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Ishii D, Kawasaki T, Sato H, Tatsumi K, Imamoto T, Yoshioka K, Abe M, Hasegawa Y, Ohara O, Suzuki T. Effects of Anti-Fibrotic Drugs on Transcriptome of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3750. [PMID: 38612561 PMCID: PMC11011476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Two anti-fibrotic drugs, pirfenidone (PFD) and nintedanib (NTD), are currently used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are immunocompetent cells that could orchestrate cell-cell interactions associated with IPF pathogenesis. We employed RNA sequencing to examine the transcriptome signature in the bulk PBMCs of patients with IPF and the effects of anti-fibrotic drugs on these signatures. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between "patients with IPF and healthy controls" and "before and after anti-fibrotic treatment" were analyzed. Enrichment analysis suggested that fatty acid elongation interferes with TGF-β/Smad signaling and the production of oxidative stress since treatment with NTD upregulates the fatty acid elongation enzymes ELOVL6. Treatment with PFD downregulates COL1A1, which produces wound-healing collagens because activated monocyte-derived macrophages participate in the production of collagen, type I, and alpha 1 during tissue damage. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulates wound healing by inhibiting plasmin-mediated matrix metalloproteinase activation, and the inhibition of PAI-1 activity attenuates lung fibrosis. DEG analysis suggested that both the PFD and NTD upregulate SERPINE1, which regulates PAI-1 activity. This study embraces a novel approach by using RNA sequencing to examine PBMCs in IPF, potentially revealing systemic biomarkers or pathways that could be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawasaki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takuro Imamoto
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yoshioka
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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John AE, Joseph C, Jenkins G, Tatler AL. COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis: A potential role for lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:228-240. [PMID: 34028807 PMCID: PMC8237078 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly spread around the world following the first reports in Wuhan City, China in late 2019. The disease, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily a respiratory condition that can affect numerous other bodily systems including the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. The disease ranges in severity from asymptomatic through to severe acute respiratory distress requiring intensive care treatment and mechanical ventilation, which can lead to respiratory failure and death. It has rapidly become evident that COVID-19 patients can develop features of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, which in many cases persist for as long as we have thus far been able to follow the patients. Many questions remain about how such fibrotic changes occur within the lung of COVID-19 patients, whether the changes will persist long term or are capable of resolving, and whether post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis has the potential to become progressive, as in other fibrotic lung diseases. This review brings together our existing knowledge on both COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, with a particular focus on lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts, in order to discuss common pathways and processes that may be implicated as we try to answer these important questions in the months and years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E John
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Amanda L Tatler
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Utsunomiya T, Mimura-Kimura Y, Yamamoto T, Aoe K, Oishi K, Kamei H, Matsunaga K, Yano M, Mimura Y. Cytokine Adsorption to Polymyxin B-Immobilized Fiber: An in vitro Study. Blood Purif 2020; 50:230-237. [PMID: 32894831 DOI: 10.1159/000510290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) are episodes of acute respiratory worsening characterized by diffuse alveolar damage superimposed on usual interstitial pneumonia. Direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX-DHP) is reported to have beneficial effects on the respiratory status and outcome in patients with AE-IPF although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and how the PMX-immobilized fiber (PMX-F) adsorbs cytokines because reduction of the serum levels of various cytokines has been noted in AE-IPF patients receiving PMX-DHP. METHODS The propensity of recombinant cytokines for adsorption onto PMX-F was examined by incubating cytokines with heparin-coated or uncoated PMX-F for 2 h at 37°C. Cytokines were quantitated by multiplex bead array assay or ELISA. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-8, RANTES, platelet-derived growth factor-bb, and transforming growth factor-β were substantially adsorbed onto PMX-F without heparin coating. The adsorbed cytokines could be eluted with PMX sulfate, indicating that the PMX moiety is involved in cytokine adsorption. Importantly, although IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, fibroblast growth factor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were adsorbed onto PMX-F to lesser extents, the adsorption was enhanced by heparin coating of PMX-F. Furthermore, heparin-coated PMX-F acquired the capability to adsorb IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor α. An affinity of heparin to PMX was determined (Kd = 0.061 ± 0.032 mg/mL), which accounts for the enhanced cytokine adsorption onto PMX-F upon heparin coating. CONCLUSIONS Various cytokines involved in inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular permeability were shown to be adsorbed onto PMX-F. Removal of multiple cytokines may be associated with positive impacts of PMX-DHP in patients with AE-IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Utsunomiya
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoe
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Keiji Oishi
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kamei
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsunaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Division of Cardiology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan,
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Penke LR, Peters-Golden M. Molecular determinants of mesenchymal cell activation in fibroproliferative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4179-4201. [PMID: 31563998 PMCID: PMC6858579 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled scarring, or fibrosis, can interfere with the normal function of virtually all tissues of the body, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Fibrotic diseases represent a major cause of death in industrialized countries. Unfortunately, no curative treatments for these conditions are yet available, highlighting the critical need for a better fundamental understanding of molecular mechanisms that may be therapeutically tractable. The ultimate indispensable effector cells responsible for deposition of extracellular matrix proteins that comprise scars are mesenchymal cells, namely fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. In this review, we focus on the biology of these cells and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their pertinent functions. We discuss key pro-fibrotic mediators, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that dictate their activation and persistence. Because of their possible clinical and therapeutic relevance, we also consider potential brakes on mesenchymal cell activation and cellular processes that may facilitate myofibroblast clearance from fibrotic tissue-topics that have in general been understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loka R Penke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Marc Peters-Golden
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA.
