (ii) an in ovo evaluation in terms of angiogenic and irritant potential by means of the chorioallantoic membrane method (CAM). The in vitro results showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect, with a significant decrease of viable cells at the highest concentrations tested (15, 30 and 50 mM) and morphological cellular changes. In ovo, aspartame (15 and 30 mM) proved to have a pro-angiogenic effect and a weak irritant potential at the vascular level. These data suggest new directions of research regarding aspartame’s role in colorectal cancer.
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Pasqualli T, E Chaves PE, da Veiga Pereira L, Adílio Serpa É, de Oliveira LFS, Machado MM. Sucralose causes non-selective CD4 and CD8 lymphotoxicity via probable regulation of the MAPK8/APTX/EID1 genes: An in vitro/in silico study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1751-1757. [PMID: 32542867 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used sweeteners in the world is sucralose. With sweetening power 600 times greater than sucrose, its use grows among those who seek to cut calories. Research shows that when heated, sucralose generates toxic products that attack the organism and interact with DNA. Our objective was to test this sweetener under unheated conditions and at average concentrations of consumption, evaluating parameters of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. For this purpose, we made use of lymphocyte cultures and the analysis of their CD3+ , CD4+ , and CD8+ subpopulations. In a complementary way, the mechanism of action is proposed here by computational methods. Our results showed that sucralose reduces non-selectively the total lymphocytes due to falls in the levels of the CD4+ , CD8+ , and CD4+ CD8+ subpopulations. We observed an increase in the level of DNA damage and a gradual incidence of structural changes in the lymphocyte chromosomal sets. It was possible to propose that sucralose modulates the gene expression, interfering especially with the MAPK8, APTX, and EID1 genes. This article presents the results of an evidence-based approach to the safety of human health in the use of sucralose. Finally, this study points out that sucralose has cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects in the concentrations and conditions tested in human lymphocyte cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Pasqualli
- TOXCEL - Grupo de Pesquisa em Toxicologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
| | - Pamella Eduardha E Chaves
- TOXCEL - Grupo de Pesquisa em Toxicologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
| | - Lavínia da Veiga Pereira
- TOXCEL - Grupo de Pesquisa em Toxicologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
| | - Élvio Adílio Serpa
- TOXCEL - Grupo de Pesquisa em Toxicologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
| | - Luís Flávio Souza de Oliveira
- TOXCEL - Grupo de Pesquisa em Toxicologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
| | - Michel Mansur Machado
- TOXCEL - Grupo de Pesquisa em Toxicologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brasil
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17
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Xie N, Huang X, Yang C, Dai M, Cai L, Deng S, Hardiman PJ, Zhou J. Artificial sweeteners affect the glucose transport rate in the Caco-2/NCI-H716 co-culture model. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4887-4892. [PMID: 32483817 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial sweeteners have been used widely as substitutes for sugar for several decades. In recent years they have been reported to be harmful to human health - especially to glucose absorption. However, as conclusions from previous studies using a single Caco-2 cell model were not consistent, further studies with a more suitable cell model are needed. RESULTS We established a co-culture model with enterocyte Caco-2 and enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cell lines cultured in transwell inserts. The effects of artificial sweeteners, enhancing the glucose transport rate, lasted for 60 min and then began to diminish. Most importantly, different artificial sweeteners with the same sweetness intensity had similar effects on glucose transport. The sodium / glucose co-transporter member 1 (SGLT1) mRNA expression levels increased significantly with an initial glucose concentration of 20 mM, while glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) mRNA expression significantly increased with initial glucose concentrations of 20 mM and 60 mM. CONCLUSION Based on the Caco-2/NCI-H716 co-culture model, SGLT1 and GLUT2 mediated the enhancing effects of artificial sweeteners on glucose transport, depending on the sweetness intensity and initial glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Xie
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minchen Dai
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul J Hardiman
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Medical School, London, UK
| | - Jue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Medical School, London, UK
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18
