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Li QQ, Xu D, Dong QW, Song XJ, Chen YB, Cui YL. Biomedical potentials of alginate via physical, chemical, and biological modifications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134409. [PMID: 39097042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Alginate is a linear polysaccharide with a modifiable structure and abundant functional groups, offers immense potential for tailoring diverse alginate-based materials to meet the demands of biomedical applications. Given the advancements in modification techniques, it is significant to analyze and summarize the modification of alginate by physical, chemical and biological methods. These approaches provide plentiful information on the preparation, characterization and application of alginate-based materials. Physical modification generally involves blending and physical crosslinking, while chemical modification relies on chemical reactions, mainly including acylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, carbodiimide coupling, nucleophilic substitution, graft copolymerization, terminal modification, and degradation. Chemical modified alginate contains chemically crosslinked alginate, grafted alginate and oligo-alginate. Biological modification associated with various enzymes to realize the hydrolysis or grafting. These diverse modifications hold great promise in fully harnessing the potential of alginate for its burgeoning biomedical applications in the future. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive discussion and summary of different modification methods applied to improve the properties of alginate while expanding its biomedical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Qin-Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xu-Jiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yi-Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Sindi HA, Hamouda RA, Abdel-Hamid MS, Alhazmi NM. Alginate Extracted from Azotobacter chroococcum Loaded in Selenium Nanoparticles: Insight on Characterization, Antifungal and Anticancer Activities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2065. [PMID: 39065382 PMCID: PMC11281124 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a threatening disease that needs strong therapy with fewer side effects. A lot of different types of chemotherapy or chemo-drugs are used in cancer treatments but have many side effects. The increasing number of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms requires more study of new antimicrobial compounds and delivery and targeting strategies. This work aims to isolate and identify Azotobacter sp., and extract alginate from Azotobacter sp. As well as fabricating selenium nanoparticles using ascorbic acid as reducing agent (As/Se-NPs), and loading extracted alginate with selenium nanoparticles (Alg-Se-NCMs). The As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs were categorized by TEM, EDX, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, and zeta potential. The antifungal activities of both As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs were investigated against some human pathogen fungi that cause skin infection such as Aspergillus niger (RCMB 002005), Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB 002008), Cryptococcus neoformans (RCMB 0049001), Candida albicans (RCMB 005003), and Penicillium marneffei (RCMB 001002). The anticancer activities were determined against HCT-116 colorectal cancer and Hep G2 human liver cancer cells. UV spectra of As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs confirmed a surface plasmon resonance at 269 and 296 nm, and zeta potential has negative charges -37.2 and -38.7 mV,. Both As/Se-NPs and Alg-Se-NCMs were hexagonal, size ranging from 16.52 to 97.06 and 17.29 to 44.2. Alg-Se-NCMs had anticancer activities against HCT-116 and HepG2. The Alg-Se-NCMs possessed the highest antifungal activities against Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Aspergillus niger, but did not possess any activities against Penicillium marneffei. Alginate-capped selenium nanoparticles can be used as antifungal and anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah A. Sindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.S.)
| | - Ragaa A. Hamouda
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts, Khulais, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | - Marwa S. Abdel-Hamid
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
| | - Nuha M. Alhazmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.S.)
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Nøkling-Eide K, Aachmann FL, Tøndervik A, Arlov Ø, Sletta H. In-process epimerisation of alginates from Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta and Laminaria hyperborea. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 325:121557. [PMID: 38008481 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are valued in many industries, due to their versatile properties. These polysaccharides originate from brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and some bacteria of the Azotobacter and Pseudomonas genera, consisting of 1 → 4 linked β-d-mannuronic acid (M), and its C5-epimer α-l-guluronic acid (G). Several applications rely on a high G-content, which confers good gelling properties. Because of its high natural G-content (FG = 0.60-0.75), the alginate from Laminaria hyperborea (LH) has sustained a thriving industry in Norway. Alginates from other sources can be upgraded with mannuronan C-5 epimerases that convert M to G, and this has been demonstrated in many studies, but not applied in the seaweed industry. The present study demonstrates epimerisation directly in the process of alginate extraction from cultivated Saccharina latissima (SL) and Alaria esculenta (AE), and the lamina of LH. Unlike conventional epimerisation, which comprises multiple steps, this in-process protocol can decrease the time and costs necessary for alginate upgrading. In-process epimerisation with AlgE1 enzyme enhanced G-content and hydrogel strength in all examined species, with the greatest effect on SL (FG from 0.44 to 0.76, hydrogel Young's modulus from 22 to 34 kPa). As proof of concept, an upscaled in-process epimerisation of alginate from fresh SL was successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nøkling-Eide
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Tøndervik
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Richard Birkelands vei 3 B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
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Rønne ME, Tandrup T, Madsen M, Hunt CJ, Myers PN, Moll JM, Holck J, Brix S, Strube ML, Aachmann FL, Wilkens C, Svensson B. Three alginate lyases provide a new gut Bacteroides ovatus isolate with the ability to grow on alginate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0118523. [PMID: 37791757 PMCID: PMC10617595 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01185-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans consume alginate in the form of seaweed, food hydrocolloids, and encapsulations, making the digestion of this mannuronic acid (M) and guluronic acid (G) polymer of key interest for human health. To increase knowledge on alginate degradation in the gut, a gene catalog from human feces was mined for potential alginate lyases (ALs). The predicted ALs were present in nine species of the Bacteroidetes phylum, of which two required supplementation of an endo-acting AL, expected to mimic cross-feeding in the gut. However, only a new isolate grew on alginate. Whole-genome sequencing of this alginate-utilizing isolate suggested that it is a new Bacteroides ovatus strain harboring a polysaccharide utilization locus (PUL) containing three ALs of families: PL6, PL17, and PL38. The BoPL6 degraded polyG to oligosaccharides of DP 1-3, and BoPL17 released 4,5-unsaturated monouronate from polyM. BoPL38 degraded both alginates, polyM, polyG, and polyMG, in endo-mode; hence, it was assumed to deliver oligosaccharide substrates for BoPL6 and BoPL17, corresponding well with synergistic action on alginate. BoPL17 and BoPL38 crystal structures, determined at 1.61 and 2.11 Å, respectively, showed (α/α)6-barrel + anti-parallel β-sheet and (α/α)7-barrel folds, distinctive for these PL families. BoPL17 had a more open active site than the two homologous structures. BoPL38 was very similar to the structure of an uncharacterized PL38, albeit with a different triad of residues possibly interacting with substrate in the presumed active site tunnel. Altogether, the study provides unique functional and structural insights into alginate-degrading lyases of a PUL in a human gut bacterium.IMPORTANCEHuman ingestion of sustainable biopolymers calls for insight into their utilization in our gut. Seaweed is one such resource with alginate, a major cell wall component, used as a food hydrocolloid and for encapsulation of pharmaceuticals and probiotics. Knowledge is sparse on the molecular basis for alginate utilization in the gut. We identified a new Bacteroides ovatus strain from human feces that grew on alginate and encoded three alginate lyases in a gene cluster. BoPL6 and BoPL17 show complementary specificity toward guluronate (G) and mannuronate (M) residues, releasing unsaturated oligosaccharides and monouronic acids. BoPL38 produces oligosaccharides degraded by BoPL6 and BoPL17 from both alginates, G-, M-, and MG-substrates. Enzymatic and structural characterization discloses the mode of action and synergistic degradation of alginate by these alginate lyases. Other bacteria were cross-feeding on alginate oligosaccharides produced by an endo-acting alginate lyase. Hence, there is an interdependent community in our guts that can utilize alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette E. Rønne
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Madsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cameron J. Hunt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille N. Myers
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janne M. Moll
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Disease Systems Immunology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael L. Strube
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Bacterial Ecophysiology and Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Casper Wilkens