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Keyes JD, Parsonage D, Yammani RD, Rogers LC, Kesty C, Furdui CM, Nelson KJ, Poole LB. Endogenous, regulatory cysteine sulfenylation of ERK kinases in response to proliferative signals. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:534-543. [PMID: 28843779 PMCID: PMC5623068 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
ERK-dependent signaling is key to many pathways through which extracellular signals are transduced into cell-fate decisions. One conundrum is the way in which disparate signals induce specific responses through a common, ERK-dependent kinase cascade. While studies have revealed intricate ways of controlling ERK signaling through spatiotemporal localization and phosphorylation dynamics, additional modes of ERK regulation undoubtedly remain to be discovered. We hypothesized that fine-tuning of ERK signaling could occur by cysteine oxidation. We report that ERK is actively and directly oxidized by signal-generated H2O2 during proliferative signaling, and that ERK oxidation occurs downstream of a variety of receptor classes tested in four cell lines. Furthermore, within the tested cell lines and proliferative signals, we observed that both activation loop-phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated ERK undergo sulfenylation in cells and that dynamics of ERK sulfenylation is dependent on the cell growth conditions prior to stimulation. We also tested the effect of endogenous ERK oxidation on kinase activity and report that phosphotransfer reactions are reversibly inhibited by oxidation by as much as 80-90%, underscoring the importance of considering this additional modification when assessing ERK activation in response to extracellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Keyes
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
| | - Derek Parsonage
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
| | - LeAnn C Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, USA
| | - Chelsea Kesty
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA; Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kimberly J Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA.
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6
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Fukihara J, Kondoh Y. Nintedanib (OFEV) in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:1247-1254. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1249854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bonella F, Stowasser S, Wollin L. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current treatment options and critical appraisal of nintedanib. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:6407-19. [PMID: 26715838 PMCID: PMC4686227 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s76648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and is characterized by a poor prognosis, with an estimated 5-year survival of approximately 20%. Progressive and irreversible lung functional impairment leads to chronic respiratory insufficiency with a severely impaired quality of life. In the last 2 decades, novel treatments for IPF have been developed as a consequence of an increasing understanding of disease pathogenesis and pathobiology. In IPF, injured dysfunctional alveolar epithelial cells promote fibroblast recruitment and proliferation, resulting in scarring of the lung tissue. Recently, pirfenidone and nintedanib have been approved for the treatment of IPF, having shown efficacy to slow functional decline and disease progression. This article focuses on the pharmacologic characteristics and clinical evidence supporting the use of nintedanib, a potent small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, as therapy for IPF. After introducing the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics, an overview of the safety and efficacy results from the most recent clinical trials of nintedanib in IPF is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonella
- Interstitial and Rare Lung Disease Unit, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Stowasser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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8
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Wollin L, Wex E, Pautsch A, Schnapp G, Hostettler KE, Stowasser S, Kolb M. Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1434-45. [PMID: 25745043 PMCID: PMC4416110 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00174914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease characterised by fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and loss of lung function. Although the pathogenic pathways involved in IPF have not been fully elucidated, IPF is believed to be caused by repetitive alveolar epithelial cell injury and dysregulated repair, in which there is uncontrolled proliferation of lung fibroblasts and differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which excessively deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the interstitial space. A number of profibrotic mediators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of IPF. Nintedanib is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF receptor, FGF receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Data from in vitro studies have shown that nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis such as fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation, and the secretion of ECM. In addition, nintedanib has shown consistent anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of lung fibrosis. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical efficacy of nintedanib in patients with IPF, which has recently been demonstrated in phase III clinical trials. Nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis, e.g. fibroblast proliferation, migration anddifferentiationhttp://ow.ly/Iae9z
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Eva Wex
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Gisela Schnapp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Stowasser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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9
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Wollin L, Maillet I, Quesniaux V, Holweg A, Ryffel B. Antifibrotic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Nintedanib in Experimental Models of Lung Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:209-20. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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10