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Azlan A, Khoo HE, Sajak AAB, Aizan Abdul Kadir NA, Yusof BNM, Mahmood Z, Sultana S. Antioxidant activity, nutritional and physicochemical characteristics, and toxicity of minimally refined brown sugar and other sugars. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5048-5062. [PMID: 32994965 PMCID: PMC7500760 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally refined brown sugar (MRBS) is a brown sugar derived from sugarcane that has a low glycemic index. This study aimed to determine and compare the antioxidant contents and nutritional and physicochemical properties of MRBS, refined sugar (RS), and brown sugar (BS). In addition, the toxicity of these sugars was evaluated via in vitro cytotoxicity method and by using a zebrafish model. Results showed that MRBS was better than the two other sugars because it has a lower moisture content and higher ash content. The contents of potassium and manganese of MRBS were higher than those of the two other sugars. Surprisingly, MRBS also contained selenium, which was not detected in RS and BS. The major phenolics in MRBS are 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, trans-Ferulic acid, and apigenin. All sugar solutions and their antioxidant-containing extracts were not cytotoxic to 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non‐Communicable DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Halal Products Research InstituteUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Hock Eng Khoo
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Azliana Abu Bakar Sajak
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Noor Atiqah Aizan Abdul Kadir
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Research Centre of Excellence for Nutrition and Non‐Communicable DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaUPM SerdangSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | | | - Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Nutrition & DieteticsFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
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19
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Moriconi E, Feraco A, Marzolla V, Infante M, Lombardo M, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32765425 PMCID: PMC7378387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low- and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short- and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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20
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Lack of potential carcinogenicity for acesulfame potassium - Systematic evaluation and integration of mechanistic data into the totality of the evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111375. [PMID: 32360221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The safety of low- and no-calorie sweeteners remains a topic of general interest. Substantial evidence exists demonstrating a lack of carcinogenicity of the no-calorie sweetener acesulfame potassium (Ace K). The objective of this evaluation was to conduct a systematic assessment of available mechanistic data using a framework that quantitatively integrates proposed key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs) into the totality of the evidence. Over 800 KCC-relevant endpoints from a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays were assessed for quality, relevance, and activity, and integrated to determine the overall strength of the evidence for plausibility that Ace K acts through the KCC. Overall, there was a lack of activity across the KCCs (overall integrated score <0 and no "strong" categorization for evidence of activity) in which data were identified. Together with the absence of treatment-related tumor effects in rodent bioassays, these results support the conclusion that Ace K is unlikely to induce a carcinogenic response. This assessment employed a weight of the evidence analysis that includes the consideration of factors such as reliability, strength of the model system, activity, and dose in a complex and heterogeneous dataset, and the ultimate integration of multiple data streams in the cancer hazard evaluation.
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21
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Chappell GA, Borghoff SJ, Pham LL, Doepker CL, Wikoff DS. Lack of potential carcinogenicity for sucralose - Systematic evaluation and integration of mechanistic data into the totality of the evidence. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110898. [PMID: 31654706 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sucralose is widely used as a sugar substitute. Many studies and authoritative reviews have concluded that sucralose is non-carcinogenic, based primarily on animal cancer bioassays and genotoxicity data. To add to the body of knowledge on the potential carcinogenicity of sucralose, a systematic assessment of mechanistic data was conducted. This entailed using a framework developed for the quantitative integration of data related to the proposed key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs). Data from peer-reviewed literature and the ToxCast/Tox21 database were evaluated using an algorithm that weights data for quality and relevance. The resulting integration demonstrated an overall lack of activity for sucralose across the KCCs, with no "strong" activity observed for any KCC. Almost all data collected demonstrated inactivity, including those conducted in human models. The overall lack of activity in mechanistic data is consistent with findings from animal cancer bioassays. The few instances of activity across the KCC were generally accompanied by limitations in study design in the context of either quality and/or dose and model relevance, highlighted upon integration of the totality of the evidence. The findings from this comprehensive and integrative evaluation of mechanistic data support prior conclusions that sucralose is unlikely to be carcinogenic in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L L Pham
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Asheville, NC, USA