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Structural Enzymology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Sparviero S, Dicke MD, Rosch TM, Castillo T, Salgado-Lugo H, Galindo E, Peña C, Büchs J. Yeast extracts from different manufacturers and supplementation of amino acids and micro elements reveal a remarkable impact on alginate production by A. vinelandii ATCC9046. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:99. [PMID: 37170263 PMCID: PMC10176783 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In research and production, reproducibility is a key factor, to meet high quality and safety standards and maintain productivity. For microbial fermentations, complex substrates and media components are often used. The complex media components can vary in composition, depending on the lot and manufacturing process. These variations can have an immense impact on the results of biological cultivations. The aim of this work was to investigate and characterize the influence of the complex media component yeast extract on cultivations of Azotobacter vinelandii under microaerobic conditions. Under these conditions, the organism produces the biopolymer alginate. The focus of the investigation was on the respiration activity, cell growth and alginate production. RESULTS Yeast extracts from 6 different manufacturers and 2 different lots from one manufacturer were evaluated. Significant differences on respiratory activity, growth and production were observed. Concentration variations of three different yeast extracts showed that the performance of poorly performing yeast extracts can be improved by simply increasing their concentration. On the other hand, the results with well-performing yeast extracts seem to reach a saturation, when their concentration is increased. Cultivations with poorly performing yeast extract were supplemented with grouped amino acids, single amino acids and micro elements. Beneficial results were obtained with the supplementation of copper sulphate, cysteine or a combination of both. Furthermore, a correlation between the accumulated oxygen transfer and the final viscosity (as a key performance indicator), was established. CONCLUSION The choice of yeast extract is crucial for A. vinelandii cultivations, to maintain reproducibility and comparability between cultivations. The proper use of specific yeast extracts allows the cultivation results to be specifically optimised. In addition, supplements can be applied to modify and improve the properties of the alginate. The results only scratch the surface of the underlying mechanisms, as they are not providing explanations on a molecular level. However, the findings show the potential of optimising media containing yeast extract for alginate production with A. vinelandii, as well as the potential of targeted supplementation of the media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sparviero
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chair of Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Bldg. NGP², Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Max Daniel Dicke
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chair of Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Bldg. NGP², Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias M Rosch
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chair of Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Bldg. NGP², Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tania Castillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Holjes Salgado-Lugo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Programa Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 03940, Mexico City, México
| | - Enrique Galindo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Carlos Peña
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jochen Büchs
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chair of Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Bldg. NGP², Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Mazza KEL, Costa AMM, da Silva JPL, Alviano DS, Bizzo HR, Tonon RV. Microencapsulation of marjoram essential oil as a food additive using sodium alginate and whey protein isolate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123478. [PMID: 36736518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation techniques are generally used to preserve the volatile compounds of essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of process variables on the microencapsulation of marjoram essential oil (MEO) (Origanum majorana L.) by ionic gelation. The effect of sodium alginate concentration (0.5-2 g/100 mL), emulsifier concentration (0.5-2 g/100 mL whey protein isolate (WPI)), and cationic bath concentration (0.05-0.3 mol/L CaCl2) on the emulsions and beads properties were investigated, according to a rotatable central composite design. MEO chemical composition and antimicrobial activity were assessed. Emulsions were characterized for droplet size and viscosity, while the particles were analyzed for encapsulation efficiency, size and circularity, and morphology. High concentrations of alginate and WPI intensified the porous structure of the beads, reducing droplet mean diameter and encapsulation efficiency. High alginate concentrations also increased emulsion viscosity, affecting positively beads' circularity. The intermediate concentration of sodium alginate (1.25 g/100 mL), WPI (1.25 g/100 mL), and CaCl2 (0.175 mol/L) were selected as the most appropriate conditions to produce beads with satisfactory circularity and high encapsulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Elbert Leal Mazza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Sales Alviano
- Laboratório de Estruturas de Superfície de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Brazil.
| | - Humberto Ribeiro Bizzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Brazil; Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Renata Valeriano Tonon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Brazil; Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Mannuronan C-5 Epimerases: Review of Activity Assays, Enzyme Characteristics, Structure, and Mechanism. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannuronan C-5 epimerases (ManC5-Es) are produced by brown algae and some bacteria, such as Azotobacter and some Pseudomonas species. It can convert the transformation of β-D-mannuronic acid (M) to α-L-guluronic acid (G) in alginate with different patterns of epimerization. Alginate with different compositions and monomer sequences possess different properties and functions, which have been utilized in industries for various purposes. Therefore, ManC5-Es are key enzymes that are involved in the modifications of alginate for fuel, chemical, and industrial applications. Focusing on ManC5-Es, this review introduces and summarizes the methods of ManC5-Es activity assay especially the most widely used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy method, characterization of the ManC5-Es from different origins especially the research progress of its enzymatic properties and product block distributions, and the catalytic mechanism of ManC5-E based on the resolved enzyme structures. Additionally, some potential future research directions are also outlooked.
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Chuacharoen T, Aroonsong S, Chysirichote T. Alginate Production of Azotobacter vinelandii Using Sugar Cane Juice as the Main Carbon Source in an Airlift Bioreactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanida Chuacharoen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, 1 U Thong Nok Rd, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Soysruang Aroonsong
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 Chalongkrung 1, Chalongkrung Rd, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Teerin Chysirichote
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 Chalongkrung 1, Chalongkrung Rd, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520 Thailand
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Hurtado A, Aljabali AAA, Mishra V, Tambuwala MM, Serrano-Aroca Á. Alginate: Enhancement Strategies for Advanced Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4486. [PMID: 35562876 PMCID: PMC9102972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate is an excellent biodegradable and renewable material that is already used for a broad range of industrial applications, including advanced fields, such as biomedicine and bioengineering, due to its excellent biodegradable and biocompatible properties. This biopolymer can be produced from brown algae or a microorganism culture. This review presents the principles, chemical structures, gelation properties, chemical interactions, production, sterilization, purification, types, and alginate-based hydrogels developed so far. We present all of the advanced strategies used to remarkably enhance this biopolymer's physicochemical and biological characteristics in various forms, such as injectable gels, fibers, films, hydrogels, and scaffolds. Thus, we present here all of the material engineering enhancement approaches achieved so far in this biopolymer in terms of mechanical reinforcement, thermal and electrical performance, wettability, water sorption and diffusion, antimicrobial activity, in vivo and in vitro biological behavior, including toxicity, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, immunological response, biodegradation, porosity, and its use as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. These improvements to overcome the drawbacks of the alginate biopolymer could exponentially increase the significant number of alginate applications that go from the paper industry to the bioprinting of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Hurtado
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India;
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
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10
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Investigating a Stirred Bioreactor: Impact of Evolving Fermentation Broth Pseudoplastic Rheology on Mixing Mechanisms. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The culture medium in many fermentations is a non-Newtonian fluid. In bacterial alginate batch production, the broth becomes more pseudoplastic as the alginate concentration increases, which impairs the mixing process. This work characterizes the effect of the interaction between changing broth rheology and impeller mixing on a bioreactor fluid dynamics. Experimentally, a fermentation with evolving broth pseudoplastic rheology is reproduced. Three fermentation stages are mimicked using appropriate solutions of water and xanthan gum. Impeller torque measurements are reported. The weakening of the impellers’ interaction over the fermentation process is identified. To overcome the experimental limitations, CFD is applied to study the evolution of the fermentation fluid flow patterns, velocity field, dead zones, and vortical structures. Precessional vortex macro-instabilities are identified as being responsible for the unstable flow patterns identified at the earlier stages of the fermentation. A stable parallel flow pattern accounts for the weakest impellers’ interaction at the final stage. Overall, this work contributes with a complete workflow to adapt CFD models for characterization and aided design of stirred tanks with changing broth pseudoplastic rheology as well as an evolving flow regime.