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van Steensel L, Paridaens D, van Meurs M, van Hagen PM, van den Bosch WA, Kuijpers RWAM, Drexhage HA, Hooijkaas H, Dik WA. Orbit-infiltrating mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages produce PDGF isoforms that orchestrate orbital fibroblast activation in Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E400-8. [PMID: 22238384 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) are regulators of fibroblast activity that may be involved in the pathophysiology of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). We unraveled the expression and origin of PDGF family members in GO orbital tissue and investigated the effect of PDGF isoforms on IL-6 and hyaluronan production and proliferation by orbital fibroblasts. METHODS PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C, PDGF-D, PDGF-Rα, and PDGF-Rβ expression was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and PDGF-A and PDGF-B protein expression was determined by Western blot in orbital tissues. Orbital tissues were immunohistochemically stained for PDGF-A and PDGF-B expression, together with stainings for T cells, monocytes, B cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Effects of PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB, and PDGF-BB on orbital fibroblast proliferation and IL-6 and hyaluronan production were examined. Finally, effects of PDGF-BB- and PDGF-AA-neutralizing antibodies on IL-6 and hyaluronan production in GO whole orbital tissue cultures were tested. RESULTS GO orbital tissue showed increased PDGF-A and PDGF-B mRNA and protein levels. Increased numbers of PDGF-A- and PDGF-B-positive monocytes, macrophages, and mast cells were present in GO orbital tissue. PDGF-BB stimulated proliferation and hyaluronan and IL-6 production by orbital fibroblasts the most, followed by PDGF-AB and PDGF-AA. Finally, in particular imatinib mesylate and PDGF-BB-neutralizing antibodies reduced IL-6 and hyaluronan production by whole orbital tissue cultures from GO patients. CONCLUSIONS In GO, mast cells, monocytes, and macrophages may activate orbital fibroblasts via secretion of especially PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB. Preclinical studies with whole orbital tissue cultures show that blocking PDGF-B chain containing isoforms can be a promising treatment for GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Steensel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, and Rotterdam Eye Hospital, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Datta A, Scotton CJ, Chambers RC. Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:141-72. [PMID: 21265830 PMCID: PMC3085875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis represents the end stage of a number of heterogeneous conditions and is, to a greater or lesser degree, the hallmark of the interstitial lung diseases. It is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the pulmonary interstitium leading to the obliteration of functional alveolar units and in many cases, respiratory failure. While a small number of interstitial lung diseases have known aetiologies, most are idiopathic in nature, and of these, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common and carries with it an appalling prognosis - median survival from the time of diagnosis is less than 3 years. This reflects the lack of any effective therapy to modify the course of the disease, which in turn is indicative of our incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of this condition. Current prevailing hypotheses focus on dysregulated epithelial-mesenchymal interactions promoting a cycle of continued epithelial cell injury and fibroblast activation leading to progressive fibrosis. However, it is likely that multiple abnormalities in a myriad of biological pathways affecting inflammation and wound repair - including matrix regulation, epithelial reconstitution, the coagulation cascade, neovascularization and antioxidant pathways - modulate this defective crosstalk and promote fibrogenesis. This review aims to offer a pathogenetic rationale behind current therapies, briefly outlining previous and ongoing clinical trials, but will focus on recent and exciting advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which may ultimately lead to the development of novel and effective therapeutic interventions for this devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Datta
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, Rayne Institute, UK
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12
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Santak G, Santak M, Forcić D. The role of interleukin-1beta and platelet-derived growth factor-AB in antifibrosis mediated by native human interferon alpha. Surgery 2010; 148:490-8. [PMID: 20176391 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial preparations of native human interferon alpha (nHuIFN-alpha) contain several subtypes of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and traces of other cytokines. Recently, we described its antifibrotic potential and showed nHuIFN-alpha to have a greater effect than that of recombinant human IFN-alpha (rHuIFN-alpha). We hypothesized that cooperation between different cytokines in the nHuIFN-alpha preparation is essential for this effect. Considerable concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB) are present in the nHuIFN-alpha preparations. METHODS We tested the viability and the expression of procollagen type I messenger RNA (mRNA) in MRC5 fibroblasts treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and/or PDGF-AB, or the corresponding antibodies in combination with rHuIFN-alpha or nHuIFN-alpha. RESULTS We showed that neither IL-1beta nor PDGF-AB significantly affect the viability of MRC5 cells. Furthermore, cell viability was not affected when IL-1beta or PDGF-AB were applied along with rHuIFN-alpha, relative to the viability of cells treated with rHuIFN-alpha only. In contrast, both cytokines suppressed the synthesis of procollagen type I mRNA. When coadministered with rHuIFN-alpha, IL-1beta enhanced the suppression induced by rHuIFN-alpha. Conversely, PDGF-AB acted as an antagonist of rHuIFN-alpha and restored partially the synthesis of procollagen type I mRNA. Interestingly, the addition of IL-1beta to the PDGF-AB/rHuIFN-alpha mix not only abolished the antagonistic activity of PDGF-AB but also decreased the synthesis of procollagen type I mRNA beyond the level achieved by IL-1beta/rHuIFN-alpha. Therefore, IL-1beta was able to reverse the activity of PDGF-AB. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that IL-1beta is an important component of nHuIFN-alpha preparations, acting directly and indirectly to modulate the action of other components. This study provides insight into these complex cytokine networks, which is necessary for better and safer antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Santak
- Department of Surgery, General County Hospital, Pozega, Croatia.