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22
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Schiffman SS, Nagle HT. Revisited: Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110692. [PMID: 31351100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, safety concerns about low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) have been described in the archival scientific literature including elevated risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, excessive weight gain, cardiovascular disease, safety, and disruption of the gut microbiome. A recent review by Lobach, Roberts, and Roland in Food and Chemical Toxicology examined 17 research articles on modulation of gut bacteria by LNCS along with other selected publications. In the conclusions of their paper, they claim that LNCS 1) do not affect gut microbiota at use levels and 2) are safe at levels approved by regulatory agencies. Both of these claims are incorrect. The scientific literature on LNCS clearly indicates that it is inappropriate to draw generalized conclusions regarding effects on gut microbiota and safety issues for compounds that vary widely chemical structure and pharmacokinetics. Scientific studies on the sweetener sucralose, used here as a representative LNCS, indicate that this organochlorine compound unequivocally and irrefutably disrupts the gut microbiome at doses relevant to human use. Results of dozens of additional research publications added and reviewed here also raise significant and extensive concerns about the safety of sucralose for the human food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Troy Nagle
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7911, USA
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23
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Anand BG, Prajapati KP, Dubey K, Ahamad N, Shekhawat DS, Rath PC, Joseph GK, Kar K. Self-Assembly of Artificial Sweetener Aspartame Yields Amyloid-like Cytotoxic Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6033-6049. [PMID: 31021591 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed the intrinsic propensity of single aromatic metabolites to undergo self-assembly and form nanostructures of amyloid nature. Hence, identifying whether aspartame, a universally consumed artificial sweetener, is inherently aggregation prone becomes an important area of investigation. Although the reports on aspartame-linked side effects describe a multitude of metabolic disorders, the mechanistic understanding of such destructive effects is largely mysterious. Since aromaticity, an aggregation-promoting factor, is intrinsic to aspartame's chemistry, it is important to know whether aspartame can undergo self-association and if such a property can predispose any cytotoxicity to biological systems. Our study finds that aspartame molecules, under mimicked physiological conditions, undergo a spontaneous self-assembly process yielding regular β-sheet-like cytotoxic nanofibrils of amyloid nature. The resultant aspartame fibrils were found to trigger amyloid cross-seeding and become a toxic aggregation trap for globular proteins, Aβ peptides, and aromatic metabolites that convert native structures to β-sheet-like fibrils. Aspartame fibrils were also found to induce hemolysis, causing DNA damage resulting in both apoptosis and necrosis-mediated cell death. Specific spatial arrangement between aspartame molecules is predicted to form a regular amyloid-like architecture with a sticky exterior that is capable of promoting viable H-bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic contacts with biomolecules, leading to the onset of protein aggregation and cell death. Results reveal that the aspartame molecule is inherently amyloidogenic, and the self-assembly of aspartame becomes a toxic trap for proteins and cells, exposing the bitter side of such a ubiquitously used artificial sweetener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibin Gnanadhason Anand
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342037 , India
| | | | - Kriti Dubey
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Naseem Ahamad
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - Dolat Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342037 , India
| | - Pramod Chandra Rath
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
| | - George Kodimattam Joseph
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur 342037 , India
| | - Karunakar Kar
- School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi 110067 , India
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Bessler H, Djaldetti M. The impact of three commercial sweeteners on cytokine expression by mononuclears impelled by colon carcinoma cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:970-976. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1605337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bessler
- Laboratory for Immunology and Hematology Research, Rabin Medical Center - Hasharon Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Meir Djaldetti
- Laboratory for Immunology and Hematology Research, Rabin Medical Center - Hasharon Hospital, Petah-Tiqva, Israel
- The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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25