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11
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Xie Y, Gao P, He F, Zhang C. Application of Alginate-Based Hydrogels in Hemostasis. Gels 2022; 8:109. [PMID: 35200490 PMCID: PMC8871293 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhage, as a common trauma injury and clinical postoperative complication, may cause serious damage to the body, especially for patients with huge blood loss and coagulation dysfunction. Timely and effective hemostasis and avoidance of bleeding are of great significance for reducing body damage and improving the survival rate and quality of life of patients. Alginate is considered to be an excellent hemostatic polymer-based biomaterial due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, easy gelation and easy availability. In recent years, alginate hydrogels have been more and more widely used in the medical field, and a series of hemostatic related products have been developed such as medical dressings, hemostatic needles, transcatheter interventional embolization preparations, microneedles, injectable hydrogels, and hemostatic powders. The development and application prospects are extremely broad. This manuscript reviews the structure, properties and history of alginate, as well as the research progress of alginate hydrogels in clinical applications related to hemostasis. This review also discusses the current limitations and possible future development prospects of alginate hydrogels in hemostatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Y.X.); (P.G.); (F.H.)
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12
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Francis B, Urich T, Mikolasch A, Teeling H, Amann R. North Sea spring bloom-associated Gammaproteobacteria fill diverse heterotrophic niches. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2021; 16:15. [PMID: 34404489 PMCID: PMC8371827 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The planktonic bacterial community associated with spring phytoplankton blooms in the North Sea is responsible for a large amount of carbon turnover in an environment characterised by high primary productivity. Individual clades belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria have shown similar population dynamics to Bacteroidetes species, and are thus assumed to fill competing ecological niches. Previous studies have generated large numbers of metagenome assembled genomes and metaproteomes from these environments, which can be readily mined to identify populations performing potentially important ecosystem functions. In this study we attempt to catalogue these spring bloom-associated Gammaproteobacteria, which have thus far attracted less attention than sympatric Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. METHODS We annotated 120 non-redundant species-representative gammaproteobacterial metagenome assembled genomes from spring bloom sampling campaigns covering the four years 2010-2012 and 2016 using a combination of Prokka and PfamScan, with further confirmation via BLAST against NCBI-NR. We also matched these gene annotations to 20 previously published metaproteomes covering those sampling periods plus the spring of 2009. RESULTS Metagenome assembled genomes with clear capacity for polysaccharide degradation via dedicated clusters of carbohydrate active enzymes were among the most abundant during blooms. Many genomes lacked gene clusters with clearly identifiable predicted polysaccharide substrates, although abundantly expressed loci for the uptake of large molecules were identified in metaproteomes. While the larger biopolymers, which are the most abundant sources of reduced carbon following algal blooms, are likely the main energy source, some gammaproteobacterial clades were clearly specialised for smaller organic compounds. Their substrates range from amino acids, monosaccharides, and DMSP, to the less expected, such as terpenoids, and aromatics and biphenyls, as well as many 'unknowns'. In particular we uncover a much greater breadth of apparent methylotrophic capability than heretofore identified, present in several order level clades without cultivated representatives. CONCLUSIONS Large numbers of metagenome assembled genomes are today publicly available, containing a wealth of readily accessible information. Here we identified a variety of predicted metabolisms of interest, which include diverse potential heterotrophic niches of spring bloom-associated Gammaproteobacteria. Features such as those identified here could well be fertile ground for future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Francis
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annett Mikolasch
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanno Teeling
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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13
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Serrano-Aroca Á, Ferrandis-Montesinos M, Wang R. Antiviral Properties of Alginate-Based Biomaterials: Promising Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5897-5907. [PMID: 35006918 PMCID: PMC8291135 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has made it essential to explore alternative antiviral materials. Alginate is a biodegradable, renewable, biocompatible, water-soluble and antiviral biopolymer with many potential biomedical applications. In this regard, this review shows 17 types of viruses that have been tested in contact with alginate and its related biomaterials. Most of these studies show that alginate-based materials possess little or no toxicity and are able to inhibit a wide variety of viruses affecting different organisms: in humans by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1, the hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, Sindbis virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, poliovirus type 1, rabies virus, rubella virus, and the influenza virus; in mice by the murine norovirus; in bacteria by the T4 coliphage, and in plants by the tobacco mosaic virus and the potato virus X. Many of these are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, which render alginate-based materials highly promising in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de
Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad
Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro
94, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ferrandis-Montesinos
- Institute of Bioengineering, Universidad
Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante,
Spain
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese
Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of
Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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14
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Zayed A, Mansour MK, Sedeek MS, Habib MH, Ulber R, Farag MA. Rediscovering bacterial exopolysaccharides of terrestrial and marine origins: novel insights on their distribution, biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:597-617. [PMID: 34320886 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria exist in colonies as aggregates or associated with surfaces forming biofilms rather than planktonic cells. Living in such a unique manner is always mediated via a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, which are composed mainly of polysaccharides or specifically exopolysaccharides (EPS). Biofilm formation and hence EPS production are affected by biotic and abiotic factors inducing/inhibiting several involved genes and other molecules. In addition, various aspects of bacterial EPS regarding: physiological functions, molecular weight, and chemical composition were demonstrated. Recent investigations have revealed a wide spectrum of EPS chemical and physicochemical properties showing promising applications in different industrial sectors. For instance, lactic acid bacteria (LAB)- and marine-derived EPS exhibit: immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, bioremediation of heavy metals, as well as thickening and viscosity modifiers in the food industry. However, bacterial EPS have not yet been commercially implemented, in contrast to plant-derived analogues. The current review aims to rediscover the EPS structural and biosynthetic features derived from marine and terrestrial bacteria, and applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mai K Mansour
- Department of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Sedeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Carruthers BM, Garcia AK, Rivier A, Kacar B. Automated Laboratory Growth Assessment and Maintenance of Azotobacter vinelandii. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e57. [PMID: 33656286 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii (A. vinelandii) is a commonly used model organism for the study of aerobic respiration, the bacterial production of several industrially relevant compounds, and, perhaps most significantly, the genetics and biochemistry of biological nitrogen fixation. Laboratory growth assessments of A. vinelandii are useful for evaluating the impact of environmental and genetic modifications on physiological properties, including diazotrophy. However, researchers typically rely on manual growth methods that are oftentimes laborious and inefficient. We present a protocol for the automated growth assessment of A. vinelandii on a microplate reader, particularly well-suited for studies of diazotrophic growth. We discuss common pitfalls and strategies for protocol optimization, and demonstrate the protocol's application toward growth evaluation of strains carrying modifications to nitrogen-fixation genes. © 2021 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of A. vinelandii plate cultures from frozen stock Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of A. vinelandii liquid precultures Basic Protocol 3: Automated growth rate experiment of A. vinelandii on a microplate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Carruthers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Alex Rivier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Betul Kacar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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16