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Milam JE, Keshamouni VG, Phan SH, Hu B, Gangireddy SR, Hogaboam CM, Standiford TJ, Thannickal VJ, Reddy RC. PPAR-gamma agonists inhibit profibrotic phenotypes in human lung fibroblasts and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L891-901. [PMID: 18162602 PMCID: PMC5926773 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00333.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by alterations in fibroblast phenotypes resulting in excessive extracellular matrix accumulation and anatomic remodeling. Current therapies for this condition are largely ineffective. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, the activation of which produces a number of biological effects, including alterations in metabolic and inflammatory responses. The role of PPAR-gamma as a potential therapeutic target for fibrotic lung diseases remains undefined. In the present study, we show expression of PPAR-gamma in fibroblasts obtained from normal human lungs and lungs of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Treatment of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with PPAR-gamma agonists results in inhibition of proliferative responses and induces cell cycle arrest. In addition, PPAR-gamma agonists, including a constitutively active PPAR-gamma construct (VP16-PPAR-gamma), inhibit the ability of transforming growth factor-beta1 to induce myofibroblast differentiation and collagen secretion. PPAR-gamma agonists also inhibit fibrosis in a murine model, even when administration is delayed until after the initial inflammation has largely resolved. These observations indicate that PPAR-gamma is an important regulator of fibroblast/myofibroblast activation and suggest a role for PPAR-gamma ligands as novel therapeutic agents for fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami E Milam
- Univ. of Michigan, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., 4062 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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Rajkumar VS, Shiwen X, Bostrom M, Leoni P, Muddle J, Ivarsson M, Gerdin B, Denton CP, Bou-Gharios G, Black CM, Abraham DJ. Platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor activation is essential for fibroblast and pericyte recruitment during cutaneous wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 169:2254-65. [PMID: 17148686 PMCID: PMC1762470 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue remodeling provides mammals with a rapid mechanism to repair wounds after injury. Inappropriate activation of this reparative process leads to scarring and fibrosis. Here, we studied the effects of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta blockade in vivo using the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-beta inhibitor imatinib mesylate on tissue repair. After 7 days, healing of wounds was delayed with significantly reduced wound closure and concomitant reduction in myofibroblast frequency, expression of fibronectin ED-A, and collagen type I. Using a collagen type I transgenic reporter mouse, we showed that inhibiting PDGFR-beta activation restricted the distribution of collagen-synthesizing cells to wound margins and dramatically reduced cell proliferation in vivo. By 14 days, treated wounds were fully closed. Blocking PDGFR-beta signaling did not prevent the differentiation of myofibroblasts in vitro but potently inhibited fibroblast proliferation and migration. In addition, PDGFR-beta inhibition in vivo was accompanied by abnormal microvascular morphogenesis reminiscent of that observed in PDGFR-beta-/- mice with significantly reduced immunostaining of the pericyte marker NG2. Imatinib treatment also inhibited pericyte proliferation and migration in vitro. This study highlights the significance of PDGFR-beta signaling for the recruitment, proliferation, and functional activities of fibro-blasts and pericytes during the early phases of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth S Rajkumar
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Disease, Department of Medicine, University College London NW3 2PF, UK, and the Clinical Research Center, University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden
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Fawzi-Grancher S, De Isla N, Faure G, Stoltz JF, Muller S. Optimisation of biochemical condition and substrates in vitro for tissue engineering of ligament. Ann Biomed Eng 2006; 34:1767-77. [PMID: 17031594 PMCID: PMC1705503 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-006-9180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we analysed the effect of growth factors on in vitro cell proliferation and collagens synthesis by fibroblasts cultured for 72 h on different substrates (silicon sheet with or without 1% gelatin, and glass as control surface) for ligament tissue engineering. A human fibroblast cell line (CRL-2703) was used. The synthesis of type I and type III collagens were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by RT-PCR and confocal microscopy, respectively. Cell proliferation was evaluated by two methods: (1) MTT assay (2) cell cycle analysis. It was found that PDGF-AB stimulate the proliferation of fibroblast cultured on gelatin coated silicon sheet in dose dependant manner with a maximum effect at 10 ng ml(-1). The exogenous TGF-beta1 induced the expression of type I and type III collagens in a dose and substrate-dependant manner. We deduce from this work that biochemical conditions and substrates have an important impact for optimisation of the tissue neo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaw Fawzi-Grancher
- Cell and Tissue Engineering and Mechanics group, LEMTA-UMR CNRS 7563, IFR 111-Bioengineering, UHP Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France.
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16
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Anusaksathien O, Webb SA, Jin QM, Giannobile WV. Platelet-derived growth factor gene delivery stimulates ex vivo gingival repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 9:745-56. [PMID: 13678451 PMCID: PMC2586961 DOI: 10.1089/107632703768247421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Destruction of tooth support due to the chronic inflammatory disease periodontitis is a major cause of tooth loss. There are limitations with available treatment options to tissue engineer soft tissue periodontal defects. The exogenous application of growth factors (GFs) such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has shown promise to enhance oral and periodontal tissue regeneration. However, the topical administration of GFs has not led to clinically significant improvements in tissue regeneration because of problems in maintaining therapeutic protein levels at the defect site. The utilization of PDGF gene transfer may circumvent many of the limitations with protein delivery to soft tissue wounds. The objective of this study was to test the effect of PDGF-A and PDGF-B gene transfer to human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) on ex vivo repair in three-dimensional collagen lattices. HGFs were transduced with adenovirus encoding PDGF-A and PDGF-B genes. Defect fill of bilayer collagen gels was measured by image analysis of cell repopulation into the gingival defects. The modulation of gene expression at the defect site and periphery was measured by RT-PCR during a 10-day time course after gene delivery. The results demonstrated that PDGF-B gene transfer stimulated potent (>4-fold) increases in cell repopulation and defect fill above that of PDGF-A and corresponding controls. PDGF-A and PDGF-B gene expression was maintained for at least 10 days. PDGF gene transfer upregulated the expression of phosphatidylinosital 3-kinase and integrin alpha5 subunit at 5 days after adenovirus transduction. These results suggest that PDGF gene transfer has potential for periodontal soft tissue-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orasa Anusaksathien