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Mansourian M, Mahnam K, Rajabi HR, Roushani M, Doustimotlagh AH. Exploring the binding mechanism of saccharin and sodium saccharin to promoter of human p53 gene by theoretical and experimental methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:548-564. [PMID: 30856053 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1582438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, extensive discussions have been on the impact of artificial sweeteners on the risk of cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the interaction of saccharin (SA) and sodium saccharin (SSA) with the promoter of the human p53 gene. The binding ability was assessed using the spectroscopic technique, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. Free energy of binding has been calculated using Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) method. Fluorescence spectra of mentioned gene with concentration profiles of SA and SSA were obtained in a physiological condition. A gradual increase without any significant spectral shift in the fluorescence intensity of around 350 nm was evident, indicating the presence of an interaction between both compounds and gene. The docking results showed that both compounds were susceptible to bind to 5'-DG56DG57-3' nucleotide sequence of gene. Furthermore, the MD simulation demonstrated that the binding positions for SA and SSA were 5'-A1T3T4-3' and 5'-G44T45-3' sequences of gene, respectively. The binding of these sweeteners to gene made significant conformational changes to the DNA structure. Hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions are the major forces in complexes stability. Through the groove binding mode, the non-interactive DNA-binding nature of SSA and SA has been demonstrated by the results of spectrofluorometric and molecular modeling. This study could provide valuable insight into the binding mechanism of SA and its salt with p53 gene promoter as macromolecule at the molecular level in atomistic details. This work can contribute to the possibility of the potential hazard of carcinogenicity of this sweetener and to design and apply new and safer artificial sweeteners. AbbreviationsSASaccharinSSASodium SaccharinPp53gpromoter of human p53 geneMDMolecular dynamicsRMSDRoot-mean-square deviationRMSFRoot-mean-square fluctuationRgRadius of GyrationSASASolvent-Accessible Surface AreaADIAcceptable daily intakeMM/PBSAMolecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface AreaCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Mansourian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, I.R. Iran
| | - Karim Mahnam
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Gabelova A, Kozics K, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Kruszewski M, Sramkova M. Nephrotoxicity: Topical issue. Mutat Res 2018; 845:402988. [PMID: 31561894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury is one of the most significant adverse events and dose limiting factor in chemotherapy as well a major cause of prospective drug attrition during pharmaceutical development. Moreover, kidney injury can also occur as a consequence of exposures to environmental xenobiotics such as heavy metals, fungal toxins and nanomaterials. The lack of adequate in vitro human kidney models that mimic more realistically the in vivo conditions and the absence of suitable and robust, cost-effective and predictive cell-based in vitro assays contribute to an underestimation of the kidney toxic potential of new drugs and xenobiotics. Therefore, a rapid screening system capable to detect potential nephrotoxicity at early stages of drug discovery is an urgent need. Here we provide an overview of human cell lines currently used as a surrogate in vitro kidney models in nephrotoxicity studies, including their advantages and limitations. In addition, the capacity of the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/comet assay as a potential tool in kidney toxicants screening is discussed. Despite a limited number of studies using the comet assay to evaluate the drug-induced kidney damage potential, a considerable variability in SCGE methodology (e.g. lysis, unwinding, and electrophoresis conditions) has been observed. Before the comet assay can be included in nephrotoxicity testing, a basic guideline has to be developed. To test its feasibility, additional in vitro experiments including inter-laboratory validation studies based on this guideline have to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Gabelova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Katarina Kozics
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225, Rzeszów, Poland; Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center SAS, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Erbaş O, Erdoğan MA, Khalilnezhad A, Solmaz V, Gürkan FT, Yiğittürk G, Eroglu HA, Taskiran D. Evaluation of long-term effects of artificial sweeteners on rat brain: a biochemical, behavioral, and histological study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22053. [PMID: 29660801 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose) on rat brain. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the study. The control group (n = 6) received regular tap water, whereas other groups received aspartame (3 mg/kg/day, n = 6,) or saccharin (3 mg/kg/day, n = 6) or sucralose (1.5 mg/kg/day, n = 6) in the drinking water. Following 6 weeks, the passive avoidance learning (PAL) test was performed to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects of sweeteners. The brains were assessed for lipid peroxides, neuron count, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that chronic intake of sweeteners significantly impaired PAL performance in all groups. Hippocampal CA1-CA3 areas revealed significantly lower neuronal count in aspartame and increased GFAP expression in all groups. Brain lipid peroxides were significantly higher in all groups. Our findings suggest that long-term consumption of artificial sweeteners may have harmful effects on cognition and hippocampal integrity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oytun Erbaş