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Lisitsyn A, Semenova A, Nasonova V, Polishchuk E, Revutskaya N, Kozyrev I, Kotenkova E. Approaches in Animal Proteins and Natural Polysaccharides Application for Food Packaging: Edible Film Production and Quality Estimation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1592. [PMID: 34063360 PMCID: PMC8156411 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural biopolymers are an interesting resource for edible films production, as they are environmentally friendly packaging materials. The possibilities of the application of main animal proteins and natural polysaccharides are considered in the review, including the sources, structure, and limitations of usage. The main ways for overcoming the limitations caused by the physico-chemical properties of biopolymers are also discussed, including composites approaches, plasticizers, and the addition of crosslinking agents. Approaches for the production of biopolymer-based films and coatings are classified according to wet and dried processes and considered depending on biopolymer types. The methods for mechanical, physico-chemical, hydration, and uniformity estimation of edible films are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Lisitsyn
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Anastasia Semenova
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Viktoria Nasonova
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Polishchuk
- Experimental Clinic and Research Laboratory for Bioactive Substances of Animal Origin, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Revutskaya
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Ivan Kozyrev
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Elena Kotenkova
- Experimental Clinic and Research Laboratory for Bioactive Substances of Animal Origin, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia;
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17
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Sun X, Zhang J. Bacterial exopolysaccharides: Chemical structures, gene clusters and genetic engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:481-490. [PMID: 33493567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the composition, structure, biosynthesis, and function of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) have been extensively studied. EPS are synthesized through different biosynthetic pathways. The genes responsible for EPS synthesis are usually clustered on the genome or large plasmids of bacteria. Generally, different EPS synthesis gene clusters direct the synthesis of EPS with different chemical structures and biological activities. A better understanding of the gene functions involved in EPS biosynthesis is critical for the production of EPS with special biological activities. Genetic engineering methods are usually used to study EPS synthesis related genes. This review organizes the available information on EPS, including their structures, synthesis of related genes, and highlights the research progress of modifying EPS gene clusters through gene-editing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Sun
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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18
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Ishizaki U, Takahashi I, Sato K, Yoshimune K. 2-[Bis(carboxymethyl)amino] propanoic acid-Chelated Copper Chelate Enhances Bacterial Elimination by Sodium Percarbonate. Biocontrol Sci 2021; 26:9-15. [PMID: 33716252 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Sodium percarbonate (SP) is a relatively low-cost and stable solid oxidizer with a small environmental burden. It is often included in cleansers for sanitizing circulating water pipes and as bleaching reagents in laundry, although the bactericidal effect of SP is lower than that of chlorine-based agents. 2-[Bis(carboxymethyl)amino] propanoic acid-chelated copper (MGDA-Cu) was added to increase the effect of SP. The addition of 12 µM MGDA-Cu increased the bactericidal effect of 0.5 wt% SP against Staphylococcus aureus even in the presence of 0.3 wt% BSA, which is an experimental model of organic stain to protect bacteria from SP. MGDA-Cu was effective against Escherichia coli only in the absence of BSA and showed little effect against Bacillus subtilis. It enhanced the effect of SP to decrease the viscosity of sodium alginate, which is one of the major components of biofilms. The effect of MGDA-Cu on sanitization was also evaluated by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the bacterial flora of the biofilm on an experimental model of a circulating water pipe. The structure of the bacterial flora was more influenced by a cleanser containing both MGDA-Cu and SP than a cleanser with only SP, suggesting that MGDA-Cu increases the sanitization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urara Ishizaki
- Research & Development Laboratories, Lion Hygiene Corporation.,Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Industrial Technology, Nihon University
| | - Iwahito Takahashi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Industrial Technology, Nihon University
| | - Katsumi Sato
- Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Industrial Technology, Nihon University
| | - Kazuaki Yoshimune
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Industrial Technology, Nihon University
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19
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Jeong HR, Yoo JS, Choi YL, Jang YS, Lee YS. Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant polysaccharide lyase from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:452-462. [PMID: 33358946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alginate and its derivatives are annually produced approximately 30,000 tons or more and are applied to various industries as they are natural polymers. The global market for alginate and its derivatives has been growing steadily. There is little research compared to other enzymes produced through biomass degradation or modification. An alginate lyase, MtAl138, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 was cloned and identified in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). MtAl138 contains a highly conserved motif (R538TELR, Q607IH609, and YFKAGVY716NQ), which indicates that it belongs to the polysaccharide lyase family 7 (PL7). MtAl138, with a molecular weight of 77 kDa worked optimally at 45 °C and pH 7.4. MtAl138 showed twice as much activity as when there was no NaCl when there was between 100 and 600 mM NaCl. Moreover, its activity increased in organic solvents such as benzene, hexane, methanol, and toluene. Based on the thin layer chromatography analyses, MtAl38 is an endo-type enzyme that produces di-, tri-, or tetrasaccharides from polyG and polyM. This study provided that MtAl138 is an endoenzyme that showed outstanding enzymatic activity at concentrated salt solutions and organic solvents, which makes it a reasonably attractive enzyme for use in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Rin Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Soon Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lark Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Sin Jang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science Technology, Institute of Agriculture & Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Torres JP, Senejani AG, Gaur G, Oldakowski M, Murali K, Sapi E. Ex Vivo Murine Skin Model for B. burgdorferi Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E528. [PMID: 32824942 PMCID: PMC7558507 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has been recently shown to form biofilm structures in vitro and in vivo. Biofilms are tightly clustered microbes characterized as resistant aggregations that allow bacteria to withstand harsh environmental conditions, including the administration of antibiotics. Novel antibiotic combinations have recently been identified for B. burgdorferi in vitro, however, due to prohibiting costs, those agents have not been tested in an environment that can mimic the host tissue. Therefore, researchers cannot evaluate their true effectiveness against B. burgdorferi, especially its biofilm form. A skin ex vivo model system could be ideal for these types of experiments due to its cost effectiveness, reproducibility, and ability to investigate host-microbial interactions. Therefore, the main goal of this study was the establishment of a novel ex vivo murine skin biopsy model for B. burgdorferi biofilm research. Murine skin biopsies were inoculated with B. burgdorferi at various concentrations and cultured in different culture media. Two weeks post-infection, murine skin biopsies were analyzed utilizing immunohistochemical (IHC), reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and various microscopy methods to determine B. burgdorferi presence and forms adopted as well as whether it remained live in the skin tissue explants. Our results showed that murine skin biopsies inoculated with 1 × 107 cells of B. burgdorferi and cultured in BSK-H + 6% rabbit serum media for two weeks yielded not just significant amounts of live B. burgdorferi spirochetes but biofilm forms as well. IHC combined with confocal and atomic force microscopy techniques identified specific biofilm markers and spatial distribution of B. burgdorferi aggregates in the infected skin tissues, confirming that they are indeed biofilms. In the future, this ex vivo skin model can be used to study development and antibiotic susceptibility of B. burgdorferi biofilms in efforts to treat Lyme disease effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva Sapi
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; (J.P.T.); (A.G.S.); (G.G.); (M.O.); (K.M.)