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration and Department of Periodontics, Prevention, and Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
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17
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Meaney Murray M, Rice K, Wright RJ, Spector M. The effect of selected growth factors on human anterior cruciate ligament cell interactions with a three-dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold. J Orthop Res 2003; 21:238-44. [PMID: 12568954 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our work focuses on development of a collagen-glycosamimoglycan (CG) scaffold to facilitate ligament healing in the gap between the ruptured ends of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). In the present investigation, we evaluated the effects of selected growth factors on human ACL cell responses important in tissue regeneration, namely cell migration, proliferation, collagen production, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). METHODS Explants from six human ACLs were cultured on top of a CG scaffold. Culture conditions were with either 2% FBS (control), or 2% FBS supplemented with TGF-beta1, PDGF-AB, EGF, or FGF-2. Histologic cell distribution, total DNA content, proliferation rate, rate of collagen synthesis, scaffold diameter and percentage of SMA positive cells were determined at two, three and four weeks. RESULTS The addition of TGF-beta1 to the culture medium resulted in increased cell number, increased collagen production and increased expression of SMA within the scaffold. Supplementation with PDGF-AB resulted in increased cell proliferation rates within the scaffold and increased collagen production. The addition of FGF-2 resulted in increased cell proliferation rates and slowed rates of scaffold shrinkage when compared with the control group. DISCUSSION This work suggests that certain growth factors can alter the biologic functions of human ACL cells in a CG scaffold implanted as a bridge at the site of an ACL rupture. Based on these findings, the addition of selected growth factors to an implantable CG scaffold may facilitate ligament healing in the gap between the ruptured ends of the human ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meaney Murray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Children's Hospital of Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Buch S, Han RN, Cabacungan J, Wang J, Yuan S, Belcastro R, Deimling J, Jankov R, Luo X, Lye SJ, Post M, Tanswell AK. Changes in expression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in the lungs of newborn rats exposed to air or 60% O(2). Pediatr Res 2000; 48:423-33. [PMID: 11004231 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200010000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PDGF-related gene expression has been well characterized during fetal rat lung development and adult rat lung injury, but not during normal postnatal lung growth or injury. Lung expression of the mRNA for PDGF-A, -B, -alpha R, and -beta R and immunoreactive PDGF-AA, -BB, -alpha R, and -beta R were assessed in rat pups raised in air or 60% O(2) for up to 14 d after birth. Expression of mRNA and immunoreactive ligand did not correlate for pups raised in air. Immunoreactive PDGF-alpha R and -beta R, but not PDGF-AA and -BB, were evident throughout the lung at birth. Both PDGF-AA and -BB were evident in airway epithelium, PDGF-BB in alveolar epithelial cells and PDGF-AA was widely distributed in parenchymal tissue at 4 d. PDGF-alpha R was localized to airway epithelium, and PDGF-beta R to subendothelial perivascular regions and to airway and alveolar epithelium at 4 d. Immunoreactive PDGF ligands all declined after 4 d. Intraperitoneal injection of neutralizing antibodies or truncated soluble receptors to PDGF-BB reduced lung DNA synthesis in air. Exposure to 60% O(2) significantly increased mRNA for PDGF-B, -beta R, and -alpha R, but not PDGF-A, relative to air-exposed lung at various time points after birth. PDGF-A, -B, and -alpha R immunoreactivities in these lungs were reduced and delayed, consistent with a global inhibition of lung growth. Pups exposed to 60% O(2) had a similar distribution of PDGF-beta R to that seen in air, except that at 14 d PDGF-beta R was distributed throughout the lung parenchyma. We conclude that PDGF ligands and receptors are important for normal postnatal lung growth and that their expression is delayed by O(2) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buch
- Medical Research Council Groups in Lung Development, Lung Biology Programme, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Luo J, West JR, Cook RT, Pantazis NJ. Ethanol Induces Cell Death and Cell Cycle Delay in Cultures of Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ogushi F, Endo T, Tani K, Asada K, Kawano T, Tada H, Maniwa K, Sone S. Decreased prostaglandin E2 synthesis by lung fibroblasts isolated from rats with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol 1999; 80:41-9. [PMID: 10365086 PMCID: PMC2517756 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.1999.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/1998] [Accepted: 10/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to clarify the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis, we examined the functional changes of lung fibroblasts in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Lung fibroblastic cells were obtained from rat lungs after an intratracheal treatment of BLM or saline. The spontaneous proliferation of BLM-treated rat fibroblasts (BRF), which was estimated by 3H-TdR incorporation and direct cell counting, was significantly more rapid than that of normal saline-treated rat fibroblasts (NRF). Next, we investigated prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthesis by BRF and NRF, with or without stimulation by interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, and found that PGE2 production by BRF was significantly less than that by NRF. There was no significant difference in cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and COX-2 mRNA level between BRF and NRF, indicating that the change in PGE2 production was independent of COX, a rate-limiting enzyme for the production of PGE2. These results suggest that the proliferation of fibroblasts is down-regulated by PGE2 released from themselves in normal lungs in an autocrine fashion, thus the decreased PGE2 production observed in lung fibroblasts from rats with BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis may result in the excessive fibroblast proliferation in this disorder. Overall, these findings throw some light on the mechanism of development of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ogushi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Japan