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Volkan Solmaz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Fulya Tuzcu Gürkan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Yiğittürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Avni Eroglu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Dilek Taskiran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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28
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Critical review of the current literature on the safety of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:324-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Parent-Massin D, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Younes M, Ciccolallo L, Colombo P, Lodi F, Mortensen A. Statement on the validity of the conclusions of a mouse carcinogenicity study on sucralose (E 955) performed by the Ramazzini Institute. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04784. [PMID: 32625489 PMCID: PMC7010144 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) was requested from the European Commission to provide a statement on the validity of the conclusions of a mouse study on the carcinogenic potential of sucralose (E 955) performed by the Ramazzini Institute (Soffritti et al., 2016). Sucralose (E 955) is authorised as a food additive in the EU in accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. According to Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010, the full re-evaluation of sucralose shall be completed by December 2020. Taking into consideration the publication from Soffritti et al. (2016), the technical report and additional information provided by the Ramazzini Institute and other information available for sucralose (E 955), the Panel noted: (i) the design of the bioassay that considers exposure from gestation up to natural death of animals implies an increase in background pathology that results in the possibility of misclassifications and a difficult interpretation of data, especially in the absence of both an appropriate concurrent control group and a recent historical database; (ii) the lack of a dose-response relationship between the exposure to sucralose and incidence of lymphomas and leukaemias (combined); (iii) the lack of a mode of action and failure to meet all the Bradford-Hill considerations for a cause-effect relationship between intake of sucralose and the development of tumours in male mice only; (iv) a comprehensive database was available for sucralose and no carcinogenic effect was reported in adequate studies in rats and mice. Moreover, there was no reliable evidence of in vivo genotoxicity. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the available data did not support the conclusions of the authors (Soffritti et al., 2016) that sucralose induced haematopoietic neoplasias in male Swiss mice.
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Victor ADO, Virleny MADO, Thayse WNDO, Andressa NCD, Charles EDOS, Stella RAM, Bruno MS, Felipe CCDS, Raí PSDA, Muhammad TI, Ana ADCMC, Ana PP, Joao MDCES. Evaluation of cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of two artificial sweeteners by using eukaryotic test systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2016.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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31
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Berry C, Brusick D, Cohen SM, Hardisty JF, Grotz VL, Williams GM. Sucralose Non-Carcinogenicity: A Review of the Scientific and Regulatory Rationale. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:1247-1261. [PMID: 27652616 PMCID: PMC5152540 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1224366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities worldwide have found the nonnutritive sweetener, sucralose, to be noncarcinogenic, based on a range of studies. A review of these and other studies found through a comprehensive search of electronic databases, using appropriate key terms, was conducted and results of that review are reported here. An overview of the types of studies relied upon by regulatory agencies to assess carcinogenicity potential is also provided as context. Physiochemical and pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic studies confirm stability under conditions of use and reveal no metabolites of carcinogenic potential. In vitro and in vivo assays reveal no confirmed genotoxic activity. Long-term carcinogenicity studies in animal models provide no evidence of carcinogenic potential for sucralose. In studies in healthy adults, sucralose was well-tolerated and without evidence of toxicity or other changes that might suggest a potential for carcinogenic effects. In summary, sucralose does not demonstrate carcinogenic activity even when exposure levels are several orders of magnitude greater than the range of anticipated daily ingestion levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Berry
- Emeritus Professor of Pathology, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jerry F. Hardisty
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - V. Lee Grotz
- Director and R&D Fellow, Medical Affairs, Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Fort Washington, PA, USA
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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BEZERRA MDS, MALAQUIAS GDS, CASTRO E SOUSA JMD, PERON AP. Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of powdered juices. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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