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21
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Gawin A, Tietze L, Aarstad OA, Aachmann FL, Brautaset T, Ertesvåg H. Functional characterization of three Azotobacter chroococcum alginate-modifying enzymes related to the Azotobacter vinelandii AlgE mannuronan C-5-epimerase family. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12470. [PMID: 32719381 PMCID: PMC7385640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial alginate initially consists of 1–4-linked β-D-mannuronic acid residues (M) which can be later epimerized to α-L-guluronic acid (G). The family of AlgE mannuronan C-5-epimerases from Azotobacter vinelandii has been extensively studied, and three genes putatively encoding AlgE-type epimerases have recently been identified in the genome of Azotobacter chroococcum. The three A. chroococcum genes, here designated AcalgE1, AcalgE2 and AcalgE3, were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and the gene products were partially purified. The catalytic activities of the enzymes were stimulated by the addition of calcium ions in vitro. AcAlgE1 displayed epimerase activity and was able to introduce long G-blocks in the alginate substrate, preferentially by attacking M residues next to pre-existing G residues. AcAlgE2 and AcAlgE3 were found to display lyase activities with a substrate preference toward M-alginate. AcAlgE2 solely accepted M residues in the positions − 1 and + 2 relative to the cleavage site, while AcAlgE3 could accept either M or G residues in these two positions. Both AcAlgE2 and AcAlgE3 were bifunctional and could also catalyze epimerization of M to G. Together, we demonstrate that A. chroococcum encodes three different AlgE-like alginate-modifying enzymes and the biotechnological and biological impact of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gawin
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisa Tietze
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav A Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helga Ertesvåg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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22
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Campos DT, Zuñiga C, Passi A, Del Toro J, Tibocha-Bonilla JD, Zepeda A, Betenbaugh MJ, Zengler K. Modeling of nitrogen fixation and polymer production in the heterotrophic diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii DJ. Metab Eng Commun 2020; 11:e00132. [PMID: 32551229 PMCID: PMC7292883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is an important metabolic process carried out by microorganisms, which converts molecular nitrogen into inorganic nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia (NH3). These nitrogenous compounds are crucial for biogeochemical cycles and for the synthesis of essential biomolecules, i.e. nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins. Azotobacter vinelandii is a bacterial non-photosynthetic model organism to study aerobic nitrogen fixation (diazotrophy) and hydrogen production. Moreover, the diazotroph can produce biopolymers like alginate and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) that have important industrial applications. However, many metabolic processes such as partitioning of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in A. vinelandii remain unknown to date. Genome-scale metabolic models (M-models) represent reliable tools to unravel and optimize metabolic functions at genome-scale. M-models are mathematical representations that contain information about genes, reactions, metabolites and their associations. M-models can simulate optimal reaction fluxes under a wide variety of conditions using experimentally determined constraints. Here we report on the development of a M-model of the wild type bacterium A. vinelandii DJ (iDT1278) which consists of 2,003 metabolites, 2,469 reactions, and 1,278 genes. We validated the model using high-throughput phenotypic and physiological data, testing 180 carbon sources and 95 nitrogen sources. iDT1278 was able to achieve an accuracy of 89% and 91% for growth with carbon sources and nitrogen source, respectively. This comprehensive M-model will help to comprehend metabolic processes associated with nitrogen fixation, ammonium assimilation, and production of organic nitrogen in an environmentally important microorganism. Genome-scale metabolic model of Azotobacter vinelandii DJ achives over 90% accuracy. iDT1278 is the most comprehensive model to simulate diazotrophy. Determining the most suitable culture conditions to produce polymers A. vinelandii. Constraint-based modeling unravels links among nitrogen fixation and production of organic nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tec Campos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA.,Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Cristal Zuñiga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Anurag Passi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - John Del Toro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Juan D Tibocha-Bonilla
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA
| | - Alejandro Zepeda
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0412, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0403, USA
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23
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Mixed Borrelia burgdorferi and Helicobacter pylori Biofilms in Morgellons Disease Dermatological Specimens. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7020070. [PMID: 31108976 PMCID: PMC6627092 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morgellons disease (MD) is a dermopathy that is associated with tick-borne illness. It is characterized by spontaneously developing skin lesions containing embedded or projecting filaments, and patients may also experience symptoms resembling those of Lyme disease (LD) including musculoskeletal, neurological and cardiovascular manifestations. Various species of Borrelia and co-infecting pathogens have been detected in body fluids and tissue specimens from MD patients. We sought to investigate the coexistence of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in skin specimens from MD subjects, and to characterize their association with mixed amyloid biofilm development. METHODS Testing for Bb and Hp was performed on dermatological specimens from 14 MD patients using tissue culture, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal microscopy. Markers for amyloid and biofilm formation were investigated using histochemical and IHC staining. RESULTS Bb and Hp were detected in dermatological tissue taken from MD lesions. Bb and Hp tended to co-localize in foci within the epithelial tissue. Skin sections exhibiting foci of co-infecting Bb and Hp contained amyloid markers including β-amyloid protein, thioflavin and phosphorylated tau. The biofilm marker alginate was also found in the sections. CONCLUSIONS Mixed Bb and Hp biofilms containing β-amyloid and phosphorylated tau may play a role in the evolution of MD.
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Senturk Parreidt T, Müller K, Schmid M. Alginate-Based Edible Films and Coatings for Food Packaging Applications. Foods 2018; 7:E170. [PMID: 30336642 PMCID: PMC6211027 DOI: 10.3390/foods7100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide used in the bio industry. It is mainly derived from brown algae species. Alginate-based edible coatings and films attract interest for improving/maintaining quality and extending the shelf-life of fruit, vegetable, meat, poultry, seafood, and cheese by reducing dehydration (as sacrificial moisture agent), controlling respiration, enhancing product appearance, improving mechanical properties, etc. This paper reviews the most recent essential information about alginate-based edible coatings. The categorization of alginate-based coatings/film in food packaging concept is formed gradually with the explanation of the most important titles. Emphasis will be placed on active ingredients incorporated into alginate-based formulations, edible coating/film application methods, research and development studies of coated food products and mass transfer and barrier characteristics of the alginate-based coatings/films. Future trends are also reviewed to identify research gaps and recommend new research areas. The summarized information presented in this article will enable researchers to thoroughly understand the fundamentals of the coating process and to develop alginate-based edible films and coatings more readily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Senturk Parreidt
- Chair of Food Packaging Technology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Kajetan Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Science Kempten, Bahnhofstraße 61, 87435 Kempten, Germany.
| | - Markus Schmid
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Anton-Günther-Str. 51, 72488 Sigmaringen, Germany.