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21
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Katou F, Ohtani H, Nagura H, Motegi K. Procollagen-positive fibroblasts predominantly express fibrogenic growth factors and their receptors in human encapsulation process against foreign body. J Pathol 1998; 186:201-8. [PMID: 9924437 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(1998100)186:2<201::aid-path157>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the in situ expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and their receptors in the encapsulation process against a foreign body, using 20 cases of the titanium miniplate as a model of the foreign body, used clinically to fix a fractured mandible. Fibrous tissue formed during the encapsulation process was composed of scar-like and fibrogenic layers, with the former directly facing the foreign body. By immunohistochemistry using pre-fixed frozen sections, only the fibrogenic layer was characterized by expression of type I procollagen (PC-I). Spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells in the fibrogenic layer expressed TGF-beta isoforms and receptors, PDGF isoforms, and PDGF beta-receptor. In contrast, the scar-like layer had few such cells. In both layers, spindle-shaped cells did not express Ki-67 in their nuclei. Double immunofluorescence microscopy for cell identification revealed that most PC-I-positive fibroblasts expressed both isoforms and receptors of TGF-beta and PDGF in the fibrogenic layer, while in contrast, they were expressed by only a small number of CD68-positive macrophages. These results suggest that in the maintenance stage of the human encapsulation process against a foreign body, both TGF-beta and PDGF function cooperatively via their receptors in the fibrogenic layer, with such stimuli markedly diminished in the scar-like layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Katou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1, School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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22
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Liu J, Fitzli D, Liu M, Tseu I, Caniggia I, Rotin D, Post M. PDGF-induced glycosaminoglycan synthesis is mediated via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:L702-13. [PMID: 9612285 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.5.l702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB has been shown previously to increase glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis but not DNA synthesis in freshly isolated fetal lung fibroblasts. In the present study, we found that PDGF-BB also enhanced 35SO4 incorporation into the small, soluble proteoglycan biglycan without affecting biglycan's core protein mRNA expression, suggesting that PDGF-BB mainly affects GAG chain elongation and/or sulfation. PDGF-BB-stimulated GAG synthesis was abrogated by tyrphostin 9, a PDGF receptor-associated tyrosine kinase inhibitor, implying that the stimulatory effect is mediated via the PDGF beta-receptor (PDGFR). The intracellular signal transduction pathways that mediate PDGF-BB-stimulated GAG synthesis in fetal lung fibroblasts were investigated. On ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, PDGFR associated with phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma 1, Ras GTPase activating protein (RasGAP), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) but not with the Syp-growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-Son of Sevenless complex. Association of PDGFR with PLC-gamma 1 and RasGAP followed by their tyrosine phosphorylation failed, however, to activate PLC-gamma 1, protein kinase C (PKC), and Ras. Neither a PLC-gamma inhibitor, U-73122; a PKC inhibitor, calphostin C; nor a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, PD-98059, inhibited PDGF-BB-induced GAG synthesis. In contrast, PDGF-BB stimulation triggered PDGFR-associated PI3K activity. Both PDGF-BB-induced PI3K activation and GAG synthesis were abolished by the PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002. The results suggest that PI3K is a downstream mediator of PDGF-BB-stimulated GAG synthesis in fetal rat lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Luo J, Miller MW. Basic fibroblast growth factor- and platelet-derived growth factor-mediated cell proliferation in B104 neuroblastoma cells: effect of ethanol on cell cycle kinetics. Brain Res 1997; 770:139-50. [PMID: 9372213 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo studies show (a) that early exposure to ethanol depletes neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and (b) that a primary target of ethanol in the developing nervous system is proliferating neuronal precursors. We used a neuronal cell line (B 104 neuroblastoma cells) as an in vitro model for the effects of ethanol on the proliferation of neuronal precursors to test the hypothesis that ethanol interferes with growth factor-regulated proliferation of neuron-like precursors. The effects of ethanol on the mitogenic activity of two growth factors, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor AA and BB (PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB), were examined. Cell proliferation was monitored by tracing the change in the numbers of cultured cells over 4-5 days and in the cell cycle kinetics was determined using a cumulative labeling technique with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Western immunoblots and immunohistochemical preparations show that B104 cells expressed the high affinity receptors for bFGF, PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB. The three growth factors were potent mitogens for the B104 cells; they promoted an increase in cell number even when the cells were grown in serum-free medium. Ethanol depressed the bFGF-, PDGF-AA- and PDGF-BB-mediated cell proliferation without altering the incidence of cell death. These changes in proliferation were concentration-dependent; at a concentration of 100 mg/dl, ethanol partially, but significantly inhibited growth factor-stimulated proliferation and higher ethanol concentrations (400 mg/dl or more) completely abolished growth factor-regulated cell proliferation. The effects of ethanol on cell growth were a result of ethanol-induced changes in growth factor-regulated cell cycle kinetics, principally the total length of the cell cycle and the fraction of the population that was actively cycling (the growth fraction). Ethanol completely negated the action of bFGF, but only partially blocked PDGF-promoted cycling activity. Thus, B104 cells are a suitable model for studying the effects of ethanol on neuronal proliferation. The blockage of bFGF- and PDGF-mediated cell proliferation by ethanol supports the hypothesis that growth factors are a target of ethanol neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the differential actions and effects of ethanol on the two growth factors mirror effects observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Department of Psychiatry-M.E.B., University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242-1000, USA
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24