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Urtuvia V, Maturana N, Acevedo F, Peña C, Díaz-Barrera A. Bacterial alginate production: an overview of its biosynthesis and potential industrial production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:198. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The signaling protein MucG negatively affects the production and the molecular mass of alginate in Azotobacter vinelandii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1521-1534. [PMID: 27796435 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii is a soil bacterium that produces the polysaccharide alginate. In this work, we identified a miniTn5 mutant, named GG9, which showed increased alginate production of higher molecular mass, and increased expression of the alginate biosynthetic genes algD and alg8 when compared to its parental strain. The miniTn5 was inserted within ORF Avin07920 encoding a hypothetical protein. Avin07910, located immediately downstream and predicted to form an operon with Avin07920, encodes an inner membrane multi-domain signaling protein here named mucG. Insertional inactivation of mucG resulted in a phenotype of increased alginate production of higher molecular mass similar to that of mutant GG9. The MucG protein contains a periplasmic and putative HAMP and PAS domains, which are linked to GGDEF and EAL domains. The last two domains are potentially involved in the synthesis and degradation, respectively, of bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), a secondary messenger that has been reported to be essential for alginate production. Therefore, we hypothesized that the negative effect of MucG on the production of this polymer could be explained by the putative phosphodiesterase activity of the EAL domain. Indeed, we found that alanine replacement mutagenesis of the MucG EAL motif or deletion of the entire EAL domain resulted in increased alginate production of higher molecular mass similar to the GG9 and mucG mutants. To our knowledge, this is the first reported protein that simultaneous affects the production of alginate and its molecular mass.
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Smith MJ, Francis MB. A Designed A. vinelandii-S. elongatus Coculture for Chemical Photoproduction from Air, Water, Phosphate, and Trace Metals. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:955-61. [PMID: 27232890 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial mutualisms play critical roles in a diverse number of ecosystems and have the potential to improve the efficiency of bioproduction for desirable chemicals. We investigate the growth of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, and a diazotroph, Azotobacter vinelandii, in coculture. From initial studies of the coculture grown in media with glutamate, we proposed a model of cross-feeding between these organisms. We then engineer a new microbial mutualism between Azotobacter vinelandii AV3 and cscB Synechococcus elongatus that grows in the absence of fixed carbon or nitrogen. The coculture cannot grow in the absence of a sucrose-exporting S. elongatus, and neither organism can grow alone without fixed carbon or nitrogen. This new system has the potential to produce industrially relevant products, such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and alginate, from air, water, phosphate, trace metals, and sunlight. We demonstrate the ability of the coculture to produce PHB in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- The
Molecular Foundry, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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Analysis of respiratory activity and carbon usage of a mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii impaired in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthesis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1167-74. [PMID: 27154760 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the respiratory activity and carbon usage of the mutant strain of A. vinelandii AT6, impaired in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production, and their relationship with the synthesis of alginate were evaluated. The alginate yield and the specific oxygen uptake rate were higher (2.5-fold and 62 %, respectively) for the AT6 strain, compared to the control strain (ATCC 9046), both in shake flasks cultures and in bioreactor, under fixed dissolved oxygen tension (1 %). In contrast, the degree of acetylation was similar in both strains. These results, together with the analysis of carbon usage (% C-mol), suggest that in the case of the AT6 strain, the flux of acetyl-CoA (precursor molecule for PHB biosynthesis and alginate acetylation) was diverted to the respiratory chain passing through the tricarboxylic acids cycle, and an important % C-mol was directed through alginate biosynthesis, up to 25.9 % and to a lesser extent, to biomass production (19.7 %).
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Abstract
Microbes produce a biofilm matrix consisting of proteins, extracellular DNA, and polysaccharides that is integral in the formation of bacterial communities. Historical studies of polysaccharides revealed that their overproduction often alters the colony morphology and can be diagnostic in identifying certain species. The polysaccharide component of the matrix can provide many diverse benefits to the cells in the biofilm, including adhesion, protection, and structure. Aggregative polysaccharides act as molecular glue, allowing the bacterial cells to adhere to each other as well as surfaces. Adhesion facilitates the colonization of both biotic and abiotic surfaces by allowing the bacteria to resist physical stresses imposed by fluid movement that could separate the cells from a nutrient source. Polysaccharides can also provide protection from a wide range of stresses, such as desiccation, immune effectors, and predators such as phagocytic cells and amoebae. Finally, polysaccharides can provide structure to biofilms, allowing stratification of the bacterial community and establishing gradients of nutrients and waste products. This can be advantageous for the bacteria by establishing a heterogeneous population that is prepared to endure stresses created by the rapidly changing environments that many bacteria encounter. The diverse range of polysaccharide structures, properties, and roles highlight the importance of this matrix constituent to the successful adaptation of bacteria to nearly every niche. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge regarding the diversity and benefits that polysaccharide production provides to bacterial communities within biofilms.
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Huerta JM, Aguilar I, López-Pliego L, Fuentes-Ramírez LE, Castañeda M. The Role of the ncRNA RgsA in the Oxidative Stress Response and Biofilm Formation in Azotobacter vinelandii. Curr Microbiol 2016; 72:671-9. [PMID: 26858204 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii is a soil bacterium that forms desiccation-resistant cysts, and the exopolysaccharide alginate is essential for this process. A. vinelandii also produces alginate under vegetative growth conditions, and this production has biotechnological significance. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is another polymer synthetized by A. vinelandii that is of biotechnological interest. The GacS/A two-component signal transduction system plays an important role in regulating alginate production, PHB synthesis, and encystment. GacS/A in turn controls other important regulators such as RpoS and the ncRNAs that belong to the Rsm family. In A. vinelandii, RpoS is necessary for resisting oxidative stress as a result of its control over the expression of the catalase Kat1. In this work, we characterized a new ncRNA in A. vinelandii that is homologous to the P16/RsgA reported in Pseudomonas. We found that the expression of rgsA is regulated by GacA and RpoS and that it was essential for oxidative stress resistance. However, the activity of the catalase Kat1 is unaffected in rgsA mutants. Unlike those reported in Pseudomonas, RgsA in A. vinelandii regulates biofilm formation but not polymer synthesis or the encystment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Manuel Huerta
- CICM-Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Israel Aguilar
- CICM-Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Liliana López-Pliego
- CICM-Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Castañeda
- CICM-Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
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Sapi E, Balasubramanian K, Poruri A, Maghsoudlou JS, Socarras KM, Timmaraju AV, Filush KR, Gupta K, Shaikh S, Theophilus PAS, Luecke DF, MacDonald A, Zelger B. Evidence of In Vivo Existence of Borrelia Biofilm in Borrelial Lymphocytomas. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2016; 6:9-24. [PMID: 27141311 PMCID: PMC4838982 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, has grown into a major public health problem. We recently identified a novel morphological form of B. burgdorferi, called biofilm, a structure that is well known to be highly resistant to antibiotics. However, there is no evidence of the existence of Borrelia biofilm in vivo; therefore, the main goal of this study was to determine the presence of Borrelia biofilm in infected human skin tissues. Archived skin biopsy tissues from borrelial lymphocytomas (BL) were reexamined for the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato using Borrelia-specific immunohistochemical staining (IHC), fluorescent in situ hybridization, combined fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)–IHC, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fluorescent and atomic force microscopy methods. Our morphological and histological analyses showed that significant amounts of Borrelia-positive spirochetes and aggregates exist in the BL tissues. Analyzing structures positive for Borrelia showed that aggregates, but not spirochetes, expressed biofilm markers such as protective layers of different mucopolysaccharides, especially alginate. Atomic force microscopy revealed additional hallmark biofilm features of the Borrelia/alginate-positive aggregates such as inside channels and surface protrusions. In summary, this is the first study that demonstrates the presence of Borrelia biofilm in human infected skin tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sapi
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - K Balasubramanian
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - A Poruri
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - J S Maghsoudlou
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - K M Socarras
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - A V Timmaraju
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - K R Filush
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - K Gupta
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - S Shaikh
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - P A S Theophilus
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - D F Luecke
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - A MacDonald
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven , West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - B Zelger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
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Bacteriophage-encoded depolymerases: their diversity and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2141-51. [PMID: 26767986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages), natural enemies of bacteria, can encode enzymes able to degrade polymeric substances. These substances can be found in the bacterial cell surface, such as polysaccharides, or are produced by bacteria when they are living in biofilm communities, the most common bacterial lifestyle. Consequently, phages with depolymerase activity have a facilitated access to the host receptors, by degrading the capsular polysaccharides, and are believed to have a better performance against bacterial biofilms, since the degradation of extracellular polymeric substances by depolymerases might facilitate the access of phages to the cells within different biofilm layers. Since the diversity of phage depolymerases is not yet fully explored, this is the first review gathering information about all the depolymerases encoded by fully sequenced phages. Overall, in this study, 160 putative depolymerases, including sialidases, levanases, xylosidases, dextranases, hyaluronidases, peptidases as well as pectate/pectin lyases, were found in 143 phages (43 Myoviridae, 47 Siphoviridae, 37 Podoviridae, and 16 unclassified) infecting 24 genera of bacteria. We further provide information about the main applications of phage depolymerases, which can comprise areas as diverse as medical, chemical, or food-processing industry.
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Alginate Biosynthesis inAzotobacter vinelandii: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Connection with the Oxygen Availability. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/2062360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteriumAzotobacter vinelandiican synthetize the biopolymer alginate that has material properties appropriate for plenty of applications in industry as well as in medicine. In order to settle the foundation for improving alginate production without compromising its quality, a better understanding of the polymer biosynthesis and the mechanism of regulation during fermentation processes is necessary. This knowledge is crucial for the development of novel production strategies. Here, we highlight the key aspects of alginate biosynthesis that can lead to producing an alginate with specific material properties with particular focus on the role of oxygen availability linked with the molecular mechanisms involved in the alginate production.
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Castillo NA, Valdez AL, Fariña JI. Microbial production of scleroglucan and downstream processing. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1106. [PMID: 26528259 PMCID: PMC4606123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic petroleum-based polymers and natural plant polymers have the disadvantage of restricted sources, in addition to the non-biodegradability of the former ones. In contrast, eco-sustainable microbial polysaccharides, of low-cost and standardized production, represent an alternative to address this situation. With a strong global market, they attracted worldwide attention because of their novel and unique physico-chemical properties as well as varied industrial applications, and many of them are promptly becoming economically competitive. Scleroglucan, a β-1,3-β-1,6-glucan secreted by Sclerotium fungi, exhibits high potential for commercialization and may show different branching frequency, side-chain length, and/or molecular weight depending on the producing strain or culture conditions. Water-solubility, viscosifying ability and wide stability over temperature, pH and salinity make scleroglucan useful for different biotechnological (enhanced oil recovery, food additives, drug delivery, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, biocompatible materials, etc.), and biomedical (immunoceutical, antitumor, etc.) applications. It can be copiously produced at bioreactor scale under standardized conditions, where a high exopolysaccharide concentration normally governs the process optimization. Operative and nutritional conditions, as well as the incidence of scleroglucan downstream processing will be discussed in this chapter. The relevance of using standardized inocula from selected strains and experiences concerning the intricate scleroglucan scaling-up will be also herein outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Fúngica, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos-CONICET San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina ; Cátedra de Micología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alejandra L Valdez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Fúngica, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos-CONICET San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina ; Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Julia I Fariña
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Fúngica, Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos-CONICET San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina ; Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
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A rapid, sensitive, simple plate assay for detection of microbial alginate lyase activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 77:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Timmaraju VA, Theophilus PAS, Balasubramanian K, Shakih S, Luecke DF, Sapi E. Biofilm formation by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015. [PMID: 26208529 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are microbial communities held together by an extracellular polymeric substance matrix predominantly composed of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. We had previously shown that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative organism of Lyme disease in the United States is capable of forming biofilms in vitro. Here, we investigated biofilm formation by B. afzelii and B. garinii, which cause Lyme disease in Europe. Using various histochemistry and microscopy techniques, we show that B. afzelii and B. garinii form biofilms, which resemble biofilms formed by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. High-resolution atomic force microscopy revealed similarities in the ultrastructural organization of the biofilms form by three Borrelia species. Histochemical experiments revealed a heterogeneous organization of exopolysaccharides among the three Borrelia species. These results suggest that biofilm formation might be a common trait of Borrelia genera physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Arun Timmaraju
- Lyme Disease Research Group, 300 Boston Post Road, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Priyanka A S Theophilus
- Lyme Disease Research Group, 300 Boston Post Road, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Kunthavai Balasubramanian
- Lyme Disease Research Group, 300 Boston Post Road, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Shafiq Shakih
- Lyme Disease Research Group, 300 Boston Post Road, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - David F Luecke
- Lyme Disease Research Group, 300 Boston Post Road, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Eva Sapi
- Lyme Disease Research Group, 300 Boston Post Road, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Hoefer D, Schnepf JK, Hammer TR, Fischer M, Marquardt C. Biotechnologically produced microbial alginate dressings show enhanced gel forming capacity compared to commercial alginate dressings of marine origin. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:162. [PMID: 25786399 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine alginate fibre dressings are well established in wound management. Alginate fibres can absorb plenty of wound exudate due to their gel forming abilities and ion exchange. Alginates from bacteria have never been studied for medical applications so far, although the microbial polymer raises expectations for improved gelling capacity due to its unique O-acetylation. To prove the gelling capacity of bacterial alginate, we extracted the co-polymer from fermentation of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 9046, cultivated on crude glycerol as an alternative carbon source. Bacterial alginate was isolated in high purity and extruded by a wet spinning method. Fibre structure and properties were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, NMR, GPC, scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. The fibres could be processed into biocompatible needle web dressings, which showed more than twice the gel formation in saline compared to commercial dressings made of marine alginates. Gelled dressings of bacterial alginate formed stable hydrogels of sufficient shape and strength for wound healing applications. This work suggests that the increased gel formation of bacterial alginate from A. vinelandii may be optimal for the preparation of novel wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hoefer
- Department of Hygiene, Environment and Medicine, Hohenstein Institutes, Schlosssteige 1, 74357, Boennigheim, Germany,
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Okkotsu Y, Little AS, Schurr MJ. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgZR two-component system coordinates multiple phenotypes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:82. [PMID: 24999454 PMCID: PMC4064291 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a multitude of infections. These infections can occur at almost any site in the body and are usually associated with a breach of the innate immune system. One of the prominent sites where P. aeruginosa causes chronic infections is within the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. P. aeruginosa uses two-component systems that sense environmental changes to differentially express virulence factors that cause both acute and chronic infections. The P. aeruginosa AlgZR two component system is one of its global regulatory systems that affects the organism's fitness in a broad manner. This two-component system is absolutely required for two P. aeruginosa phenotypes: twitching motility and alginate production, indicating its importance in both chronic and acute infections. Additionally, global transcriptome analyses indicate that it regulates the expression of many different genes, including those associated with quorum sensing, type IV pili, type III secretion system, anaerobic metabolism, cyanide and rhamnolipid production. This review examines the complex AlgZR regulatory network, what is known about the structure and function of each protein, and how it relates to the organism's ability to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Okkotsu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander S Little
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