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Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process involving different biologic and immunologic systems. Despite improvements in diagnostics and therapy, wound failures remain a clinical problem. The approach to a nonhealed wound is an interdisciplinary challenge that should not be underestimated. Better understanding of the complex wound-healing cascade helps our approach to wound healing and its possible failure. Manipulations of the involved immunologic features offer future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Witte
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Kato Y, Inoue H, Yoshioka U, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Effects of transforming growth factor α1, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor α and platelet-derived growth factor on the collagen synthesis and the proliferation of periacinal fibroblastoid cells isolated and cultured from rat pancreatic acini. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0928-4680(96)00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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26
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DesRosiers EA, Yahia L, Rivard CH. Proliferative and matrix synthesis response of canine anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts submitted to combined growth factors. J Orthop Res 1996; 14:200-8. [PMID: 8648496 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100140206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of growth factors on the proliferation and matrix synthesis of anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from the anterior cruciate ligaments of dogs were transferred at the second passage in a defined medium. Epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AB, transforming growth factor-beta 1, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin, combined two by two following a 5 x 5 logarithmic concentration matrix, were added. Tridimensional curves showing cell proliferation at 24 hours against the concentration of two effectors were obtained for each combination. Collagen and proteoglycan productions were quantified using [14C]glycine and Na2[35S]O4. Ratios of type I:III collagen and hydrodynamic size distributions of proteoglycans were assayed, respectively, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Epidermal growth factor had an effect nearly equivalent to that of platelet-derived growth factor-AB on cell proliferation. Both had a greater effect than insulin-like effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1. Neither platelet-derived growth factor-AB nor insulin has a significant effect by itself on collagen production. Epidermal growth factor slightly decreases collagen production as well as the type I:III collagen ratio; both transforming growth factor-beta 1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 increase the same parameters. Epidermal growth factor inhibits the stimulation induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1. Similarly, insulin decreases the response to insulin-like growth factor-1. Proteoglycan production was significantly increased by all growth factors in this study, with transforming growth factor-beta 1 having the strongest effect. Small hydrodynamic size of proteoglycan was correlated to a high level of proteoglycan. biosynthesis. The results may be readily applied to tissue engineering or provide a basis for in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A DesRosiers
- Centre de recherche, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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27
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Ehler E, Babiychuk E, Draeger A. Human foetal lung (IMR-90) cells: Myofibroblasts with smooth muscle-like contractile properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1996)34:4%3c288::aid-cm4%3e3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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28
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Ehler E, Babiychuk E, Draeger A. Human foetal lung (IMR-90) cells: myofibroblasts with smooth muscle-like contractile properties. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1996; 34:288-98. [PMID: 8871816 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1996)34:4<288::aid-cm4>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Single cells displaying many characteristics in common with smooth muscle are now being identified in many organs. Although their origin remains elusive, they are nonetheless known to play a major role in fibroproliferative diseases and stromal reactions by virtue of their contractile properties. We have investigated the contractile properties and expression of smooth muscle-associated proteins in such a cell line derived from human foetal lung (IMR-90). For almost two decades, these cells have served as model fibroblasts in a wide variety of studies. And yet, IMR-90 cells manifest many features characteristic of differentiated smooth muscle cells: they exhibit the same elongated, slender form and the strikingly regular, longitudinal alignment of their actin-attachment sites, which are indispensable for coordinated contraction. Moreover, these adhaerens junctions also contain metavinculin, the smooth muscle analogue of vinculin, the stable expression of which has not previously been demonstrated in cultured cells. Since sm 22, as well as the smooth muscle-associated alpha-actin isoform and calponin are also expressed, IMR-90 cells must now be classified as myofibroblasts. When cultivated on a rubbery silicon surface, IMR-90 cells respond to stimulation with a rate of contraction which is considerably faster than that exhibited by fibroblasts derived from other established lines. Taken together, the regular longitudinal orientation of the adhaerens junctions, the stable expression of metavinculin, and the rapid speed of shortening in IMR-90 cells suggest, by implication, that the periodicity of actin attachment sites is a fundamental determinant of contractile efficiency in smooth muscle cells; this spacing may be mediated by metavinculin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ehler
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Salzburg, Austria
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29
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Tan EM, Qin H, Kennedy SH, Rouda S, Fox JW, Moore JH. Platelet-derived growth factors-AA and -BB regulate collagen and collagenase gene expression differentially in human fibroblasts. Biochem J 1995; 310 ( Pt 2):585-8. [PMID: 7654198 PMCID: PMC1135935 DOI: 10.1042/bj3100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitogen associated with tissue repair, a process involving collagen synthesis and remodelling by interstitial collagenase. This study examines and compares the regulation of interstitial collagenase and collagen gene expression by PDGF-AA and -BB in human fibroblasts. Time-course analysis showed that neither PDGF-AA or -BB had a consistent effect on the expression of pro-alpha 1(I) or pro-alpha 2(I) type-I collagen genes. In contrast, interstitial collagenase gene expression was found to be consistently up-regulated severalfold by PDGF-BB. Enhanced expression of the collagenase gene was not apparently due to up-regulation of its promoter activity in human dermal fibroblasts, as indicated by transient and stable transfection experiments. Unlike PDGF-BB, PDGF-AA did not alter collagenase mRNA levels under low-serum culture conditions. Thus, the biological activities of the PDGF homodimers are different, with PDGF-BB being clearly more potent than PDGF-AA in its regulation of collagenase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Tan