Fungal exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have been recognized as high value biomacromolecules for the last two decades. These products, including pullulan, scleroglucan, and botryosphaeran, have several applications in industries, pharmaceuticals, medicine, foods etc. Although fungal EPSs are highly relevant, to date information concerning fungal biosynthesis is scarce and an extensive search for new fugal species that can produce novel EPSs is still needed. In most cases, the molecular weight variations and sugar compositions of fungal EPSs are dependent to culture medium composition and different physical conditions provided during fermentation. An inclusive and illustrative review on fungal EPS is presented here. The general outline of the present work includes fungal EPS production, their compositions and applications. An emphasis is also given to listing out different fungal strains that can produce EPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mahapatra
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Debdulal Banerjee
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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Kreyenschulte D, Krull R, Margaritis A. Recent Advances in Microbial Biopolymer Production and Purification. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.743501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sapi E, Bastian SL, Mpoy CM, Scott S, Rattelle A, Pabbati N, Poruri A, Burugu D, Theophilus PAS, Pham TV, Datar A, Dhaliwal NK, MacDonald A, Rossi MJ, Sinha SK, Luecke DF. Characterization of biofilm formation by Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48277. [PMID: 23110225 PMCID: PMC3480481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has long been known to be capable of forming aggregates and colonies. It was recently demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi aggregate formation dramatically changes the in vitro response to hostile environments by this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that these aggregates are indeed biofilms, structures whose resistance to unfavorable conditions are well documented. We studied Borrelia burgdorferi for several known hallmark features of biofilm, including structural rearrangements in the aggregates, variations in development on various substrate matrices and secretion of a protective extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix using several modes of microscopic, cell and molecular biology techniques. The atomic force microscopic results provided evidence that multilevel rearrangements take place at different stages of aggregate development, producing a complex, continuously rearranging structure. Our results also demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of developing aggregates on different abiotic and biotic substrates, and is also capable of forming floating aggregates. Analyzing the extracellular substance of the aggregates for potential exopolysaccharides revealed the existence of both sulfated and non-sulfated/carboxylated substrates, predominately composed of an alginate with calcium and extracellular DNA present. In summary, we have found substantial evidence that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of forming biofilm in vitro. Biofilm formation by Borrelia species might play an important role in their survival in diverse environmental conditions by providing refuge to individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sapi
- Lyme Disease Research Group, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA.
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Biomedical Applications of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Microorganisms Isolated from Extreme Environments. Extremophiles 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118394144.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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In Lee S, Choi SH, Lee EY, Kim HS. Molecular cloning, purification, and characterization of a novel polyMG-specific alginate lyase responsible for alginate MG block degradation in Stenotrophomas maltophilia KJ-2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1643-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gaytán I, Peña C, Núñez C, Córdova MS, Espín G, Galindo E. Azotobacter vinelandii lacking the Na+-NQR activity: a potential source for producing alginates with improved properties and at high yield. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2731-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Özen AI, Ussery DW. Defining the Pseudomonas genus: where do we draw the line with Azotobacter? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:239-48. [PMID: 21811795 PMCID: PMC3275731 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pseudomonas has gone through many taxonomic revisions over the past 100 years, going from a very large and diverse group of bacteria to a smaller, more refined and ordered list having specific properties. The relationship of the Pseudomonas genus to Azotobacter vinelandii is examined using three genomic sequence-based methods. First, using 16S rRNA trees, it is shown that A. vinelandii groups within the Pseudomonas close to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genomes from other related organisms (Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, and Cellvibrio) are outside the Pseudomonas cluster. Second, pan genome family trees based on conserved gene families also show A. vinelandii to be more closely related to Pseudomonas than other related organisms. Third, exhaustive BLAST comparisons demonstrate that the fraction of shared genes between A. vinelandii and Pseudomonas genomes is similar to that of Pseudomonas species with each other. The results of these different methods point to a high similarity between A. vinelandii and the Pseudomonas genus, suggesting that Azotobacter might actually be a Pseudomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli I. Özen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David W. Ussery
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Manzo J, Cocotl-Yañez M, Tzontecomani T, Martínez VM, Bustillos R, Velásquez C, Goiz Y, Solís Y, López L, Fuentes LE, Nuñez C, Segura D, Espín G, Castañeda M. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of the Alginate Biosynthetic Gene algD by the Gac/Rsm System in Azotobacter vinelandii. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 21:147-59. [DOI: 10.1159/000334244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Saccharification of alginate by using exolytic oligoalginate lyase from marine bacterium Sphingomonas sp. MJ-3. J IND ENG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The lack of a nitrogen source and/or the C/N ratio affects the molecular weight of alginate and its productivity in submerged cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Kocharin K, Rachathewee P, Sanglier JJ, Prathumpai W. Exobiopolymer production of Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073: optimization, production in bioreactor and characterization. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:51. [PMID: 20624309 PMCID: PMC2912784 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biopolymers have various applications in medicine, food and petroleum industries. The ascomycetous fungus Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073 produces an exobiopolymer, a (1→3)-β-D-glucan, in low quantity under screening conditions. Optimization of O. dipterigena BCC 2073 exobiopolymer production using experimental designs, a scale-up in 5 liter bioreactor, analysis of molecular weight at different cultivation times, and levels of induction of interleukin-8 synthesis are described in this study. Results In order to improve and certify the productivity of this strain, a sequential approach of 4 steps was followed. The first step was the qualitative selection of the most appropriate carbon and nitrogen sources (general factorial design) and the second step was quantitative optimization of 5 physiological factors (fractional factorial design). The best carbon and nitrogen source was glucose and malt extract respectively. From an initial production of 2.53 g·L-1, over 13 g·L-1 could be obtained in flasks under the improved conditions (5-fold increase). The third step was cultivation in a 5 L bioreactor, which produced a specific growth rate, biomass yield, exobiopolymer yield and exobiopolymer production rate of 0.014 h-1, 0.32 g·g-1 glucose, 2.95 g·g biomass-1 (1.31 g·g-1 sugar), and 0.65 g.(L·d)-1, respectively. A maximum yield of 41.2 g·L-1 was obtained after 377 h, a dramatic improvement in comparison to the initial production. In the last step, the basic characteristics of the biopolymer were determined. The molecular weight of the polymer was in the range of 6.3 × 105 - 7.7 × 105 Da. The exobiopolymer, at 50 and 100. μg·mL-1, induced synthesis in normal dermal human fibroblasts of 2227 and 3363 pg·mL-1 interleukin-8 respectively. Conclusions High exobiopolymer yield produced by O. dipterigena BCC 2073 after optimization by qualitative and quantitative methods is attractive for various applications. It induced high IL-8 production by normal dermal fibroblasts, which makes it promising for application as wound healing material. However, there are still other possible applications for this biopolymer, such as an alternative source of biopolymer substitute for hyaluronic acid, which is costly, as a thickening agent in the cosmetic industry due to its high viscosity property, as a moisturizer, and in encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokarn Kocharin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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