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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30
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Lee HG, Choi I, Pyun KH, Park KW. Peritoneal lavage fluids stimulate NIH3T3 fibroblast proliferation and contain increased tumour necrosis factor and IL-6 in experimental silica-induced rat peritonitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 100:139-44. [PMID: 7697913 PMCID: PMC1534262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast proliferation is one of the earliest features of fibrosis, preceding collagen deposition in wound. The response to tissue injury is characterized by the infiltration of acute inflammatory cells, followed by persistence of macrophages. In vitro, macrophages are known to secrete monokines and growth factors which affect fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. To investigate in vivo kinetics of fibroblast proliferating activity and monokine production in experimental peritonitis, silica was instilled intraperitoneally into rats, and peritoneal lavage fluids (PLF) and the culture supernatants of macrophages were analysed for NIH3T3 fibroblast proliferating activity and monokine production. NIH3T3 fibroblast proliferating activity in PLF was markedly elevated 3-5 days after intraperitoneal silica instillation, and peritoneal macrophages also spontaneously released these factors in vitro. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 were also markedly increased after 3-5 days, and macrophages spontaneously released these monokines. PLF-induced fibroblast proliferation was blocked by anti-TNF antibody, and fibroblast proliferation was stimulated by the external addition of TNF or TNF and IL-6 in vitro. These results show high influx of fibroblast proliferating factors and monokines in peritoneal lavage fluid after 3-5 days of silica-induced experimental peritonitis, providing further evidence of involvement of macrophages, TNF, and possibly IL-6 in peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Lee
- Molecular Biomedicine Research Group, Genetic Engineering Research Institute, KIST, Taejon, Republic of Korea
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31
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Wilborn J, Crofford LJ, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM, Peters-Golden M. Cultured lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a diminished capacity to synthesize prostaglandin E2 and to express cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:1861-8. [PMID: 7706493 PMCID: PMC295728 DOI: 10.1172/jci117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibits fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. In this study, we compared lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (F-IPF) and from patients undergoing resectional surgery for lung cancer (F-nl) with respect to their capacity for PGE2 synthesis and their expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) proteins. Basal COX activity, assessed by quantitating immunoreactive PGE2 synthesized from arachidonic acid, was twofold less (P < 0.05) in F-IPF than F-nl. In F-nl, incubation with the agonists PMA, LPS, or IL-1 increased COX activity and protein expression of the inducible form of COX, COX-2, and these responses were inhibited by coincubation with dexamethasone. By contrast, F-IPF failed to demonstrate increases in COX-2 protein expression or COX activity in response to these agonists. Under conditions of maximal induction, COX activity in F-IPF was sixfold less than that in F-nl (P < 0.05). Our data indicate that F-IPF have a striking defect in their capacity to synthesize the antiinflammatory and antifibrogenic molecule PGE2, apparently because of a diminished induction of COX-2 protein. This reduction in the endogenous capacity of F-IPF to down-regulate their function via PGE2 may contribute to the inflammatory and fibrogenic response in IPF. Moreover, we believe that this represents the first description of a defect in COX-2 expression in association with a human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wilborn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Butt RP, Laurent GJ, Bishop JE. Mechanical load and polypeptide growth factors stimulate cardiac fibroblast activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 752:387-93. [PMID: 7755282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Butt
- Division of Cardiopulmonary Biochemistry, University College London Medical School, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Promotion of mouse fibroblast collagen gene expression by mast cells stimulated via the Fc epsilon RI. Role for mast cell-derived transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 1994; 180:2027-37. [PMID: 7964480 PMCID: PMC2191776 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.6.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic allergic diseases and other disorders associated with mast cell activation can also be associated with tissue fibrosis, but a direct link between mast cell mediator release and fibroblast collagen gene expression has not been established. Using in situ hybridization, we show that the elicitation of an IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in mice results in a transient, but marked augmentation of steady state levels of type alpha-1 (I) collagen mRNA in the dermis. While peak levels of collagen mRNA expression in the skin are observed 16-24 h after mast cell activation, substantial numbers of dermal cells are strongly positive for collagen mRNA at 1 and 2 h after antigen challenge, before circulating inflammatory cells are recruited into the tissues. Furthermore, experiments in mast cell-reconstituted or genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/Wv mice demonstrate that the increased expression of collagen mRNA at sites of PCA reactions is entirely mast cell dependent. In vitro studies show that the supernatants of mouse serosal mast cells activated via the Fc epsilon RI markedly increase type alpha-1 (I) collagen mRNA levels in mouse embryonic skin fibroblasts, and also upregulate collagen secretion by these cells. The ability of mast cell supernatants to induce increased steady state levels of collagen mRNA in mouse skin fibroblasts is markedly diminished by absorption with antibodies specific for either of two mast cell-derived cytokines, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta 1) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and is eliminated entirely by absorption with antibodies against both cytokines. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that IgE-dependent mouse mast cell activation can induce a transient and marked increase in steady state levels of type alpha-1 (I) collagen mRNA in dermal fibroblasts and that mast cell-derived TGF-beta 1 and TNF-alpha importantly contribute to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gordon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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